This article belongs to the lore of Anteria.

Renian language: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
m (Added IPA)
 
(48 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{WIP}}
{{Region icon Anteria}}{{WIP}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name            = Gadori<!-- language-->
| name            = Renian<!-- language-->
| altname = Gadoreini, Gadorieni
| altname = Reneini, Renish
| nativename = Gadoꭈije Jpraȝe
| nativename = Reniʃe Ʃpraȝe
| acceptance =  
| acceptance =  
| image            = GadorienFlag.png
| image            = ReniaFlag.png
| imagesize        = <!-- or image_size -->
| imagesize        = <!-- or image_size -->
| imagealt        =  
| imagealt        =  
| imagecaption    = Ethnic flag of Storvans
| imagecaption    = Ethnic flag of Renia
| pronunciation= [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|/gadoːriʃe ʃpʀaːxe/]] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=gado%CB%90ri%CA%83e%20%CA%83p%CA%80a%CB%90xe&voice=Ruben]]
| pronunciation= [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|/gadoːriʃe ʃpʀaːxe/]] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=gado%CB%90ri%CA%83e%20%CA%83p%CA%80a%CB%90xe&voice=Ruben]]
| states          = {{Tree list}}
| states          = {{Tree list}}
*{{flag|Gadorien}}{{Tree list/end}}
*{{flag|Renia}}{{Tree list/end}}
| region          = Southern [[Thuadia]]
| region          = Southern [[Thuadia]]
| ethnicity        = Gadori
| ethnicity        = Gadori
Line 17: Line 17:
| speakers2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language L2]: ~5,300,000<br>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language FL]: <80,000
| speakers2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language L2]: ~5,300,000<br>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language FL]: <80,000
| familycolor = Indo-European
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam1            = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages Thuado-Thrismaran]
| fam1            = [[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]]
| fam2            = [[wikipedia:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
| fam2            = [[wikipedia:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
| fam3            = [[wikipedia:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
| fam3            = South-Thuadian Germanic
| protoname        = Proto-Gadori
| fam4            = Renic
| protoname        = Proto-Renian
| ancestor        =  
| ancestor        =  
| ancestor2        =  
| ancestor2        =  
Line 35: Line 36:
| posteriori      =  
| posteriori      =  
| nation          = {{Tree list}}
| nation          = {{Tree list}}
*{{flag|Gadorien}}
*{{flag|Renia}}
*{{flag|Sekidean Union}}
*{{flag|Sekidean Union}}
| minority =
| minority =
Line 83: Line 84:
| notice          = IPA
| notice          = IPA
}}
}}
Gadori language is the official language of the [[Gadorien|Empire of Gadorien]], and one of the official languages of the [[Sekidean Union]].
The '''Renian language''' is the official language of the [[Renia]], and one of the official languages of the [[Sekidean Union]].
=Orthography and phonology=
{{Main|Renian orthography}}
==Alphabet==
==Alphabet==
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
{| style="<!--font-family:Arial Unicode MS;--> font-size:1.5<!--1.3-->em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''A a'''<br>/a ~ ä/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Å å'''<br>/ɒ ~ ʌ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ɒ ɒ
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ꞛ ꞛ'''<br>/ɛ ~ æ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ꞛ ꞛ
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''B b'''<br>/b/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B b
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''C c'''<br>/ʦ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C c
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ƈ ƈ'''<br>/ʧ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ƈ ƈ
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''D d'''<br>/d/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D d
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''E e'''<br>/e/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''F f'''<br>/f/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | F f
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''G g'''<br>/g/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G g
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''H h'''<br>/ɦ ~ h/
|-
|-
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ħ ħ'''<br>/θ ~ ð/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | H h
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ȝ ȝ'''<br>/x/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ħ ħ
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''I i'''<br>/i/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ȝ ȝ
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''J j'''<br>/ʃ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''ȷ'''<br>/ʒ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | J j
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''K k'''<br>/k/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''L l'''<br>/l/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l ɭ
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''ɭ'''<br>/ɭ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''M m'''<br>/m/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M̂ m̂
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''M̂ m̂'''<br>/m̩/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''N n'''<br>/n/
|-
|-
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''N̂ n̂'''<br>/n̩/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N̂ n̂
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ꞑ ꞑ'''<br>/ŋ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ŋ ŋ
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''O o'''<br>/ɔ ~ o/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ꞝ ꞝ'''<br>/œ ~ ɞ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ꞝ ꞝ
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''P p'''<br>/p/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''{{color|#808080|Q q}}'''<br>{{color|#808080|/q/}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Q q}}
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''R r'''<br>/ʀ ~ ʁ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r ꭈ
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''ꭈ'''<br>/r/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s ſ
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''S s'''<br>/s/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ẞ ß
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''ſ'''<br>/s̝/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ʃ ʃ ȷ
