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'''Chasun''' ({{wp|Korean language|Chasunese}}: 화국, ''Jaseŏn''), officially the '''Republic of Chasun''' ('''ROC''' or '''RoC'''; {{wp|Korean language|Chasunese}}: 차순공화국, ''Jaseŏun Gonghwagug'') is a {{wp|country}} in [[Pamira|Eastern Pamira]], comprised of the Chasunese Peninsula and the central and western region of Seulhae. It is bordered to the north by X, to the east by the Iremic Ocean, to the south by X straddling the Chasun Sea, and to the west by X. Chasun is inhabited by approximately 27.2 million people in 2019, making it the [[List of Auroran countries by different metrices|tenth-most populous country]] in the [[Aurorum (region)|world]] as well as one its most densely populated and urbanized countries. Its {{wp|capital city|capital}} and largest city is [[Geoju]] on the [[Nai River]], where a third of the country's population lives; other major cities of Chasun include [[Donghae]], [[Jecheon]], [[Yodang]], [[Hyangchu]], [[Ganchon]] and [[Deokwon]]. | '''Chasun''' ({{wp|Korean language|Chasunese}}: 화국, ''Jaseŏn''), officially the '''Republic of Chasun''' ('''ROC''' or '''RoC'''; {{wp|Korean language|Chasunese}}: 차순공화국, ''Jaseŏun Gonghwagug'') is a {{wp|country}} in [[Pamira|Eastern Pamira]], comprised of the Chasunese Peninsula and the central and western region of Seulhae. It is bordered to the north by X, to the east by the Iremic Ocean, to the south by X straddling the Chasun Sea, and to the west by X. Chasun is inhabited by approximately 27.2 million people in 2019, making it the [[List of Auroran countries by different metrices|tenth-most populous country]] in the [[Aurorum (region)|world]] as well as one its most densely populated and urbanized countries. Its {{wp|capital city|capital}} and largest city is [[Geoju]] on the [[Nai River]], where a third of the country's population lives; other major cities of Chasun include [[Donghae]], [[Jecheon]], [[Yodang]], [[Hyangchu]], [[Ganchon]] and [[Deokwon]]. | ||
The area of modern-day Chasun has been inhabited since the {{wp|Lower Paleolithic}} period some 450,000 years ago, with the first known princerly states appearing in a X archived record in the late 6th century BCE. The princerly states of [[Seulhae]] eventually ceded their autonomy to the [[Byaheo dynasty]] originating from the Chasunese Peninsula in the late 11th century, becoming Chasun's first kingdom. Rule over modern-day Chasun alternated between the Byaheo (1055–1226), [[Haseong dynasty|Haseong]] (1228–1382) and ultimately the [[Chasunese Empire|Charasŏn dynasty]] (1383–1910), coinciding with or resulting from brief periods of foreign conquest and declining regional power known as the [[Chasun#Horyueo period|Horyueo period]]. The Charasŏn dynasty ultimately proved to be the most successful Chasunese empire under [[ | The area of modern-day Chasun has been inhabited since the {{wp|Lower Paleolithic}} period some 450,000 years ago, with the first known princerly states appearing in a X archived record in the late 6th century BCE. The princerly states of [[Seulhae]] eventually ceded their autonomy to the [[Byaheo dynasty]] originating from the Chasunese Peninsula in the late 11th century, becoming Chasun's first kingdom. Rule over modern-day Chasun alternated between the Byaheo (1055–1226), [[Haseong dynasty|Haseong]] (1228–1382) and ultimately the [[Chasunese Empire|Charasŏn dynasty]] (1383–1910), coinciding with or resulting from brief periods of foreign conquest and declining regional power known as the [[Chasun#Horyueo period|Horyueo period]]. The Charasŏn dynasty ultimately proved to be the most successful Chasunese empire under [[Chasunese monarchy|Emperor Wanjong]], establishing contact with Berean traders and successfully resisting colonization in the early 19th century. | ||
