|
|
| (85 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Region icon Kylaris}}
| | =Acheloian= |
| {{Infobox country
| | {{Infobox body of water |
| |micronation = <!--yes if a micronation-->
| | | name = Acheloian Sea |
| |conventional_long_name = Piraean Republic
| | | image = [[File:Attica 06-13 Athens 36 View from Lycabettus.jpg|250px]] |
| |native_name = Πειραιηκή Δημοκρατία<br>Pireikí Dimokratía {{small|({{wp|Greek language|Piraean}})}}
| | | caption = View of [[Alikianos]] with Acheloian Sea in the background |
| |common_name = Piraea
| | | image_bathymetry = |
| |status = <!--Status of country, especially useful for micronations-->
| | | caption_bathymetry = |
| |image_flag = Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Dalmatia_(alternate).svg | | | location = |
| |alt_flag = Flag of the Piraese Republic | | {{Plainlist| |
| |flag_border = <!--set to no to disable border around the flag-->
| | * [[Euclea|Southern Euclea]] |
| |image_flag2 = <!--e.g. Second-flag of country.svg-->
| | * [[Rahelia]] |
| |alt_flag2 = <!--alt text for second flag-->
| | * [[Coius]] |
| |flag2_border = <!--set to no to disable border around the flag-->
| | * [[Satria]] |
| |image_coat = [[File:Piraean_coat_of_arms.svg|100px]]
| |
| |alt_coat = Coat of Arms of the Piraean Republic
| |
| |symbol_type = Coat of arms
| |
| |symbol_footnote = <!--optional reference or footnote for the symbol caption-->
| |
| |national_motto = <br>«Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος»<br>"Elefthería í Thánatos"<br><small>"Freedom or Death"</small>
| |
| |englishmotto =
| |
| |national_anthem = «Ύμνος προς την Ελευθερίαν»<br>"The Homeland"
| |
| |royal_anthem = <!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists-->
| |
| |other_symbol_type =
| |
| |other_symbol =
| |
| |image_map = Piraea_in_Euclea.png
| |
| |map_width = 250px | |
| |loctext = <!--text description of location of country-->
| |
| |alt_map = <!--alt text for map-->
| |
| |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |country=[[Piraea]] |region=[[Euclea]] |region_color=dark grey}}
| |
| |image_map2 = | |
| |alt_map2 =
| |
| |map_caption2 =
| |
| |capital = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Thessaloniki.svg}} [[Alikianos]]
| |
| |coordinates =
| |
| |largest_city = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Thessaloniki.svg}} [[Alikianos]]
| |
| |largest_settlement_type = largest city
| |
| |largest_settlement = <!--Name of largest settlement-->
| |
| |official_languages = {{wp|Greek language|Piraean}}
| |
| |national_languages = <!--Country/territory-wide languages recognised but not necessarily in country/territory-wide law, etc-->
| |
| |regional_languages = {{wp|Italian language|Etrurian}},<br>{{wp|Croatian language|Novalian}},<br>{{wp|Romanian language|Amathian}},<br>{{wp|Albanian language|Galenian}} and <br>[[Montsurian language|Montsurian]]
| |
| |languages_type = <!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional-->
| |
| |languages = <!--Languages of the further type-->
| |
| |languages_sub = <!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? ("yes" or "no")--> | |
| |languages2_type = <!--Another further type of language--> | |
| |languages2 = <!--Languages of this second further type--> | |
| |languages2_sub = <!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? ("yes" or "no")-->
| |
| |ethnic_groups =
| |
| |ethnic_groups_year =
| |
| |ethnic_groups_ref = <!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)-->
| |
| |religion = See [[Piraea#Religion|Religion in Piraea]]
| |
| |religion_year =
| |
| |religion_ref = <!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)-->
| |
| |demonym = Piraean
| |
| |government_type = {{wp|Unitary}} {{wp|parliamentary}} {{wp|constitutional}} {{wp|republic}}
| |
| |leader_title1 = [[Presidency of Piraea|Presidency]]
| |
| |leader_name1 = [[Pavlos Kassapidis]]<br>[[Stella Davakis]]<br>[[Stefanos Xanthos]]
| |
| |leader_title2 = [[Premier of Piraea|Premier]]
| |
| |leader_name2 = [[Stamatios Panopoulos]]
| |
| |leader_title3 = [[Piraean Senate#Speaker|Speaker of the Senate]]
| |
| |leader_name3 = [[Konstantinos Baltas]]
| |
| |leader_title4 =
| |
| |leader_name4 =
| |
| |legislature = [[Piraean Senate]]
| |
| |upper_house =
| |
| |lower_house =
| |
| |established_event1 = 1st Piraean Empire
| |
| |established_date1 = 639 - 884
| |
| |established_event2 = 2nd Piraean Empire
| |
| |established_date2 = 1012 - 1368
| |
| |established_event3 = Grand Duchy of Alikianos
| |
| |established_date3 = 1729
| |
| |established_event4 = Kingdom of the Piraese
| |
| |established_date4 = 1857
| |
| |established_event5 = [[First Piraean Republic|First Republic]]
| |
| |established_date5 = 1938
| |
| |established_event6 = [[Piraean junta|Second Republic]]
| |
| |established_date6 = 1948
| |
| |established_event7 = Third Republic
| |
| |established_date7 = 1979
| |
| <!--......-->
| |
| |established_event13 = <!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)-->
| |
| |established_date13 =
| |
| |area_rank =
| |
| |area =
| |
| |area_km2 = 86,553.60
| |
| |area_sq_mi = 33,418.53
| |
| |area_footnote =
| |
| |percent_water =
| |
| |area_label =
| |
| |area_label2 = <!--Label below area_label (optional)-->
| |
| |area_data2 = <!--Text after area_label2 (optional)-->
| |
| |population_estimate = {{decrease}} 7,250,000
| |
| |population_estimate_rank =
| |
| |population_census = 7,484,889
| |
| |population_census_year = 2017
| |
| |population_density_km2 = 86
| |
| |population_density_sq_mi =
| |
| |population_density_rank =
| |
| |nummembers = <!--An alternative to population for micronation-->
| |
| |GDP_PPP = $207.062 billion
| |
| |GDP_PPP_rank =
| |
| |GDP_PPP_year = 2019
| |
| |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $27,664
| |
| |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| |
| |GDP_nominal = $113.299 billion
| |
| |GDP_nominal_rank =
| |
| |GDP_nominal_year = 2019
| |
| |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $15,137
| |
| |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| |
| |Gini = 29.7
| |
| |Gini_rank =
| |
| |Gini_year = 2020
| |
| |Gini_change = decrease
| |
| |Gini_category = very low
| |
| |HDI = 0.870
| |
| |HDI_rank =
| |
| |HDI_year = 2020
| |
| |HDI_change = steady
| |
| |HDI_category = very high
| |
| |HDI_rank =
| |
| |HDI_ref = <!--(for any ref/s to associate with HDI number)-->
| |
| |currency = Piraese Lira (₺) {{ref label|footnote_a|a}}
| |
| |currency_code = LIR
| |
| |time_zone = <!--e.g. GMT, PST, AST, etc, etc (wikilinked if possible)-->
| |
| |utc_offset = <!--in the form "+N", where N is number of hours offset-->
| |
| |time_zone_DST = <!--Link to DST (Daylight Saving Time) used, otherwise leave empty-->
| |
| |utc_offset_DST = <!--in the form "+N", where N is number of hours offset-->
| |
| |DST_note = <!--Optional note regarding DST use-->
| |
| |antipodes = <!--Place/s exactly on the opposite side of the world to country/territory-->
| |
| |date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| |
| |drives_on = right
| |
| |cctld = .pr
| |
| |iso3166code = <!--Use to override default from common_name parameter above; omit using "omit".-->
| |
| |calling_code = +42
| |
| |patron_saint =
| |
| |image_map3 = <!--Optional third map position, e.g. for use with reference to footnotes below it-->
| |
| |alt_map3 = <!--alt text for third map position-->
| |
| |footnote_a =
| |
| |footnotes = {{ref label|footnote_a|a}} [[Euclean Community|Euclo]] is widely used and accepted.
