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{{For|the other creole language spoken on [[Imagua]] with the same name|Eastern Imaguan Creole}} | |||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Imaguan Creole | |name = Western Imaguan Creole | ||
|nativename = ''Imakuakeol'' | |nativename = ''Imakuakeol'' | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = | ||
| Line 8: | Line 9: | ||
|speakers2 = {{wp|Second language|L2}}: TBD | |speakers2 = {{wp|Second language|L2}}: TBD | ||
|familycolor = Creole | |familycolor = Creole | ||
|fam1 = {{wp|Creole language| | |fam1 = {{wp|Creole language|Blostlandic-based creole}} | ||
|fam2 = [[Imaguan-Vano Pidgin]] | |fam2 = [[Imaguan-Vano Pidgin]] | ||
|script = {{wp|Latin script}} | |script = {{wp|Latin script}} | ||
| Line 18: | Line 19: | ||
|mapcaption = | |mapcaption = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Imaguan Creole''' (''imakuakeol'') is the most common language spoken in [[Imagua and the Assimas]]. Developed during [[ | '''Western Imaguan Creole''' (''imakuakeol''), commonly known as '''Imaguan Creole''' is the most common language spoken in [[Imagua and the Assimas]]. Developed during [[Blostland|Blostlander]] rule over Imagua and the Assimas, during which time it was attached to [[Eldmark]], Western Imaguan Creole continued evolving following the end of Blostlander rule over the islands, as it passed through control of several countries, including [[Etruria]] and [[Estmere]]. This left a lot of foreign influences on the language. | ||
It is most closely related to the [[Vano Creole]], spoken on the [[Eldmark|Eldish]] island of [[Vano]]. | It is most closely related to the [[Vano Creole]], spoken on the [[Eldmark|Eldish]] island of [[Vano]]. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
While there has been evidence of earlier {{wp|contact languages}} during [[Caldia|Caldish]] rule, when [[ | [[File:ImaguanCreoles.png|250px|thumb|left|Map of the distribution of Western and Eastern Imaguan Creoles in 1911 by [[Edwin Wensley]]]] | ||
While there has been evidence of earlier {{wp|contact languages}} during [[Caldia|Caldish]] rule, when [[Blostland]] took present-day [[Imagua and the Assimas]] and attached them to present-day [[Eldmark]], Blostlandic-speaking settlers started to flow into the area. This led to the development of a pidgin language between the Blostlander settlers and the indigenous Arucian population. | |||
By the late seventeenth century, the pidgin started to develop as a creole language, especially by the surviving Arucians, and the {{wp|mixed-race people|halvras}} population. However, when [[Estmere]] conquered Imagua and the Assimas in 1658, the creole began to spread, partially as slaves brought in adopted the creole, as it was the mother tongue used by the majority of the population at that time, but partially because of the continued economic ties to [[Eldmark]], despite the fact that colonizers often tried to block trade with Eldmark. | By the late seventeenth century, the pidgin started to develop as a creole language, especially by the surviving Arucians, and the {{wp|mixed-race people|halvras}} population. However, when [[Estmere]] conquered Imagua and the Assimas in 1658, the creole began to spread, partially as slaves brought in adopted the creole, as it was the mother tongue used by the majority of the population at that time, but partially because of the continued economic ties to [[Eldmark]], despite the fact that colonizers often tried to block trade with Eldmark. | ||
While other {{wp|pidgin languages}} were being formed on the islands, as various colonizers each tried to rule over Imagua and the Assimas, what would become Imaguan Creole was incredibly dominant, primarily due to the trade with [[Eldmark]]. This allowed the creole to be widely used by both slaves and sailors. | While other {{wp|pidgin languages}} were being formed on the islands, as various colonizers each tried to rule over Imagua and the Assimas, what would become Western Imaguan Creole was incredibly dominant, primarily due to the trade with [[Eldmark]]. This allowed the creole to be widely used by both slaves and sailors, which would help fuel its continuing use in Imagua. | ||
In the nineteenth century, as [[Etruria]] and [[Estmere]] colonized Imagua and the Assimas, they began to implement policies to crack down on the creoles and pidgins, and instead require that they learn {{wp|Italian language| | In the nineteenth century, as [[Etruria]] and [[Estmere]] colonized Imagua and the Assimas, they began to implement policies to crack down on the creoles and pidgins, and instead require that they learn {{wp|Italian language|Vespasian}} and {{wp|English language|Estmerish}} respectively. This led to a situation of {{wp|diglossia}}, which continues to persist to this day, where Western Imaguan Creole became known as a language of low prestige, while Estmerish and Vespasian were seen as the more prestigious languages, being used in media, in education, and by government. | ||
After independence, Imaguan Creole was still looked down upon, as it was viewed as being less prestigious than either Estmerish or | After independence, Western Imaguan Creole was still looked down upon, as it was viewed as being less prestigious than either Estmerish or Vespasian. Well into the 1980s, Western Imaguan Creole was not taught in schools, and policies were made to prohibit its use in schools and in the media. | ||
