Vilcasuamanian Bush War: Difference between revisions

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| conflict    = Vilcasuamanian Bush War
| conflict    = Vilcasuamanian Bush War
| partof      = the [[Phoney War]]
| partof      = the [[Phoney War]]
| image      = [[File:UH-1D Operation MacArthur Vietnam 1967.jpg|350px]]
| image      = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Wounded Katangese gendarme is treated by Swedish medics.jpg
| photo1b = Bush War napalm.jpg
| photo2a = 3rd Marines patrolling near Quang Tri River in Vietnam 1967.jpg
| photo3a = CENEPA.jpg
| photo3b = Wading Through Vietnam River.jpg
| size = 300
| spacing = 1
| color = Transparent
| border = 0
}}
| caption    =  
| caption    =  
| date        =  4 July 1969 - 12 December 1991<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=07|day1=04|year1=1969|month2=12|day2=12|year2=1991}})
| date        =  1 May 1961 - 12 December 1991<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=05|day1=01|year1=1961|month2=12|day2=12|year2=1991}})
| place      =  [[Vilcasuamanas]]
| place      =  [[Vilcasuamanas]]
| coordinates =  
| coordinates =  
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| status      =  
| status      =  
| combatants_header =  
| combatants_header =  
| combatant1  = {{flagicon|Vilcasuamanas}} [[Vilcasuamanas|Vilcasuamanian government]]<br>{{flagicon image|JDF NTemp.png}} [[Joint Defense Force|JDF]]
| combatant1  = {{flagicon|Vilcasuamanas}} [[Vilcasuamanas|Vilcasuamanian government]]<br>{{flagicon image|JDF NTemp.png}} [[Asterian Forum for Cooperation and Development|Organization of Asterian States]]
*{{flagicon image|FedFlag.jpg}} [[Federation of Asteria]]
*{{flagicon image|Nuxica.png}} [[Nuxica]]
*{{flag|Marirana}}<br>
*{{flag|Marirana}}<br>
{{flag|Nimear}}
*{{flagicon image|Voortrekker_flag.svg}} [[Nuvania]]
| combatant2  =  {{flagicon image|Belgica 1789.png}} [[Workers and Peasants' Solidarity Front|DVSF]] <small>(until 1976)</small>
*{{flag|Valentir}}
*{{flagicon image|CAL.gif}} [[Ciapist Army of Liberation|CAL]]
----
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Shining Path.svg}} [[Cooperativist Party of Vilcasuamanas|Cooperativist Party]] <small>(until 1976)</small>
{{wpl|Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia|Right-wing militias}}
| combatant2  =  {{flagicon image|Flag of Sarawak.svg}} [[Workers and Peasants' Solidarity Front|DVSF]] <small>(until 1976)</small>
*{{flagicon image|CAL.gif}} [[Revolutionary Democratic Army of Vilcasuamanas|RDVA]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Shining Path.svg}} [[Cooperativist Party (Vilcasuamanas)|Cooperativist Party]] <small>(until 1976)</small>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the EZLN (vertically divided).svg}} [[Indigenous Peoples Self Defense Forces|VTSP]] <small>(until 1981)</small>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the EZLN (vertically divided).svg}} [[Indigenous Peoples Self Defense Forces|VTSP]] <small>(until 1981)</small>
*{{flagicon image|RDA.png}} [[Revolutionary Democratic Army|RDA]] <small>(until 1976)</small>
*{{flagicon image|Pac banner.svg}} [[Peasant's Army, Ciapist Front|PAC]] <small>(until 1980)</small>
{{flagicon image|Bandeira da FNLA.svg}} [[July 27th Movement|L-27]] <small>(until 1975)</small><br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Chervolesia.svg}} [[Chervolesia]] <small>(material support)</small>
{{flagicon image|Reconstrucción Comunista RC flag (RC) alternative.svg}} [[Eisenkuste]] <small>(material support)</small>
----
{{flagicon image|Bandeira da FNLA.svg}} [[July 27th Movement|L-27]] <small>(until 1975)</small>
| combatant3  =
| combatant3  =
| commander1  = {{flagicon|Vilcasuamanas}} {{wpl|Augusto Pinochet|Mauricijus Sprogys}}<br>{{flagicon|Vilcasuamanas}} [[Kazys Drusutis]]<br>{{flagicon|Vilcasuamanas}} [[Salemonas Sakatauskas]]<br>{{flagicon|Vilcasuamanas}} [[Adolfas Svirelis]]<br />{{flagicon|Vilcasuamanas}} [[Lauras Lagūnavičius]]<br>{{flagicon|Vilcasuamanas}} [[Vladas Pranskunas]]<br>{{flagicon|Vilcasuamanas}} [[Kristupas Preikavičius]] {{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon image|FedFlag.jpg}} [[William Haley]]<br>{{flagicon image|FedFlag.jpg}} [[Allen Black]]<br>{{flagicon|Marirana}} [[Paolo Vinciguerra]]<br>{{flagicon|Nimear}} [[F.A. Vredeling]]
| commander1  = {{flagicon|Vilcasuamanas}} {{wpl|Augusto Pinochet|Mauricijus Sprogys}}<br>{{flagicon|Vilcasuamanas}} [[Kazys Drusutis]]<br>{{flagicon|Vilcasuamanas}} [[Salemonas Sakatauskas]]<br>{{flagicon|Vilcasuamanas}} [[Adolfas Svirelis]]<br />{{flagicon|Vilcasuamanas}} [[Lauras Lagūnavičius]]<br>{{flagicon|Vilcasuamanas}} [[Ansas Pranskunas]]<br>{{flagicon|Vilcasuamanas}} [[Vilius Preikavičius]] {{KIA}}<br>{{flagicon|Marirana}} [[Paolo Vinciguerra]]<br>{{flagicon image|Voortrekker_flag.svg}} [[F.A. Vredeling]]
| commander2  =  
| commander2  =  
{{flagicon image|CAL.gif}} [[Stepas Bisikirskas]]<br />{{flagicon image|CAL.gif}} [[Vytis Bajarunas]] {{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|CAL.gif}} [[Saulius Kiuras]] {{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Shining Path.svg}} [[Skirgailas Sprindis]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the EZLN (vertically divided).svg}} [[Domas Leita]] {{Executed}}<br />{{flagicon image|Bandeira da FNLA.svg}} [[Jokubas Pakalnis]] {{Surrendered}}<br />{{flagicon image|Bandeira da FNLA.svg}} [[Faustas Kristonaitis]] {{Surrendered}}<br />
{{flagicon image|CAL.gif}} [[Antanas Bisikirskas]]<br />{{flagicon image|CAL.gif}} [[Vytis Bajarunas]] {{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|CAL.gif}} [[Saulius Kiuras]] {{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Shining Path.svg}} [[Jonas Sprindis]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Shining Path.svg}} [[Balys Bajalis]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the EZLN (vertically divided).svg}} [[Domas Leita]] {{Executed}}<br />{{flagicon image|Bandeira da FNLA.svg}} [[Skirgailas Pakalnis]] {{Surrendered}}<br />{{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Bandeira da FNLA.svg}} [[Faustas Kristonaitis]] {{Surrendered}}}}<br />
| commander3  =  
| commander3  =  
| units1      =  
| units1      =  
Line 51: Line 65:
}}
}}


