(51 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1:
Line 1:
{{Infobox political division
{{Infobox dependency
| name = Mava
| name = Mava
| native_name = Maava
| official_name = Territory of the Mava Islands<br />{{nobold|''Territorio de las Islas Mava'' (Almagrian)}}<br>{{nobold|''Maava Tlaanigat Chuumuk'' (Mavean)}}
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Unincorporated territorial area
| national_representation1 = represented by Atlalilco senators
| lower_house =
| national_representation_type2 = Chamber of Deputies
| national_representation =
| national_representation2 = included in the District of Acalan
| national_representation_type1 =
| area_km2 = 1734
| national_representation1 =
| area_sq_mi = 670
| national_representation_type2 =
| percent_water = 3
| national_representation2 =
| elevation_max_m = 1345
| area_km2 = 1,734
| elevation_max_ft = 4413
| area_rank = not ranked
| population_census = 2,102
| area_sq_mi =
| population_census_rank = not ranked
| percent_water =
| population_census_year = 2021
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 1.21
| elevation_max_m=1345
| population_density_sq_mi = 3.14
| population_total =
| population_density_rank = not ranked
| population_as_of =
| GDP_PPP = $2.162 million
| population_footnotes =
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| population_estimate = 4,713
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| population_census =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,070
| population_estimate_year = 2022
| population_estimate_rank =
| population_census_year =
| population_density_km2 = 1
| population_density_sq_mi = <!-- Do not remove as per WP:MOSNUM -->
| population_density_rank =
| GVA = <!-- GVA is UK specific -->
| GVA_year =
| GVA_rank =
| GVA_per_capita =
| GVA_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal = $75.261 million
| GDP_nominal =
| GDP_nominal_year = not ranked
| HDI_year =
| GDP_nominal_rank =
| HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $15,969
| HDI = <!--number only-->
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = not ranked
| currency = Atitlanese peso
| Gini =
| currency_code = ATP
| Gini_year =
| timezone = UTC-9
| Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| utc_offset =
| Gini_ref =
| drives_on = Right
| HDI = <!-- number only -->
| calling_code = +52
| HDI_year = <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| postal_code_type =
| HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| postal_code =
| HDI_ref =
| iso_code = MV
| HDI_rank =
| cctld = .mv
| currency=Atitlanese peso ($){{efn|The [[Mava peso]] is a local issue of the Atitlanese peso issued for collectors rather than for circulation.}}
| currency_code=ATP
| timezone = UTC-09:00
| utc_offset =
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy (AD)
| electricity =
| drives_on =
| calling_code = +910
| iso_code = {{hlist|MV|AT-MV}}
| postal_code =
| cctld = .mv
| website =
| footnotes =
| embed =
}}
}}
'''Mava'''{{efn|[[Mavean language|Mavean]]: ''Maava''; {{wp|Spanish language|Almagrian}}: ''Mava''}}, also known as the '''Mava Islands'''{{efn|Mavean: ''Maava Tokukmuuliku''}}, is an archipelago in the Sarosan Ocean. Composed principally of three main islands, of which only the largest is ocupied, the entire territory consists of around 1,700 sq km of territory in the western islands of [[Triania]]. Formally an unincorporated territorial area of [[Atitlan]], Mava has a significant degree of internal self-governance, with its status governed by statute and by international agreements relating to mining and commerce. The capital and only major settlement is Paas on the island of Mava.
Settlers from continental Triania first arrived on the islands in the 9th century. Colonial contact with the islands occured in the 1820s, with the islands coming under Atitlanese rule in 1836 after a number of expeditions earlier in the decade. The islands served primarily as a naval station, giving Atitlan a greater presence in the Sarosan Ocean and a place in Triania, with little direct contact between Atitlan and Mavean peoples. Beginning in the 1920s, the island has possessed self-government. In 1929, the Mava Islands Council assumed some limited powers, significantly expanded in 1960. Due to the discovery of minerals and oils on the islands and in its territorial waters, Mava is governed as a pseudo-international territory, with the majority of Atitlanese laws not extending to it and the local government maintaining little regulation on migration.