Since the 1980s, however, this attitude has been changing: Imaguan Creole is starting to be used in television interviews, on radio, and is even being used in [[Education in Imagua and the Assimas#Preschool education|Nursery and Reception]] classes, as well as {{wp|special education}} classes in both [[Education in Imagua and the Assimas#Primary education|primary]] and [[Education in Imagua and the Assimas#Secondary education|secondary]] courses, while classes are offered at both the [[University of Cuanstad]] and the [[Università di San Pietro]] in Imaguan Creole since the 1990s. | Since the 1980s, however, this attitude has been changing: Western Imaguan Creole is starting to be used in television interviews, on radio, and is even being used in [[Education in Imagua and the Assimas#Preschool education|Nursery and Reception]] classes, as well as {{wp|special education}} classes in both [[Education in Imagua and the Assimas#Primary education|primary]] and [[Education in Imagua and the Assimas#Secondary education|secondary]] courses, while classes are offered at both the [[University of Cuanstad]] and the [[Università di San Pietro]] in Western Imaguan Creole since the 1990s. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
The phonology of Imaguan Creole is simpler than the phonology of the {{wp|Swedish language| | The phonology of Western Imaguan Creole is simpler than the phonology of the {{wp|Swedish language|Blostlandic}} language, which served as the {{wp|lexifier}} language for Western Imaguan Creole. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Consonant-wise, the phonology is exactly like that of the {{wp|Taino language#Phonology|Nati languages}}, which was spoken as a {{wp|lingua franca}} for trade within the [[West Arucian Sea]] prior to Euclean colonisation. There are twelve consonant phonemes in Imaguan Creole. | Consonant-wise, the phonology is exactly like that of the {{wp|Taino language#Phonology|Nati languages}}, which was spoken as a {{wp|lingua franca}} for trade within the [[West Arucian Sea]] prior to Euclean colonisation. There are twelve consonant phonemes in Western Imaguan Creole. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center | {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center | ||
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Unlike the | Unlike the Blostlandic language, which has seventeen vowel phonemes, Western Imaguan Creole only has six vowel phonemes, those being {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}}, and {{IPA|/ʏ/}}, with no vowel lengthening or shortening. This is as many as the {{wp|Taino language|Nati language}}, which has six phonemes. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center | {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center | ||
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
The grammar of Imaguan Creole is largely based off the native {{wp|Arawakan languages|Arucian languages}} spoken by the indigenous Arucians. Thus, the grammar follows the Arucian {{wp|verb-subject-object}} (VSO) order. | The grammar of Western Imaguan Creole is largely based off the native {{wp|Arawakan languages|Arucian languages}} spoken by the indigenous Arucians. Thus, the grammar follows the Arucian {{wp|verb-subject-object}} (VSO) order. | ||
However, it is substantially simpler than the Arucian languages. While the Arucian languages, such as {{wp|Taino|Nadi}} and {{wp|Island Carib language|Imaguan}} had up to seven possessive prefixes, there are four {{wp|possessive prefixes}} in the Imaguan Creole, those being ''da-'' for ''my'', ''ba-'' for ''your'', ''wa-'' for ''our'', and ''de-'' for either ''his'' or ''him'', ''her'', or ''their''. | However, it is substantially simpler than the Arucian languages. While the Arucian languages, such as {{wp|Taino|Nadi}} and {{wp|Island Carib language|Imaguan}} had up to seven possessive prefixes, there are four {{wp|possessive prefixes}} in the Western Imaguan Creole, those being ''da-'' for ''my'', ''ba-'' for ''your'', ''wa-'' for ''our'', and ''de-'' for either ''his'' or ''him'', ''her'', or ''their''. | ||
For verbs, all verbs are in the simple present tense, and with the simplification from the old Arucian languages, it has resulted in there being only ''na-'' for ''I'', ''ba-'' for the singular ''you'', ''ha-'' for ''he'', ''she'', ''they'', or ''them'', and ''wi-'' for ''we'' and the plural ''you''. | For verbs, all verbs are in the simple present tense, and with the simplification from the old Arucian languages, it has resulted in there being only ''na-'' for ''I'', ''ba-'' for the singular ''you'', ''ha-'' for ''he'', ''she'', ''they'', or ''them'', and ''wi-'' for ''we'' and the plural ''you''. | ||
An example is the sentence meaning "they are fishing." While in {{wp|Swedish language| | An example is the sentence meaning "they are fishing." While in {{wp|Swedish language|Blostlandic}}, it would be written as "''de fiskar,''" in Western Imaguan Creole, it would be written as "''hafiska''." | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
The most commonly used orthography for writing Imaguan Creole was one based off the Estmerish language, devised by [[Edwin Wensley]] in 1911. While he wanted to create an orthography that was "as similar to {{wp|English language|Estmerish}} as possible" in order to get children to learn Estmerish more easily, he also wanted to make it simple so that "one can understand what sounds go to which letter," if only for the benefit of colonial officials. | The most commonly used orthography for writing Western Imaguan Creole was one based off the Estmerish language, devised by [[Edwin Wensley]] in 1911. While he wanted to create an orthography that was "as similar to {{wp|English language|Estmerish}} as possible" in order to get children to learn Estmerish more easily, he also wanted to make it simple so that "one can understand what sounds go to which letter," if only for the benefit of colonial officials. | ||
