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{{Infobox legislature
{{wip}}
|name               = Comhthionól Náisiúnta
{{Infobox officeholder
|legislature        =  
|honorific-prefix =
|coa_pic           = Seanad Logo.png
|name             = Niamh Nic Uilliam
|coa_res            = 150px
|honorific-suffix =  
|session_room       = Plenisalen.jpg
|image           = Niamh Nic Uilliam 1.jpg
| session_res       = 150px
| image_size        = 200px
|house_type         = {{wp|Lower house}}
|caption          = Nic Uilliam in 2001
|body              =
|alt              =
|leader1_type       =  
|office          = [[Taoiseach of Caldia]]
|leader1            =  
|monarch          = [[Ellen II of Caldia|Ellen II]]<br>[[Elton II of Caldia|Elton II]]
|party1            =  
|deputy          = Conán Mac Donnchadh<br>[[Séamus Ó Faoláin]]
|members            =  
|term_start       = 15 June 1992
|structure1        =  
|term_end        = 17 March 2002
|structure1_res     =  
|predecessor      = [[Patricia Flowers]]
|term_length       =  
|successor       = Séamus Ó Faoláin
|established    = 1857
|office1          = [[Comhthionól Náisiúnta|Leader of Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition]]
|disbanded    = 2021
|monarch1         = Ellen II
|voting_system1     =
|taoiseach1  =
|redistricting      =  
|term_start1      = 21 June 1987
|meeting_place      = Comhthionól Chamber<br />[[Carrowdun Palace]], [[Spálgleann]]
|term_end1        = 15 June 1992
|website           =  
|predecessor1    =  
|successor1       =  
|office2          =
|leader2      =  
|deputy2          =  
|term_start2      = 14 April 1985
|term_end2        = 21 June 1987
|predecessor2     =  
|successor2      =
|office3          = [[Social Democratic Party (Caldia)|Leader of the Social Democrats]]
|term_start3      = 21 June 1987
|term_end3       = 4 August 2001
|predecessor3    =
|successor3      =
|office4          = [[Euclean Parliament|Member of the Euclean Parliament]]
|leader4          =  
|term_start4      = 3 September 2004
|term_end4        = 15 July 2009
|predecessor4     =  
|successor4      =  
|office5          = [[Comhthionól Náisiúnta|Teachta Comhthionól]]<br>for Tóinderry-Adhmaburgh
|term_start5      = 12 June 1982 - 1 January 2004
|term_end5        =
|predecessor5    =
|successor5      =
|majority5        =
|birth_name      = Niamh Nic Uilliam
|birth_date      = {{Birth date and age|1949|02|27|df=yes}}
|birth_place      = Adhmaburgh, [[Counties of Caldia#Tóinderry|County Tóinderry]], [[Caldia]]
|death_date      =
|death_place      =
|party           = [[Social Democratic Party (Caldia)|Social Democrats]]
|spouse          = Eilís Nic Cheallach
|children        = 3 children
|residence        =  
}}
}}


The '''Comhthionól Náisiúnta''' (literally "National Assembly") was the {{wp|lower house}} of the {{wp|Bicameralism|bicameral}} [[Tionól (Bicameral)|Tionól]] of [[Caldia]] from 1857 until 2021. It was also the principal chamber. During the bicameral period, the {{wp|upper house}} was the [[Seanad Glaíteann]] (literally "{{wp|Senate}} of Caldia").
'''Niamh Nic Uilliam''' (born 27 February 1949) is a retired Caldish politician and served as the [[Taoiseach of Caldia]] from 1992 to 2002. She was the leader of the Caldish [[Social Democratic Party (Caldia)|Social Democratic Party]] from 1987 until 2001. From 2004 until 2009 she was a member of the [[Euclean Parliament]].  


