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'''Garetolian''' is one of the official languages of [[Garetolia]].
'''Garetolian''' (''re'Karātōl'ikī'', <small>pronounced</small> [[Help:IPA/Garetolian|[reʔkaˌraːˈtoːlʔikiː]]]) is a {{wp|Polynesian language}} of the {{wp|Austronesian language family}} that takes its name from [[Garetolia]], the country in which it is spoken. Garetolian, along with {{wp|English language|English}}, is an official language of Garetolia. It was discovered as one of the six spoken languages of Garetolia in 1775 by {{wp|James Cook}} and his crewmembers. Today, only two of those languages remain spoken on a daily basis.
 
From the start of the [[Garetolian Genocide]] to the mid-20th century, the amount of native Garetolian speakers decreased rapidly. In 1970, the percentage of Garetolian speakers on the islands was only 1.4%; in 1976, as a result, [[Governor of the Dominion of Garetolia|Governor]] [[René de l'Anse]] passed a law ensuring that Garetolian was offered as one of the secondary languages taught in schools. After the [[independence of Garetolia]], the Garetolian language was finally regulated and Prime Minister [[Meleno Keresa]] announced that "[Garetolia's] culture [could] finally be rediscovered". Today, it is mandatory to learn Garetolian as part of the secondary school curriculum. In Ule'eka, students in primary school are recommended to begin learning Garetolian in the years immediately before secondary school, as to ease the learning process.
 
As opposed to [[Kaekian language|Ka'ekian]], which has a complex system of noun cases and verb conjugations, Garetolian has only four noun cases and one conjugation for each tense of each verb. This means that, much like {{wp|Esperanto}}, the speaker is required to specify the subject of the sentence instead of languages like {{wp|Spanish language|Spanish}}, in which the subject is implied based on the conjugation suffix (e.g. -o, -as, -amos, etc.).
 
The Garetolian alphabet has seventeen letters: five vowels (a, e, i, o, u, each with long and short forms), eleven consonants (da, ha, ka, la, ma, na, pa, ra, sa, ta, wa), and the {{wp|glottal stop}} represented by an {{wp|ʻokina}} or simply an apostrophe.
 
==Name==
 
{{main|Garetolia#Etymology}}
 
Although it is known that the name Garetolia comes from an anglicized corruption of the indigenous word "re'Karātōl'ī", there is some debate as to what the indigenous word actually meant. Some accounts say that the word roughly translates to "the utopia", possibly citing the tropical environment and rich natural resources. Others have proposed that "re'Karātōl'ī" was either an older or colloquial version of the word "rakānol'ī" which means "outsiders". It is possible, though not widely accepted, that the native Garetolians had given the British a false name for the island, and that the native name had been lost to history during the [[Garetolian Genocide]]. Nonetheless, the former theory is the most accepted one and is the official etymology on many sites such as the {{wp|British Library}} and the {{wp|CIA World Factbook}}.
 
==History==
 
==Phonology==
 
===Consonants===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
! {{wp|Labial consonant|Labial}}
! {{wp|Alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
! {{wp|Velar consonant|Velar}}
! {{wp|Glottal consonant|Glottal}}
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Nasal consonant|Nasal}}
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Stop consonant|Plosive}}
! {{small|{{wp|voicelessness|voiceless}}}}
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
|
|-
! {{small|{{wp|voice (phonetics)|voiced}}}}
|
| {{IPAlink|d}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Fricative consonant|Fricative}}
! {{small|{{wp|voicelessness|voiceless}}}}
|
| {{IPAlink|s}}
|
| {{IPAlink|h}}
|-
! {{small|{{wp|voice (phonetics)|voiced}}}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Tap consonant|Tap}}
! {{small|{{wp|voicelessness|voiceless}}}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|{{wp|voice (phonetics)|voiced}}}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Approximant consonant|Approximant}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
| {{IPAlink|l}}
|
|
|}
 