| |
| }} | | }} |
| '''Piraea''' ({{wp|Greek language|Pireás}}: Πειραεάς, {{wp|Romanization of Greek|tr.}} ''Peiraeás''), officially the '''Piraean Republic''' ({{wp|Greek language|Pireás}}: Πειραιηκή Δημοκρατία, {{wp|Romanization of Greek|tr.}} ''Pireikí Dimokratía'') is a country in [[Euclea|Southern Euclea]] located along the {{wp|Sea|Acheloian Sea}}. It borders [[Amathia]] to the north, [[Etruria]] to the east and the disputed territory of [[Tarpeia]] to the south. Piraea has a population of approximately 7.4 million, which are concentrated in urban areas along the coast. [[Alikianos]] is the capital and largest city of the country, and is followed by [[Kissamos]], [[Hersonissos]] and [[Tylissos]].
| | | coords = |
| | | | type = [[Sea]] |
| Piraea is recognised as one of the oldest civilisations in Euclea, its presence along the Acheloian and Solarian seas as well as Aurean Straits is well documented in numerous texts that highlight the extent of the {{wp|Greek city-states|Piraese city-states}} along both sides of the straits from at least 600 BCE. This form of political organisation was crucial for Piraea in the development of the first forms of {{wp|Greek democracy|democracy}} and innumerable mathematical advances. However, between the year 300 and 200 BCE, city-states will progressively fall under [[Solarian Empire|Solarian]] influence, with the fall of [[Prassa]] marking the end of the period. Developments that characterised city-states in the areas of literature, philosophy, medicine and mathematics were later used as inspiration during the {{wp|Roman|Solarian}} period in a moment of massive advances particularly in the arts. The collapse of Solaria in 424 forced the formation of the First Piraean Empire, which centralised and unified different territories across what is today Piraea; the empire would last several centuries until the invasion of the {{wp|Turks|Tagamic hordes}}. A Second Piraese Empire was re-established, although a weakened army and internal turmoil due to a lack of identification took it to the collapse, which was used by neighbouring foreign powers to rule over Piraese during several centuries.
| | | inflow = [[Lumine Ocean]], [[Solarian Sea]], [[Gulf of Parishar]] |
| | | | outflow = |
| In 1820, under the control of the [[Kingdom of Vespasia]], ethnic Pirese joined in what is known as the October Uprising, which led to a [[Piraese War of Independence|War of Independence]] that lasted five years and proved effective in building a national narrative for Piraese identity. The revolution will last until 1925, when diplomatic intervention of Euclean powers concluded with the effective establishment of the [[Kingdom of Piraea]] and the crown of a foreign monarch. At the burst of the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]], Piraea joined the [[Entente]], supporting [[Functionalist Gaullica|Gaullica]] and declaring war on [[Etrurian Second Republic|Etruria]]; however, the high costs of the war amid poor living conditions questioned the continuity of the monarchy and put the government under pressure with different internal conflicts. At the end of the war, the Entente was defeated and Piraea faced the invasion of Etruria, which forced it to hand in the territory of [[Tarpeia]], committing in the subsequent years, the [[Piraean Genocide]]. During 1938, [[Nikolaos II of Piraea]] was forced to abdicate and fled the country in exile proclaiming the [[First Piraese Republic]], which saw the creation of the first anarchist communes and the leadership of socialist and workers' political parties. The period was characterised by a relative stability, which served for progressive reforms, wealth redistribution and the industrialisation of the country; however, in 1948, a coup d'etat ignited a short [[Piraese Civil War|civil war]], which faced conservatives and socialists. Backed by far-right militias and armies in Etruria and Amathia, the [[Second Piraese Republic]] was proclaimed under the authoritarian rule of [[Konstantinos Athanopoulos]] and his {{wp|military junta}}. The regime led the country until 1979, having introduced several economic and social reforms that exalted conservative values and ties with the [[Episemialist Church]], but nearing the 1970s, the regime faced a period of social discontent, economic downturns and regional isolation, concluding in 1979 with a plebiscite that sought to renew the junta's power. The defeat of the regime ignited the democratic transition, which concluded a year later with the election of [[Ioannis Apostolou]] as [[Premier of Piraea]], who later handed in power to [[Leonidas Palaiotis]], first socialist Premier since 1948.
| | | catchment = |
| | | | basin_countries = {{hidden | fw1=normal | headerstyle=text-align:left |
| Today, Piraea is a {{wp|unitary parliamentary republic}} and {{wp|developed country}} with a {{wp|high standard of living}}. It tends to rank high in metrics like {{wp|women participation}}, {{wp|press freedom}}, {{wp|civil liberties}} and {{wp|overall quality of life}}. The country is a member of the [[Community of Nations]], [[International Council for Democracy]], [[Euclean Defence Treaty Organisation]], [[Global Institute for Fiscal Affairs]], and the [[International Trade Organisation]]; as of 2021, the country has formalised its intentions to be a member state of the [[Euclean Community]] and is a recognised candidate.
| | | header = Coastal countries:<!--ONLY coastal countries--> |
| | | content = {{flatlist}} |
| | * [[Amathia]] |
| | * [[Etruria]] |
| | * [[Tengaria]] |
| | * [[Ravnia]] |
| | * [[Venikara]] |
| | * [[Zorasan]] |
| | * For other countries, see [[#Hydrography|§Hydrography]] |
| | {{endflatlist}}}} |
| | | length = |
| | | width = |
| | | area = |
| | | depth = |
| | | max-depth = |
| | | volume = |
| | | residence_time = |
| | | shore = |
| | | temperature_high = {{convert|28|C|F|abbr=on}} |
| | | temperature_low = {{convert|12|C|F|abbr=on}} |
| | | elevation = |
| | | frozen = |
| | | islands = |
| | | cities = |
| | {{Plainlist| |
| | * [[Alikianos]] |
| | * ''([[List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea|full list]])'' |
| | }} |
| | | reference = |
| | }} |
| | The '''Acheloian Sea''' is a {{wp|sea}} connected to the [[Lumine Ocean]], whose basin is within the borders of [[Euclea|South Euclea]], [[Rahelia]], [[Satria]] and all of the coast of [[Zorasan]] in central [[Coius]]. Like the [[Solarian Sea]], the Acheloian has had enormous importance for the development of Euclean society and Western thought, being explored almost in its entirety by [[Piraea]]n explorers since the 7th century BC. |
| ==Etymology== | | ==Etymology== |
| The name Piraea comes from the {{wp|Ancient Greek language|Ancient Piraese}} name Πειραιεύς (''Peiraieús''), which roughly means 'the place over the passage'. Over time the Ancient Piraese evolved into the {{wp|Greek language|modern}} Πειραιάς (''Piraeus''). Piraea is the {{wp|anglicized|embricized}} version of ''Piraeus''.