The chamber's powers were similar to those of lower houses under many other bicameral parliamentary systems. It became the dominant chamber of the Tionól starting in 1965. It had the power to pass any law it wishes. It was also responsible for nominating nominate and removing the [[Taoiseach of Caldia|taoiseach]], who had to belong to the chamber.
Nic Uilliam is remembered for reforms made to education, welfare, and the environment in addition to the [[2001-2002 Caldish government crisis]]. She was the first taoiseach to be removed from the office by the [[Monarchy of Caldia|Caldish monarch]] in the nation's history.  


It had 399 members who were directly elected every five years. 200 of its members were elected from multi-member constituencies and the remaining 199 members were elected using a party list proportional method.  
==Early life==
Nic Uilliam was born to a middle class family in Adhmaburgh, [[Counties of Caldia#Tóinderry|County Tóinderry]]. Her parents were Muirís Mac Uilliam, a secondary school teacher, and Deirbhile Nic Beathag, a university professor. She spent her childhood in her native Adhmaburgh where she attended school. Nic Uilliam studied at St Adomnán's University and received a degree in education. She then studied early childhood education at the University of Verlois and obtained a masters degree. While at university, she was involved in the [[Social Democratic Party (Caldia)|Social Democratic Party]]'s student union.


The chamber effectively became the {{wp|unicameralism|unicameral}} [[Tionól]] starting on 12 May 2021.
After university, she worked as a primary school teacher in County Tóinderry and became active within the Caldish Teachers' Union (AMG).


==Origins and history==
==Political career==
The Comhthionól was established by the Instrument for Governance Act of 1857, the first major amendment to the 1814 constitution. The legislation came from a movement known as the [[Silent Revolution]], which sought to reform Caldish politics and liberalize society. The need for reforms was identified by [[Dónall Ó Conaill]] and his liberal allies, who worried about a popular uprising following similar revolts in Euclea.


The chamber was composed of 400 elected members, who were known as Teachti Comhthionól (TCs). TCs were to be elected from constituencies across the nation under a {{wp|First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post system}}. Two TCs were chosen for each electoral district, with the two candidates receiving the most votes by plurality winning the seat. From its creation in 1857 until 1965, it had the same powers as the [[Seanad Glaíteann]]. The chamber had less control over legislation due to the status of the Comhthionól, but did have say over the budget. If the two chambers were in disagreement, issues had to be re-addressed through the submission of a new joint proposal. These proposals were facilitated by standing committees consisting of members from both chambers
===Member of the Comhthionól===
She was first elected as a member of the [[Comhthionól Náisiúnta]] in 1982 for the Tóinderry-Adhmaburgh constituency. Her election was supported by the teachers' union and she worked closely with the AMG while in the Comhthionól.  


In 1965, the number of TCs was reduced from 400 to 399 in order to end the practice of drawing [[sortition|lot]]s when a vote in the chamber ended in a deadlock. The Comhthionól also became the principal chamber as the powers of the Seanad were significantly reduced through the Instrument for Governance of 1965.
Nic Uilliam supported education reform efforts that failed to materialize. She was a frequent critic of [[Patricia Flowers]] but also dissented from the PSD's leadership. This resulted in her reassignment from more influential committees to less important ones in 1983. However, she later became the party's spokesperson for education.  


==Composition==
In 1985, Nic Uilliam became deputy leader of the Social Democrats with Fíona Nic Chonsaidín. After the PSD's defeat in the 1987 election, she was elected leader of the party. As party leader, she criticized the Flowers government for being too extreme in its support of {{wp|economic liberalism}} and called for a more moderate approach. Her positions differed with the PSD's traditional support for socialism, which lost electoral support after the 1970s recession. She adopted moderate economic positions and supported what she described as "sensible socialism".  
The Comhthionól Náisiúnta had 399 members.The number has occasionally been changed. The chamber originally had 400 members but that number was reduced to 399 in 1965 to end the practice of the "lottery Comhthionól". A member of the Comhthionól was known as a Teachta Comhthionól (TC) or a or a ''Deputy of the Assembly''. At the time of its abolition, membership of the Comhthionól was open to Caldish citizens who are 18 or older. Originally, this membership was open to those 25 years or older.  