The '''Vilcasuamanian Bush War''' ({{wpl|Lithuanian language|Ruttish}}: ''Vilkasuamanos Krūmo Karas'') was a conflict between the government of the [[Vilcasuamanas|Republic of Vilcasuamanas]] and various left-wing movements and armed groups. The conflict began in the late 1960s and quickly escalated into a full-scale {{wpl|guerilla war}}, prompting a military intervention by the [[Federation of Asteria|Federation]]. The [[New Haven Peace Accords]] in 1976 demobilized most of the guerilla forces, while forcing the {{wpl|military government}} to concede significant steps towards {{wpl|democratization}}; however, certain factions, such as the [[Ciapist Army of Liberation]] (CAL) would continue the fight until 1991.
The '''Vilcasuamanian Bush War''' ({{wpl|Lithuanian language|Ruttish}}: ''Vilkasuamanos Krūmo Karas'') was a conflict between the government of the [[Vilcasuamanas|Republic of Vilcasuamanas]] and various left-wing movements and armed groups. The conflict began in the early 1960s and quickly escalated into a full-scale {{wpl|guerilla war}}. At its height, the war drew in several states from [[Asteria Inferior]] and [[Asteria Superior|Superior]] alike, as well as [[Valentir]], with involvement ranging from material support to active intervention. The [[Na Naoimh Peace Accords]] in 1976 demobilized most of the guerilla forces, while forcing the {{wpl|military government}} to concede significant steps towards {{wpl|democratization}}; certain factions, however, such as the [[Revolutionary Democratic Army of Vilcasuamanas]] (RDVA) would continue the fight until 1991.