| | ¿Αχελοηαν Θάλασσα? |
| ==History==
| | =Live Piraea= |
| [[File:Piraean_colonization_classical_period.PNG|250px|thumb|Peak extent of Piraean territories and colonies during the Classical period (750 - 200 BCE).]]
| |
| ===Classical period===
| |
| {{main|Classical Piraea}}
| |
| ===Solarian rule (300 BCE-500 AD)===
| |
| ===Middle Ages and Empires (500 AD-1368)===
| |
| ===Duchy of Alikianos and Kingdom of Piraea (1729-1857)===
| |
| {{main|Duchy of Alikianos|Kingdom of Piraea}}
| |
| ===Industrialisation and Great War (20th century)===
| |
| {{main|Great War (Kylaris)|Entente}}
| |
| ===First Republic (1938-1948)===
| |
| {{main|First Piraean Republic}}
| |
| {{see also|Piraese Civil War}}
| |
| [[File:8th Army Front- Italian Partisan Leader Honoured NA22066.jpg|230px|thumb|Partisans in Hersonissos during the brief [[Piraese Civil War]] that led to the dissolution of the First Republic and the establishment of the Second Republic under the military junta. ]]
| |
| On 26 July 1938, the [[Piraean First Republic]] was proclaimed in [[Alikianos]]. Shortly after the abdication of [[Nikolaos II of Piraea]], an interim government led by the [[Piraese Socialist Workers Union|PSEE]] assumed the administration until the celebration of elections two months later. The government of [[Stephanos Vitalopoulos]] was in charge of the introduction of the constitution of the first republic as well as initial reforms aimed to modernise the state from an egalitarian and social view. During the elections of that same year, the coalition formed by the PSEE, the [[Piraese Section of the Workers' International]] and several other {{wp|centre-left}} and {{wp|leftists}} parties, became victorious and led the country during the next five years under the leadership of [[Themistoklis Ioannopoulos]].
| |
| | |
| [[File:Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos 1921.jpg|170px|thumb|left|[[Themistoklis Ioannopoulos]], first Premier of the First Republic from the PSEE, who led the country through several reforms.]]
| |
| Ioannopoulos introduced several deep reforms that put the republican government against the [[Episemialist Church|Metropolitanate of Piraea]] and military authorities, which founded conservative allies on the senate's opposition. Between 1938 and 1943, the Ioannopoulos granted women's vote, expanded the agrarian reform started by Vitalopoulos that benefited cooperatives, granted the right to strike and the activity of trade unions and introduced collective agreements; however, the government faced several crisis when it sought to reform the military and complete the secularisation of the nation. The new republic was born in egalitarianism and the avocation of a strong social state; cooperatives spread {{wp|anarchist thought}} across the country and both the [[General Confederation of Piraese Workers|GSEP]] and PSEE were heavily influenced by it. In 1938, the military oath was changed in order to eliminate monarchic connotations and a year later, the government passed a bill that aimed to reduce the number of generals and change the organic composition of the armed forces; a year later, Ioannopoulos nationalised hospitals and cemeteries from the church and reduced the amount of lands without use owned by the Metropolinate.
| |
| | |
| In 1943, new elections took place in a highly divided and polarised society, which gave the conservative wing a larger role in the Senate. Led by [[Kyriakos Kanopoulos]], the [[National Party of Piraea]] became the largest force in the Senate and was allied with other traditionalist and conservative groups on its right to form government. Kanopoulos' main aim and electoral promise was to leave on standby several of the leftist reforms made by the PSEE and recover traditional values throughout the country; as it found strong mobilisation and opposition, it became further aligned with the church and military. At the end of the government, Piraeans found themselves in an algid social situation that favoured the left coalition during elections. The new government of [[Aristeidis Kontolis]], again of the PSEE, lasted a few months before the start of the [[Piraese Civil War]] against conservatives.
| |
| | |
| ===Military rule (1948-1979)===
| |
| {{main|Government of National Reorganisation}}
| |
| [[File:General Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes, Presidente de Portugal.tif|170px|thumb|[[Konstantinos Athanopoulos]] leader of the Second Republic and {{wp|primus inter pares}} of the junta from 1950 until his death in 1978. ]]
| |
| At the start of 1948, Kanopoulos' cabinet, advised by the return of socialists to government, pushed repressive measures, limiting liberties and starting to persecute trade unions and leftist movements. The elections of 1948 gave another victory to the left coalition, which governed during some months before the burst of the civil war, when military generals upraised against Kontolis' first measures. Conservative forces were largely backed by the [[Kingdom of Amathia]] and other paramilitary far-right forces from [[Etruria]], supports that proved decisive in the short civil conflict that ended giving a {{wp|civic-military junta}} the government of Piraea. On 19 September 1948, the Second Republic of Piraea was proclaimed by [[Konstantinos Athanopoulos]] under a Government of National Reorganisation.
| |
| | |
| [[File:Στρατιώτης με τη μητέρα του πριν την αναχώρηση για το αλβανικό μέτωπο.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Piraean mother with her son, who was departing towards Tarpeia as part of the Piraese Army; nearly 590 Piraese soldiers died in the conflict against Etrurian forces.]]
| |
| The period was marked by a strong repression of movements associated with the First Republic, the PSEE and trade unions; the use of {{wp|state terrorism}} and the systematic abuse of the armed forces and the the introduction of torture of dissidents and political opponents. Throughout its history, the junta rule was led by different figures of strong conservative record from military world, although during the final years, civic members were part of it too. Between 1948 and 1953, the junta was composed by the {{wp|commanders-in-chief}} of the three branches of the armed forces, until in 1953, the junta allowed a fourth civic position to take position in an effort to project an image of openness towards the exterior. During the first year, the regime supressed the legislature and imposed strict censorship on press and personal freedom, leading to the closure of several radios and newspapers and the exile of political opponents from the left; in the following years, the junta re-established the close relations with the [[Episemialist Church]], which was in exile in Piraea during the years of the [[Amathian Equalist Republic|Amathian Equalist]] and [[Amathian Council Republic|Council Republic]], granting it great influence in society.
| |
| | |
| During the 1950s, the popularity of the regime was increased through economic reforms and {{wp|developmentalism}}, with which the junta was able to inaugurate infrastructure projects, highways, railways and dams; most of the construction projects, however, were later denounced to have been funded with corruption and dirty money. The junta, seeking to maintain itself in power, used the popularity to strengthen the regime and secure national integrity against a more aggressive Etruria and hostile international environment led by the condemnation from the [[Community of Nations]] and the recently founded [[Euclean Community]]. In 1958, Nikolas Zaropoulos became the first and only civic member of the junta, who was tasked with the international relations amid a scenario of increasing tensions with Povelia, which finally burst with the invasion of [[Tarpeia]] and the [[Apokoronas]] in 1961.