Members were directly elected at least once every five years by the electorate of Caldia under a {{wp|mixed-member proportional representation}} system. Its 399 seats were divided into 200 multi-member constituencies and 199 seats that were allocated based on a party's vote share using an {{wp|open list}}. Parties needed to pass a threshold of 2.5% to qualify to win list seats. There were XX multi-member constituencies. Each consistency had between three and five members. Members were elected using a version of {{wp|single-transferable vote}} known as the Ní Dochartaigh method. Under this process, voters rank candidates by first and second preference. Unlike other methods of single transferable vote, they can only rank candidates in this order and cannot transfer their vote to more than one additional candidate.
In the 1992 election, the Social Democrats' had their best electoral performance since 1935. The party won a 221 seats in the Comhthionól, a majority.  


As of 2021, Comhthionól electorate consisted of Caldish citizens, EC citizens living in Caldia, and residents over 18 years of age who are registered to vote in Caldia. Under the Constitution of Caldia a general election for Comhthionól Náisiúnta must occur once in every five years. The taoiseach was able to make a request to the monarch to effectively dissolve the Comhthionól at any time, meaning a general election had to occur within sixty days. The Monarch had the constitutional authority to refuse to dissolve the Comhthionól, and ask the Comhthionól to form an alternative government without a general election taking place. The Comhthionól could also pass a motion of no-confidence in the government, triggering a snap election within sixty days.
===Taoiseach===
Nic Uilliam was installed as taoiseach by a vote of the Comhthionól on 15 June 1992 and became the youngest person to hold the office at that time. She formed the first PSD majority government since 1967. Early hopes that her government would reverse much of the previous government's economic policy faded as Nic Uilliam's cabinet came from the PSD's right faction.  


==Leadership==
After coming to power, Nic Uilliam sought to reform the education system and continue to expand the economy. She favored free trade and opposed protectionism and supported targeted economic intervention. Her government also expanded public assistance programs, reversing cuts made by her predecessor. Nic Uilliam declined to raise the corporate tax rate or personal income tax rates. The shift in Caldia's economic development away from agriculture and industry was reflected in Nic Uilliam's education policy. The government worked to meet the demand for a highly-educated workforce resulting from Caldia's emerging {{wp|Knowledge economy|knowledge-based economy}}.
 
Nic Uilliam supported the creation of the State Pension Fund in 1993 and later sponsored the creation of the State Investment Fund in 1995. During her second term, she worked to create the third state sovereign wealth fund: the State Expenditure Fund.
 
Throughout her tenure she supported deeper integration of the [[Euclean Community]] and her government implemented policies that kept Caldia on track for membership in the [[Euclean Community#euclozone|euclozone]]. Nic Uilliam also supported the establishment of free trade agreements between the EC and aligned economies.
 
Her support for economic liberalism resulted in party infighting within the PSD. In the run up to the 1997 election, a splinter group formed the [[Industrial Labour Party]].
 
She led the Social Democrats into the 1997 election and was re-elected. Her party lost its majority and initially Nic Uilliam struggled to secure majority support for her government. In July 1997, a coalition agreement was reached with the [[The Greens (Caldia)|Green Party]]. The [[Centre Party (Caldia)|Centre Party]] agreed to support the government's installment and budget proposals, allowing Nic Uilliam to form a second government. Her second term failed to materialize in significant legislation. Environmental protection laws were strengthened in 1998 and expanded again 2001. However, Nic Uilliam failed to pass much of her desired agenda. Her popularity began to wane and the PSD lost support in opinion polls and local elections.
 