While there were some orthographies developed around the same time, most notably the orthography developed by [[Ulberto Perro]] in 1906, with the aim of Etrurifying the language, after the end of the [[Solarian War]], the Wensley orthography became the {{wp|de-facto standard}} for writing Imaguan Creole, and by the 1970s, linguist [[Addolorata Viale]] reported that "with the exception of diary entries of some old people in the [[Assimas Islands|Assimas]], Creole is written with the Wensley orthography everywhere." | While there were some orthographies developed around the same time, most notably the orthography developed by [[Ulberto Perro]] in 1906, with the aim of Etrurifying the language, after the end of the [[Solarian War]], the Wensley orthography became the {{wp|de-facto standard}} for writing Western Imaguan Creole, and by the 1970s, linguist [[Addolorata Viale]] reported that "with the exception of diary entries of some old people in the [[Assimas Islands|Assimas]], Creole is written with the Wensley orthography everywhere." | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Creole !! | ! Creole !! Blostlandic !! Estmerish !! Etymology | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''bas'' || ''buss'' || ''bus'' || from {{wp|English language|Estmerish}} ''bus'' | | ''bas'' || ''buss'' || ''bus'' || from {{wp|English language|Estmerish}} ''bus'' | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=== | ===Vespasian loanwords=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Creole !! | ! Creole !! Blostlandic !! Estmerish !! Etymology | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''abika'' || ''fabrik'' || ''factory'' || from {{wp|Italian language| | | ''abika'' || ''fabrik'' || ''factory'' || from {{wp|Italian language|Vespasian}} ''fabbrica'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ako'' || ''äreport'' || ''triumphal arch'' || from | | ''ako'' || ''äreport'' || ''triumphal arch'' || from Vespasian ''arco'', meaning arch | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''esta'' || ''fest'' || ''party'' or ''feast'' || from | | ''esta'' || ''fest'' || ''party'' or ''feast'' || from Vespasian ''festa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''Etuia'' || ''Etruska'' || ''[[Etruria]]'' || from | | ''Etuia'' || ''Etruska'' || ''[[Etruria]]'' || from Vespasian ''Etruria'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''mamo'' || ''marmor'' || ''marble'' || from | | ''mamo'' || ''marmor'' || ''marble'' || from Vespasian ''marmo'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''otostada'' || ''motorväg'' || ''motorway'' || from | | ''otostada'' || ''motorväg'' || ''motorway'' || from Vespasian ''autostrada'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''lepublika'' || ''republik'' || ''republic'' || from | | ''lepublika'' || ''republik'' || ''republic'' || from Vespasian ''repubblica'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''sitadin'' || ''medborgare'' || ''citizen'' || from | | ''sitadin'' || ''medborgare'' || ''citizen'' || from Vespasian ''cittadino'' or ''citidina'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''uniwesita'' || ''universitet'' || ''university'' || from | | ''uniwesita'' || ''universitet'' || ''university'' || from Vespasian ''università'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''wila'' || ''plantage'' || ''plantation'' || from | | ''wila'' || ''plantage'' || ''plantation'' || from Vespasian ''villa'', meaning manor | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Creole !! | ! Creole !! Blostlandic !! Estmerish !! Etymology | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''adanalu'' || ''flygande fisk'' || ''flying fish'' || from Imaguan ''adanaru'', meaning flying fish | | ''adanalu'' || ''flygande fisk'' || ''flying fish'' || from Imaguan ''adanaru'', meaning flying fish | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=== | ===Blostlandic vocabulary=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Creole !! | ! Creole !! Blostlandic !! Estmerish !! Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''abet'' || ''arbete'' || ''work'' || | | ''abet'' || ''arbete'' || ''work'' || | ||
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| ''bot'' || ''båt'' || ''boat'' || | | ''bot'' || ''båt'' || ''boat'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''bebi'' || ''bebis'' || ''baby'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''bek'' || ''kulle'' || ''hill'' or ''mountain'' || from Blostlandic ''berg'', meaning mountain | ||
|- | |||
| ''bu'' || ''by'' || ''town'' or ''village'' || Blostlandic word for town is ''stad'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''buk'' || ''bok'' || ''book'' || | | ''buk'' || ''bok'' || ''book'' || | ||
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| ''dak'' || ''dag'' || ''day'' || | | ''dak'' || ''dag'' || ''day'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''dop'' || ''dop'' || ''naming'', ''christening'', or ''baptism'' || | | ''dop'' || ''dop'' || ''naming'', ''christening'', or ''baptism'' || Blostlandic word for naming is ''namngivning'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''er'' || ''ö'' || ''island'' || | | ''er'' || ''ö'' || ''island'' || | ||