'''Maava''' (/mɑːvə/; Mavean: ''Maava''), officially the '''Territory of the Mava Islands''' is an [[Atitlan|Atitlanese]] dependent territory in the [[Sarosan Ocean]], comprising a group of three islands. It has an area of 1,734 square kilometres (670 sq mi), the largest of which, Mava Island, gives its name to the territory.
Mava is a self-governing parliamentary democracy. [[Mava Council]] functions as its parliament, located in the capital Paas. The [[List of leaders of Mava|Leader of the Council]] serves as head of government and is appointed by the council. A [[Commissioner of Mava|commissioner]] serves as the representative of the Atitlanese federal government in the territory, but possesses only supervisory powers. The population, which is concentrated mainly on the northern coast of Mava Island, consists of mostly settlers, many of whom only reside during certain times of the year, with only 40 percent being indigenous Mavean. Although per capita income is around $15,000, there are sharp economic disparities between settlers and native Maveans.
The territory had a population of 2,102 residents as of 2021, half of which are native Mavean. Before the twentieth century, there were few non-indigenous people living in the islands; the opening of mines has encouraged an influx of different people of different ethnicities since the 1940s. Almost all live in settlements along the northern coast of Mava Island, the largest of which is Paas. The official languages are Mavean and Almagrian, with the latter the language of government.
==Etymology==
The first settlers arrived on the islands in the 9th century from continental [[Triania]]. Colonial contact first occurred in the 1820s and Atitlan claimed sovereignty over the islands in 1828. Beginning in the early 20th century, mining operations led to a large influx of settlers from Atitlan and other countries. In 1979, a referendum on self-government narrowly failed; in a second referendum in 1999, self-government was approved. Since 2003, Mava has been an unincorporated territorial area, with federal powers devolved to a local island administration.
==History==
== History ==
===Self rule and modern history===
There have been several attempts to introduce home rule to the islands. The first attempt, in 1979, failed when a narrow majority voted against proposals in a referendum. In 1981, proposals to extend the powers of the island council failed, with the eventual devolution of powers in 1989 largely limited to culture and language.
Beginning in the 1920s, proposals were presented for a form of self-government for the Mava Islands. Initial proposals were for Mava to be formally incorporated into Atitlan as a municipality, with its own municipal government and mayor. However, concerns over the rights of native Maveans should Mava become a part of Atitlan proper prompted new proposals maintaining separation between colony and mother nation. In 1928, the Law on the Government of Mava 1928 allowed for the creation of a local island council to govern in matters delegated to it.
In 1929, the Mava Islands Council was formally established. During this time, Atitlan maintained a strong military presence and resisted calls for the transfer of more power to the local authorities. Policies of cultural assimilation and the promotion of the Almagrian language continued unfettered, with many political figures criticising the council for being only a front for continuing colonial government. Nontheless, the council persued a policy of promoting Mavean culture and raising Mavean ethnic consciousness, which only increased calls for more autonomy.
In 1999, a second referendum on home rule passed. The 2003 Law on the Governance of the Mava Islands provided for devolution of powers to a new Mava Islands Council. The position of Governor was abolished and executive power shared by a federally-appointed Administrator and a locally-elected Mayor.
In the 1940s, the discovery of polymetallic nodules in Mavean territorial waters. The mining of nickel and copper drew in much-needed revenue in Mava drew international attention onto the islands. Atitlanese attempts to monopolise access alienated native Maveans, who believed it to be exploition, and the international community alike. By the 1950s, Atitlan faced significant pressure to open up Mava to the outside world; in 1959, an agreement between the Atitlanese government and the governments of '''''[INSERT HERE]''''' provided for the revision of Mava's status. In 1960, a new law greatly increased the council's powers and granted rights to international commercial interests in the islands, on the basis of recognised Atitlanese sovereignty and other economic concessions.
In recent times, the economy of the island has began to diversify, although it remains heavily dependent on Atitlan. Mining continues to entice business and entrepreneurs, but recent years have seen population numbers stabilise as more visitors settle permanently.
In 1961, the The Mava Organic Act provided a constitution for the islands, formalising its status as a unique territorial entity under Atitlanese sovereignty. The renamed Mava Council assumed full legislative independence in nearly all areas and in some foreign policy areas. The act also guaranteed Atitlanese rights to benefits certain economic resources, subject to international negotiations.