| |
| | |
| ===Fall of the regime (1961-1979)===
| |
| {{main|1979 Piraean national plebiscite|1980 Piraean general election}}
| |
| The Etrurian invasion of Tarpeia and the Apokoronas, as well as the misinformation campaign carried by Povelia regarding the presence of Novalian terrorists in Piraea, placed the military junta on a tight position, with minimum international attention and witnessing the start of financial problems. A response to Etrurian forces was long waited, but the all these factors produced a poor mobilisation of Piraean forces; at first, the junta tried to censor the information regarding the lack of valuable force, but several foreign newspapers and radios were able to freely speak about it, igniting discontent towards the regime in Piraea. During most of the 1960s, the regime tried to strengthen even more the repression and censorship in Piraea under the leadership of Konstantinos Athanopoulos; however, this was ineffective and the first signs of serious financial shortcomings took people to the first mass protests in several cities in 1967.
| |
| | |
| [[File:Concentración masiva en apoyo al No.jpg|230px|thumb|Massive protest against the regime during the campaign to the 1979 national plebiscite.]]
| |
| The union between workers, students and political movements functioning in the undergrounds were effective on a social level, but not in the political world. In 1969, the junta started a large-scale liberalisation of the economy in order to receive advise and funding from the [[International Council for Democracy]] and [[Global Institute for Fiscal Affairs]]; a group of Piraean economists taught in Morwall, Estmere, and known as the {{wp|Chicago boys|Morwall boys}} became part of the advisors board of the Ministry of Economy, and led the transformation of the Piraese economy, which was heavily marked by the conflict with Etruria, corruption and irresponsible spending during developmentalism years. During most of the 1970s, the economy will see important reforms and experience never seen before growth rates known as the [[Piraean miracle]]; however, the country suffered an increasing inequality and political repression was still persistent.
| |
| | |
| In 1978, Athnopoulos, who had been the undisputed leader of the military junta since 1950, died in Alikianos leaving an open door regarding the future of the regime. A year later, the junta, lead by the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force [[Ioannis Christodoulopoulos]], sought to renew itself in power through a national {{wp|plebiscite}} in which the population was asked if whether they approved the candidate of the junta —Christodoulopoulos— or not; with 56.8% of the population voting no, the junta decided to transition towards a democratic regime, allowing the formation of political parties, talks with the centre-left and setting a date for general elections. In 1980, the first elections since 1948 took place and months later, the first new members of the Senate were swearing oath and granting confidence to the first democratically elected Premier, [[Ioannis Apostolou]], a {{wp|Christian democracy|Sotirian democrat}} from the [[People's Party (Piraea)|People's Party]].
| |
| | |
| ===Third Republic and contemporary history (1979-present)===
| |
| {{see also|Piraea–Euclean Community relations|2005–2009 Piraean financial crisis}}
| |
| {{multiple image
| |
| | align = right
| |
| | total_width = 500
| |
| | |
| | image1 = Bezoek premier Karamanlis van Griekenland Van Agt in gesprek met Karamanlis, Bestanddeelnr 929-6548 (cropped).jpg
| |
| | alt1 = [[Ioannis Apostolou]]
| |
| | caption1 =
| |
| | |
| | image2 = Portrait of Zalman Shazar.jpg
| |
| | alt2 = [[Leonidas Palaiotis]]
| |
| | caption2 =
| |
|
| |
| | image3 = Nilde_Iotti.png
| |
| | alt3 = [[Theodora Procopiou]]
| |
| | caption3 =
| |
| | |
| | footer = [[Ioannis Apostolou]] ([[People's Party (Piraea)|LK]]; 1979-1983), [[Leonidas Palaiotis]] ([[Piraese Socialist Workers Union|PSEE]]; 1983-1988) and [[Theodora Procopiou]] ([[Piraese Socialist Workers Union|PSEE]]; 1988-1991) were the leaders during the first years of the transition and counted with crucial influence in the development of Piraese democracy.
| |
| }}
| |
| Ioannis Apostolou became the first democratically elected Premier in 1979 and his administration dealt with the drafting of a new constitution and the transition towards a {{wp|liberal democracy}} of Piraea; politically, Apostolou also faced the re-organisation of the right and centre-right under the People's Party and the legalisation of previously censored parties and organisations from the left, like the Piraese Section of the Worker's International and the General Confederation of Piraese Workers. During his government, the new constitution inaugurated the Third Republic, which granted social rights, press and religious freedom and set aims in the Euclean integration of Piraea.
| |
| | |
| [[File:20110630 Riot Police guarding Greek parliament during demonstrations Athens Greece.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Riot police in the Senate of Piraea during demonstrations against the Evangelos Polakis government, its corruption charges and austerity policies.]]
| |
| During 1983, general elections brought back the PSEE to the government, which formed a coalition with the [[Progressive Federation (Piraea)|Progressive Federation]], a small coalition of parties that grouped an alternative left from the PSEE. [[Leonidas Palaiotis]] became Premier of the Republic and led the country through economic and social reforms. In 1985, Palaiotis concluded the trials against the military leaders of the junta and those who committed crimes and abuses; a pardon policy initiated by Apostolou was enlarged to all imprisoned during the dictatorship without trials or due to political reasons. Palaiotis was followed by [[Theodora Procopiou]], first female Premier of Piraea, who counted with broad political support in the the first ever large coalition in Piraea; however, PSEE's aims to become part of [[ECDTO]] forced the end of her government in 1991, after the Piraese Section and Progressive Federation stepped down from the coalition. [[Konstantinos Kondoulis]] followed Procopiou as the second People's Premier; the government was composed also by centrists and liberals, and was the first to introduce {{wp|neoliberalism|neoliberal}} reforms in the state to reverse economic stagnation, such as reducing social spending and increasing VAT to induce a reduction of inflation rates. During the administration, a [[1995 Piraean ECDTO membership referendum|referendum]] was held in 1995 to conclude the membership of Piraea on the Euclean Common Defence Treaty Organisation; the referendum saw the opposition of the Piraese Section and other left political parties, although the PSEE remained ambiguous, which helped the government to conclude the country's ascension.
| |
| | |
| Between 2005 and 2009, the country suffered its most important financial crisis, which triggered the implosion of the political scenario, forcing the resignation of [[Evangelos Polakis]] due to corruption charges and amid massive protests and repression in the streets. Polakis, who had assumed the People's Party leadership year before becoming Premier, had formed government with the far-right [[Homeland Party]], with which the country moved closer to [[Samorspi]]. His government faced severe opposition from centre and centre-left sectors and his resignation was followed by his leaving from the legislature in helicopter. The effects of the crisis were crucial in the future political development of Piraea, forcing the creation of new parties and the comeback of the PSEE to the government during the next 13 years until today. The current Piraese agenda is marked by a strong focus on the [[Euclean Community]] followed by most parties and the two main ones, PP and PSEE. As of 2021, the country is a recognised candidate for membership of the Euclean Community.
| |
| ==Geography==
| |
| [[File:Dreaming of snow (318977965).jpg|230px|thumb|View of [[Mount Zarkos]], the highest point in Piraea with an altitude of 1,963 mts (6,440 ft).]]
