Politics of Orientia
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| State type | Federal presidential constitutional republic |
|---|---|
| Constitution | Oriental Constitution |
| Legislative branch | |
| Name | Oriental Congress |
| Type | Bicameral |
| Meeting place | Capitol |
| Upper house | |
| Name | Senate |
| Presiding officer | Watanabe Kaito, Vice President & President of the Senate |
| Appointer | Electoral College |
| Lower house | |
| Name | House of Representatives |
| Presiding officer | Sasha Tulliver, Speaker of the House of Representatives |
| Appointer | Exhaustive ballot |
| Executive branch | |
| Head of State and Government | |
| Title | President |
| Currently | Yoo Jong-hyun |
| Appointer | Electoral College |
| Cabinet | |
| Name | Cabinet of Orientia |
| Current cabinet | Cabinet of Yoo Jong-hyun |
| Leader | President |
| Deputy leader | Vice President |
| Appointer | President |
| Headquarters | Central Palace |
| Ministries | 18 |
| Judicial branch | |
| Name | Federal judiciary of Orientia |
| Chief Justice | Daigo Murata |
| Courts | Courts of Orientia |
| Supreme Federal Court | |
| Chief judge | Alexander W. Montague |
| Seat | Supreme Federal Court House |
| This article is part of a series on the |
| Politics of Orientia |
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In Orientia, the political system operates as a constitutional federal republic and a presidential system. It involves three separate branches that collaborate in power-sharing: the legislative branch, represented by the Oriental Congress consisting of the Oriental Representatives and the Oriental Senate; the executive branch, led by a President who serves as the head of state, a Prime Minister as the head of government; and the judicial branch, which encompasses the Oriental Supreme Court and lower federal courts and is responsible for exercising the judicial authority.
Each of the 13 distinct regional governments possesses the authority to create laws within its defined scope that are not expressly given to the federal government or prohibited to the states by the Oriental Constitution. Furthermore, each region possesses its own constitution modeled after the federal constitution, although with distinct variations. These state constitutions consist of three branches of government: an executive branch led by a governor, a legislative assembly, and a judicial branch. At the community level, governance is established in counties or equivalent administrative divisions, and beneath them are individual states, prefectures, districts, and special districts.
Elected officials hold positions through popular votes at the federal, regional, state and prefectural tiers, with the notable exception of the President, whose selection involves an indirect process via the Electoral College. The landscape of Oriental politics is largely defined by the Alliance Party and the Liberty Party, which have persisted since independence. Although other parties have also fielded candidates, only the AP and LP have maintained the forefront. The Alliance Party has generally advocated for more left-leaning policies, while the Liberty Party has leaned toward right-leaning ones. The majority of Oriental public officials are elected through single-member districts and secure their positions by receiving more votes than any other contender (a plurality), even if not necessarily a majority of total votes. Voting rights are broadly extended to citizens aged 18 and above, with the exception of convicted felons who are registered.
Federal Government
Orientia operates as a constitutional federal republic, with the leader of the nation (serving as both the head of state and government), the legislative body known as the Oriental Congress, and the judiciary sharing authority designated for the central government, while also co-sharing sovereignty with regional state governments.
The central government in Orientia is structured into three distinct branches, as specified by the Oriental Constitution:
- The executive branch is overseen by the leader and operates independently from the legislative branch.
- Legislative authority is vested in two bodies within the Congress: the Upper Chamber and the Lower Chamber.
- The judicial branch, consisting of the Supreme Court and subordinate federal courts, holds jurisdiction over judicial power. Its primary role involves interpreting the Orientian Constitution and federal statutes, which encompasses resolving conflicts between the executive and legislative branches.
This federal governance structure is outlined within the Oriental Constitution. Like many other countries, Orientia is characterized by two main political parties—the Alliance Party and the Liberty Party (Orientia)—predominantly shaping its political landscape since Oriental independence. While other parties may exist, these two remain prominent.
Significant distinctions between the political framework of Orientia and those of numerous developed nations include:
- An upper legislative body (the Upper Chamber) wielding more influence compared to equivalent bodies in other countries.
- A broader scope of power attributed to the Federal Supreme Court than is common elsewhere.
- A clear separation of powers between the legislative and executive branches.
- A political climate dominated by two key parties, which sets Orientia apart from several other nations. This contrast arises due to the prevalent use of a first-past-the-post voting system in most elections, encouraging strategic voting and discouraging the fragmentation of votes. Consequently, the major parties encompass diverse internal factions.
The prevailing feature of Orientia's governance system is its federal entity, a characteristic experienced by its citizens alongside involvement in state and local governance entities such as regions, states, prefectures, municipalities, and specialized districts.
Ministries
The federal executive ministries serve as the central components of the executive branch. They share similarities with ministries found in parliamentary or semi-presidential systems, although in Orientia's presidential system, they are overseen by a leader who fulfills both the roles of head of government and head of state. These ministries function as the administrative extensions of the Oriental leader. Currently, there are 15 executive ministries in Oriental. Current departments and ministries along with the appointed ministers are as below:
Regional Government
In regional governance, the authority to legislate encompasses a wide array of subjects not exclusively granted to the central government nor denied to the regions in the Oriental Constitution. These areas encompass education, family law, contractual matters, and a majority of criminal offenses. Unlike the federal government, which derives its powers from the Constitution's provisions, regional administrations possess inherent authority to act unless constrained by the Oriental or national constitution.
Similar to the federal model, regional governments consist of three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. A region's leader is the popularly elected governor, typically serving a four-year term (though occasionally two years in certain regions). Except for the region of Dinetah, which employs a unicameral legislature, all regions adopt a bicameral structure, with the upper house often titled the Regional Senate and the lower house known as the Regional Representatives, the Assembly, or similar names. In most regions, senators hold four-year terms, while lower house members serve for two years.
Regional constitutions in Oriental territories exhibit some differences but generally adhere to a pattern resembling the national Constitution. This encompasses outlining citizens' rights, structuring the government, and typically offering more comprehensive details.
At both the regional and local levels, the mechanism of initiatives and referendums permits Oriental citizens to introduce new legislation through a popular ballot. It also allows recently passed legislative measures to undergo a popular vote. While they are integrated into several regional constitutions, particularly in the Western and Southern regions (Baayala and Dinetah, they remain absent from the national framework.
Local Government
The Oriental Census Bureau conducts the Government Census every five years, classifying four types of local governmental divisions below the regional level:
- Prefectural governments
- District governments
- Town or Township governments
- Special-purpose local governments, which encompass school districts and other specific districts
As of 2050, there were a total of 124,500 local governments, including 7,895 prefectures, 26,840 district governments, 35,400 township governments and 54,370 special-purpose governments. Local governments directly address the populace's necessities, ranging from law enforcement and fire safety, hygiene codes, health protocols, education, public transport, to housing. Local elections usually remain nonpartisan—local advocates set aside their party affiliations during campaigning and governance.
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