The economic decline of the Chasunese Empire in the late 1880s however led to the forced concession of much of the empire's territorial bulk to the [[Valimian Empire]] through the Treaty of Langiong and neighbouring states to the north and south, as well as the opening of multiple port cities to Berean trade with the [[Porcelain War]] (1888–1894) and [[Chasun#Gul-yog Crisis|Gul-yog Crisis]] (1896). In response, Chasun enacted a strict foreign policy of {{wp|neutrality}} with the [[Chasun#Gyeogli period|Gyeogli period]]. The collapse of the dynasty under [[ | The economic decline of the Chasunese Empire in the late 1880s however led to the forced concession of much of the empire's territorial bulk to the [[Valimian Empire]] through the Treaty of Langiong and neighbouring states to the north and south, as well as the opening of multiple port cities to Berean trade with the [[Porcelain War]] (1888–1894) and [[Chasun#Gul-yog Crisis|Gul-yog Crisis]] (1896). In response, Chasun enacted a strict foreign policy of {{wp|neutrality}} with the [[Chasun#Gyeogli period|Gyeogli period]]. The collapse of the dynasty under [[Chasunese monarchy|Empress Sumyinjeong]] culminated in the [[Yeosin Rebellion]] of 1907, a short-lived scramble of Berean powers for influence and the establishment of the [[Kingdom of Chasun]] in 1910. It was subsequently overthrown by the [[Republic of Chasun Armed Forces|military]] in the [[Summer Coup]] in 1920, and transformed into [[First Republic of Chasun|a de jure democratic, but authoritarian republic]] under nationalist [[President of Chasun|Jeon Sang-cho]]. | ||
In 1958, a [[Pamiran Federation]]-led invasion and [[Cuthish State|Cuthish]] intervention in Chasun led to the [[Chasunese War]] and ended with the negotiated {{wp|ceasefire}} of the Treaty of Samhan, dividing the country into the ROC and the [[Chasunese People's State]] as client states of the FCPR and Cuthland respectively. The collapse of the latter in 1989 due to economic stagnation and the explosive economic growth of the ROC in the 1980s known as the "Nai River Miracle" reunited a slowly reforming Chasun with the CPS, though with negotiated territorial concessions by X that approved of its reunification with the [[Acceptance Treaty (Chasun)|Acceptance Treaty]]. Societal and political pressure culminated into the 1989 [[April Struggle]] shortly after reunification, largely ending authoritarian rule and paving the way for [[Constitution of Chasun|a new constitution]] in 1999. Despite this, {{wp|political freedoms}} and {{wp|freedom of speech}} have repeatedly been violated by government action and Chasun persisted to remain an ally of [[Cuthland-Waldrich]]. | In 1958, a [[Pamiran Federation]]-led invasion and [[Cuthish State|Cuthish]] intervention in Chasun led to the [[Chasunese War]] and ended with the negotiated {{wp|ceasefire}} of the Treaty of Samhan, dividing the country into the ROC and the [[Chasunese People's State]] as client states of the FCPR and Cuthland respectively. The collapse of the latter in 1989 due to economic stagnation and the explosive economic growth of the ROC in the 1980s known as the "Nai River Miracle" reunited a slowly reforming Chasun with the CPS, though with negotiated territorial concessions by X that approved of its reunification with the [[Acceptance Treaty (Chasun)|Acceptance Treaty]]. Societal and political pressure culminated into the 1989 [[April Struggle]] shortly after reunification, largely ending authoritarian rule and paving the way for [[Constitution of Chasun|a new constitution]] in 1999. Despite this, {{wp|political freedoms}} and {{wp|freedom of speech}} have repeatedly been violated by government action and Chasun persisted to remain an ally of [[Cuthland-Waldrich]]. | ||
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{{main|Yeosin Rebellion|Kingdom of Chasun}} | {{main|Yeosin Rebellion|Kingdom of Chasun}} | ||
[[File:EightNationsCrime02.jpg|230px|thumb| | [[File:EightNationsCrime02.jpg|230px|thumb|right|The army of the Coalition of Six on the imperial palace grounds in Tianseongong, 1907. The army invaded Chasun to defeat the initially victorious [[Yeosin Rebellion]] and reinstitute the humiliated Chasunese monarchy under [[Chasunese monarchy|Sumyinjeong]].]] | ||