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''ẞ ß'''<br>/sʼ/
|-
|-
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''T t'''<br>/t/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''U u'''<br>/u/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ꞟ ꞟ'''<br>/y ~ ɨ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ꞟ ꞟ
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''V v'''<br>/v/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''{{color|#808080|Ƿ ƿ}}'''<br>{{color|#808080|/w/}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ƿ ƿ
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''X x'''<br>/ks/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | X x
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Y y'''<br>/ʝ ~ j/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Z z'''<br>/z/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Z z
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
|}
|}
==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%"
!rowspan="2"<!--style="border-bottom:none; width: 60px; padding-bottom:0; text-align:right;"-->{{diagonal split header|[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]]|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|Place]]}} <!--→-->
!colspan="5"|[[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
!colspan="10"|[[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
!colspan="5"|[[wikipedia:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
!colspan="4"|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal consonant|Laryngeal]]
|-
<!--|bgcolor=#EAECF0 style="border-top:none; width: 60px; padding-top:0; text-align:center;"|'''[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]] ↓-->
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Linguolabial consonant|Linguolabial]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Postal-veolar]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial nasal|m̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(m)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]</big><br><nowiki>(m)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(n)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]</big><br><nowiki>(n)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ŋ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]</big><br><nowiki>(d)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex plosive|ʈ]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex plosive|ɖ]]</big><br><nowiki>(d)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]</big><br><nowiki>(k)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar plosive|g]]</big><br><nowiki>(g)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar affricate#Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|t͡s]]</big><br><nowiki>(c)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar affricate#Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate|d͡z]]</big><br><nowiki>(z)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƈ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(dȷ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
<!--|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Non-[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''-->
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilants|s]]</big><br><nowiki>(ß)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]</big><br><nowiki>(s)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ʃ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȷ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Non-[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; border-bottom:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]</big><br><nowiki>(f)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]</big><br><nowiki>(v)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; border-bottom:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ħ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; border-bottom:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]</big><br><nowiki>(ħ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]</big><br><nowiki>(j)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȝ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȝ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|'''
|style="border-right:none; border-bottom:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]</big><br><nowiki>(h)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; border-bottom:none;width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]</big><br><nowiki>(h)</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; border-top:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; border-top:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; border-top:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants|ɹ]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]</big><br><nowiki>(j)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƿ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; border-top:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; border-top:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|Tap/Flap]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps#Voiced alveolar tap and flap|ɾ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ꭈ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill|r̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(ꭈ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar trill|r]]</big>'''<br><nowiki>(ꭈ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular trill|ʀ̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced uvular trill|ʀ]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
<!--|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''-->
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Approximant|approximant]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>l̥</big><br><nowiki>(l)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]</big><br><nowiki>(l)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex lateral approximant|ɭ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ɭ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
<!--|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|tap/flap]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''-->
<!--|style="border-right:none; padding-right:0;"|
|style="border-left:none; padding-left:0;"|
|style="border-right:none; padding-right:0;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; padding-left:0;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:]]</big>-->
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%"
!Tongue position
