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Renian language: Difference between revisions
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{{WIP}} | {{Region icon Anteria}}{{WIP}} | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
| name = | | name = Renian<!-- language--> | ||
| altname = | | altname = Reneini, Renish | ||
| nativename = | | nativename = Reniʃe Ʃpraȝe | ||
| acceptance = | | acceptance = | ||
| image = | | image = ReniaFlag.png | ||
| imagesize = <!-- or image_size --> | | imagesize = <!-- or image_size --> | ||
| imagealt = | | imagealt = | ||
| imagecaption = Ethnic flag of | | imagecaption = Ethnic flag of Renia | ||
| pronunciation= [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|/gadoːriʃe ʃpʀaːxe/]] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=gado%CB%90ri%CA%83e%20%CA%83p%CA%80a%CB%90xe&voice=Ruben]] | | pronunciation= [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|/gadoːriʃe ʃpʀaːxe/]] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=gado%CB%90ri%CA%83e%20%CA%83p%CA%80a%CB%90xe&voice=Ruben]] | ||
| states = {{Tree list}} | | states = {{Tree list}} | ||
*{{flag| | *{{flag|Renia}}{{Tree list/end}} | ||
| region = Southern [[Thuadia]] | | region = Southern [[Thuadia]] | ||
| ethnicity = Gadori | | ethnicity = Gadori | ||
Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
| speakers2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language L2]: ~5,300,000<br>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language FL]: <80,000 | | speakers2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language L2]: ~5,300,000<br>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language FL]: <80,000 | ||
| familycolor = Indo-European | | familycolor = Indo-European | ||
| fam1 = [ | | fam1 = [[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]] | ||
| fam2 = [[wikipedia:Germanic languages|Germanic]] | | fam2 = [[wikipedia:Germanic languages|Germanic]] | ||
| fam3 = | | fam3 = South-Thuadian Germanic | ||
| protoname = Proto- | | fam4 = Renic | ||
| protoname = Proto-Renian | |||
| ancestor = | | ancestor = | ||
| ancestor2 = | | ancestor2 = | ||
Line 35: | Line 36: | ||
| posteriori = | | posteriori = | ||
| nation = {{Tree list}} | | nation = {{Tree list}} | ||
*{{flag| | *{{flag|Renia}} | ||
*{{flag|Sekidean Union}} | *{{flag|Sekidean Union}} | ||
| minority = | | minority = | ||
Line 83: | Line 84: | ||
| notice = IPA | | notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Renian language''' is the official language of the [[Renia]], and one of the official languages of the [[Sekidean Union]]. | |||
=Orthography and phonology= | |||
{{Main|Renian orthography}} | |||
==Alphabet== | ==Alphabet== | ||
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1. | {| style="<!--font-family:Arial Unicode MS;--> font-size:1.5<!--1.3-->em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF" | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ɒ ɒ | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ꞛ ꞛ | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B b | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C c | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ƈ ƈ | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D d | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E e | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | F f | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G g | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | H h | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ħ ħ | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ȝ ȝ | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I i | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | J j | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l ɭ | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M̂ m̂ | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N̂ n̂ | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ŋ ŋ | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ꞝ ꞝ | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Q q}} | ||
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r ꭈ | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s ſ | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ẞ ß | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ʃ ʃ ȷ | ||
| style="width: | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ꞟ ꞟ | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ƿ ƿ | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | X x | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y y | ||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Z z | ||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | | |||
| style="width: | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | | ||
| style="width: | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Phonology== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%" | |||
!rowspan="2"<!--style="border-bottom:none; width: 60px; padding-bottom:0; text-align:right;"-->{{diagonal split header|[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]]|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|Place]]}} <!--→--> | |||
!colspan="5"|[[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]] | |||
!colspan="10"|[[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|Coronal]] | |||
!colspan="5"|[[wikipedia:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]] | |||
!colspan="4"|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal consonant|Laryngeal]] | |||
|- | |||
<!--|bgcolor=#EAECF0 style="border-top:none; width: 60px; padding-top:0; text-align:center;"|'''[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]] ↓--> | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Linguolabial consonant|Linguolabial]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Postal-veolar]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|Uvular]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Glottal consonant|Glottal]] | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial nasal|m̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(m)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]</big><br><nowiki>(m)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(n)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]</big><br><nowiki>(n)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ŋ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]</big><br><nowiki>(d)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex plosive|ʈ]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex plosive|ɖ]]</big><br><nowiki>(d)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]</big><br><nowiki>(k)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar plosive|g]]</big><br><nowiki>(g)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]] | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar affricate#Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|t͡s]]</big><br><nowiki>(c)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar affricate#Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate|d͡z]]</big><br><nowiki>(z)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƈ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(dȷ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