In August 2001, she was replaced as party leader by [[Séamus Ó Faoláin]], her deputy. However, Nic Uilliam refused to step down as taoiseach. This triggered a [[2001-2002 Caldish government crisis|political crisis]] that would last until she was eventually removed by the office. Both Nic Uillian and Ó Faoláin sought the mediation of Caldia's long-serving monarch, [[Ellen II of Caldia|Ellen II]]. Her abdication in February 2002 further complicated the unresolved government crisis. Her successor, Elton II, had little political experience. Ó Faoláin and the PSD's senior leadership lobbied the monarch to dismiss Ni Uilliam as Taoiseach and appoint Ó Faoláin. Nic Uillian was removed from her office by the monarch on 17 March 2002. This resulted in significant controversy. It quickly became an issue for the 2002 general election, which the PSD later went on to lose.
 
Nic Uilliam continued to server in the Comhthionól until she resigned in January 2004.
 
===Euclean Parliament===
Nic Uilliam was elected to the [[Euclean Parliament]] in 2004. She was re-elected in 2009 and retired at the 2014 election. She sat on both the Culture and Education Committee and the Foreign Affairs Committee. She was assigned to the Subcommittee on Human Rights, which she chaired from 2009 to 2014.
 
She mostly focused on expanding the Euclean Community's support for education and research. Nic Uilliam also spoke out against human rights abuses. At times, she was critical of the Euclean Commission for its response to human rights violations.
 
===After politics===
Nic Uilliam left politics in 2014 and has since worked with international non-profits. Her non-profit work has mostly centered on women's issues, including expanding girls' access to education globally. She has partnered with the [[Community of Nations]] on this issues in addition to philanthropic organizations. In 2019 Nic Uilliam was appointed to lead the Vamvakas Foundation, a philanthropic organization established by Caldo-Piraean billionaire Evangelos Vamvakas.
 
In 2017, she became a consultant for the Sotherby Group, an Estmere-based financial services company for which she is reported to be paid €150,000 annually.
 
==Personal life==
Nic Uilliam is married to Eilís Nic Cheallach, a lawyer. The two have been married since 1973. Together, they have three children and have maintained residences in both Adhmaburgh and [[Spálgleann]]. Her youngest daughter, Saoirse, was killed in an automobile accident in 2018. She has two grandchildren.
 
She is a member of the [[Church of Caldia]] and considers herself to be a practicing {{wp|Christian|Sotirian}}.
==Legacy==
Nic Uilliam remains a controversial figure among the Caldish left. While she is regarded by political commentators for bringing the Social Democrats back into the mainstream, she divided her party. Initially, her portrayal as  a moderate and pragmatic alternative to the more right-wing [[Patricia Flowers]] proved popular. Her carefully crafted public image contributed to her early popularity. However, her commitment to economic liberalism lost her support from among the PSD's traditional working class base. Nic Uilliam brought new, moderate middle class voters to the party at the expense of the working class vote. She was accused of abandoning socialism and the working class, earning criticism from members of her own party and affiliated trade unions.
 
The party infighting that plagued the later years of her leadership also had a long-lasting effect on the party. The PSD lost the 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017 elections, a historic first. The party only returned to governance after the [[2019 Caldish general election|2019 snap election]].
 
She is best remembered for her comprehensive reforms to the Caldish education system. Nic Uilliam is often credited as being responsible for Caldia's status as a model for education. Her government was also the first to expand environmental protection laws in Caldia. The establishment of the State Pension Fun and the Caldish government's additional soverign wealth funds are also among her achievements.

Latest revision as of 01:30, 10 August 2021

Niamh Nic Uilliam
Niamh Nic Uilliam 1.jpg
Nic Uilliam in 2001
Taoiseach of Caldia
In office
15 June 1992 – 17 March 2002
MonarchEllen II
Elton II
DeputyConán Mac Donnchadh
Séamus Ó Faoláin
Preceded byPatricia Flowers
Succeeded bySéamus Ó Faoláin
Leader of Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition
In office
21 June 1987 – 15 June 1992
MonarchEllen II
In office
14 April 1985 – 21 June 1987
Leader of the Social Democrats
In office
21 June 1987 – 4 August 2001
Member of the Euclean Parliament
In office
3 September 2004 – 15 July 2009
Teachta Comhthionól
for Tóinderry-Adhmaburgh
Assumed office
12 June 1982 - 1 January 2004
Personal details
Born
Niamh Nic Uilliam

