Intharatcha: Difference between revisions
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===Foreign policy=== | ===Foreign policy=== | ||
[[File:JiaoKowtow.png|thumb|right|A contemporary Jiao print of subject kings and foreign ambassadors {{wp|kowtow|kowtowing}} to Intharatcha at his second coronation in Rongzhuo, 1661]] | |||
For Intharatcha policy towards Southeast Coius was less 'foreign' and more 'domestic'. He considered himself to be the rightful suzerain of the area, and so treated the rulers of all the nations therein as he treated his own subordinates. This was his policy even before he began his conquests, which earned him the enmity of his neighbouring states and necessitated a militaristic approach to enforcing it. He adopted the Xiaodongese {{wp|Tributary system of China|model of tribute}}, although he took an active interest in the domestic affairs of his subject states, often replacing disloyal kings and executing officials who urged resistance to his suzerainty. He would often reside in the main palaces of his subject monarchs, relegating them to lesser palaces or even humiliating them by sending them out to other provinces to act as governors. | For Intharatcha policy towards Southeast Coius was less 'foreign' and more 'domestic'. He considered himself to be the rightful suzerain of the area, and so treated the rulers of all the nations therein as he treated his own subordinates. This was his policy even before he began his conquests, which earned him the enmity of his neighbouring states and necessitated a militaristic approach to enforcing it. He adopted the Xiaodongese {{wp|Tributary system of China|model of tribute}}, although he took an active interest in the domestic affairs of his subject states, often replacing disloyal kings and executing officials who urged resistance to his suzerainty. He would often reside in the main palaces of his subject monarchs, relegating them to lesser palaces or even humiliating them by sending them out to other provinces to act as governors. | ||
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Relations between Senria and the Khaunban Empire were typically warm, if of a lesser nature due to the distance and divergent interests of the two nations. Senria was in the midst of the bloodiest part of the [[Senria#Tigoku period|Tigoku period]] and so their court had little interest outside of their isles, as shown by their refusal of Intharatcha's offer in 1655 to jointly invade the Jiao. Intharatcha's main policy towards Senria was ensuring that they remain unresponsive to his affairs, and he benefited from their crises through the hiring of many ''[[tankenhei]]''. While he had tentative plans to invade Senria or demand their subjugation, this was always envisaged to happen after a successful invasion of Xiaodong, which after [[Battle of Yuan'an|1668]] became highly unlikely and so was largely forgotten. | Relations between Senria and the Khaunban Empire were typically warm, if of a lesser nature due to the distance and divergent interests of the two nations. Senria was in the midst of the bloodiest part of the [[Senria#Tigoku period|Tigoku period]] and so their court had little interest outside of their isles, as shown by their refusal of Intharatcha's offer in 1655 to jointly invade the Jiao. Intharatcha's main policy towards Senria was ensuring that they remain unresponsive to his affairs, and he benefited from their crises through the hiring of many ''[[tankenhei]]''. While he had tentative plans to invade Senria or demand their subjugation, this was always envisaged to happen after a successful invasion of Xiaodong, which after [[Battle of Yuan'an|1668]] became highly unlikely and so was largely forgotten. | ||
The rise of Intharatcha's empire coincided with the height of the [[Aguda Empire|Agudan Empire]]. The two states had a tense relationship, made worse by Intharatcha's subjugation of the [[Akhir states]], cities which had previously been under the protection and suzerainty of the Agudans. Intharatcha was also a fanatical Zohist, and his liquidation and conversion of Badi temples and shrines further strained relations. Despite this both empires had shared interests in combating the various polities of the Great Steppe, including the [[Togoti Khaganate]], and this along with complications elsewhere meant that they never came to blows. The flow of trade, skilled artisans, as well as mercenaries between the states, particularly cannoneers and musketmen from Aguda, and elephantry from Khaunban, also helped keep the peace. | The rise of Intharatcha's empire coincided with the height of the [[Aguda Empire|Agudan Empire]]. The two states had a tense relationship, made worse by Intharatcha's subjugation of the [[Akhir states]], cities which had previously been under the protection and suzerainty of the Agudans. Intharatcha was also a fanatical Zohist, and his liquidation and conversion of Badi temples and shrines further strained relations. Despite this both empires had shared interests in combating the various polities of the Great Steppe, including the [[Togoti Khaganate]], and this along with complications elsewhere meant that they never came to blows. The flow of trade, skilled artisans, as well as mercenaries between the states, particularly cannoneers and musketmen from Aguda, and elephantry from Khaunban, also helped keep the peace. | ||