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| ''Elmak'' || ''Eldmark'' || ''[[Eldmark]]'' || | | ''Elmak'' || ''Eldmark'' || ''[[Eldmark]]'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''em'' || ''hem'' or ''hus'' || ''home'' or ''house'' || | | ''em'' || ''hem'' or ''hus'' || ''home'' or ''house'' || Blostlandic word for house is ''hus'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ha'' || ''far'' || ''father'' || | | ''ha'' || ''far'' || ''father'' || | ||
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| ''hatu'' || ''fartyg'' || ''ship'' || | | ''hatu'' || ''fartyg'' || ''ship'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''hawel'' || ''adjö'' || ''bye'' || from | | ''hawel'' || ''adjö'' || ''bye'' || from Blostlandic ''farväl'', farewell | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''hes'' || ''häst'' || ''horse'' || | | ''hes'' || ''häst'' || ''horse'' || | ||
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| ''hukita'' || ''förgifta'' || ''poison'' || | | ''hukita'' || ''förgifta'' || ''poison'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''kad'' || ''gård'' || ''farm'' || From Blostlandic ''gård'', yard | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''kwito'' || ''kvitto'' || ''receipt'' || | | ''kwito'' || ''kvitto'' || ''receipt'' || | ||
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| ''Kud'' || ''Gud'' || ''God'' || | | ''Kud'' || ''Gud'' || ''God'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''lud'' || ''flod'' || ''river'' or ''stream'' || | | ''lud'' || ''flod'' || ''river'' or ''stream'' || Blostlandic word for stream is ''ström'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''makna'' || ''marknadsföra'' or ''marknad'' || ''market'' or ''mall'' || | | ''makna'' || ''marknadsföra'' or ''marknad'' || ''market'' or ''mall'' || Blostlandic word for mall is ''köpcenter'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''mat'' || ''måltid'' || ''meal'' or ''food'' || from | | ''mat'' || ''måltid'' || ''meal'' or ''food'' || from Blostlandic ''mat'', meaning food | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''sista'' || ''syster'' || ''sister'' || | | ''sista'' || ''syster'' || ''sister'' || | ||
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| ''skate'' || ''skatter'' || ''taxes'' || | | ''skate'' || ''skatter'' || ''taxes'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''sku'' || ''skog'' || ''forest'' or ''jungle'' || | | ''sku'' || ''skog'' || ''forest'' or ''jungle'' || Blostlandic word for jungle is ''djungel'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''skula'' || ''skola'' || ''school'' || | | ''skula'' || ''skola'' || ''school'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''stad'' || ''huvudstaden'' || ''capital city'' || came from | | ''stad'' || ''huvudstaden'' || ''capital city'' || came from Blostlandic for city | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''stand'' || ''strand'' || ''beach'' || | | ''stand'' || ''strand'' || ''beach'' || | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Creole !! | ! Creole !! Blostlandic !! Estmerish !! Etymology | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''bat'' || ''låda'' || ''box'' || from {{wp|French language|Gaullican}} ''boîte'' | | ''bat'' || ''låda'' || ''box'' || from {{wp|French language|Gaullican}} ''boîte'' | ||
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| ''Kitian'' || ''Östland'' || ''[[Caldia]]'' || from Ghaillish ''Glítteann'' | | ''Kitian'' || ''Östland'' || ''[[Caldia]]'' || from Ghaillish ''Glítteann'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''kitambi'' || ''branding'' || ''branding'' || from {{wp|Shona language| | | ''kitambi'' || ''branding'' || ''branding'' || from {{wp|Shona language|Rwizi}} ''chitambi'', meaning stamp | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''kowsa'' || ''koiatska'' || ''[[Coius|Coian]]'' || from [[Ziba language|Ziba]] ''gauza zebiumhi'' via {{wp|English language|Estmerish}} ''gowsa'' | | ''kowsa'' || ''koiatska'' || ''[[Coius|Coian]]'' || from [[Ziba language|Ziba]] ''gauza zebiumhi'' via {{wp|English language|Estmerish}} ''gowsa'' | ||
| Line 328: | Line 332: | ||
| ''met'' || ''slavägare'' || ''slave owner'' || from Gaullican ''maître'', meaning "master" | | ''met'' || ''slavägare'' || ''slave owner'' || from Gaullican ''maître'', meaning "master" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''nekikepe'' || ''förvisning'' || ''banishment'' || from | | ''nekikepe'' || ''förvisning'' || ''banishment'' || from Rwizi ''nechikepe'', meaning "to sail" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''watu'' || ''bil'' || ''car'' || from Gaullican ''voiture'' | | ''watu'' || ''bil'' || ''car'' || from Gaullican ''voiture'' | ||
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===Numbers=== | ===Numbers=== | ||
The numbers for one and two in Imaguan Creole come from the {{wp|Island Carib|Imaguan}}, while all numbers from three upwards come from {{wp|Swedish language| | The numbers for one and two in Western Imaguan Creole come from the {{wp|Island Carib|Imaguan}}, while all numbers from three upwards come from {{wp|Swedish language|Blostlandic}}. From ten upwards, it is organized, with the word for ''ten'', ''twenty,'' et cetera being placed prior to the number. Thus, eleven is ''tiyu-aban''. From one hundred upwards, the word ''unda'' is placed before the number, so 159 would be ''unda-hemti-niyu''. From the thousands, ''tuse'' is placed before the numbers: thus, 2019 would be ''bian-tuse-tiyu-niyu'', and so on. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Creole !! | ! Creole !! Blostlandic !! Estmerish !! Etymology | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''aban'' || ''ett'' || ''one'' || from {{wp|Island Carib language|Imaguan}} ''aban'' | | ''aban'' || ''ett'' || ''one'' || from {{wp|Island Carib language|Imaguan}} ''aban'' | ||