 
 
===Vowels===
Garetolian has five {{wp|Vowel length|short}} and five {{wp|Vowel length|long}} {{wp|vowel}}s.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=3 | {{wp|Vowel length|Short}}
! colspan=3 | {{wp|Vowel length|Long}}
|-
! {{wp|Front vowel|Front}}
! {{wp|Central vowel|Central}}
! {{wp|Back vowel|Back}}
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|{{IPA link|iː}}
|
|{{IPA link|uː}}
|-
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
|{{IPA link|ɛ}} ~ {{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|ə}}
|{{IPA link|o}}
|{{IPA link|eː}}
|
|{{IPA link|oː}}
|-
! {{wp|Open vowel|Open}}
| colspan=3 | {{IPA link|a}}
| colspan=3 | {{IPA link|aː}}
|}
 
 
 
 


{{Garetolia topics}}
{{Garetolia topics}}

Latest revision as of 18:05, 25 May 2023

Garetolian
re'Karātōl'ikī
Native toGaretolia
RegionOceania
Native speakers
212 thousand (2019)
Official status
Official language in
 Garetolia
Regulated byGaretolian Language Comission (GALACOM)
Language codes
ISO 639-1kt
ISO 639-2kat
ISO 639-3kat

Garetolian (re'Karātōl'ikī, pronounced [reʔkaˌraːˈtoːlʔikiː]) is a Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family that takes its name from Garetolia, the country in which it is spoken. Garetolian, along with English, is an official language of Garetolia. It was discovered as one of the six spoken languages of Garetolia in 1775 by James Cook and his crewmembers. Today, only two of those languages remain spoken on a daily basis.

From the start of the Garetolian Genocide to the mid-20th century, the amount of native Garetolian speakers decreased rapidly. In 1970, the percentage of Garetolian speakers on the islands was only 1.4%; in 1976, as a result, Governor René de l'Anse passed a law ensuring that Garetolian was offered as one of the secondary languages taught in schools. After the independence of Garetolia, the Garetolian language was finally regulated and Prime Minister Meleno Keresa announced that "[Garetolia's] culture [could] finally be rediscovered". Today, it is mandatory to learn Garetolian as part of the secondary school curriculum. In Ule'eka, students in primary school are recommended to begin learning Garetolian in the years immediately before secondary school, as to ease the learning process.

As opposed to Ka'ekian, which has a complex system of noun cases and verb conjugations, Garetolian has only four noun cases and one conjugation for each tense of each verb. This means that, much like Esperanto, the speaker is required to specify the subject of the sentence instead of languages like Spanish, in which the subject is implied based on the conjugation suffix (e.g. -o, -as, -amos, etc.).

The Garetolian alphabet has seventeen letters: five vowels (a, e, i, o, u, each with long and short forms), eleven consonants (da, ha, ka, la, ma, na, pa, ra, sa, ta, wa), and the glottal stop represented by an ʻokina or simply an apostrophe.

Name

Although it is known that the name Garetolia comes from an anglicized corruption of the indigenous word "re'Karātōl'ī", there is some debate as to what the indigenous word actually meant. Some accounts say that the word roughly translates to "the utopia", possibly citing the tropical environment and rich natural resources. Others have proposed that "re'Karātōl'ī" was either an older or colloquial version of the word "rakānol'ī" which means "outsiders". It is possible, though not widely accepted, that the native Garetolians had given the British a false name for the island, and that the native name had been lost to history during the Garetolian Genocide. Nonetheless, the former theory is the most accepted one and is the official etymology on many sites such as the British Library and the CIA World Factbook.

History

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Velar Glottal
Nasal m n
Plosive voiceless p t k
voiced d
Fricative voiceless s h
voiced
Tap voiceless ɾ
voiced
Approximant w l


Vowels

Garetolian has five short and five long vowels.

Short Long
Front Central Back Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid ɛ ~ e ə o
Open a