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Satria was largely under Togoti control by the mid 17th century, and so Intharatcha's primary concern in this area was with the Togoti, an empire which he considered his main rival and threat and yet one which he never came to blows with. His correspondence with [[Aryabhata Pandya]], a prominent Togoti official and {{wp|Thakur|Satrian prince}}, reveals that after dealing with Xiaodong, Intharatcha intended to 'liberate' Satria from Togoti rule. This is further supported by his patronage of, and dealings with, anti-Togoti [[Gukdongs]] in the [[Ansan Empire]]. After 1665 and the [[Gurkhan|Gurkhan's]] death the Togoti Khaganate fell into a civil war and began losing control over Satria, and by 1668 dialogue between Aryabhata and Intharatcha had ended along with any talk or plans to invade Satria. | Satria was largely under Togoti control by the mid 17th century, and so Intharatcha's primary concern in this area was with the Togoti, an empire which he considered his main rival and threat and yet one which he never came to blows with. His correspondence with [[Aryabhata Pandya]], a prominent Togoti official and {{wp|Thakur|Satrian prince}}, reveals that after dealing with Xiaodong, Intharatcha intended to 'liberate' Satria from Togoti rule. This is further supported by his patronage of, and dealings with, anti-Togoti [[Gukdongs]] in the [[Ansan Empire]]. After 1665 and the [[Gurkhan|Gurkhan's]] death the Togoti Khaganate fell into a civil war and began losing control over Satria, and by 1668 dialogue between Aryabhata and Intharatcha had ended along with any talk or plans to invade Satria. | ||
Intharatcha proved keen to open up relations with [[Euclea|Euclean]] nations, particularly [[Gaullica]]. [[Gervasius Jacquet]], a Gaullican [[Sotirian Catholicism|Catholic]] priest had become a favourite of Intharatcha's soon after his arrival in 1658, and taught the king much about Euclea. Jacquet was never able to convey his own ideas about Gaullica's importance to the king, who also listened to [[Estmere|Estmerish]] and [[Etruria|Povelian]] courtiers, but he was able to convince him to send an embassy to Gaullica in 1662. Intharatcha wrote a personal letter to [[Francois II]], and gave him lavish gifts, exceptionally including a white elephant. The Khaunban ambassadors to Gaullica worked hard to ensure the Gaullican reciprocal gift would be lesser in value, thus establishing Gaullica in the {{wp|Tributary system of China|traditional manner}} as a client state of the Khaunban, unbeknownst to the Gaullicans. Euclean influence in Intharatcha's itinerant court would gradually decrease as his war in Xiaodong and fracturing empire outweighed foreign policy towards a very far off land. | [[File:SiameseEmbassyToLouisXIV1686NicolasLarmessin.jpg|thumb|left|The Khaunban embassy to [[Francois II]] led by [[Tian Thassapak]] in 1662, by Timoléon de Chaumont]] Intharatcha proved keen to open up relations with [[Euclea|Euclean]] nations, particularly [[Gaullica]]. [[Gervasius Jacquet]], a Gaullican [[Sotirian Catholicism|Catholic]] priest had become a favourite of Intharatcha's soon after his arrival in 1658, and taught the king much about Euclea. Jacquet was never able to convey his own ideas about Gaullica's importance to the king, who also listened to [[Estmere|Estmerish]] and [[Etruria|Povelian]] courtiers, but he was able to convince him to send an embassy to Gaullica in 1662. Intharatcha wrote a personal letter to [[Francois II]], and gave him lavish gifts, exceptionally including a white elephant. The Khaunban ambassadors to Gaullica worked hard to ensure the Gaullican reciprocal gift would be lesser in value, thus establishing Gaullica in the {{wp|Tributary system of China|traditional manner}} as a client state of the Khaunban, unbeknownst to the Gaullicans. Euclean influence in Intharatcha's itinerant court would gradually decrease as his war in Xiaodong and fracturing empire outweighed foreign policy towards a very far off land. | ||