| |
| Piraea extends over a total area of 86,553.60 km<sup>2</sup> (33,418.53 sq mi) and it is entirely located in the southern portion of [[Euclea]], bordering [[Amathia]] to the north, [[Etruria]] to the east and the territory of [[Tarpeia]] to the south. The entirity of Piraea's coastline meets the Acheloian Sea to the west. The centre of Piraea tends to be relatively hilly, with valleys providing enough irrigation and sunlight for the formation of {{wp|vineyards}} and {{wp|olive plantations}}; in the east, south and north, geography presents more difficulties and higher altitudes in what is known as the [[Tarantines]], a sub range of the [[Aventines]] that traverse the regions of [[Foinikas]], [[Lampi]] and [[Samariá]]. The highest point of the country, [[Mount Zarkos]], is part of the Tarantines and is 1,963 mts (6,440 ft) high.
| |
| | |
| Most of the coastline along the [[Souda Riviera]] and [[Sitia]] tends to be relatively flat and highly fertile, with only a mild undulation. The country has three main rivers: the {{wp|river|Erymanthos}}, which is born in a Tarantine peak near the border with Amathia, the {{wp|river|Parnos}}, which makes its way through most of Foinikas, and the {{wp|river|Arda}} — the smallest of the three — that is born in Lampi. All of these conclude in the Acheloian and are considered of vital importance to the Piraese {{wp|eco-system}}. Nevertheless, the cultural presence of the ocean has always been more prevalent and rivers were not important as in other regions to organise life around them.
| |
| | |
| Piraea's convergence of climatic and geographical conditions have resulted in a diversity of flora and fauna, with its distinctive regional geographies providing shelter and optimal development conditions for a wide range of species such as the {{wp|Mediterranean monk seal|Solarian monk seal}}, the {{wp| roe deer}} the {{wp|Balkan lynx|Tarantine lynx}} and others common of the region. Most, if not all, Piraese flore tends to correlate with that of the {{wp|Mediterranean eco-region|Solarian eco-region}}, although in higher regions, flora tends to assimilate with central Euclean types. The {{wp|cedar}}, {{wp|evergreen oak}} and {{wp|olive}} are some of the most common types.
| |
| <gallery mode=packed heights=100px>
| |
| File:NP Lovćen (by Pudelek) 01.jpg|View of the [[Larissos Valley]].
| |
| File:ROSH HANIKRA RH3 ITAMAR GRINBERG IMOT (14301597350).jpg|Rock formations in the coast near [[Tarpeia]].
| |
| File:Pontikonisi.jpg|View of the coast in Sitia.
| |
| File:Brainsik-ermoupoli.jpg|Urban landscape of the town of [[Thytos]].
| |
| File:Festos - Valley of Messara 1.jpg|Olive plantations in central [[Sitia]].
| |
| File:Serra da Estrela, Portugal.jpg|Peaks of the Tarantine range during winter snows.
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| ===Climate===
| |
| [[File:Widok na Perast z zachodu 01.JPG|230px|thumb|left|Summer scene in [[Peristeri]], Region of [[Sitia]]. ]]
| |
| Most of the climate of Piraea, if not all, falls into the category of {{wp|Mediterranean climate|Solarian}}, with slight differences depending on altitude and proximity to the sea. In general terms, Piraea's territory receives moderate precipitation and counts with summers of high temperature. According to the {{wp|Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification}}, the coastaline of Piraea and most of Sitia's highlands are described to have {{wp|hot-summer Mediterranean climate|hot-summer Solarian climate (''Csa'')}} while further inland, summers are milder and are categorised as {{wp|warm-summer Mediterranean climate|warm-summer Solarian climate (''Csb'')}}. A small area east of the region of [[Lampi]] bordering [[Tarpeia]] is considered by metereologists as the driest spot of the country and is categorised as {{wp|hot desert climate|hot desert climate (''BWh'')}}.
| |
| | |
| Average temperatures in most of Piraea tend to vary between 10.2°C (50.4°F) in the coldest month to 29.3°C (84.7°F) in summers. Snowfalls occur during winter season in the interior of Piraea and in most of the mountainous regions; these usually happen between December and February although they can exceptionally extend from November to March. Coastal urban centres, such as Alikianos, also receive brief snowfalls during these months as temperatures abruptly descend to −10.0 °C (14.0 °F) in the higher regions and −6.5°C (20.3°F) in the coasts. These temperatures have largely contributed, together with insolation hours, to Piraea's tourism industry and primary sector of the economy; in average terms, most of Piraea receives 2300 to 3200 hours of sunshine a year, with 4–6 h in winter and 10–12 h in the summer.
| |
| {{Weather box|location = Alikianos-Ioannis Apostolou Air Base Station, Alikianos (1991–2020), Extremes (1890–present)
| |
| |metric first = y
| |
| |single line = y
| |
| |collapsed = y
| |
| |Jan high C = 13.3
| |
| |Feb high C = 14.2
| |
| |Mar high C = 17.0
| |
| |Apr high C = 21.1
| |
| |May high C = 26.5
| |
| |Jun high C = 31.6
| |
| |Jul high C = 34.3
| |
| |Aug high C = 34.3
| |
| |Sep high C = 29.6
| |
| |Oct high C = 24.4
| |
| |Nov high C = 18.9
| |
| |Dec high C = 14.4
| |
| |year high C = 23.3
| |
| |Jan mean C = 10.2
| |
| |Feb mean C = 10.8
| |
| |Mar mean C = 13.1
| |
| |Apr mean C = 16.7
| |
| |May mean C = 21.8
| |
| |Jun mean C = 26.6
| |
| |Jul mean C = 29.3
| |
| |Aug mean C = 29.4
| |
| |Sep mean C = 25.0
| |
| |Oct mean C = 20.3
| |
| |Nov mean C = 15.6
| |
| |Dec mean C = 11.6
| |
| |year mean C = 19.2
| |
| |Jan low C = 7.1
| |
| |Feb low C = 7.3
| |
| |Mar low C = 9.2
| |
| |Apr low C = 12.3
| |
| |May low C = 17.0
| |
| |Jun low C = 21.6
| |
| |Jul low C = 24.2
| |
| |Aug low C = 24.4
| |
| |Sep low C = 20.4
| |
| |Oct low C = 16.2
| |
| |Nov low C = 12.2
| |
| |Dec low C = 8.7
| |
| |year low C = 15.0
| |
| |Jan record high C = 22.6
| |
| |Feb record high C = 25.3
| |
| |Mar record high C = 28.9
| |
| |Apr record high C = 32.2
| |
| |May record high C = 38.4
| |
| |Jun record high C = 44.8
| |
| |Jul record high C = 43.0
| |
| |Aug record high C = 42.6
| |
| |Sep record high C = 38.6
| |
| |Oct record high C = 36.5
| |
| |Nov record high C = 30.5
| |
| |Dec record high C = 22.9
| |
| |Jan record low C = −6.5
| |
| |Feb record low C = −5.7
| |
| |Mar record low C = −2.6
| |
| |Apr record low C = 1.7
| |
| |May record low C = 6.2
| |
| |Jun record low C = 11.8
| |
| |Jul record low C = 16
| |
| |Aug record low C = 15.5
| |
| |Sep record low C = 8.9
| |
| |Oct record low C = 5.9
| |
| |Nov record low C = −1.1
| |
| |Dec record low C = -4.0
| |
| |rain colour = green
| |
| |Jan rain mm = 55.6
| |
| |Feb rain mm = 44.4
| |
| |Mar rain mm = 45.6
| |
| |Apr rain mm = 27.6
| |
| |May rain mm = 20.7
| |
| |Jun rain mm = 11.6
| |
| |Jul rain mm = 10.7
| |
| |Aug rain mm = 5.4
| |
| |Sep rain mm = 25.8
| |
| |Oct rain mm = 38.6
| |
| |Nov rain mm = 70.8
| |
| |Dec rain mm = 76.3
| |
| |Jan humidity = 72.0
| |
| |Feb humidity = 70.0
| |
| |Mar humidity = 66.0
| |
| |Apr humidity = 60.0
