Habsedar
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| Central Detention Administration (1950-present) | |
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The Habsedar (Pasdani:حبس صمیم اداره , acronym for Habs Sameem-e Edāreh, meaning Central Detention Administration; Rahelian: إدارة الاعتقال المركزية, al-Idāra al-I'taqal al-Markaziyy, Idatmar) is a government agency in Zorasan charged with administrating a network of prisons and suspected labour camps. The Habsedar was established in 1950 following the Pardarian Civil War by order of Mahrdad Ali Sattari and the network of camps remained in place, expanding under the Union of Khazestan and Pardaran and modern-day Zorasan in 1980, though the facilities would be mostly shutdown by 1990. In 2006, following the Turfan and seizure of power by the military and hardliner factions of the ruling National Renovation Front, the administration was restored albeit with only eighteen facilities in use.
The Habsedar has long been recognised as one of the primary instruments of political repression in the Union of Zorasani Irfanic Republics and its predecessor states. From its inception in 1950 through to 1990, the camps and prisons housed a wide variety of convicted individuals, ranging from petty criminals to political dissidents, to key figures targeted under the Modernisation and Harmony Campaign, notably Rahelian and Togoti tribal chiefs and their descendants. During this four-decade period, the Habsedar was placed under the administration of the State Committee for Internal Security, a party-level organisation operating outside the boundaries of the state. Virtually all those who were detained within the Habsedar during the 1950-1990 period were convicted via simplified procedures, notably, Internal Security Tribunals, or imprisoned without any trial of any description. In 1990, as part of the liberalisation agenda of State President Abdelraouf Wazzan, the Habsedar was shut down and its facilities handed over to the military for their own use. The first Habsedar camp to be constructed and opened was located near Khosro-Shirin in late 1950, it was demolished in 1992.
Upon its establishment in 1950, weeks after the conclusion of the Pardarian Civil War, the population found in the camps was mostly limited to those rounded up during the civil war and those post-war, for expressing pro-Shah sympathies, or were seen in a wider sense, a threat to the Pardarian Revolutionary Resistance Command. Between 1950 and 1952, the population rarely exceeded 20,000, according to testimonies, the primary reason for this was the rapid execution of inhabitants of the Habsedar. However, following the establishment of the Union of Khazestan and Pardaran following the Khazi Revolution, the Habsedar was expanded and its population grew rapidly to well over 150,000 by 1954. From 1955 onward to 1963, the population boomed to well over 300,000 on average per year, as the Modernisation and Harmony Campaign began, in which entire ethnic groups were forcibly re-located and their political, cultural and religious leaders were detained within the Habsedar, together with other groups and those resisting the campaign - for a total of 2.4 million people. During this period, it is estimated that between 180,000-390,000 people perished within the Habsedar, though some historians debate the reliability of sources to assert estimates. During the inter-war period (1966-1976), the population of the Habsedar grew exponentially to over 500,000 on average per year, the majority of whom remained victims of the Modernisation and Harmony Campaign, as well as political enemies accused of symapthising with the United Rahelian People's Republic and Dezevau. The Irfanisation of Zorasan in the early 1970s also resulted in thousands being detained for opposing the decline of secularism and for violating various religious laws, though the mortality rate is believed to have been significantly lower than compared to previous decades. Following the UKP's victory in the Second Rahelian War and the unification of Zorasan, between 1980 and 1988, the Habsedar was expanded to its peak, imprisoning over 900,000 people, it is further estimated that during this period, 100,000-250,000 people would perish. In 1990, following the rise of reformist factions to national and party leadership, the Habsedar facilities were shutdown and their inhabitants released, as part of a wider political softening. During the 1990s, as part of the effort to liberalise the state and soften its domestic and international image, the Saffron-leadership released a series of documents revealing only a basic view of the Habsedar's history.
In 2007, following the Turfan and the seizure of power by Front hardliners and the military, the Habsedar was re-established in a limited form. Six facilities were constructed or reopened, two for each grade of "State Rehabilitation." The conditions vary dramatically between the facilities, with the Grade 3 facilities operating along the lines of conventional detention facilities, while the two Grade 1 facilities have long been accused of instituting torture, pyschological and sexual abuse, and even executions. In 2010, three more Grade 1 facilities were constructed according to Al-Kashaf, primarily to house those detained in response to the Chanwanese War and the wider Zorasani insurgency. It is estimated that between 5,000 and 8,000 people currently populate the Habsedar system, and remains subject to serious international criticism and human rights abuse claims.