==Geography==
The Mava Islands consist of three islands (Mava, Arrone, and Degach) and a number of smaller rocks and islets, with a total area of 1,734km2 (670 sq mi). The largest is Mava, which is approximately 77km long and 18km wide. The other two islands are significantly smaller: Arrone is around 11km long and 4km wide and Degack 5km and 3km wide.
By the 1970s, mining became the predominant economic sector. Demographic change, prompted by the migration of speculators and commercial businesss, reduced the Maveans to a minority by the mid-1980s, dropping to 49.5% in the 1984 census, 45.2% in the 1989 census, and 37.1% in the 1994 census. Only in the 2014 census did native Maveans constitute over 40% of the population once again.
==Geography==
Approximately 30 percent of the islands is covered in Magellanic subpolar forests, mostly in the south. The forests are home to a variety of flora. The southern beech (Nothofagus) is a common tree across the three islands. Because of the mostly untouched nature of many of these forests, a variety of animals have successfully established habitats. Amongst Mava's fauna include the Magellanic woodpecker, the Trianian sierra-finch, and the Trianian condor.
[[File:Mava Köppen.png|thumb|right|370px|Köppen climate types in Mava]]
The country comprises two main islands, Great Mava and Little Mava, which are separated by the Mava Strait, and the smaller Taak. Great Mava is the largest of the island (1386 km<sup>2</sup>), followed by Little Mava (305 km<sup>2</sup>) and Taak (44 km<sup>2</sup>). Together, these islands and the surrounding rocks and islets make up the Mava Islands, for which the country is named. The two larger islands are characterised by their long east-to-west coastlines, with Mava being approximately 77 km long and 18 km wide. Little Mava is 11 km long and 4 km wide. The smallest of the main islands, Taak, is approximately 15 km long and 3 km wide.
Approximately 30 percent of Mava is covered in Magellanic subpolar forests, mostly in the south. The forests are home to a variety of flora. The southern beech (Nothofagus) is a common tree across the Mava islands. Because of the mostly untouched nature of many of these forests, a variety of animals have successfully established habitats. Amongst Mava's fauna include the southern river otter, the Magellanic woodpecker, the Trianian sierra-finch, and the Trianian condor.
The islands of Mava, Arrone, and Degach, and some other smaller roks and islets, have a total area of 1,734 km2 (670 sq mi). Mava is the largest island, being approximately 77km long and 18km wide; Arrone is approximately 11km long and 4km wide, and Degack is approximately 15km long and 3km wide.
===Climate===
=== Climate ===
Mava has a maritime climate, sitting in the transition region between the tundra (Köppen classifications ET) and subarctic zones (Cfc). The climate is characterised my a minimal temperature range across days and seasons. There is no marked wet and dry season, with the climate influenced by the cool ocean currents and southerly winds.
Each island has a maritime climate sitting in the transition region between the tundra (Köppen classifications ET) and subarctic zones (Cfc). The climate is characterised by a minimal temperature range across days and seasons. There is no marked wet and dry season, with the climate influenced by the cool ocean currents and southerly winds.
The average maximum temperature in January is around 12 °C (55 °F), whilst the July maximum average temperature drops to around 2 °C (35 °F). Average rainfall ranges from around 280-300mm in lowland areas to upwards of 1,500 mm in mountain terrain. Average rainfall is 890 mm. The weather is also characterised by humidity and high winds, the latter inspiring the name of the "Windy Islands". In wintertime, gales are particularly common. Despite the cold climate, snow is not common at any time of year, although it can appear in all months.
The average maximum temperature in January is around 12 °C (55 °F), whilst the July maximum average temperature drops to around 2 °C (35 °F). Average rainfall ranges from around 280-300mm in lowland areas to upwards of 1,500 mm in mountain terrain. Average rainfall is 890 mm. The weather is also characterised by humidity and high winds, the latter inspiring the name of the "Windy Islands". In wintertime, gales are particularly common. Despite the cold climate, snow is not common at any time of year, although it can appear in all months.