Following several military defeats and the pleas for foreign assistance in Chasun's frequent 19th century civil wars deeply humiliated the empire. Despite initial success in partly {{wp|Industrial Revolution|modernizing its industry}} and implementing a Western-styled {{wp|constitution}} reorganizing the empire into a {{wp|constitutional monarchy}}, [[Chasunese monarchy|Emperor Sonjong]] dramatically lost political power which lay in the public perception of its religiously enshrined position of superiority. The increasing inability by the government to exert control with its corruption-stricken modernized army led to civil unrest and a number of ethnic and religious insurgencies on the fringes of the empire such as the Bamoon Uprising of 1895, killing approximately 800 thousand civilians. The breakdown of political control over most of western Chasun led to the Gul-yog Crisis of 1896. | Following several military defeats and the pleas for foreign assistance in Chasun's frequent 19th century civil wars deeply humiliated the empire. Despite initial success in partly {{wp|Industrial Revolution|modernizing its industry}} and implementing a Western-styled {{wp|constitution}} reorganizing the empire into a {{wp|constitutional monarchy}}, [[Chasunese monarchy|Emperor Sonjong]] dramatically lost political power which lay in the public perception of its religiously enshrined position of superiority. The increasing inability by the government to exert control with its corruption-stricken modernized army led to civil unrest and a number of ethnic and religious insurgencies on the fringes of the empire such as the Bamoon Uprising of 1895, killing approximately 800 thousand civilians. The breakdown of political control over most of western Chasun led to the Gul-yog Crisis of 1896. | ||
In 1905, [[Chasunese monarchy|Sumyinjeong]] was crowned Empress after Sojong passed away without any male heir; this further weakened the monarchy as staunchly conservative elements of the government openly opposed a female emperor. Political tension between the "Moderates" seeking to strengthen the constitutional monarchy, and the "Absolutists" seeking to overthrow the monarchy in favor of a republic, as well as the conservative factions of the military opposing Sumyinjeong and foreign intervention, culminated into the [[Yeosin Rebellion]] of 1907. Ultimately, the rebellion was crushed when a coalition army of Mascylla, Lavaria, Falland, [[Sarrac]], Cuthland and [[Dulebian Empire|Dulebia]] successfully intervened and occupied the capital of Tianseongong, now Geoju, aiding the initially defeated Chasunese monarchy. A captured Sumyingjeong was freed in March 1910 and relinquished her imperial title for Queen of the [[Kingdom of Chasun]], a ''de jure'' independent successor to the empire but in reality a puppet state of the coalition's imperialist | In 1905, [[Chasunese monarchy|Sumyinjeong]] was crowned Empress after Sojong passed away without any male heir; this further weakened the monarchy as staunchly conservative elements of the government openly opposed a female emperor. Political tension between the "Moderates" seeking to strengthen the constitutional monarchy, and the "Absolutists" seeking to overthrow the monarchy in favor of a republic, as well as the conservative factions of the military opposing Sumyinjeong and foreign intervention, culminated into the [[Yeosin Rebellion]] of 1907. Ultimately, the rebellion was crushed when a coalition army of Mascylla, Lavaria, Falland, [[Sarrac]], Cuthland and [[Dulebian Empire|Dulebia]] successfully intervened and occupied the capital of Tianseongong, now Geoju, aiding the initially defeated Chasunese monarchy. A captured Sumyingjeong was freed in March 1910 and relinquished her imperial title for Queen of the [[Kingdom of Chasun]], a ''de jure'' independent successor to the empire but in reality a puppet state of the coalition's imperialist interests. With the outbreak of the [[Great War (Aurorum)|Great War]] (1910–1916), Chasun became the battleground of opposed coalition troops, namely the Cuthish and Mascyllary in Donghae (1910) and Ganto (1911), putting the kingdom into disarray and undermining its legitimacy. | ||
The power vacuum left behind by the removal of Armala Coalition troops from Chasun in 1916 was immediately filled by the [[Summer Coup]] of 1920, bringing an end to the Charasŏn dynasty. The [[First Republic of Chasun]] was established by general [[Jeon Sang-cho]] on 29 July 1920, and Empress Sumyinjeong presented the decree of {{wp|abdication}} to the public on 1 August. | The power vacuum left behind by the removal of Armala Coalition troops from Chasun in 1916 was immediately filled by the [[Summer Coup]] of 1920, bringing an end to the Charasŏn dynasty. The [[First Republic of Chasun]] was established by general [[Jeon Sang-cho]] on 29 July 1920, and Empress Sumyinjeong presented the decree of {{wp|abdication}} to the public on 1 August. | ||