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Front vowel|front]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Back vowel|back]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big><br><nowiki>(i)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front rounded vowel|y]]</big><br><nowiki>(ü)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ü)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big><br><nowiki>(u)</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]]</big><br><nowiki>(y)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<!--<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]]</big>-->
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front rounded vowel|ø]]</big><br><nowiki>(ö)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|colspan="2"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front rounded vowel|œ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ö)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid central rounded vowel|ɞ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ö)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ä)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|colspan="2"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(å)</nowiki>
|}
=Grammar=
Just like many other germanic languages, Gadori has four grammatical cases:
*[[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]]
*[[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]]
*[[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]]
*[[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]]
And three genders, while in plural, genders merge into one indifferent plural form:
*Masculine
*Feminine
*Neutrum
==Articles==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!rowspan="2"|Gender
!colspan="4"|Singular
!colspan="4"|Plural
!rowspan="2"|[[wikipedia:English language|Common]]
|-
![[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]]
![[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]]
![[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]]
![[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]]
![[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]]
![[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]]
![[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]]
![[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]]
|-
!Masculine
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ħer ||rowspan="2"|Ħeß ||rowspan="2"|Ħem ||Ħen ||rowspan="3"bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ħi ||rowspan="3" |Ħer ||rowspan="3"|Ħen ||rowspan="3"|Ħi
!rowspan="3"|The
|-
!Neutrum
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ħaß ||Ħaß
|-
!Feminine
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ħi ||Ħer ||Ħer ||Ħi
|-
!colspan="100"|
|-
!Masculine
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''Ain ||rowspan="2"|Aineß ||rowspan="2"|Ainem ||Ainen ||rowspan="3" bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''— ||rowspan="3"|— ||rowspan="3"|— ||rowspan="3"|—
!rowspan="3"|A/An
|-
!Neutrum
|Ain
|-
!Feminine
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Aine ||Ainer ||Ainer ||Aine
|-
!colspan="100"|
|-
!Masculine
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''Kain ||rowspan="2"|Kaineß ||rowspan="2"|Kainem ||Kainen ||rowspan="3" bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Kaine ||rowspan="3"|Kainer ||rowspan="3"|Kainen ||rowspan="3"|Kain
!rowspan="3"|<small>'''[[wikipedia:Pronoun|{{DColor|PRO.}}]]'''</small>
|-
!Neutrum
|Kain
|-
!Feminine
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Kaine ||Kainer ||Kainer ||Kaine
|}
==Adjectives==
[[wikipedia:Adjective|Adjective]] [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffixes]] are tied to the presence of the [[wikipedia:Article (grammar)|article]] (or lack there of) and the [[wikipedia:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the [[wikipedia:Noun|noun]] the adjective is tied to.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!rowspan="2"|Gender
!colspan="4"|Singular
!colspan="4"|Plural
!rowspan="2"|[[wikipedia:English language|Common]]
|-
![[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]]
![[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]]
![[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]]
![[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]]
![[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]]
![[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]]
![[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]]
![[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]]
|-
!Masculine
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ħer '''+''' -e ||rowspan="2"|Ħeß + -en ||rowspan="2"|Ħem + -en ||Ħen + -en ||rowspan="3" bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ħi + -en ||rowspan="3"|Ħer + -en ||rowspan="3"|Ħen + -en ||rowspan="3"|Ħi + -en
!rowspan="3"|The + <small>'''[[wikipedia:Adjective|{{DColor|ADJ.}}]]'''</small>
|-
!Neutrum
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ħaß '''+''' -e ||Ħaß + -e
|-
!Feminine
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ħi '''+''' -e ||Ħer + -en ||Ħer + -en ||Ħi + -e
|-
!colspan="100"|
|-
!Masculine
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ain''' + '''-er ||rowspan="2"|Aineß + -en ||rowspan="2"|Ainem + -en ||Ainen + -en ||rowspan="3" bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Kaine + -en ||rowspan="3"|Kainer + -en ||rowspan="3"|Kainen + -en ||rowspan="3"|Kain + -en
!rowspan="3"|A/An + <small>'''[[wikipedia:Adjective|{{DColor|ADJ.}}]]'''</small>
----<small>'''[[wikipedia:Pronoun|{{DColor|PRO.}}]]'''</small> + <small>'''[[wikipedia:Adjective|{{DColor|ADJ.}}]]'''</small>
|-
!Neutrum
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ain''' + '''-eß ||Ain + -eß
|-
!Feminine
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Aine''' + '''-e ||Ainer + -en ||Ainer + -en ||Aine + -e
|-
!colspan="100"|
|-
!Masculine
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''-er ||rowspan="2"|-en ||rowspan="2"|-em ||-en ||rowspan="3" bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''-e ||rowspan="3"|-er ||rowspan="3"|-en ||rowspan="3"|-e
!rowspan="3"|<small>'''[[wikipedia:Adjective|{{DColor|ADJ.}}]]'''</small> only
|-
!Neutrum
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''-eß ||-eß
|-
!Feminine
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''-e ||-er ||-er ||-e
<!--
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="100" | '''Indefinite articles
|-
!Masculine
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|''' ||rowspan="2"| ||rowspan="2"| || ||rowspan="3" bgcolor=#F5F5F5|''' ||rowspan="3"| ||rowspan="3"| ||rowspan="3"|
!rowspan="3"|
|-
!Neutrum
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|''' ||
|-
!Feminine
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|''' || || ||-->
|}
{{Template:Anteria languages navbox}}
[[Category:Anteria]]
[[Category:Languages in Anteria]]
[[Category:Languages in Anteria]]