| |
| |May humidity = 56.0
| |
| |Jun humidity = 50.0
| |
| |Jul humidity = 42.0
| |
| |Aug humidity = 47.0
| |
| |Sep humidity = 57.0
| |
| |Oct humidity = 66.0
| |
| |Nov humidity = 72.0
| |
| |Dec humidity = 73.0
| |
| |source 1 = [[Piraean National Meteorological Service]]
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| ==Politics and government==
| |
| {{main|Politics of Piraea}}{{multiple image
| |
| | align = right
| |
| | direction = horizontal
| |
| | caption_align = center
| |
| | image1 = Ministru_prezidents_Valdis_Dombrovskis_tiekas_ar_Eiropas_Savienības_(ES)_jūrlietu_un_zivsaimniecības_komisāri_Mariju_Damanaki_(7093055433)_(cropped).jpg
| |
| | width1 = 175
| |
| | caption1 = [[Stella Davakis]]<br /><small>[[Presidency of Piraea|Chairwoman of the Presidency]]</small>
| |
| | image2 = Yair Lapid - portrait.jpg
| |
| | width2 = 175
| |
| | caption2 = [[Stamatios Panopoulos]]<br /><small>[[Premier of Piraea]]</small>
| |
| }}Piraea is a {{wp|unitary}} {{wp|parliamentary republic}}, which is constituted in the [[Constitution of Piraea|1979 Constitution]] of the Third Republic. Exective power is divided between the {{wp|Head of State}} and a {{wp|Head of Government}}; the first is consolidated in the collective figure of the [[Presidency of Piraea|Presidency]], while the second, consists in the figure of [[Premier of Piraea|Premier]], who is appointed by the Chairperson of the Presidency after gaining the {{wp|confidence}} of the legislature. As a {{wp|secular nation}}, the constitution recognises the preponderant position of the [[Episemialist Church]] but grants the state protection of {{wp|religious freedom}}; Piraea's constitution recognises important {{wp|civil rights|civil}} and {{wp|Human Rights}}, {{wp|freedom of speech and expression}}, and the adoption of a {{wp|social state}}.
| |
| | |
| [[File:Detail main facade Building of Parliament of Greece Athens.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Exterior view of the [[Piraean Senate]] in [[Alikianos]], the unicameral legislature of Piraea. ]]
| |
| The Premier and members of the Presidency are elected by universal suffrage by all citizens over 18 years old; however, Premiers are required to gain the declared confidence ({{wp|Greek language|Piraese}}: δεδηλωμένη, {{wp|Romanization of Greek|tr.}} dedilomeni) to be formally appointed by the chairperson of the Presidency. The Presidency is elected for a fixed term of six years, which is renewable only once, with its three seats being occupied by the two parties with the most votes and a chairperson title rotating every two years; members of the Presidency are tasked with ceremonial activities and usually appoint ministers, dissolve legislatures or sign passed bills. The {{wp|legislative power}} of Piraea is vested on the {{wp|unicameral}} [[Piraean Senate]], a legislature comprised of 125 members elected every four years through {{wp|universal suffrage}}. Members of the Senate grant or not confidence to the Head of Government and can call individual or the whole cabinet to resign, forcing general elections, if a {{wp|motion of censure}} achieves the needed majority. The legislature is also tasked with passing laws, supervising the executive and declaring war, among other things. According to the Constitution of the Third Piraese Republic the {{wp|judicial branch}} is divided between civil and administrative courts, with the former dealing with ordinary civil and criminal matters and the former with issues regarding institutional competences or individual cases of disputes between the state and citizens, among others. The judicial system is hierarchically structured, with courts of general jurisdiction on first instances and a Supreme Court of Piraea on top of them, below it, both the civil and administrative courts count with their respective Supreme Courts; when contradictory decisions or disputes between the two arise, the Supreme Court of Piraea is in charge of providing an irrevocable statement.
| |
| | |
| After the return of democracy, the Piraese political world has been dominated by the [[Piraese Socialist Workers Union]] ({{wp|centre-left}}) and the [[People's Party (Piraea)|People's Party]] ({{wp|centre-right}}), which have alternated in power. {{wp|Coalition governments}} are common since the 1980s and the existence of [[List of political parties in Piraea|minor parties]] is considered crucial in the {{wp|governability}} of Piraea supporting executives through confidence. The current legislature, led by the PSEE as the largest force is also composed by 8 political parties.
| |
| ===Foreign relations===
| |
| {{main|Foreign relations of Piraea}}{{see also|Piraea–Euclean Community relations}}
| |
| [[File:Ομιλία ΥΠΕΞ Σ. Λαμπρινίδη στην 66η Γενική Συνέλευση των Ην. Εθνών.jpg|230px|thumb|[[Konstantinos Makratos]], minister of foreign affairs between 2006 and 2010, holding a speech at the [[Community of Nations]]; his figure was crucial in the 2008 political consensus to make the accession to the [[Euclean Community]] a common goal of all political parties.]]
| |
| Piraean relations have been constrained to its political past and geopolitical location in the south of [[Euclea]]. Over the years, it has shifted its main foreign policy axis, gaining {{wp|pragmatism}} that has given it a wide range of nations with which it holds close relations. During the military junta period, Piraea saw an important alignment with other {{wp|authoritarian}} and {{wp|nationalist}} regimes, like [[All-Soravian Union of Republics|ASUR]]; however, during the final years of the dictatorship, Piraea's junta was immersed in a state of {{wp|isolationism}} in the Euclean scenario. The return of democracy took it to explore a gradual approach with the [[Euclean Community]] after an initial failed attempt to gain access to the bloc; during successive socialist governments, the country became gradually aligned with the {{wp|socialist}} world and became an observer of the [[Association of Emerging Socialist Economies|AESE]] and the [[Association for International Socialism|AIS]]; and although it was never considered a member of any of the two, Piraea still holds close ties with [[Kirenia]] and [[Champania]].
| |
| | |
| Since 2008, the most important political parties have reached consensus about the path of accession to the Euclean Community and Piraea has already held talks with communitarian authorities, being recognised as a candidate. In 1994, it was allowed to become a member of the [[Euclean Common Defense Treaty Organization]] and the country aims to become part of the EC by 2024, although a persistent but isolated {{wp|euroscepticism|eucloscepticism}} and the need of institutional reforms might delay the date. The country's claims over [[Tarpeia]] and the [[Apokornas]] have long been an obstacle on the relations with neighbouring [[Etruria]], with which Piraea still holds fraught relations as it actively claims the jurisdiction over both territories, granted in 1946 by the Treaty of Morwall.