(1949-02-27) 27 February 1949 (age 75)
Adhmaburgh, County Tóinderry, Caldia
Political partySocial Democrats
SpouseEilís Nic Cheallach
Children3 children

Niamh Nic Uilliam (born 27 February 1949) is a retired Caldish politician and served as the Taoiseach of Caldia from 1992 to 2002. She was the leader of the Caldish Social Democratic Party from 1987 until 2001. From 2004 until 2009 she was a member of the Euclean Parliament.

Nic Uilliam is remembered for reforms made to education, welfare, and the environment in addition to the 2001-2002 Caldish government crisis. She was the first taoiseach to be removed from the office by the Caldish monarch in the nation's history.

Early life

Nic Uilliam was born to a middle class family in Adhmaburgh, County Tóinderry. Her parents were Muirís Mac Uilliam, a secondary school teacher, and Deirbhile Nic Beathag, a university professor. She spent her childhood in her native Adhmaburgh where she attended school. Nic Uilliam studied at St Adomnán's University and received a degree in education. She then studied early childhood education at the University of Verlois and obtained a masters degree. While at university, she was involved in the Social Democratic Party's student union.

After university, she worked as a primary school teacher in County Tóinderry and became active within the Caldish Teachers' Union (AMG).

Political career

Member of the Comhthionól

She was first elected as a member of the Comhthionól Náisiúnta in 1982 for the Tóinderry-Adhmaburgh constituency. Her election was supported by the teachers' union and she worked closely with the AMG while in the Comhthionól.

Nic Uilliam supported education reform efforts that failed to materialize. She was a frequent critic of Patricia Flowers but also dissented from the PSD's leadership. This resulted in her reassignment from more influential committees to less important ones in 1983. However, she later became the party's spokesperson for education.

In 1985, Nic Uilliam became deputy leader of the Social Democrats with Fíona Nic Chonsaidín. After the PSD's defeat in the 1987 election, she was elected leader of the party. As party leader, she criticized the Flowers government for being too extreme in its support of economic liberalism and called for a more moderate approach. Her positions differed with the PSD's traditional support for socialism, which lost electoral support after the 1970s recession. She adopted moderate economic positions and supported what she described as "sensible socialism".

In the 1992 election, the Social Democrats' had their best electoral performance since 1935. The party won a 221 seats in the Comhthionól, a majority.

Taoiseach

Nic Uilliam was installed as taoiseach by a vote of the Comhthionól on 15 June 1992 and became the youngest person to hold the office at that time. She formed the first PSD majority government since 1967. Early hopes that her government would reverse much of the previous government's economic policy faded as Nic Uilliam's cabinet came from the PSD's right faction.

After coming to power, Nic Uilliam sought to reform the education system and continue to expand the economy. She favored free trade and opposed protectionism and supported targeted economic intervention. Her government also expanded public assistance programs, reversing cuts made by her predecessor. Nic Uilliam declined to raise the corporate tax rate or personal income tax rates. The shift in Caldia's economic development away from agriculture and industry was reflected in Nic Uilliam's education policy. The government worked to meet the demand for a highly-educated workforce resulting from Caldia's emerging knowledge-based economy.

Nic Uilliam supported the creation of the State Pension Fund in 1993 and later sponsored the creation of the State Investment Fund in 1995. During her second term, she worked to create the third state sovereign wealth fund: the State Expenditure Fund.

Throughout her tenure she supported deeper integration of the Euclean Community and her government implemented policies that kept Caldia on track for membership in the euclozone. Nic Uilliam also supported the establishment of free trade agreements between the EC and aligned economies.

