Latest revision as of 11:41, 12 May 2023

The Borelian language is one of the three Bornese languages, which are language isolate family, spoken by the aboriginals on the island of Storvan, it is recognized as a official language of the Storvan Autonomy and a minority language in Zhousheng.

Alphabet

Borelian
Borelian
Borelan, Bolanic
Borεnli -
	Ethnic flag of Borelians
Pronunciation	/bɔɾənʟɪ/
Native to	Borelia;
Region	Borelian island
Ethnicity	Boreliani aboriginals
Native speakers	L1: ~530,000; L2: ~230,000; FL: <50,000
Language family	Bornese Borelian;
Early forms	Old Borelian ;
Standard forms	Great Borelian Corpus
Writing system	Latin alphabet; Boto script
Official status
Official language in	Borelia;
Language codes
ISO 639-1	BL
ISO 639-2	BOL
ISO 639-3	BOL
	Distribution of the language; Absolute majority >30% of native speakers
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Alphabetic version

A a /a/	B b /b/	C c /ʃ/	D d /d/	E e /ɛ/	F f /f/	G g /g/	H h /ɦ/	I i /ɪ/	Î î /ʝ/
J j /ʒ/	K k /k/	L l /ʟ ~ l/	M m /m/	N n /n/	O o /ɔ/	P p /p/	Q q /q ~ kv/	R r /ʀ ~ ɾ/	S s /s/
T t /t/	U u /u/	V v /v/	Ƿ ƿ /ʋ/	X x /χ/	Y y /ɨ/	Z z /z/	& ε /ə/		- -Silent-

Boto version

/b/	/p/	/d/	/t/	/v/	/f/	/g/	/k ~ χ/	/ɦ/	/m/
/n/	/ʀ ~ ɾ/	/ʟ ~ l/	/s/	/z/	/ʃ/	/ʒ/	/a/	/ə/	/ɛ/
/ɪ/	/ʝ/	/ɔ/	/u/				-Silent-	-Space-	-Period-

Note: The letter Î/ was very often ignored and written as I/

Detailed table

Alphabetic version					Boto version	Protopolyash version		IPA Symbol	Example of a common word with the sound
1	A		a			Ⲁ	ⲁ	/a/	After
2	B		b			Ⲃ	ⲃ	/b/	Label
3	C		c			Ϣ	ϣ	/ʃ/	Show
4	D		d			Ⲇ	ⲇ	/d/	Done
5	E		e			Ⲉ	ⲉ	/ɛ/	Bed (General American accent)
6	F		f			Ⲫ	ⲫ	/f/	Fine
7	G		g			Ⲅ	ⲅ	/g/	Game
8	H		h			Ϩ	ϩ	/ɦ/	Hello
9	I		i			Ⲓ	ⲓ	/ɪ/	Bit (General American)
9	Î		î			Ⲓ	ⲓ	/ʝ/	Bit (General American)
10	J		j			Ϭ	ϭ	/ʒ/	Pleasure
11	K		k			Ⲕ	ⲕ	/k/	Key
11	X		x			Ⲭ	ⲭ	/χ/	Loch Ness
12	L		l			Ⲗ	ⲗ	/ʟ/	Middle (Southern US accent)
13	M		m			Ⲙ	ⲙ	/m/	Mother
14	N		n			Ⲛ	ⲛ	/n/	Month
15	O		o			Ⲟ	ⲟ	/ɔ/	Not
16	P		p			Ⲡ	ⲡ	/p/	Play
17	Q		q		—	—		/q/ ~ /k͡v/	Caught
18	R		r			Ⲣ	ⲣ	/ʀ/	Red
19	S		s			Ⲥ	ⲥ	/s/	Surprise
20	T		t			Ⲧ	ⲧ	/t/	Time
21	U		u			Ⲩ	ⲩ	/u/	Boot
22	V		v			Ⲯ	ⲯ	/v/	Valve
23	Ƿ	ƿ	W	w	—	—		/ʋ/	Vine (Indian accent)
For letter X see letter K
25	Y		y		—	—		/ɨ/?	Lip (London accent)?
26	Z		z			Ⲍ	ⲍ	/z/	Zoo
27	&		ε			Ⲱ	ⲱ	/ə/	Bird
?1	-					-		-Silent symbol-	Used for connection between linked words
?2									Symbol for a stop between words
?3	.					.			Used on the end of the sentence

Controversy about alphabet systems

Ampersand (&)

& ε
& ε

Ampersand has been included in the alphabet as the 27th/28th character, with a miniscule ε (simplified from ɛ̗́), which may make the language visually difficult for non-borelians.