The war is seen as a reaction to the repressive policies of {{wpl|military dictator}} {{wpl|Augusto Pinochet|Mauricijus Sprogys}}, who had ruled the country since 1958, but was more generally rooted in the wide social discontent caused by vast {{wpl|corruption}} and {{wpl|income inequality}}. Various suppressed leftist groups would coalesce to form the [[Workers and Peasants' Solidarity Front]] ({{wpl|Lithuanian language|Ruttish}}: ''Darbuotojų ir Valstiečių Solidarumo Frontas'', DVSF), which would declare open warfare on Sprogys' government after a failed coup in 1969; the {{wpl|Urban guerilla|urban}} [[July 27th Movement]] (L-27), while not explicitly socialist, would join in 1971. The expected resistance to Sprogys within the military failed to materialize, and instead the conflict became characterized by {{wpl|unconventional warfare}}, particularly in the {{wpl|Amazon rainforest|Sythian rainforest}} region of the country. Federation involvement, initially in the form of {{wpl|military advisors}}, would escalate dramatically as part of the anti-leftist measures of the [[Phoney War]]; Vilcasuamanas invoked the mutual defense clause of the [[Joint Defense Force]], and by 1972 there were several thousand Federation, [[Marirana]]n, and [[Nimear]]ian troops "in-country".  
Open conflict broke out on {{wpl|May Day}}, 1961, after a crackdown on {{wpl|trade union}} leaders sparked an uprising in the {{wpl|commune}} of {{wpl|Marquetalia Republic|Marketalas}}. It was a reaction to the repressive policies of {{wpl|military dictator}} {{wpl|Augusto Pinochet|Mauricijus Sprogys}}, who had ruled the country since 1958, but was caused by deep-rooted issues such as {{wpl|land reform}}, {{wpl|Genocide of indigenous peoples|anti-indigenous policies}}, {{wpl|corruption}}, and {{wpl|income inequality}}. In 1963, the [[Workers and Peasants' Solidarity Front]] ({{wpl|Lithuanian language|Ruttish}}: ''Darbuotojų ir Valstiečių Solidarumo Frontas'', DVSF) was formed as a loose, ideologically-heterogenous alliance of rural guerilla groups, as well as the {{wpl|Urban guerilla|urban}}, {{wpl|Jacobin (politics)|Tiberian}} {{wpl|M-19|27th of July Movement}} (L-27). The conflict became characterized by {{wpl|unconventional warfare}}, particularly in the {{wpl|Amazon rainforest|Scythian rainforest}} region of the country. Foreign involvement, initially in the form of {{wpl|military advisors}}, would escalate dramatically as part of the anti-leftist measures of the [[Phoney War]]; Vilcasuamanas invoked the mutual defense clause of the [[Joint Defense Force]], and by 1972 there were several thousand Federation, [[Marirana]]n, and [[Nimear]]ian troops "in-country".  


The government-aligned forces conducted vast {{wpl|search and destroy}} operations against the rural guerillas; these bloody tactics were controversial in both the Federation and in Vilcasuamanas, as their effectiveness against the insurgents was dubious. From 1974, Federation troops began a {{wpl|Vietnamization|gradual withdrawal}}, straining the Vilcasuamanian armed forces that had relied on Federation support. Fearing the unpopularity of the war among his supporters threatened to undermine his regime, Sprogys made concessions to the L-27 movement, restoring the [[Vilcasuamanas#Government|Seimas]] and releasing hundreds of {{wpl|political prisoners}}. This brought the DVSF to the negotiating table as well, and the [[New Haven Peace Accords]] of 1976 officially ended the conflict, with Sprogys pledging to hold free elections. In 1976, the first general elections were held, with the military relinquishing power and allowing for presidential elections shortly after Sprogys' death in 1978. However, the CAL refused to demobilize and broke with the DVSF following the New Haven Agreement, continuing a {{wpl|low-level conflict|low-level}} {{wpl|asymmetric warfare|asymmetric conflict}} for fifteen years.
The government-aligned forces conducted vast {{wpl|search and destroy}} operations against the rural guerillas; these bloody tactics were controversial in both the Federation and in Vilcasuamanas, as their effectiveness against the insurgents was dubious. From 1974, Federation troops began a {{wpl|Vietnamization|gradual withdrawal}}, straining the Vilcasuamanian armed forces that had relied on Federation support. Fearing the unpopularity of the war among his supporters threatened to undermine his regime, Sprogys made concessions to the L-27 movement, restoring the [[Vilcasuamanas#Government|Seimas]] and releasing hundreds of {{wpl|political prisoners}}. This brought the DVSF to the negotiating table as well, and the [[New Haven Peace Accords]] of 1976 officially ended the conflict, with Sprogys pledging to hold free elections. In 1976, the first general elections were held, with the military relinquishing power and allowing for presidential elections shortly after Sprogys' death in 1978. However, the CAL refused to demobilize and broke with the DVSF following the New Haven Agreement, continuing a {{wpl|low-level conflict|low-level}} {{wpl|asymmetric warfare|asymmetric conflict}} for fifteen years.