===First Republic (1920–1958)=== | ===First Republic (1920–1958)=== | ||
[[File:Rhee Syng-man 1956.jpg|170px|thumb| | [[File:Rhee Syng-man 1956.jpg|170px|thumb|left|[[President of Chasun|Jeon Sang-cho]], military general and first [[President of Chasun]]]] | ||
After the dissolution of the Kingdom of Chasun and the Chasunese imperial monarchy in 1920, the Republic of Chasun under president [[President of Chasun|Jeon Sang-cho]] assumed governance. However, this rapid change politically fragmented the former empire. While the republican government centered around Geoju was internationally recognized and controlled the majority of the empire's military and treasury, it was ''de facto'' powerless in the face of {{wp|warlord|warlords}} and family clans (former {{wp|nobility}}) ruling most territories, and X declaring independence in 1921. Furthermore, the Republic was plagued by civil unrest and political instability surrounding its sphere of influence, most notably the collapse of the former imperial Wahon Armies in control of Yunai in 1926 amid internal fighting. | After the dissolution of the Kingdom of Chasun and the Chasunese imperial monarchy in 1920, the Republic of Chasun under president [[President of Chasun|Jeon Sang-cho]] assumed governance. However, this rapid change politically fragmented the former empire. While the republican government centered around Geoju was internationally recognized and controlled the majority of the empire's military and treasury, it was ''de facto'' powerless in the face of {{wp|warlord|warlords}} and family clans (former {{wp|nobility}}) ruling most territories, and X declaring independence in 1921. Furthermore, the Republic was plagued by civil unrest and political instability surrounding its sphere of influence, most notably the collapse of the former imperial Wahon Armies in control of Yunai in 1926 amid internal fighting. | ||
Revision as of 16:54, 24 August 2021
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Republic of Chasun 차순공화국 (Chasunese) Jaseŏun Gonghwagug | |
|---|---|
 Flag
| |
| Anthem: "사람들의행진" "Salamdeul-ui Haengjin" "The People's March"  | |
| National seal "인감" "Seal of the Republic of Chasun"  | |
| Capital and largest city | Geoju |
| Official languages | Chasunese |
| Recognised national languages | X Chasunese Sign Language (CSL) |
| Official script | Chasunese |
| Ethnic groups (2020) | 92.6% Chasunese 5.5% non-Chasunese Pamirans 1.9% other |
| Demonym(s) | Chasunese |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic |
| Seo Ji-won | |
| Lyang Ho-seok | |
• Premier | Park Bong-hee |
| Yun Shyi-ho | |
| Moon Nam-kyum | |
| Legislature | National Diet |
| Establishment | |
• Byaheo Kingdom | c. 11th century AD |
| 1385 | |
| 14 March 1907 | |
| 6 November 1910 | |
| 29 July 1920 | |
| 7 September 1959 | |
• Admitted to the Assembly of Nations | 10 June 1961 |
| 15 April 1989–3 July 1989 | |
• Current constitution adopted | 23 December 1999 |
| Area | |
• Total | 244,141.4 km2 (94,263.5 sq mi) |
• Water (%) | 0.7% |
| Population | |
• 2019 estimate |  27,173,990 |
• Density | 111.3/km2 (288.3/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2019 estimate |
• Total | $725.7 billion |
• Per capita | $26,706 |
| GDP (nominal) | 2019 estimate |
• Total |  $776.2 billion |
• Per capita | $28,563 |
| Gini (2017) |  30.2medium |
| HDI (2018) | 0.892 very high |
| Currency | Chasunese juda (Ỻ) |
| Date format | YYYY/MM/DD |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +60 |
| Internet TLD | .ch |
Chasun (Chasunese: 화국, Jaseŏn), officially the Republic of Chasun (ROC or RoC; Chasunese: 차순공화국, Jaseŏun Gonghwagug) is a country in Eastern Pamira, comprised of the Chasunese Peninsula and the central and western region of Seulhae. It is bordered to the north by X, to the east by the Iremic Ocean, to the south by X straddling the Chasun Sea, and to the west by X. Chasun is inhabited by approximately 27.2 million people in 2019, making it the tenth-most populous country in the world as well as one its most densely populated and urbanized countries. Its capital and largest city is Geoju on the Nai River, where a third of the country's population lives; other major cities of Chasun include Donghae, Jecheon, Yodang, Hyangchu, Ganchon and Deokwon.