Multiple linguists proposed the change in the writing system, replacing Ampersand (&) with the letter Schwa (Ә), which was already implemented in the Storvani language in 1930's. As of now, the proposal is opposed by the majority of the populace as well as the office for literal language. The support for this movement however still rises, as the Ampersand is visually difficult to write correctly when making quick notes.

There was a ironic movement to replace the mniscule ε with ﹠, however, nobody has taken it seriously due to the complexity of the letter.

Ɛ ɛ
Ɛ ɛ

The most favored change is, however, writing the &-ε pair as a Ɛ-ɛ. Proponents of this view spearhead following reasons:

Ɛ-ɛ would simplify the language, as there would be one less character to be learned in school
Ɛ-ɛ would make the writing easier, because & is hard to write in a fast notetaking
Ɛ-ɛ would better represent the sound, which is closest sound to E-e pair

Wynn (Ƿ)

Ƿ ƿ
Ƿ ƿ

Similar problem exists with the letter for the phoneme /ʋ/, which is not present in Borelian alphabet. While originally, the letter Wynn (Ƿ) was used on all occasions, same as in the Anglish, which in turn took it from Latin alphabet, but later, with the rise of the internet, letter "W" became more wide spread because of the adresses starting with "www.". This problem was later solved by auto-redirecting system update, which allowed users to type "ƿƿƿ." and it automatically redirected to "www."

Phonology

Place Manner	Labial													Dorsal					Laryngeal
Place Manner	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial	Dental	Alveolar		Postal-veolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m̥ ()	m ()					n̥ ()	n ()
Plosive	p ()	b ()					t ()	d ()			ʈ ()	ɖ ()			k ()	g ()	q ()
Sibilant fricative							s ()	z ()	ʃ ()	ʒ ()
Non-sibilant fricative			f ()	v ()										ʝ ()	x ()	ɣ ()	χ ()			h ()	ɦ ()
Approximant				ʋ ()										j ()
Tap/Flap							ɾ̥ ()	ɾ ()									ʀ̥ ()	ʀ ()
Trill							r̥ ()	r ()
Latelar approximant								l ()								ʟ ()

Tongue position	Front	Near-front	Central	Back
Close	i ()		ɨ ()		u ()
Near-close		ɪ ()
Close-mid	e ()				o ()
Mid			ə ()
Open-mid	ɛ ()			ʌ ()	ɔ ()
Near-open
Open	a ()			ɑ ()
Diphthong	u͡ɪ
Long vowels	aː ~ ɛː ~ ɪː ~ ɔː ~ əː ~ uː

Bold are the common sounds, while regular sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation

Grammar

Predicate-subject complex

While the Borelian language does not have a seperate predicate and subject in sentence, it has one word, which is both a noun phrase and a verb phrase (so called Predicate-subject complex). It is created out of a subjectual prefix, verbal (predicate) root and a optional adjustment suffix.

Subject prefix

Borelian has three grammatical cases for the complex:

The predicate-subject complex can be distinguished from other forms of other complexes, as it uses the predicate term in subjective case.

Predicate root

TBA

Suffixes

Predicate-subject complex has three suffixes, that are added to denote tense, mood and situation respectively. The first suffix (the one closest to the root) denotes tense, the middle suffix denotes mood and the last suffix denotes situation.