Although estimates vary, scholars believe around 75,000 Vilcasuamanians were killed in the course of the war; approximately 6,000 foreign troops were also killed between 1970 and 1976. The war was also notorious for the {{wpl|human rights violations}} committed on both sides; the rebels forcibly recruited {{wpl|child soldier}}s, the government launched indiscriminate {{wpl|strategic bombing}} campaigns, and all combatants regularly executed civilians believed to be collaborating with the enemy. In the initial stage of the conflict, the Vilcasuamanian dictatorship significantly cracked down on civil liberties; Sprogys' government is thought to be responsible for nearly 2,000 {{wpl|forced disappearance}}s during this period. The war precipitated a vast {{wpl|refugee crisis}} as disaffected Vilcasuamanians migrated to [[Nimear]] and [[Satucin]], leading to tensions in both of those nations. However, the return to democracy in Vilcasuamanas can also be credited to the conflict, as both the insurgents and the government's allies pressured the Sprogys government to liberalize and return to traditional {{wpl|party politics}}, initiating the [[Vilcasuamanas|Fourth Republic]].
Although estimates vary, scholars believe around 75,000 Vilcasuamanians were killed in the course of the war; approximately 6,000 foreign troops were also killed between 1970 and 1976. The war was also notorious for the {{wpl|human rights violations}} committed on both sides; the rebels forcibly recruited {{wpl|child soldier}}s, the government launched indiscriminate {{wpl|strategic bombing}} campaigns, and all combatants regularly executed civilians believed to be collaborating with the enemy. In the initial stage of the conflict, the Vilcasuamanian dictatorship significantly cracked down on civil liberties; Sprogys' government is thought to be responsible for nearly 2,000 {{wpl|forced disappearance}}s during this period. The war precipitated a vast {{wpl|refugee crisis}} as disaffected Vilcasuamanians migrated to [[Nimear]] and [[Satucin]], leading to tensions in both of those nations. However, the return to democracy in Vilcasuamanas can also be credited to the conflict, as both the insurgents and the government's allies pressured the Sprogys government to liberalize and return to traditional {{wpl|party politics}}, initiating the [[Vilcasuamanas|Fifth Republic]].


==Background==
==Background==
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===JDF intervention===
===JDF intervention===
===Velykų Offensive===
===Velykų Offensive===
[[File:Swedish troops clear building of Katangese resistance.jpg|200px|thumb|right|X troops clearing a rebel held village]]
===Federation withdrawal===
===Federation withdrawal===



Latest revision as of 03:55, 25 July 2019

Vilcasuamanian Bush War
Part of the Phoney War
Date1 May 1961 - 12 December 1991
(30 years, 7 months, 1 week and 4 days)
Location
Result

Government victory
New Haven Peace Accords

  • Legalization of the Cooperativist Party
  • Liberalization and move towards democracy in Vilcasuamanas
Belligerents

Vilcasuamanas Vilcasuamanian government
File:JDF NTemp.png Organization of Asterian States


Right-wing militias

DVSF (until 1976)

Chervolesia (material support)


L-27 (until 1975)
Commanders and leaders
Vilcasuamanas Mauricijus Sprogys
Vilcasuamanas Kazys Drusutis
Vilcasuamanas Salemonas Sakatauskas
Vilcasuamanas Adolfas Svirelis
Vilcasuamanas Lauras Lagūnavičius
Vilcasuamanas Ansas Pranskunas
Vilcasuamanas Vilius Preikavičius  
Marirana Paolo Vinciguerra
F.A. Vredeling
Antanas Bisikirskas
Vytis Bajarunas  
Saulius Kiuras  
Jonas Sprindis
Balys Bajalis
Domas Leita  Executed
Skirgailas Pakalnis  Surrendered
Faustas Kristonaitis  Surrendered
Casualties and losses
70,000–80,000 (total Vilcasuamanian dead); 2,000 disappeared; 550,000 internally displaced