| |
| | |
| The country is a founding member of the [[Community of Nations]] and has an active participation as full member of the [[International Council for Democracy|ICD]], the [[Euclean Defence Treaty Organisation|ECDTO]], the [[Global Institute for Fiscal Affairs|GIFA]], and the [[International Trade Organisation|ITO]].
| |
| | |
| ===Administrative divisions===
| |
| Although conceived as a {{wp|unitary}} republic, Piraea is divided into five regions created through the Statute of Autonomy ({{wp|Greek language|Piraese}}: ''κράτος των αυτόνομων'', {{wp|Romanization of Greek|tr.}} ''Krátos Ton Autónomon''), which grants {{wp|devolved powers}}, the creation of regional legislatures and cabinets led by regional {{wp|Minister-President}}s. These regions have the right to discuss and enact policy in their territory in diverse matters, such as education, healthcare, welfare urbanism and budgets, while the State acknowledges regional differences and their nature.
| |
| | |
| Regions are further divided into provinces and these into municipalities, all of them with their smaller models of governing councils, elected by inhabitants of the area for a fixed term of four years. {{wp|Greek language|Piraese}} is the only official language of the country and all of the regions, although in most of them, there is a range of regionally or provincially recognised second language.
| |
| <div style="float: left;margin:0 2em 0 0;">{{Piraean labelled map}}</div>
| |
| | |
| {| style="background:none;" cellspacing="2px"
| |
| |
| |
| {| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;"
| |
| |- style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"
| |
| ! style="width:140px;"| [[Regions|Region]]!! style="width:85px;"| Capital !! style="width:85px;"| Largest city !! nowrap|Minister-President!! style="width:75px;"| Area <br />(km<sup>2</sup>)!! style="width:70px;" | Population (2018)
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Souda Riviera]] || colspan="2" | [[Alikianos]] || [[Stelios Kourides]] ([[Piraese Socialist Workers Union|PSEE]]) || 00,00 || 00
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Lampi]] || colspan="2" | [[Arkadi]] || [[Eleni Anastoglou]] ([[Independent Regionalist Union (Piraea)|APE]]) || 00,00 || 00
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Foinikas]] || [[Gorgolanis]] || [[Voula]] || [[Christoforos Theodoreas]] ([[People's Party (Piraea)|LK]]) || 00,00 || 00
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Sitia]] || colspan="2" | [[Hersonissos]] || [[Kyriakos Pallatos]] ([[Piraese Socialist Workers Union|PSEE]]) || 00,00 || 00
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Samariá]] || colspan="2" | [[Palia (Piraea)|Palia]] || [[Leonidas Ungureanu]] ([[Green Alternative (Piraea)|PEL]]) || 00,00 || 00
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {{clear}}
| |
| {{clear}}
| |
| | |
| ===Armed forces===
| |
| {{main|Piraean Armed Forces}}
| |
| [[File:20151103 christian.timmig TAKE OFFS BEJA PRT 09 (22179028394).jpg|230px|thumb|{{wp|F-16 Fighting Falcon}} from the Piraean Air Force taking off from the [[Alikianos-Ioannis Apostolou Air Base]].]]
| |
| The [[Piraean Armed Forces]] —''Πειραες Ένοπλες Δυνάμεις''— are the military defence of Piraea, they consist in three branches; the [[Piraean Army]], the [[Piraean Navy]] and the [[Piraean Air Force]], branches that are overseen by the Ministry of Defence and subordinated to the [[Presidency of Piraea|Chairperson of the Presidency]], who acts as {{wp|Commander-in-Chief}}. The role of the armed forces is defined by the Constitution of the Third Republic as to safeguard independence, sovereignty and the integrity of its territory from foreign interventions; however, in recent years, Piraese armed forces have also been tasked with peacekeeping missions and emergency relief tasks during national disasters. Conscription remained in place until 1989, when it was eliminated via referendum; Piraea sees an average 194 new trainees every year.
| |
| | |
| Since the entry of the country to the [[Euclean Common Defense Treaty Organization]], the armed forces have also embraced the protection of international peace as a core value on its joint exercises with foreign forces; currently, there are three different deployments of Piraean soldiers abroad in [[Rahelia]] and [[Bahia]]. Presence and influence of the military in society is an ongoing discussion among political circles in Piraea, which remained reticent to expand the role of the forces after the end of the junta period. As of 2021, the country attributed 1.2% of its total GDP to the military budget.
| |
| | |
| ==Economy==
| |
| {{main|Economy of Piraea}}
| |
| [[File:Praia da Marinha (2012-09-27), by Klugschnacker in Wikipedia (86).JPG|200px|thumb|Cliffs and beach in the coast of the [[Souda Riviera]]; tourism leads the services sector in Piraea, thanks to its well developed infrastructure and favourable climate conditions. ]]
| |
| Piraea is a {{wp|developed}} and {{wp|high-income}} economy, with a {{wp|high standard of living}}, although still behind other [[Euclea]]n nations. The country has a {{wp|GDP (PPP)}} of $207.062 billion and a {{wp|GDP per capita|per capita}} of $27,664, it also ranks very high in {{wp|Human Development Index}} (0.870) and has a comparably low {{wp|social inequality}} according to the {{wp|Gini index}} (29.7). Piraeans count with a large welfare net built over the years and the country has developed a high rate of home ownership between the 1970s and 80s as well as a highly skilled labour force; however, the country has a high {{wp|unemployment}} rate (15.5% as reported in 2020) and an even higher rate of {{wp|youth unemployent}} (33.7% recorded the same year) as well as a large diaspora living mainly in other Euclean nations.
| |
| | |
| [[File:Tel-Aviv AzrielyTowers T36.jpg|220px|thumb|left|{{wp|Azriely Towers|Piraeus Centre}} buildings in [[Alikianos]], the financial heart of Piraea and an important business centre for South Euclea.]]
| |
| The economy of Piraea is driven in its majority by a large {{wp|services sector}}, which accounts for a 79.1% of its total output and employs nearly 80% of the total workforce in financial activities, transport and communications, retail and tourism. Piraea receives between 14.7 and 19.4 million tourists per year, which makes of tourism a vital industry in several regions and turns Piraea into one of the most visited countries in the Euclean continent. The {{wp|secondary sector}} accounts for 16.9% of the total Piraese GDP and consists mainly in {{wp|commercial shipbuilding}}, the production of cement, marble and aluminium, in addition to a recent booming chemical industry. Piraea is also one of the main Euclean contributors of aliments; the the {{wp|primary sector of the economy}} accounts for 4.1% of the country's output and employs 12.6% of the total workforce. The country is a leading exporter of {{wp|pistachio}}s, {{wp|diary products}}, {{wp|olive}}s and oils, and several types of fruits and vegetables as well as its internationally renowned wine industry. Piraea is home to a number of notable companies with presence in Euclea, such as [[Sarkiades]], a leading {{wp|retailer}}; [[Pedio]], a cooperatively owned clothing retailer; [[Tsimpir]], one of the world's largest cement producers; [[ALK Kellakos]], a worldwide leading shipbuilding; [[EDE A.E.]], the country's largest electricity producer and [[Air Piraea]], the Piraea's {{wp|flag-carrier}} and leading airline with links to Euclea, [[Coius]] and [[Asteria Superior]].