The area of modern-day Chasun has been inhabited since the Lower Paleolithic period some 450,000 years ago, with the first known princerly states appearing in a X archived record in the late 6th century BCE. The princerly states of Seulhae eventually ceded their autonomy to the Byaheo dynasty originating from the Chasunese Peninsula in the late 11th century, becoming Chasun's first kingdom. Rule over modern-day Chasun alternated between the Byaheo (1055–1226), Haseong (1228–1382) and ultimately the Charasŏn dynasty (1383–1910), coinciding with or resulting from brief periods of foreign conquest and declining regional power known as the Horyueo period. The Charasŏn dynasty ultimately proved to be the most successful Chasunese empire under Emperor Wanjong, establishing contact with Berean traders and successfully resisting colonization in the early 19th century.
The economic decline of the Chasunese Empire in the late 1880s however led to the forced concession of much of the empire's territorial bulk to the Valimian Empire through the Treaty of Langiong and neighbouring states to the north and south, as well as the opening of multiple port cities to Berean trade with the Porcelain War (1888–1894) and Gul-yog Crisis (1896). In response, Chasun enacted a strict foreign policy of neutrality with the Gyeogli period. The collapse of the dynasty under Empress Sumyinjeong culminated in the Yeosin Rebellion of 1907, a short-lived scramble of Berean powers for influence and the establishment of the Kingdom of Chasun in 1910. It was subsequently overthrown by the military in the Summer Coup in 1920, and transformed into a de jure democratic, but authoritarian republic under nationalist Jeon Sang-cho.
In 1958, a Pamiran Federation-led invasion and Cuthish intervention in Chasun led to the Chasunese War and ended with the negotiated ceasefire of the Treaty of Samhan, dividing the country into the ROC and the Chasunese People's State as client states of the FCPR and Cuthland respectively. The collapse of the latter in 1989 due to economic stagnation and the explosive economic growth of the ROC in the 1980s known as the "Nai River Miracle" reunited a slowly reforming Chasun with the CPS, though with negotiated territorial concessions by X that approved of its reunification with the Acceptance Treaty. Societal and political pressure culminated into the 1989 April Struggle shortly after reunification, largely ending authoritarian rule and paving the way for a new constitution in 1999. Despite this, political freedoms and freedom of speech have repeatedly been violated by government action and Chasun persisted to remain an ally of Cuthland-Waldrich.
Today, Chasun is a developed country and with a gross domestic product of roughly US$725.7 billion, it is one of the largest economies in Pamira and the world by both nominal and PPP metrices. It consistently ranks well in other metrices such as education, public health and life expectancy, and the Human Development Index. 21st century Chasun witnessed a dramatic rise in the global popularity of its culture, particularly that of its cuisine, arts and pop culture, which has been referred to as the "C-Wave". Furthermore, it is generally considered to be a middle power and is a member of a variety of international organizations such as the Assembly of Nations, X, and maintains a partnership status with the Mageiros League.
Etymology
History
Antiquity and classical history
The Chasunese Peninsula is believed to have first been inhabited during the Lower Paleolithic by early hominids 2.1 million years ago. Archeological evidence consists of various stone, ivory and bone items, whereas sanded stone tools make up the majority. Other findings include wooden animal sculptures and depictions of wildlife carved in stone, as well as two complete fossil sets of Homo erectus called the "Sekung Women". Homo sapiens migrated to modern-day Chasun approximately 20,000 years ago. The arrival and intermingling of the Jamun people with the local population in 1,200 BC created the first civilization of Chasunese history, introducing wet-rice farming, metallurgy and pottery, as well as Chasunese proto-writing.