{{Weather box
{{Weather box
| location = Mava
| location = Mava
Line 267:
Line 207:
| Dec sun = 182.5
| Dec sun = 182.5
| year sun = 1601
| year sun = 1601
| source 1 = Government of Mava
| source 1 = Oficina Federal de Meteorología y Atmósfera
}}
}}
==Government and politics==
==Government==
{{main|Politics of Mava}}
Mava is a self-governing autonomous territorial area of Atitlan, administered by the federal Ministry of Land and Urban Development.
Mava is a a self-governing territory under the sovereignty of [[Atitlan]]. The Law on the Government of Mava 1928 allowed a local authority to be established in the islands for the first time, having previously being governed directly from Atlalilco by an appointed governor. Accordingly, in 1929 the Mava Islands Council was established as a sui generis authority, the islands being neither a state nor part of a state. The law granted the council the "powers, duties, and liabilities" of a municipality, with the Leader of the Council having the status of a municipal mayor.
With the discovery of oil reserves in the 1940s, international commercial interest in the islands resulted in a change in their status. The internationally negotiated Law on the Status of Mava 1960 reiterated full Atitlanese sovereignty over the archipelago, but reemphasised the islands' unique status. Under the legislation, which has the effect of international law, Atitlan is limited in its ability to collect taxes in Mava, resulting in low tax and no value added tax. It also provides for a separate visa and migratory regime, and grants the newly-renamed Mava Council the powers of a state congress, with additional powers over certain aspects of foreign policy. The islands were demilitarised.
[[File:Debating chamber of Mava Council.png|thumb|left|250px|The debating chamber of Mava Council]]
[[Mava Council]] (Mavean: ''Maava Taapiit'') is the territory's unicameral legislature, consisting of sixteen members. All members are elected every three years via the block vote system in one single at-large constituency. The chair of the Council serves as its presiding officer. The Council elects a leader from amongst its members, who leads a cabinet of up to eight members. The leader serves as head of government and cabinet is responsible for exercising executive authority in the islands.
The islands' judicial system operates on the basis of civil law, derived from Atitlan. The Mava Organic Act provides for certain fundamental laws that bind the islands' government. Because of its small population, the majority of serious criminal cases are heard in Atitlan. The Court of Mava is the sole court on the island, headed by a chairman (the Chief Judge of Mava) who presides with four lay judges. The Court of Mava has unlimited original jurisdiction in civil matters, and limited jurisdiction in criminal matters, hearing only those matters not selected for hearing in Atitlan proper. Law enforcement is the responsibility of the Mava Police, although the Atitlanese Federal Police provide additional support when requested and help to train and maintain local policing units.
===Political status===
Under the Law on the Status of Mava, the islands possess a significant degree of independence in domestic policy, and some autonomy in foreign policy. Because of the importance of the islands as a base for mining, research, and as a strategic location, the status of the islands possesses some qualities similar to an international territory. Citizens resident in Mava for commercial reasons are granted extraterritorial rights and subject only to the laws of their own countries. On the outer islands, there is unfettered movement to and from for purposes of exploration and research, although mining licenses are required for other commercial activities.
Persons born in Mava are eligible for Atitlanese citizenship, but this cannot be assumed by persons who have moved to the islands. The separate statuses of Mava Permanent Resident and Mava Commercial Resident extend rights in Mava usually acquired through citizenship (such as voting in council elections).
===Administrative divisions===
The island of Great Mava is the only permanently inhabited island. Paas, the territory's capital, is the only major urban area where the vast majority of the 2,700 people live. Consequently, there are only two formal administrative divisions: Inner (''Itiqip'') and Outer (''Mtakip''). Inner consists of Pass and the immediate rural areas surrounding it. Mtakip consists of the remainder of Mava Island and the other islands of the archipelago. Because of the small and concentrated population, there is no provision for local government.
==Economy==
The economy of Mava is driven primarily by mining, oil, gas, and mineral exploration, as well as arts, crafts, hunting, fishing, whaling, tourism, research, and education. Prior to the discovery of oil, the economy was "small, unmixed, and vulnerable." Today, the economy remains unmixed and is heavily dependent on mining. Polymetallic nodules are present in Mava's territorial waters, with the mining of nickel, copper, and molybdenum providing an important boost to the economy from the 1940s. Recent attempts have been made to phase out mining as a source of national income and to create a maritime reserve. The Mavean government committed to pursuing a path towards reducing its dependency on mining, although little progress has been made.