The [[Asteria Superior|New]] [[Asteria Inferior|World]] was a place that fascinated Intharatcha, and he requested his ambassadors to Gaullica acquire for him as many maps as possible. From his writings it is clear that the concept of {{wp|terra nullius}} confused him, and he assumed that the Eucleans were attempting to mask failures to conquer extant and great native empires. His attempts to purchase land in the New World never came to fruition, and it is clear that he considered the land as military outposts for future invasions instead of as colonies for settling or for profitable enterprises. He made tentative plans to invade the Asterias from the west, after conquering Xiaodong and Senria, and subjugating Satria, but paid little attention to the idea or the Asterias after 1667. | The [[Asteria Superior|New]] [[Asteria Inferior|World]] was a place that fascinated Intharatcha, and he requested his ambassadors to Gaullica acquire for him as many maps as possible. From his writings it is clear that the concept of {{wp|terra nullius}} confused him, and he assumed that the Eucleans were attempting to mask failures to conquer extant and great native empires. His attempts to purchase land in the New World never came to fruition, and it is clear that he considered the land as military outposts for future invasions instead of as colonies for settling or for profitable enterprises. He made tentative plans to invade the Asterias from the west, after conquering Xiaodong and Senria, and subjugating Satria, but paid little attention to the idea or the Asterias after 1667. | ||
Revision as of 15:26, 19 December 2020
| Intharatcha the Great อินทราชาใหญ่ | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| King of Khaunban Lord of the Ten Directions Great King of the East | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Reign | 1 April 1647 - 11 July 1673 | ||||||||
| Coronation | 11 July 1647 at Khaunban 12 February 1661 at Rongzhuo | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Mahathammarachathirat | ||||||||
| Successor | Borommarachathirat | ||||||||
| Suzerain of Lanhok | |||||||||
| Reign | 9 March 1652 - 11 July 1673 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Office created | ||||||||
| Successor | Borommarachathirat | ||||||||
| King | Nodthakorn II (1652-1668) Kirakorn (1652-1681) | ||||||||
| Suzerain of Chensae | |||||||||
| Reign | 16 July 1652 - 11 July 1673 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Office created | ||||||||
| Successor | Borommarachathirat | ||||||||
| King | Sukonthor (1652-1652) Chettha (1652-1654) Ang Chan I (1654-1670) Satha I (1670-1672) Chey Chettha I (1672-1673) | ||||||||
| Suzerain of Myiang | |||||||||
| Reign | 19 September 1652 - 11 July 1673 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Office created | ||||||||
| Successor | Borommarachathirat | ||||||||
| Suzerain of Muendap | |||||||||
| Reign | 3 February 1653 - 11 July 1673 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Office created | ||||||||
| Successor | Borommarachathirat | ||||||||
| King | Kathawut (1653-1666) Pralop II (1666-1668) Nirund (1668-1673) | ||||||||
| Suzerain of Vihkenadebau | |||||||||
| Reign | 8 July 1653 - 11 July 1673 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Office created | ||||||||
| Successor | Borommarachathirat | ||||||||
| Prince | Saw E (1653-1671) Khon Law (1671-1673) | ||||||||
| Suzerain of Sipmueang | |||||||||
| Reign | 21 May 1655 - 11 July 1673 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Office created | ||||||||
| Successor | Borommarachathirat | ||||||||
| King | Pichai (1653-1659) Thongchai (1659-1673) | ||||||||
| Suzerain of Namoset | |||||||||
| Reign | 18 August 1655 - 11 July 1673 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Office created | ||||||||
| Successor | Borommarachathirat | ||||||||
| King | Phrom-Borirak (1655-1673) | ||||||||
| Suzerain of Namkwon | |||||||||
| Reign | 28 April 1658 - 11 July 1673 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Office created | ||||||||
| Successor | Borommarachathirat | ||||||||
| King | Thảo Thánh Tông (1658-1658) Thảo Nhân Tông (1658-1663) Thảo Cao Tông (1663-1667) Thảo Chiêu Hoàng (1667-1673) | ||||||||
| Suzerain of the Great Jiao | |||||||||
| Reign | 17 December 1660 - 11 July 1673 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Office created | ||||||||
| Successor | Borommarachathirat | ||||||||
| Emperor | Taizong Emperor (1660-1667) Taichu Emperor (1669-1671) | ||||||||
| Born | Supsampantuwongse Chaowas Nai-Thim 10 March 1624 Khaunban | ||||||||
| Died | 22 November 1673 (aged 49) Juancheng | ||||||||
| Burial | |||||||||
| Consort | Neungluthai | ||||||||
| Consorts | Thao-Ap Thảo Liên Hoa Tanaka Sai Liu Nüying (Over 50 more, see Consorts) | ||||||||
| Issue Detail | Norrapan Borommarachathirat Chariya (Over 90 more, see Issue) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Dynasty | Khaunban | ||||||||
| Father | Mahathammarachathirat | ||||||||
| Mother | Manya-Phathon | ||||||||
| Religion | Zohism | ||||||||
Intharatcha the Great (Thai: อินทราชาใหญ่, RKGS: Inotrachayai), was the 6th monarch of Khaunban and the 1st Khaunban Emperor, from 1647 to 1673. He was a highly intelligent, ruthless, and militaristic monarch whose 26-year reign saw the rapid creation of one of the largest empires in Coius. At his empire's height in 1665, his rule stretched from Rongzhuo in the west to Sungai Baru in the east, and he received tribute from both the Agudan and Senrian Empires.