According to the classical Chasunese foundation legend, demigod Empress Ajehsane Dangguome founded the first kingdom, Horyeo, in 700 BC, of which the dynasties of all succeeding empires claim to be descendant of. However, the historical authenticity of said records remains disputed. The Noso period, believed to be Horyeo's golden age under semi-mythical Emperor Tiansong the Great in 660 BC, led to the formation of a uniform imperial court centered around Noso and the rise of a sophisticated culture of literacy and distinct identity. The mythical kingdom lasted for three century, before collapsing in 600 BC into smaller princerly states, namely Oseon, Chaijiho, Dangwon and Xihei, as recorded by X historians.
Feudal and dynastic era
Horyueo period (1225–1382)
Chasunese Empire (1383–1910)
After the Haseong dynasty had been overthrown by the Chanon armies under general Wu Haoh-beok in 1383, the Chanon occupied the imperial city of Tianseongong (present-day Geoju) and proclaimed the Chasunese Empire under the Charasŏn dynasty. By the 1390s, the dynasty had consolidated its power across the entire preceding empire and expanded into X through costly military campaigns. Under the Charasŏn, Chasunese culture flourished, with Emperors Guanyi and Janheol among other benevolent emperors of the late 1400s promoting the development of cultural artworks, scientific discoveries, a general dictionary and a standardized official script; however, nearly constant warfare made the Chasunese state nearly bankrupt and the highly developed state autocracy was reformed to crack down on political sentiment and restraining commerce, worsening the financial situation of the empire. Ultimately, this led to long-term economic and social stagnation throughout the 16th century.
During the latter 16th century, Chasun came into contact with Lavish traders and Semitar missionaries, initiating direct economic, political and cultural exchanges between Chasun and the western world, known as the Naraho period (1538–1597). Internal political strife at the imperial court of Emperor Gyeonggang was significantly worsened by the X invasion of Chasun between 1599 and 1608. The marshalled military under general Yi Kim-kol was able to repel the forces, and continue the now battle-hardened empire's peace which saw a significant, albeit short growth in wealth, thanks to a reformed tax system that filled the treasury. However, rising corruption in government and social unrest spawning righteous army militias shook Chasun with the onset of the Haebangsong Rebellion of the 1620s and the assassination of Emperor Saigoshi in 1625.
The empire experienced continuous major societal tension after the 1620s, a result of multiple natural disasters such as the Great Flood of 1640 and Sihu Famine of 1669, as well as the increasing pressure from Berean powers, most notably Cuthland, to integrate Chasun's economy with the outside world. The ensuing Taihei Rebellion of 1604 in response to the erosion of imperial power in X and X cost the lives of some 5 million peasants and was ultimately ill-fated; Emperor Gihen adopted a number of court and administrative reforms, as well as early capitalist practices such as the introduction of futures contracts, insurance and Daekwon rice brokers banking, leading to gradual economic growth in the 17th century.
The reign of Emperor Wanjong the Great (1791–1848) is considered to be the Charasŏn dynasty's golden age, successfully resisting more demanding Berean commercial interests, lifting restrictions on domestic trade and tariffs on food. After his death, the dynasty experienced Western imperialism in the form of the Porcelain War (1888–1894) against Mascylla, Falland and Cuthland, forced to pay substantial amounts of compensation, abandon its economic policy of protectionism, open port cities to Berean trade and grant Berean citizens extraterritoriality status. Furthermore, the Chasunese-Valimian War (1891–1894) exhausted its military and Chasun was forced to cede the territoral bulk of its north to the Valimian Empire.
Gyeogli period (1894–1920) and Kingdom
Following several military defeats and the pleas for foreign assistance in Chasun's frequent 19th century civil wars deeply humiliated the empire. Despite initial success in partly modernizing its industry and implementing a Western-styled constitution reorganizing the empire into a constitutional monarchy, Emperor Sonjong dramatically lost political power which lay in the public perception of its religiously enshrined position of superiority. The increasing inability by the government to exert control with its corruption-stricken modernized army led to civil unrest and a number of ethnic and religious insurgencies on the fringes of the empire such as the Bamoon Uprising of 1895, killing approximately 800 thousand civilians. The breakdown of political control over most of western Chasun led to the Gul-yog Crisis of 1896.