Cod and salmon are important trading commodities among the native population and is their main employment and single largest source of income. Because of this dependence, the native economy is considered particularly vulnerable to changes in climate as well as competition from other nations. The largest single employer is ''Ikaamaayakii Siagakakak'' (National Fishing Company), which is a government-owned industry and employs between 25 and 35 percent of the native working population.
Other important industries include finance and business (10.7%), housing (8.1%), and hospitality (5.3%).
===Tourism===
Tourism in Mava was undeveloped until relatively recently. Mava has become an increasingly popular tourist attraction for wildlife watching, outdoor activities, and cultural attractions. There are a number of rivers running across the islands that offer opportunities for canoeing and kayaking, prompting the growth of a new service indutry. Hiking and camping is also a popular pursuit. In 2019, the Mava Tourist Board released a campaign called "roughing it", which encouraged adventurers to visit Mava.
Despite its growth in recent years, tourism in Mava remains comparatively low. In 2020 the government reported that tourism numbers for the period 2018-2019 stood at approximately 9,000, an increase from around 2,000 a decade earlier. Despite its recent emphasis on tourism as a source of national income, the government's annual economic report revealed that tourism accounts for only around 1.9 percent of the national economy.
The majority of tourists arrive by cruise ship, docking in Paas Harbour.
===Transport===
[[File:The Resolute Bay Airport.jpg|Kuraava Tanigak Airport|thumb|right|250px|Kuraava Tanigak Airport]]
There are two airports that provide air transport between Mava and other nations: The Kuraava Tanigak International Airport and the Paas International Airport, both located in the capital city Paas. The two airports cater to international flights, the latter focussing on destinations in mainland Triania. There is also bat traffic that links Mava with continental Triania. Roads are largely concentrated in the north of Mava Island, where the majority of settlements are based and where the land is generally flatter. Roads generally link urban areas, with few country roads due to the lack of countryside activities and hostile climate. The island of Tokuksiagak has one main road that links the town of Aripmek to the harbour.
Beginning in the 1950s, a number of roads have been constructed in the south of Mava Island, with the Mava Ring Road following the coastline along the north, east, and south of the island.
The Pekinerasartok Harbour is the main harbour, providing sea access for civil and government vessels. The Harbour is an important import/export hub, and also links Mava with the Outer Islands. The habour is overseen by the Pekinerasartok Harbour Authority, which enforces law through a specialist Pekinerasartok Harbour Police Force. There are also ports in Pmaak and Miilep.
===Energy===
Beginning in the 21st century, the government has sought to replace the use of fossil fuels with renewable energy sources. The primary focus is on windpower, taking advantage of the natural climate. In 2013, five 330 kW turbines were installed on the outskirts of Paas. In 2018, three offshore turbines were installed. As of 2023, there is limited capacity to store surplus wind energy, with an underdeveloped battery storage system.
==Demographics==
Mava has a population of 4,713 (2021 estimate), up from 4,529 according to the 2011 census. The majority are classified as "settler or settler-descendant," with 41.6% of the population being ethnic Mavean. Under laws dating back to the 1930s that still remain in force, a person may claim to be an ethnic Mavean if at least five pairs of their eight great-grandparents are Mavean.
{{Pie chart
| caption = Ethnic groups (2016)
| other =
| label1 = Mavean
| value1 = 41.6
| color1 = darkred
| label2 = Atitlanese
| value2 = 15.4
| color2 = wheat
| label3 = Gavirians
| value3 = 10.3
| color3 = #ccf
| label4 = Tsaborite
| value4 = 6.7
| color4 = goldenrod
}}
Ethnic Atitlanese constitute the largest non-Mavean group, mostly descending from colonial-era settlers. Gavirians represent the second-largest group, with 10.3% of the population descending part or full Gavirian ancestry. Tsaborites represent the third-largest group (6.7%).