Her support for economic liberalism resulted in party infighting within the PSD. In the run up to the 1997 election, a splinter group formed the Industrial Labour Party.

She led the Social Democrats into the 1997 election and was re-elected. Her party lost its majority and initially Nic Uilliam struggled to secure majority support for her government. In July 1997, a coalition agreement was reached with the Green Party. The Centre Party agreed to support the government's installment and budget proposals, allowing Nic Uilliam to form a second government. Her second term failed to materialize in significant legislation. Environmental protection laws were strengthened in 1998 and expanded again 2001. However, Nic Uilliam failed to pass much of her desired agenda. Her popularity began to wane and the PSD lost support in opinion polls and local elections.

In August 2001, she was replaced as party leader by Séamus Ó Faoláin, her deputy. However, Nic Uilliam refused to step down as taoiseach. This triggered a political crisis that would last until she was eventually removed by the office. Both Nic Uillian and Ó Faoláin sought the mediation of Caldia's long-serving monarch, Ellen II. Her abdication in February 2002 further complicated the unresolved government crisis. Her successor, Elton II, had little political experience. Ó Faoláin and the PSD's senior leadership lobbied the monarch to dismiss Ni Uilliam as Taoiseach and appoint Ó Faoláin. Nic Uillian was removed from her office by the monarch on 17 March 2002. This resulted in significant controversy. It quickly became an issue for the 2002 general election, which the PSD later went on to lose.

Nic Uilliam continued to server in the Comhthionól until she resigned in January 2004.

Euclean Parliament

Nic Uilliam was elected to the Euclean Parliament in 2004. She was re-elected in 2009 and retired at the 2014 election. She sat on both the Culture and Education Committee and the Foreign Affairs Committee. She was assigned to the Subcommittee on Human Rights, which she chaired from 2009 to 2014.

She mostly focused on expanding the Euclean Community's support for education and research. Nic Uilliam also spoke out against human rights abuses. At times, she was critical of the Euclean Commission for its response to human rights violations.

After politics

Nic Uilliam left politics in 2014 and has since worked with international non-profits. Her non-profit work has mostly centered on women's issues, including expanding girls' access to education globally. She has partnered with the Community of Nations on this issues in addition to philanthropic organizations. In 2019 Nic Uilliam was appointed to lead the Vamvakas Foundation, a philanthropic organization established by Caldo-Piraean billionaire Evangelos Vamvakas.

In 2017, she became a consultant for the Sotherby Group, an Estmere-based financial services company for which she is reported to be paid €150,000 annually.

Personal life

Nic Uilliam is married to Eilís Nic Cheallach, a lawyer. The two have been married since 1973. Together, they have three children and have maintained residences in both Adhmaburgh and Spálgleann. Her youngest daughter, Saoirse, was killed in an automobile accident in 2018. She has two grandchildren.

She is a member of the Church of Caldia and considers herself to be a practicing Sotirian.

Legacy

Nic Uilliam remains a controversial figure among the Caldish left. While she is regarded by political commentators for bringing the Social Democrats back into the mainstream, she divided her party. Initially, her portrayal as a moderate and pragmatic alternative to the more right-wing Patricia Flowers proved popular. Her carefully crafted public image contributed to her early popularity. However, her commitment to economic liberalism lost her support from among the PSD's traditional working class base. Nic Uilliam brought new, moderate middle class voters to the party at the expense of the working class vote. She was accused of abandoning socialism and the working class, earning criticism from members of her own party and affiliated trade unions.

The party infighting that plagued the later years of her leadership also had a long-lasting effect on the party. The PSD lost the 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017 elections, a historic first. The party only returned to governance after the 2019 snap election.

She is best remembered for her comprehensive reforms to the Caldish education system. Nic Uilliam is often credited as being responsible for Caldia's status as a model for education. Her government was also the first to expand environmental protection laws in Caldia. The establishment of the State Pension Fun and the Caldish government's additional soverign wealth funds are also among her achievements.

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