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| ''bian'' || ''två'' || ''two'' || from Imaguan ''bian'' | | ''bian'' || ''två'' || ''two'' || from Imaguan ''bian'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''tele'' || ''tre'' || ''three'' || from {{wp|Swedish language| | | ''tele'' || ''tre'' || ''three'' || from {{wp|Swedish language|Blostlandic}} ''tre'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''hula'' || ''fyra'' || ''four'' || from | | ''hula'' || ''fyra'' || ''four'' || from Blostlandic ''fyra'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''hem'' || ''fem'' || ''five'' || from | | ''hem'' || ''fem'' || ''five'' || from Blostlandic ''fem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''sis'' || ''sex'' || ''six'' || from | | ''sis'' || ''sex'' || ''six'' || from Blostlandic ''sex'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''hu'' || ''sju'' || ''seven'' || from | | ''hu'' || ''sju'' || ''seven'' || from Blostlandic ''sju'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ota'' || ''åtta'' || ''eight'' || from | | ''ota'' || ''åtta'' || ''eight'' || from Blostlandic ''åtta'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''niyu'' || ''nio'' || ''nine'' || from | | ''niyu'' || ''nio'' || ''nine'' || from Blostlandic ''nio'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''tiyu'' || ''tio'' || ''ten'' || from | | ''tiyu'' || ''tio'' || ''ten'' || from Blostlandic ''tio'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''huko'' || ''tjugo'' || ''twenty'' || from | | ''huko'' || ''tjugo'' || ''twenty'' || from Blostlandic ''tjugo'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''teti'' || ''trettio'' || ''thirty'' || from | | ''teti'' || ''trettio'' || ''thirty'' || from Blostlandic ''trettio'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''oti'' || ''fyrtio'' || ''fourty'' || from | | ''oti'' || ''fyrtio'' || ''fourty'' || from Blostlandic ''fyrtio'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''hemti'' || ''femtio'' || ''fifty'' || from | | ''hemti'' || ''femtio'' || ''fifty'' || from Blostlandic ''femtio'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''sisto'' || ''sextio'' || ''sixty'' || from | | ''sisto'' || ''sextio'' || ''sixty'' || from Blostlandic ''sextio'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''huti'' || ''sjuttio'' || ''seventy'' || from | | ''huti'' || ''sjuttio'' || ''seventy'' || from Blostlandic ''sjuttio'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''oti'' || ''åttio'' || ''eighty'' || from | | ''oti'' || ''åttio'' || ''eighty'' || from Blostlandic ''åttio'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''niti'' || ''nittio'' || ''ninety'' || from | | ''niti'' || ''nittio'' || ''ninety'' || from Blostlandic ''nittio'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''unda'' || ''hundra'' || ''hundred'' || from | | ''unda'' || ''hundra'' || ''hundred'' || from Blostlandic ''hundra'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''tuse'' || ''tusen'' || ''thousand'' || from | | ''tuse'' || ''tusen'' || ''thousand'' || from Blostlandic ''tusen'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''milyun'' || ''miljon'' || ''million'' || from | | ''milyun'' || ''miljon'' || ''million'' || from Blostlandic ''miljon'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Creole !! | ! Creole !! Blostlandic !! Estmerish !! Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''Abet naha.'' || ''Jag jobbar här.'' || ''I work here.'' || | | ''Abet naha.'' || ''Jag jobbar här.'' || ''I work here.'' || | ||
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| ''Koti namakna.'' || ''Jag ska gå till marknaden.'' || ''I'm going to the market.'' || | | ''Koti namakna.'' || ''Jag ska gå till marknaden.'' || ''I'm going to the market.'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''Kosta tiyu silingi.'' || ''Det kostar tio shilling.'' || ''It costs ten [[ | | ''Kosta tiyu silingi.'' || ''Det kostar tio shilling.'' || ''It costs ten [[Arucian shilling|shillings]] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''Lont a...?'' || ''Hur långt är...?'' || ''How far is...?'' || | | ''Lont a...?'' || ''Hur långt är...?'' || ''How far is...?'' || | ||
| Line 431: | Line 435: | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[Category:Imagua and the Assimas]] | [[Category:Languages of Imagua and the Assimas]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:33, 15 August 2023
| Western Imaguan Creole | |
|---|---|
| Imakuakeol | |
| Region | File:ImaguaFlag.png Imagua and the Assimas |
Native speakers | 1 million (2011) L2: TBD |
Blostlandic-based creole
| |
| Latin script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | iak |
Western Imaguan Creole (imakuakeol), commonly known as Imaguan Creole is the most common language spoken in Imagua and the Assimas. Developed during Blostlander rule over Imagua and the Assimas, during which time it was attached to Eldmark, Western Imaguan Creole continued evolving following the end of Blostlander rule over the islands, as it passed through control of several countries, including Etruria and Estmere. This left a lot of foreign influences on the language.