The population has remained stable for most of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. However, limited prospects and educational opportunities have resulted in many Maveans migrating to Atitlan proper (approximately 200 doing so in 2011-15).
===Languages===
The most spoken language spoken in Mavean, a Trianian language considered to be vulnerable due to a speaking population of only around 25,000 people. Almagrian is a co-official language, but retains only formal recognition and is limited to a small Atitlanese community. Anglish is also widespread and is taught alongside Almagrian as part of foreign languages lessons in schools.
===Religion===
{{bar box
| title=Mava religiosity
| titlebar=#ddd
| left1='''Religion'''
| right1='''Percentage'''
| float=right
| bars=
{{bar percent|Christianity|blue|92}}
{{bar percent|Indigenous beliefs|pink|5}}
{{bar percent|Others|gray|2}}
{{bar percent|None|red|1}}
}}
The predominant religion in Mava is Christianity, with the majority of practitioners (52 percent) being Roman Catholic. Roman Catholicism was introduced by Atitlanese colonists in the nineteenth century, and promoted amongst the indigenous population by missionaries. Today, indigenous and settlers are mostly Catholic, which has aided in encouraging dialogue between the two groups.
A number of Protestant and other Christian groups (including Orthodox) groups also exist on the islands, believed to have emerged out of Protestant émigrés escaping persecution, and which have since been added to by commercial and other forms of immigration. The majority of Protestants belong to a uniting church.
===Education===
Education is free and compulsory for all people between the ages of 6 and 16. It consists of five years of primary education, three years of lower secondary education, and two years of higher secondary education. It is publicly funded through a mixture of government funds and Atitlanese subsidies and is free of charge to students.
There is no provision for further or higher education on the islands. Students seeking post-16 studies have to travel abroad, with Atitlan and Zyang the most common destinations.
Culturally, Maveans hold education and scholarship in high esteem, with a number of prominent Mavean academics and researchers considered important figures. The National Library of Mava, in Paas, serves as a repository for all doctoral and master's dissertations written by Maveans in any country, as well as scholarly publications by or about Maveans. This is publicly available free of charge.
The legal system is under the authority of the federal government. An administrator is appointed by the minister to represent the federal government locally. The territory is within the jurisdiction of the High Court of Atlalilico (‘’Tribunal Superior de Atlalilico’’’, TSA). A local magistrates’ court sits in Paas, which is part of the TSA’s magistracy.
==Culture==
Under the 2003 Law on the Governance of the Mava Islands (‘’Almagrian: Ley de gobernanza de las islas Mava’’; LGIM), Atlalilico laws apply to Mava, although their application is at the discretion of the federal government. A unicameral Mava Islands Council, with eleven seats, enacts laws for the island and provides local government services. Whilst the Administrator is the formal head of government, a directly-elected mayor fulfils many executive functions.
===Storytelling and literature===
Storytelling forms an important part of Mavean culture, with the passing of tales from one generation to the next a common way of establishing strong links between elders and youth. This form of storytelling, called ''Okiigoat Kahaatu'' (lit. "Warn Telling") originated in the warnings given to adolescents about the threats they may face, but evolved into a broader type of group activity. Different orators tell different stories, but a number of common themes run through most: a young person entering into the adult world, an individual/animal/spirit trying to lead them astray, and the realisation that they were being led astray.
Several of these stories have been recorded and compiled into published works. Some of these have become internationally known, including ''Koeaatowurah'', and have brought Mavean culture to foreign audiences.
The most recent local election took place on 10 March 2022. Atitlanese citizens in the islands also vote in Atitlanese federal elections as part of the Atlalilico constituency.
===Cuisine===
===Future developments===
The Mavean diet consists largely of meat from marine mammals, fish, and birds. Because of the lack of arable land and the country's geography, much of Mavea's diety is derived from the ocean. The national dish is the ''tupiril pnaa'' ("second duck"), which emerged from the use of leftover roasted meat from the pintail.
Because of Mava’s small population and its financial dependence on the Atitlanese federal government, a number of Atitlanese and Mavean political figures have advocated for the full annexation of the islands. Former mayor Argo Naniita suggested the islands become a commune of Atlalilico, whilst former cabinet minister Iago Jimenez raised the possibility of the islands being a sui generis commune under federal authority.