Tense suffix

Borelian language has 15 tenses, subdivided into 3 groups:

Past tenses
- Preterite (Simple past) - Suffix -ba
- Past progressive - Suffix -base
- Pluperfect simple - Suffix -bari
- Pluperfect progressive - Suffix -barε
- Past repetetive - Suffix -bapo
Present tenses
- Simple present - No suffix
- Present progressive - Suffix -se
- Present perfect - Suffix -ri
- Present perfect progressive - Suffix -rε
- Present repetetive - Suffix -po
Future tenses
- Simple future - Suffix -fu
- Future progressive - Suffix -fuse
- Future perfect - Suffix -furi
- Future perfect progressive - Suffix -furε
- Future repetetive - Suffix -fupo

Only tenses no present in Common are the repetetives, which denote a action, that happened multiple times in the said time horizon. Such as "Zataribapo" means literally "I used to win (a lot)".

Mood suffix

Borelian language has 5 grammatical moods:

Indicative - No suffix
Imperative - Suffix -ti
Conditional - Suffix -bo
Questional Indicative - Suffix -xa
Questional Conditional - Suffix -boxa

Situation suffix

Situational suffix can show multiple adjusting information:

Negation - Suffix -be
Doubt - Suffix -pε
Possibility - Suffix -sa
Passivity - Suffix -mε

(multiple of those can be used at the same time, there is no rule on the sequence in which those must be used)

Nouns

Nouns in Borelian have 2 genders:

Masculine - End with a vowel
Feminine - End with a consonant
Indifferent - Impossible to distinguish a gender (End with I/Î)

It also has five grammatical cases for nouns:

And seven grades for nouns:

Grade	Prefix	Meaning	Example	Example translation
Negative	Be-	Object lacks the said property	Berutu	No friend of mine
Positive	—	Object has the said property	Rutu	A friend of mine
Comparative	Meî-	Object A has the said property more than Object B	Meîrutu rutuî	Better friend than that friend
Diminutive	Mol-	Object has very little of the said property	Molrutu	Bad/unreliable friend
Augmentative	Sti-	Object has a lot of the said property	Stirutu	Good friend
Excessive	Rεk-	Object has too much of the said property	Rεkrutu	Person acting excessively friendly
Superlative	Sul-	Object has the most of the said property	Sulrutu	The best friend

Possessive representation

A word can be "owned" by another word in possessive case, if the filler prefix "&dε-" is included. Nouns are not written with a capital character, unlike the complex, so in most cases, you would see a miniscule version "εdε-".

Example of the language

Sonnet 18 translation into Borelian:

	Common	Borelian (Alphabet)	Borelian (Boto)
Q1	Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?	Zakaviboxa dati iz-claxεdime-îuvaci?
	Thou art more lovely and more temperate:	Deba Fildi meîtulraîno- e meîhmarino-:
	Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,	Xrtiîno-Fucitic &ditεrcε tulratime-budeni εdεdivlini,^[a]	^[a]
	And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:	E claxεdi εdεdendu Zamabapo molklertino-îuvaci:		4
Q2	Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,	Moltliknilo rεkclakino pnimadi εdεkukna &dizermε,
	And often is his gold complexion dimmed;	E stitliknilo Malkedime-canastiîεd &diofzipo;
	And every fair from fair sometime declines,	E Sul-&-zlit moltliknilo &diofzi,
	By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimmed:	Ti-flivini lim ti-retnaîni εdε-alenino-fnelx, beofzinino:		8
Q3	But thy eternal summer shall not fade,	Iliî- Dama-sultlikino-claxε &diofzifubobe,
	Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;	Belim Zamat de-cεdi zliti datihεokε &diaxijafubo;
	Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade	Belim &dizole ufli deba-zamat sxe-Canabezermi
	When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:	Xatlik sxe-sultlikino-lεînoî fin-tliki Daermi:		12
C	So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,	Stivedniî Jukofugεbomε kuknal &dikuklebomε
	So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.	Stivedniî Judlebomε, e &digadla dlexi fin-dati.		14
↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Divlin is the 2nd traditional month out of 8-month cycle of the Borelian calendar, that corresponds to first half of April and all of May. Alternative term may be "Maî", taken from Common

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[fn1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Divlin is the 2nd traditional month out of 8-month cycle of the Borelian calendar, that corresponds to first half of April and all of May. Alternative term may be "Maî", taken from Common

[a]

Borelian language: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 11:41, 12 May 2023

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