The Vilcasuamanian Bush War (Ruttish: Vilkasuamanos Krūmo Karas) was a conflict between the government of the Republic of Vilcasuamanas and various left-wing movements and armed groups. The conflict began in the early 1960s and quickly escalated into a full-scale guerilla war. At its height, the war drew in several states from Asteria Inferior and Superior alike, as well as Valentir, with involvement ranging from material support to active intervention. The Na Naoimh Peace Accords in 1976 demobilized most of the guerilla forces, while forcing the military government to concede significant steps towards democratization; certain factions, however, such as the Revolutionary Democratic Army of Vilcasuamanas (RDVA) would continue the fight until 1991.

Open conflict broke out on May Day, 1961, after a crackdown on trade union leaders sparked an uprising in the commune of Marketalas. It was a reaction to the repressive policies of military dictator Mauricijus Sprogys, who had ruled the country since 1958, but was caused by deep-rooted issues such as land reform, anti-indigenous policies, corruption, and income inequality. In 1963, the Workers and Peasants' Solidarity Front (Ruttish: Darbuotojų ir Valstiečių Solidarumo Frontas, DVSF) was formed as a loose, ideologically-heterogenous alliance of rural guerilla groups, as well as the urban, Tiberian 27th of July Movement (L-27). The conflict became characterized by unconventional warfare, particularly in the Scythian rainforest region of the country. Foreign involvement, initially in the form of military advisors, would escalate dramatically as part of the anti-leftist measures of the Phoney War; Vilcasuamanas invoked the mutual defense clause of the Joint Defense Force, and by 1972 there were several thousand Federation, Mariranan, and Nimearian troops "in-country".

The government-aligned forces conducted vast search and destroy operations against the rural guerillas; these bloody tactics were controversial in both the Federation and in Vilcasuamanas, as their effectiveness against the insurgents was dubious. From 1974, Federation troops began a gradual withdrawal, straining the Vilcasuamanian armed forces that had relied on Federation support. Fearing the unpopularity of the war among his supporters threatened to undermine his regime, Sprogys made concessions to the L-27 movement, restoring the Seimas and releasing hundreds of political prisoners. This brought the DVSF to the negotiating table as well, and the New Haven Peace Accords of 1976 officially ended the conflict, with Sprogys pledging to hold free elections. In 1976, the first general elections were held, with the military relinquishing power and allowing for presidential elections shortly after Sprogys' death in 1978. However, the CAL refused to demobilize and broke with the DVSF following the New Haven Agreement, continuing a low-level asymmetric conflict for fifteen years.

Although estimates vary, scholars believe around 75,000 Vilcasuamanians were killed in the course of the war; approximately 6,000 foreign troops were also killed between 1970 and 1976. The war was also notorious for the human rights violations committed on both sides; the rebels forcibly recruited child soldiers, the government launched indiscriminate strategic bombing campaigns, and all combatants regularly executed civilians believed to be collaborating with the enemy. In the initial stage of the conflict, the Vilcasuamanian dictatorship significantly cracked down on civil liberties; Sprogys' government is thought to be responsible for nearly 2,000 forced disappearances during this period. The war precipitated a vast refugee crisis as disaffected Vilcasuamanians migrated to Nimear and Satucin, leading to tensions in both of those nations. However, the return to democracy in Vilcasuamanas can also be credited to the conflict, as both the insurgents and the government's allies pressured the Sprogys government to liberalize and return to traditional party politics, initiating the Fifth Republic.

Background

Sprogys dictatorship

Marshal Mauricijus Sprogys led the Republic of Vilcasuamanas from 1958

Emergence of leftist groups

First phase (1969-1976)

Initial attacks

Government crackdown and escalation

Vilcasuamanian forces in combat against a VTSP stronghold

JDF intervention

Velykų Offensive

X troops clearing a rebel held village

Federation withdrawal

New Haven Peace Accords

Split of the DVSF

Second phase (1976-1991)

CAL steps up campaign

CAL guerillas lie dead in the town of Šv. Steponas, Juodopė

Failed negotiations

Rutuliukas massacre

Failed offensive of 1986

Ceasefire

War crimes

Government and JDF war crimes

Insurgent war crimes

Truth Commission on Vilcasuamanas

Aftermath

Democratization of Vilcasuamanas

Effects on Asteria Inferior

Cost of the war