Fish is a common ingredient. Popular fish used in Mavean dishes include the zebra trout and the spotted minnow, both of which are commonly used in breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Until 1998, otter meat was a commonly used ingredient, but an effort to protect them, as well as its adoption as Mava's national animal, led to a significant reduction in the consumption of otter. In 2016, the buying, butchering, and selling of otter meat was made illegal.
== Economy ==
Mava's economy is heavily reliant on federal government subsidies to local industry. Due to the islands' remoteness and geography, only a small amount of the land is available for economic activity.
===Sport===
Sheep ranching is the main source of the islands' agricultural income and output, providing wool, meat, and hides for domestic, Atitlanese, and international markets.
Maveans consider sport an important part of their culture, being amongst the most active populations in the world. Popular sports include football, track and field, canoeing, shooting, and, skiing. Sporting is overseen by ''Haukaaqa Maava'' ("Sport Mava"), a public body sponsored by the government and which oversees and implements policies relating to sporting.
Because of its geography and climate, winter sports are common across the country. Skiing is widely considered the national sport, with fishing, snowboarding, luge, and bobsleigh common across generations. Although the environment is not generally suited to them, sports such as golf, tennis, and surfing are present and of increasing popularity.
In the 21st century, tourism has become an important part of the islands' economy. 20,000 people visited Mava in 2009-10, increasing to 40,000 by 2017-18. The majority of visitors are Atitlanese, although other nationalities include [[Gavrilia|Gavrilians]] and [[Ibarmentudia|Ibarmentudiaks]]. The rise in tourism has led to the establishment of a number of hotels, restaurants, and other recreational facilities oriented towards foreign travellers. Of particular appeal to tourists is the islands' mountains, glaciers, forests, rivers, and, in recent years, ski centres.
===Media===
Mava Council's Communities and Families Services is responsible for overseeing and regulating media and broadcasting. There are two newspapers circulating on the island: ''Maava Maawk Naaruamgukip'' (Mava Weekly Mail), which is published every Sunday, and the ''Kiiyiptuumilik Tuumilikip''(Swift Flash). Television, radio, and internet media services are provided by Atitlanese providers.
==See also==
==See also==
* [[Politics of Mava]]
* [[Politics of Mava]]
* [[Mava General Police]]
* [[Law enforcement in Mava]]
==Notes==
==Notes==
Latest revision as of 18:43, 28 November 2024
Mava
Unincorporated territorial area
Territory of the Mava Islands Territorio de las Islas Mava (Almagrian) Maava Tlaanigat Chuumuk (Mavean)
Maava (/mɑːvə/; Mavean: Maava), officially the Territory of the Mava Islands is an Atitlanese dependent territory in the Sarosan Ocean, comprising a group of three islands. It has an area of 1,734 square kilometres (670 sq mi), the largest of which, Mava Island, gives its name to the territory.
The territory had a population of 2,102 residents as of 2021, half of which are native Mavean. Before the twentieth century, there were few non-indigenous people living in the islands; the opening of mines has encouraged an influx of different people of different ethnicities since the 1940s. Almost all live in settlements along the northern coast of Mava Island, the largest of which is Paas. The official languages are Mavean and Almagrian, with the latter the language of government.
The first settlers arrived on the islands in the 9th century from continental Triania. Colonial contact first occurred in the 1820s and Atitlan claimed sovereignty over the islands in 1828. Beginning in the early 20th century, mining operations led to a large influx of settlers from Atitlan and other countries. In 1979, a referendum on self-government narrowly failed; in a second referendum in 1999, self-government was approved. Since 2003, Mava has been an unincorporated territorial area, with federal powers devolved to a local island administration.
There have been several attempts to introduce home rule to the islands. The first attempt, in 1979, failed when a narrow majority voted against proposals in a referendum. In 1981, proposals to extend the powers of the island council failed, with the eventual devolution of powers in 1989 largely limited to culture and language.
In 1999, a second referendum on home rule passed. The 2003 Law on the Governance of the Mava Islands provided for devolution of powers to a new Mava Islands Council. The position of Governor was abolished and executive power shared by a federally-appointed Administrator and a locally-elected Mayor.