It is most closely related to the Vano Creole, spoken on the Eldish island of Vano.
History
File:ImaguanCreoles.png
Map of the distribution of Western and Eastern Imaguan Creoles in 1911 by Edwin Wensley
While there has been evidence of earlier contact languages during Caldish rule, when Blostland took present-day Imagua and the Assimas and attached them to present-day Eldmark, Blostlandic-speaking settlers started to flow into the area. This led to the development of a pidgin language between the Blostlander settlers and the indigenous Arucian population.
By the late seventeenth century, the pidgin started to develop as a creole language, especially by the surviving Arucians, and the halvras population. However, when Estmere conquered Imagua and the Assimas in 1658, the creole began to spread, partially as slaves brought in adopted the creole, as it was the mother tongue used by the majority of the population at that time, but partially because of the continued economic ties to Eldmark, despite the fact that colonizers often tried to block trade with Eldmark.
While other pidgin languages were being formed on the islands, as various colonizers each tried to rule over Imagua and the Assimas, what would become Western Imaguan Creole was incredibly dominant, primarily due to the trade with Eldmark. This allowed the creole to be widely used by both slaves and sailors, which would help fuel its continuing use in Imagua.
In the nineteenth century, as Etruria and Estmere colonized Imagua and the Assimas, they began to implement policies to crack down on the creoles and pidgins, and instead require that they learn Vespasian and Estmerish respectively. This led to a situation of diglossia, which continues to persist to this day, where Western Imaguan Creole became known as a language of low prestige, while Estmerish and Vespasian were seen as the more prestigious languages, being used in media, in education, and by government.
After independence, Western Imaguan Creole was still looked down upon, as it was viewed as being less prestigious than either Estmerish or Vespasian. Well into the 1980s, Western Imaguan Creole was not taught in schools, and policies were made to prohibit its use in schools and in the media.
Since the 1980s, however, this attitude has been changing: Western Imaguan Creole is starting to be used in television interviews, on radio, and is even being used in Nursery and Reception classes, as well as special education classes in both primary and secondary courses, while classes are offered at both the University of Cuanstad and the Università di San Pietro in Western Imaguan Creole since the 1990s.
Phonology
The phonology of Western Imaguan Creole is simpler than the phonology of the Blostlandic language, which served as the lexifier language for Western Imaguan Creole.
Consonants
Consonant-wise, the phonology is exactly like that of the Nati languages, which was spoken as a lingua franca for trade within the West Arucian Sea prior to Euclean colonisation. There are twelve consonant phonemes in Western Imaguan Creole.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
| Voiced | b | d | ||||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | |||
Vowels
Unlike the Blostlandic language, which has seventeen vowel phonemes, Western Imaguan Creole only has six vowel phonemes, those being /a/, /ɪ/, /ɛ/, /o/, /ʊ/, and /ʏ/, with no vowel lengthening or shortening. This is as many as the Nati language, which has six phonemes.
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | |||
| Close | ɪ | ʏ | ʊ | |
| Close-mid | o | |||
| Open-mid | ɛ | |||
| Open | a | |||
Grammar
The grammar of Western Imaguan Creole is largely based off the native Arucian languages spoken by the indigenous Arucians. Thus, the grammar follows the Arucian verb-subject-object (VSO) order.
However, it is substantially simpler than the Arucian languages. While the Arucian languages, such as Nadi and Imaguan had up to seven possessive prefixes, there are four possessive prefixes in the Western Imaguan Creole, those being da- for my, ba- for your, wa- for our, and de- for either his or him, her, or their.