Intharatcha spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign throughout Southeast Coius, and by the age of 35 he had subjugated most of it. Until his expedition into Xiaodong he remained undefeated in battle, and continued to win the vast majority of his battles. He is regarded as one of the most significant military commanders in history, with his campaigns and battles still being regularly studied in Coius. While known less for it than his military achievements, his political, cultural, and religious legacy has made him one of the most celebrated monarchs of Kuthina, though he remains controversial in Xiaodong and elsewhere in Southeast Coius.
Born Supsampantuwongse Chaowas Nai-Thim, a prince of Khaunban, a modest city-state under the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Sippom, he came to the throne in 1647 after his father, Mahathammarachathirat, was murdered by Kraisingha of Sippom. In response he led a successful revolt against Sippomese rule which placed him in control of the Lueng river valley. He undertook the creation of his Grand Army and used it to great effect over the next 11 years conquering and subjugating much of Southeast Coius, including the Kingdoms of Chensae, Lanhok, Myiang, and Namkwon. Their integration into his empire remained loose, and he would spend much of his reign dealing with revolts and internal strife.
The collapse of the Jiao dynasty in 1659 presented an opportunity to Intharatcha, and in 1660 he invaded Xiaodong and captured Rongzhuo. The Jiao princes vacillated between opposing him and requesting his aid, which, along with rebellions back home, greatly hampered his ability to commit to the Xiaodong campaign. In 1667 Rongzhuo was taken during his absence, and in 1668 his reputation suffered greatly after a devastating loss at the Battle of Yuan'an. He spent the remainder of his reign dealing with revolts in his unstable empire, which would continue to plague his successor and help cause the rapid decline of his short-lived empire.
Intharatcha built an empire on a scale not seen in Southeast Coius before, one which in his mind rivalled and outshone that of the Svai Empire, and the concurrent Xiaodongese and Senrian empires, which he sought to subjugate. Unlike previous, and later, Kasi monarchs, who were largely adherents of the Badi faith, he was a zealous Zohist, and he built, converted, and patronised over a hundred temples. While his empire did not last, his unification of the Kasi Kingdoms of the Upper and Lower Lueng endured, as did the Kasi suzerainty of the Svai and Niah kingdoms. He remodelled the concept of Kasi kingship from that of a paternal father and personal ruler, to that of a divine autocratic monarch, a system which would endure until the Khanompang Revolution and institution of constitutional monarchy in 1961.
Name
While he was born Supsampantuwongse Chaowas Nai-Thim, he is most commonly known by his regnal name, Intharatcha. Intharatcha is a compound name, of Intha and Ratcha. Intha derives from proto-Pardaro-Satrian *Indras, which is became the name for the deity Indra. The worship of Indra was once widespread across Zorasan, Satria, and the Great Steppe, but he is more commonly known as as the Zohist deity Yìndù. His name is synonymous with the symbolism of a divine chariot. Ratcha derives from the Parbhan rājan (राजन्), meaning king, which was translated into Xiaodongese with the meaning of deity or divine, as Lājiǎ (拉賈). Compounded together Intharatcha translates to 'Chariot of the Gods'.
His ceremonial name, which was used on decrees and is present on statues dedicated to him and on his tomb is:
Intharatcha Thirakkhongchakho Hokkhongmueang Chaohaengthongfalaelok Lukchailangkhaen Phrachaokhonglok
อินทราชา ที่รักของชาโค หอกของเมือง จ้าวแห่งท้องฟ้าและโลก ลูกชายล้างแค้น พระชายาโขงโลก
This translates to:
Chariot of the Gods, Beloved of Shako, Spear of the City, Master of Sky and Earth, the Avenging Son, the Divine King of the World
Early life
Creation of the Khaunban Empire
Expansion of the Khaunban Empire
Maintaining the Empire
Invasion of Xiaodong
Administration
Fragile empire
Foreign policy
For Intharatcha policy towards Southeast Coius was less 'foreign' and more 'domestic'. He considered himself to be the rightful suzerain of the area, and so treated the rulers of all the nations therein as he treated his own subordinates. This was his policy even before he began his conquests, which earned him the enmity of his neighbouring states and necessitated a militaristic approach to enforcing it. He adopted the Xiaodongese model of tribute, although he took an active interest in the domestic affairs of his subject states, often replacing disloyal kings and executing officials who urged resistance to his suzerainty. He would often reside in the main palaces of his subject monarchs, relegating them to lesser palaces or even humiliating them by sending them out to other provinces to act as governors.