In recent times, the economy of the island has began to diversify, although it remains heavily dependent on Atitlan. Mining continues to entice business and entrepreneurs, but recent years have seen population numbers stabilise as more visitors settle permanently.
Geography
The Mava Islands consist of three islands (Mava, Arrone, and Degach) and a number of smaller rocks and islets, with a total area of 1,734km2 (670 sq mi). The largest is Mava, which is approximately 77km long and 18km wide. The other two islands are significantly smaller: Arrone is around 11km long and 4km wide and Degack 5km and 3km wide.
Approximately 30 percent of the islands is covered in Magellanic subpolar forests, mostly in the south. The forests are home to a variety of flora. The southern beech (Nothofagus) is a common tree across the three islands. Because of the mostly untouched nature of many of these forests, a variety of animals have successfully established habitats. Amongst Mava's fauna include the Magellanic woodpecker, the Trianian sierra-finch, and the Trianian condor.
The islands of Mava, Arrone, and Degach, and some other smaller roks and islets, have a total area of 1,734 km2 (670 sq mi). Mava is the largest island, being approximately 77km long and 18km wide; Arrone is approximately 11km long and 4km wide, and Degack is approximately 15km long and 3km wide.
Climate
Each island has a maritime climate sitting in the transition region between the tundra (Köppen classifications ET) and subarctic zones (Cfc). The climate is characterised by a minimal temperature range across days and seasons. There is no marked wet and dry season, with the climate influenced by the cool ocean currents and southerly winds.
The average maximum temperature in January is around 12 °C (55 °F), whilst the July maximum average temperature drops to around 2 °C (35 °F). Average rainfall ranges from around 280-300mm in lowland areas to upwards of 1,500 mm in mountain terrain. Average rainfall is 890 mm. The weather is also characterised by humidity and high winds, the latter inspiring the name of the "Windy Islands". In wintertime, gales are particularly common. Despite the cold climate, snow is not common at any time of year, although it can appear in all months.
Source: Oficina Federal de Meteorología y Atmósfera
Government
Mava is a self-governing autonomous territorial area of Atitlan, administered by the federal Ministry of Land and Urban Development.
The legal system is under the authority of the federal government. An administrator is appointed by the minister to represent the federal government locally. The territory is within the jurisdiction of the High Court of Atlalilico (‘’Tribunal Superior de Atlalilico’’’, TSA). A local magistrates’ court sits in Paas, which is part of the TSA’s magistracy.
Under the 2003 Law on the Governance of the Mava Islands (‘’Almagrian: Ley de gobernanza de las islas Mava’’; LGIM), Atlalilico laws apply to Mava, although their application is at the discretion of the federal government. A unicameral Mava Islands Council, with eleven seats, enacts laws for the island and provides local government services. Whilst the Administrator is the formal head of government, a directly-elected mayor fulfils many executive functions.
The most recent local election took place on 10 March 2022. Atitlanese citizens in the islands also vote in Atitlanese federal elections as part of the Atlalilico constituency.
Future developments
Because of Mava’s small population and its financial dependence on the Atitlanese federal government, a number of Atitlanese and Mavean political figures have advocated for the full annexation of the islands. Former mayor Argo Naniita suggested the islands become a commune of Atlalilico, whilst former cabinet minister Iago Jimenez raised the possibility of the islands being a sui generis commune under federal authority.
Economy
Mava's economy is heavily reliant on federal government subsidies to local industry. Due to the islands' remoteness and geography, only a small amount of the land is available for economic activity.
Sheep ranching is the main source of the islands' agricultural income and output, providing wool, meat, and hides for domestic, Atitlanese, and international markets.
In the 21st century, tourism has become an important part of the islands' economy. 20,000 people visited Mava in 2009-10, increasing to 40,000 by 2017-18. The majority of visitors are Atitlanese, although other nationalities include Gavrilians and Ibarmentudiaks. The rise in tourism has led to the establishment of a number of hotels, restaurants, and other recreational facilities oriented towards foreign travellers. Of particular appeal to tourists is the islands' mountains, glaciers, forests, rivers, and, in recent years, ski centres.
Atitlan