For verbs, all verbs are in the simple present tense, and with the simplification from the old Arucian languages, it has resulted in there being only na- for I, ba- for the singular you, ha- for he, she, they, or them, and wi- for we and the plural you.
An example is the sentence meaning "they are fishing." While in Blostlandic, it would be written as "de fiskar," in Western Imaguan Creole, it would be written as "hafiska."
Orthography
The most commonly used orthography for writing Western Imaguan Creole was one based off the Estmerish language, devised by Edwin Wensley in 1911. While he wanted to create an orthography that was "as similar to Estmerish as possible" in order to get children to learn Estmerish more easily, he also wanted to make it simple so that "one can understand what sounds go to which letter," if only for the benefit of colonial officials.
While there were some orthographies developed around the same time, most notably the orthography developed by Ulberto Perro in 1906, with the aim of Etrurifying the language, after the end of the Solarian War, the Wensley orthography became the de-facto standard for writing Western Imaguan Creole, and by the 1970s, linguist Addolorata Viale reported that "with the exception of diary entries of some old people in the Assimas, Creole is written with the Wensley orthography everywhere."
Vocabulary
Estmerish loanwords
| Creole | Blostlandic | Estmerish | Etymology |
|---|---|---|---|
| bas | buss | bus | from Estmerish bus |
| Esme | Östmer | Estmere | from Estmerish Estmere |
| komputa | dator | computer | from Estmerish computer |
| lit | hiss | lift or elevator | from Estmerish lift |
| masin | maskin | machine | from Estmerish machine |
| napi | blöja | diaper or nappy | from Estmerish nappy |
| peni | penny | pence or penny | from Estmerish penny |
| siling | shilling | shilling | from Estmerish shilling |
| tali | spårvagn | streetcar or trolley | from Estmerish trolley |
| tasi | taxi | taxi | from Estmerish taxi |
| tiwi | tv | television | from Estmerish TV |
Vespasian loanwords
| Creole | Blostlandic | Estmerish | Etymology |
|---|---|---|---|
| abika | fabrik | factory | from Vespasian fabbrica |
| ako | äreport | triumphal arch | from Vespasian arco, meaning arch |
| esta | fest | party or feast | from Vespasian festa |
| Etuia | Etruska | Etruria | from Vespasian Etruria |
| mamo | marmor | marble | from Vespasian marmo |
| otostada | motorväg | motorway | from Vespasian autostrada |
| lepublika | republik | republic | from Vespasian repubblica |
| sitadin | medborgare | citizen | from Vespasian cittadino or citidina |
| uniwesita | universitet | university | from Vespasian università |
| wila | plantage | plantation | from Vespasian villa, meaning manor |
Indigenous vocabulary
| Creole | Blostlandic | Estmerish | Etymology |
|---|---|---|---|
| adanalu | flygande fisk | flying fish | from Imaguan adanaru, meaning flying fish |
| pepiti | orkan | hurricane | from Imaguan pepeito, meaning hurricane or wind |
| hewe | orm | snake | from Imaguan hewe, meaning snake |
| Imakua | Imagua | Imagua | from Nadi Imagua, meaning little middle place |
| kuweki | papegoja | parrot | from Imaguan kureweki, meaning parrot |
| minkun | potatis | potato | from Imaguan minkon, meaning potato |
| muna | hydda | hut | from Imaguan muna, meaning house |
| wato | brand | fire | from Imaguan wato, meaning fire |
| wupu | att gömma | to hide | from Imaguan wupu, meaning mountain |
| woli | mor | mother | from Imaguan woryi, meaning woman |
Blostlandic vocabulary
| Creole | Blostlandic | Estmerish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| abet | arbete | work | |
| ban | barn | child | |
| bot | båt | boat | |
| bebi | bebis | baby | |
| bek | kulle | hill or mountain | from Blostlandic berg, meaning mountain |
| bu | by | town or village | Blostlandic word for town is stad |
| buk | bok | book | |
| bul | bror | brother | |
| dak | dag | day | |
| dop | dop | naming, christening, or baptism | Blostlandic word for naming is namngivning |
| er | ö | island | |
| Elmak | Eldmark | Eldmark | |
| em | hem or hus | home or house | Blostlandic word for house is hus |
| ha | far | father | |
| ham | hamn | port | |
| hatu | fartyg | ship | |
| hawel | adjö | bye | from Blostlandic farväl, farewell |
| hes | häst | horse | |
| Hey | Hej | Hello or Hi | |
| hika | kyrka | church | |
| hikoko | kyrkogård | graveyard or cemetery | |