His policy towards the Jiao dynasty was largely pragmatic. It is clear that from 1655, and perhaps even earlier, he intended to invade Xiaodong and likely usher in his own dynasty, but until 1660 he played the part of a loyal tributary. He sent lavish gifts after each of his conquests, in return the Jiao would recognise his new sovereignty over said areas and thus grant him further legitimacy. After the fall of Baiqiao to Red Orchid rebels in 1659, he invaded in 1660 and captured Rongzhuo that same year. After this the Jiao became both allies and enemies, and as both they ended up frequently hindering his plans in Xiaodong. This infighting allowed for the rise of the Toki dynasty, who would continue their unification of Xiaodong after his death in 1673, and would later sack Khaunban in 1682.
Relations between Senria and the Khaunban Empire were typically warm, if of a lesser nature due to the distance and divergent interests of the two nations. Senria was in the midst of the bloodiest part of the Tigoku period and so their court had little interest outside of their isles, as shown by their refusal of Intharatcha's offer in 1655 to jointly invade the Jiao. Intharatcha's main policy towards Senria was ensuring that they remain unresponsive to his affairs, and he benefited from their crises through the hiring of many tankenhei. While he had tentative plans to invade Senria or demand their subjugation, this was always envisaged to happen after a successful invasion of Xiaodong, which after 1668 became highly unlikely and so was largely forgotten.
The rise of Intharatcha's empire coincided with the height of the Agudan Empire. The two states had a tense relationship, made worse by Intharatcha's subjugation of the Akhir states, cities which had previously been under the protection and suzerainty of the Agudans. Intharatcha was also a fanatical Zohist, and his liquidation and conversion of Badi temples and shrines further strained relations. Despite this both empires had shared interests in combating the various polities of the Great Steppe, including the Togoti Khaganate, and this along with complications elsewhere meant that they never came to blows. The flow of trade, skilled artisans, as well as mercenaries between the states, particularly cannoneers and musketmen from Aguda, and elephantry from Khaunban, also helped keep the peace.
Satria was largely under Togoti control by the mid 17th century, and so Intharatcha's primary concern in this area was with the Togoti, an empire which he considered his main rival and threat and yet one which he never came to blows with. His correspondence with Aryabhata Pandya, a prominent Togoti official and Satrian prince, reveals that after dealing with Xiaodong, Intharatcha intended to 'liberate' Satria from Togoti rule. This is further supported by his patronage of, and dealings with, anti-Togoti Gukdongs in the Ansan Empire. After 1665 and the Gurkhan's death the Togoti Khaganate fell into a civil war and began losing control over Satria, and by 1668 dialogue between Aryabhata and Intharatcha had ended along with any talk or plans to invade Satria.
Intharatcha proved keen to open up relations with Euclean nations, particularly Gaullica. Gervasius Jacquet, a Gaullican Catholic priest had become a favourite of Intharatcha's soon after his arrival in 1658, and taught the king much about Euclea. Jacquet was never able to convey his own ideas about Gaullica's importance to the king, who also listened to Estmerish and Povelian courtiers, but he was able to convince him to send an embassy to Gaullica in 1662. Intharatcha wrote a personal letter to Francois II, and gave him lavish gifts, exceptionally including a white elephant. The Khaunban ambassadors to Gaullica worked hard to ensure the Gaullican reciprocal gift would be lesser in value, thus establishing Gaullica in the traditional manner as a client state of the Khaunban, unbeknownst to the Gaullicans. Euclean influence in Intharatcha's itinerant court would gradually decrease as his war in Xiaodong and fracturing empire outweighed foreign policy towards a very far off land.
The New World was a place that fascinated Intharatcha, and he requested his ambassadors to Gaullica acquire for him as many maps as possible. From his writings it is clear that the concept of terra nullius confused him, and he assumed that the Eucleans were attempting to mask failures to conquer extant and great native empires. His attempts to purchase land in the New World never came to fruition, and it is clear that he considered the land as military outposts for future invasions instead of as colonies for settling or for profitable enterprises. He made tentative plans to invade the Asterias from the west, after conquering Xiaodong and Senria, and subjugating Satria, but paid little attention to the idea or the Asterias after 1667.