| |
| | |
| Although severely damaged from budget cuts during the early 2000s and after the 2005 global recession, Piraean governments have achieved to effectively modernise most the welfare state as the political establishment has actively assured macroeconomic stability. At the end of the 1990s and the new millennium, the [[List of premiers of Piraea| Kondoulis]] and [[List of premiers of Piraea|Polakis-Kritikiadis]] administrations assured large privatisation and demonopolisation packages. The accession process to the [[Euclean Community]] has granted Piraean governments with stable flows of {{wp|foreign investment}} and led important legislation in labour and other economic aspects. Piraea's official currency is the [[Piraean Lira|Lira]] (Λίρα; ₺), however, the {{wp|Euro|Euclo}} is widely used and accepted despite the country's not adherence to the Euclozone.
| |
| ===Agriculture===
| |
| [[File:Fruit yards and Athens in the distance (50451512966).jpg|230px|thumb|Fruit yards in the coast of the region of [[Sitia]]; agriculture, while small in comparison with other industries, is vital in the economy of several Piraese regions.]]
| |
| Piraea is considered a leading producer of aliments, wines and oils, and counts with a highly skilled and developed agricultural sector. It accounts for 4.1% of the country's total economic output and employed, in 2020, approximately 12.6% of the total workforce. The regions of Sitia and the Souda Riviera have specialised, over time, in the production of diverse fruits, {{wp|fine wines}} and {{wp|oil}}s; while the mainland of Sitia and Foinikas, owe their large {{wp|wheat}} and {{wp|cereal}} production to their drier climates and are considered the "{{wp|bread basket}}s of Piraea"; Samariá and Lampi are characterised by their contributions to farming, mostly through {{wp|extensive farming|extensive methods}}.
| |
| | |
| Both climatic and topographic conditions contribute to the Piraese specialisation in {{wp|fine wines}}, {{wp|olives}} and {{wp|olive oils}}, {{wp|pistachios}}, {{wp|tomatoes}}, {{wp|green vegetables}} and {{wp|dairy products}}. More recently, the {{wp|pulp and paper industry}} have also grew significantly, having a powerful impact in both landscapes and rural communities and as a result, these companies are, since 2010, subject to tight environmental controls and legislation. Agriculture in Piraea distinguishes from other Euclean nations in that it is based in family-owned units and cooperatives, which has enabled a more diverse and intense production as well as a comparably low inequality in the countryside. However, in recent years, an {{wp|intensive farming}} export-oriented model has been fuelled by some of the largest {{wp|agrobusinesses}} conglomerates.
| |
| ===Labour market===
| |
| {{see also|General Confederation of Piraese Workers}}
| |
| ===Energy and telecommunications===
| |
| {{see also|EDE A.E.}}
| |
| ===Transport and infrastructure===
| |
| {{see also|Trena Piraea|Air Piraea}}
| |
| | |
| ==Demographics==
| |
| ===Religion===
| |
| ===Largest cities==={{Largest cities
| |
| | name = Largest cities of Piraea
| |
| | country = Piraea
| |
| | stat_ref = [[Statics Piraea]]
| |
| | list_by_pop = List of towns and cities in Lehavim
| |
| | class = nav
| |
| | div_name = Province
| |
| | div_link = Provinces of Lehavim{{!}}Province
| |
| | name_link = List of towns and cities in Piraea
| |
| | |
| |city_1 = Alikianos
| |
| |div_1 = Souda Riviera
| |
| |pop_1 = 1,380,508
| |
| |img_1 = Skyline of Tel Aviv (34324506705).jpg
| |
| | |
| |city_2 = Kissamos
| |
| |div_2 = Souda Riviera
| |
| |pop_2 = 324,676
| |
| |img_2 = Venetian Arsenals in Heraklion Crete.jpg
| |
| | |
| |city_3 = Hersonissos
| |
| |div_3 = Sitia
| |
| |pop_3 = 267,121
| |
| |img_3 = Old Port and historical center of Dubrovnik, Croatia, a view from the south (48613003236).jpg
| |
| | |
| |city_4 = Tylissos
| |
| |div_4 = Souda Riviera
| |
| |pop_4 = 144,046
| |
| |img_4 = Chania R01.jpg
| |
| | |
| |city_5 = Voula
| |
| |div_5 = Foinikas
| |
| |pop_5 = 120,833
| |
| | |
| |city_6 = Rouvas
| |
| |div_6 = Sitia
| |
| |pop_6 = 96,157
| |
| | |
| |city_7 = Gorgolainis
| |
| |div_7 = Foinikas
| |
| |pop_7 = 82,921
| |
| | |
| |city_8 =
| |
| |div_8 =
| |
| |pop_8 =
| |
| | |
| |city_9 =
| |
| |div_9 =
| |
| |pop_9 =
| |
| | |
| |city_10 =
| |
| |div_10 =
| |
| |pop_10 =
| |
| | |
| }}
| |
| ===Education===
| |
| ===Healthcare===
| |
| ==Culture==
| |
| ===Architecture===
| |
| ===Art===
| |
| ===Media===
| |
| {{see also|List of newspapers in Piraea|Piraean Radio and Television}}
| |
| [[File:Quiosque na Praça 8 de Maio, Figueira da Foz.jpg|230px|thumb|Newsstand of newspapers and magazines in a public square of [[Alikianos]]]]
| |
| Piraea's public and cultural life are marked by a varied but long standing tradition of {{wp|paper press}}. Although heavily restricted during the period of the Second Republic, the constitution of the Third Piraean Republic enshrines {{wp|press freedom}} and is committed to protect it from any threat; as such, Piraea has continuously ranked high in press freedom regionally and journalists face little censorship. In 2020, the newspapers with the largest circulation were [[O Kosmos]] ({{wp|newspaper of record}} generally aligned with the {{wp|centre-left}}), [[Dimokratia]] ({{wp|centre-right}}) and [[Express]] (liberal economic newspaper); there are also important newspapers focused in specific issues, [[Ole]] (landmark sports newspaper) and political parties usually count with their own outlets. Similarly, newspapers generally count with their magazines.
| |
| | |
| Cable or satellite TV is well expanded throughout the territory of Piraea, which makes it a valuable market in South Euclea. The country's {{wp|state-broadcaster}}, [[Piraean Radio and Television]] (Πειραιηκή Ραδιοφωνία Τηλεόραση; PRT), is the most viewed television broadcaster and counts with a dominant position in the radio market with its four three television channels and two radios leading {{wp|prime times}} every year; it is a member of the [[Euclean Union of Broadcasting]].
| |
| ===Sports===
| |
| [[File:Maria Sakkari (49744484953).jpg|230px|thumb|[[Korinna Politopoulou]], one of the most famous Piraean tennis player of the decade during the [[Estmere|Morwall Open]].]]
| |
| ===National holidays===
| |