Latest revision as of 10:03, 20 August 2022

Renian
Reneini, Renish
Reniʃe Ʃpraȝe
ReniaFlag.png
Ethnic flag of Renia
Pronunciation/gadoːriʃe ʃpʀaːxe/ Speaker Icon.svg
Native to
RegionSouthern Thuadia
EthnicityGadori
Native speakers
L1: ~48,000,000
L2: ~5,300,000
FL: <80,000
Thuado-Thrismaran
  • Germanic
    • South-Thuadian Germanic
      • Renic
        • Renian
Early form
Proto-Renian
Official status
Official language in
Language codes
ISO 639-1GD
ISO 639-2GAD
ISO 639-3GAD
File:GadoriLangMap.png
Distribution of the language
  Absolute majority
  >30% of native speakers
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Renian language is the official language of the Renia, and one of the official languages of the Sekidean Union.

Orthography and phonology

Main article: Renian orthography

Alphabet

A a Ɒ ɒ Ꞛ ꞛ B b C c Ƈ ƈ D d E e F f G g
H h Ħ ħ Ȝ ȝ I i J j K k L l ɭ M m M̂ m̂ N n
N̂ n̂ Ŋ ŋ O o Ꞝ ꞝ P p Q q R r ꭈ S s ſ ẞ ß Ʃ ʃ ȷ
T t U u Ꞟ ꞟ V v Ƿ ƿ X x Y y Z z

Phonology

Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal
Bilabial Labiodental Linguolabial Dental Alveolar Postal-veolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal m̥
(m) 		m
(m) 		n̥
(n) 		n
(n) 		ŋ
(ŋ)
Plosive t
(r) 		d
(d) 		ʈ
(r) 		ɖ
(d) 		k
(k) 		g
(g)
Sibilant affricate t͡s
(c) 		d͡z
(z) 		t͡ʃ
(ƈ) 		d͡ʒ
(dȷ)
Sibilant fricative s
(ß) 		z
(s) 		ʃ
(ʃ) 		ʒ
(ȷ)
Non-sibilant fricative f
(f) 		v
(v) 		θ
(ħ) 		ð
(ħ) 		ʝ
(j) 		x
(ȝ) 		ɣ
(ȝ) 		ʁ
(r) 		h
(h) 		ɦ
(h)
Approximant ɹ
(r) 		j
(j) 		ɰ
(ƿ)
Tap/Flap ɾ
(ꭈ)
Trill r̥
(ꭈ) 		r
(ꭈ) 		ʀ̥
(r) 		ʀ
(r)
Latelar approximant l̥
(l) 		l
(l) 		ɭ
(ɭ)
Tongue position Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i
(i) 		y
(ü) 		ɨ
(ü) 		u
(u)
Near-close ɪ
(y)
Close-mid e
(e) 		ø
(ö) 		o
(o)
Mid
Open-mid ɛ
(e) 		œ
(ö) 		ɞ
(ö) 		ʌ
(o) 		ɔ
(o)
Near-open æ
(ä)
Open a
(a) 		ä
(a) 		ɑ
(a) 		ɒ
(å)

Grammar

Just like many other germanic languages, Gadori has four grammatical cases:

And three genders, while in plural, genders merge into one indifferent plural form:

  • Masculine
  • Feminine
  • Neutrum

Articles

Gender Singular Plural Common
Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative
Masculine Ħer Ħeß Ħem Ħen Ħi Ħer Ħen Ħi The
Neutrum Ħaß Ħaß
Feminine Ħi Ħer Ħer Ħi
Masculine Ain Aineß Ainem Ainen — — — — A/An
Neutrum Ain
Feminine Aine Ainer Ainer Aine
Masculine Kain Kaineß Kainem Kainen Kaine Kainer Kainen Kain PRO.
Neutrum Kain
Feminine Kaine Kainer Kainer Kaine

Adjectives

Adjective suffixes are tied to the presence of the article (or lack there of) and the gender of the noun the adjective is tied to.

Gender Singular Plural Common
Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative
Masculine Ħer + -e Ħeß + -en Ħem + -en Ħen + -en Ħi + -en Ħer + -en Ħen + -en Ħi + -en The + ADJ.
Neutrum Ħaß + -e Ħaß + -e
Feminine Ħi + -e Ħer + -en Ħer + -en Ħi + -e
Masculine Ain + -er Aineß + -en Ainem + -en Ainen + -en Kaine + -en Kainer + -en Kainen + -en Kain + -en A/An + ADJ.
PRO. + ADJ.
Neutrum Ain + -eß Ain + -eß
Feminine Aine + -e Ainer + -en Ainer + -en Aine + -e
Masculine -er -en -em -en -e -er -en -e ADJ. only
Neutrum -eß -eß
Feminine -e -er -er -e
Retrieved from "https://iiwiki.us/mediawiki/index.php?title=Renian_language&oldid=541206"