In 1905, Sumyinjeong was crowned Empress after Sojong passed away without any male heir; this further weakened the monarchy as staunchly conservative elements of the government openly opposed a female emperor. Political tension between the "Moderates" seeking to strengthen the constitutional monarchy, and the "Absolutists" seeking to overthrow the monarchy in favor of a republic, as well as the conservative factions of the military opposing Sumyinjeong and foreign intervention, culminated into the Yeosin Rebellion of 1907. Ultimately, the rebellion was crushed when a coalition army of Mascylla, Lavaria, Falland, Sarrac, Cuthland and Dulebia successfully intervened and occupied the capital of Tianseongong, now Geoju, aiding the initially defeated Chasunese monarchy. A captured Sumyingjeong was freed in March 1910 and relinquished her imperial title for Queen of the Kingdom of Chasun, a de jure independent successor to the empire but in reality a puppet state of the coalition's imperialist interests. With the outbreak of the Great War (1910–1916), Chasun became the battleground of opposed coalition troops, namely the Cuthish and Mascyllary in Donghae (1910) and Ganto (1911), putting the kingdom into disarray and undermining its legitimacy.
The power vacuum left behind by the removal of Armala Coalition troops from Chasun in 1916 was immediately filled by the Summer Coup of 1920, bringing an end to the Charasŏn dynasty. The First Republic of Chasun was established by general Jeon Sang-cho on 29 July 1920, and Empress Sumyinjeong presented the decree of abdication to the public on 1 August.
First Republic (1920–1958)
After the dissolution of the Kingdom of Chasun and the Chasunese imperial monarchy in 1920, the Republic of Chasun under president Jeon Sang-cho assumed governance. However, this rapid change politically fragmented the former empire. While the republican government centered around Geoju was internationally recognized and controlled the majority of the empire's military and treasury, it was de facto powerless in the face of warlords and family clans (former nobility) ruling most territories, and X declaring independence in 1921. Furthermore, the Republic was plagued by civil unrest and political instability surrounding its sphere of influence, most notably the collapse of the former imperial Wahon Armies in control of Yunai in 1926 amid internal fighting.
Intricate political and socio-economic manoeuvrings on the part of Jeon and his allies the Minjogjui (Nationalist Unity Party, NUP) and imperial field marshal Won Hae-ju with his faction allowed the republic to aggressively seize control over most of southern and eastern Chasun by the 1930s; nontheless, around two thirds of Chasun's then-territory remained lost. While Jeon Sang-cho and his close party affiliates implemented the Min-sa Reform to outline Chasun's future as a democratic republic in 1937, the military under Won Hae-ju backing Chasun's civil government pressured Jeon to hand over sweeping political influence and repress opponents, especially the Chasunese Communist Party (CCP) the Minjogjui hoped to cooperate with. With Jeon's death in 1939, the armed forces easily assumed power and Kim Nyeok-bin became president. Kim immediately purged the Minjogjui and his military from dissidents and possible rivals on 1 January 1940, consolidating his power overnight.
Civil strife occured in the form of the 1940 Protest Movement and the Bamaklan insurgency in southern Huewang (1941–53), however the Won military government responded with further suppressing political dissent. Cuthland emerged as a significant foreign ally of the new regime, providing Chasun with weaponry, difficult-to-access goods and international support, while Chasun in return offered strategic partnership and uranium ore for the Cuthish nuclear programme. Despite mutual economic aid, Chasun grew impoverished as its economy declined and government grew increasingly indebted to outside countries; this environment nurtured rising discontent and escalated into an outright uprising of the communist National People's Army (NPA), part of the outlawed CCP, against the republic beginning in 1953. During the insurgency, Kim proclaimed himself Emperor of Chasun with the support of pre-republic military officials on 15 September 1957, but he was met with harsh opposition from his own military, deposed and later killed in the 17 September coup d'état; this period significantly weakened the integrity of the republic and added to the NPA's initial success in swaying the Chasunese public against the military, leading to the Geoju Workers' Uprising of 1958.
Chasunese War and aftermath
Contemporary history
Geography
Geography
Climate
Environment
Government and politics