| hukita | förgifta | poison | |
| kad | gård | farm | From Blostlandic gård, yard |
| kwito | kvitto | receipt | |
| Kud | Gud | God | |
| lud | flod | river or stream | Blostlandic word for stream is ström |
| makna | marknadsföra or marknad | market or mall | Blostlandic word for mall is köpcenter |
| mat | måltid | meal or food | from Blostlandic mat, meaning food |
| sista | syster | sister | |
| skate | skatter | taxes | |
| sku | skog | forest or jungle | Blostlandic word for jungle is djungel |
| skula | skola | school | |
| stad | huvudstaden | capital city | came from Blostlandic for city |
| stand | strand | beach | |
| wan | vagn | wagon or carriage | |
| wek | väg | road | |
| yob | jobb | job |
Other loanwords
| Creole | Blostlandic | Estmerish | Etymology |
|---|---|---|---|
| bat | låda | box | from Gaullican boîte |
| ekan | skärm | screen | from Gaullican écran |
| he | chef | boss | from Gaullican chef |
| kala | vän | friend | from Ghaillish cara |
| Kalika | Galia | Gaullica | from Solarian Gaullia via Gaullican |
| Kitian | Östland | Caldia | from Ghaillish Glítteann |
| kitambi | branding | branding | from Rwizi chitambi, meaning stamp |
| kowsa | koiatska | Coian | from Ziba gauza zebiumhi via Estmerish gowsa |
| latin | badrum | bathroom | from Gaullican latrine |
| met | slavägare | slave owner | from Gaullican maître, meaning "master" |
| nekikepe | förvisning | banishment | from Rwizi nechikepe, meaning "to sail" |
| watu | bil | car | from Gaullican voiture |
| ue | att slå | to beat up | from Gaullican fouet, meaning whip |
Numbers
The numbers for one and two in Western Imaguan Creole come from the Imaguan, while all numbers from three upwards come from Blostlandic. From ten upwards, it is organized, with the word for ten, twenty, et cetera being placed prior to the number. Thus, eleven is tiyu-aban. From one hundred upwards, the word unda is placed before the number, so 159 would be unda-hemti-niyu. From the thousands, tuse is placed before the numbers: thus, 2019 would be bian-tuse-tiyu-niyu, and so on.
| Creole | Blostlandic | Estmerish | Etymology |
|---|---|---|---|
| aban | ett | one | from Imaguan aban |
| bian | två | two | from Imaguan bian |
| tele | tre | three | from Blostlandic tre |
| hula | fyra | four | from Blostlandic fyra |
| hem | fem | five | from Blostlandic fem |
| sis | sex | six | from Blostlandic sex |
| hu | sju | seven | from Blostlandic sju |
| ota | åtta | eight | from Blostlandic åtta |
| niyu | nio | nine | from Blostlandic nio |
| tiyu | tio | ten | from Blostlandic tio |
| huko | tjugo | twenty | from Blostlandic tjugo |
| teti | trettio | thirty | from Blostlandic trettio |
| oti | fyrtio | fourty | from Blostlandic fyrtio |
| hemti | femtio | fifty | from Blostlandic femtio |
| sisto | sextio | sixty | from Blostlandic sextio |
| huti | sjuttio | seventy | from Blostlandic sjuttio |
| oti | åttio | eighty | from Blostlandic åttio |
| niti | nittio | ninety | from Blostlandic nittio |
| unda | hundra | hundred | from Blostlandic hundra |
| tuse | tusen | thousand | from Blostlandic tusen |
| milyun | miljon | million | from Blostlandic miljon |
Common phrases
| Creole | Blostlandic | Estmerish | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abet naha. | Jag jobbar här. | I work here. | |
| Ba insi na. | Jag älskar dig. | I love you. | |
| Bahunkik? | Är du hungrig? | Are you hungry? | |
| ...bapata? | Pratar du...? | Do you speak...? | |
| Bo naha. | Jag bor här. | I live here. | |
| Dahan... | Jag är från... | I am from... | |
| Danam... | Mitt namn är... | My name is... | |
| Dapata... | Jag talar... | I speak... | |
| Du bama? | Hur mår du? | How are you? | Commonly shortened to Bama? |
| Dekosta wad? | Vad kostar det? | How much is it? | |
| Hodyu! | God Jul! | Merry Christmas! | |
| Kalad niya! | Gott nytt år! | Happy New Year! | |
| Keol nepata. | Jag talar inte kreolsk. | I do not speak creole. | |
| Koti namakna. | Jag ska gå till marknaden. | I'm going to the market. | |
| Kosta tiyu silingi. | Det kostar tio shilling. | It costs ten shillings | |
| Lont a...? | Hur långt är...? | How far is...? | |
| Tuka bati? | Tyckte du om din vistelse? | Did you enjoy your stay? | |
| Wa bahan? | Var kommer du ifrån? | Where are you from? | |
| Wa latin o? | Var är badrummet? | Where is the bathroom? | |
| Wad banam? | Vad heter du? | What is your name? | Commonly shortened to Banam? |