<!--|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Non-[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''--> | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]] | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilants|s]]</big><br><nowiki>(ß)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]</big><br><nowiki>(s)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ʃ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȷ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Non-[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; border-bottom:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]</big><br><nowiki>(f)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]</big><br><nowiki>(v)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; border-bottom:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ħ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; border-bottom:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]</big><br><nowiki>(ħ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]</big><br><nowiki>(j)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȝ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȝ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; border-bottom:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]</big><br><nowiki>(h)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; border-bottom:none;width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]</big><br><nowiki>(h)</nowiki> | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; border-top:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; border-top:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; border-top:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants|ɹ]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]</big><br><nowiki>(j)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƿ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; border-top:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; border-top:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|Tap/Flap]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps#Voiced alveolar tap and flap|ɾ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ꭈ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Trill consonant|Trill]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill|r̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(ꭈ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar trill|r]]</big>'''<br><nowiki>(ꭈ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular trill|ʀ̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced uvular trill|ʀ]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
<!--|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]] | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]] | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''--> | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Approximant|approximant]] | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>l̥</big><br><nowiki>(l)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]</big><br><nowiki>(l)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex lateral approximant|ɭ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ɭ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
<!--|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|tap/flap]] | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''--> | |||
<!--|style="border-right:none; padding-right:0;"| | |||
|style="border-left:none; padding-left:0;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; padding-right:0;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; padding-left:0;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:]]</big>--> | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%" | |||
!Tongue position | |||
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]] | |||
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Front vowel|front]] | |||
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]] | |||
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Back vowel|back]] | |||
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]] | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big><br><nowiki>(i)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front rounded vowel|y]]</big><br><nowiki>(ü)</nowiki> | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ü)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big><br><nowiki>(u)</nowiki> | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-close vowel|Near-close]] | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]]</big><br><nowiki>(y)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<!--<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]]</big>--> | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front rounded vowel|ø]]</big><br><nowiki>(ö)</nowiki> | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki> | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|colspan="2"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front rounded vowel|œ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ö)</nowiki> | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid central rounded vowel|ɞ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ö)</nowiki> | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki> | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-open vowel|Near-open]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ä)</nowiki> | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|colspan="2"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki> | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(å)</nowiki> | |||
|} | |||
=Grammar= | |||
Just like many other germanic languages, Gadori has four grammatical cases: | |||
*[[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]] | |||
*[[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]] | |||
*[[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]] | |||
*[[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]] | |||
And three genders, while in plural, genders merge into one indifferent plural form: | |||
*Masculine | |||
*Feminine | |||
*Neutrum | |||
==Articles== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
!rowspan="2"|Gender | |||
!colspan="4"|Singular | |||
!colspan="4"|Plural | |||
!rowspan="2"|[[wikipedia:English language|Common]] | |||
|- | |||
![[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]] | |||
![[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]] | |||
![[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]] | |||
![[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]] | |||
![[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]] | |||
![[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]] | |||
![[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]] | |||
![[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]] | |||
|- | |||
!Masculine | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ħer ||rowspan="2"|Ħeß ||rowspan="2"|Ħem ||Ħen ||rowspan="3"bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ħi ||rowspan="3" |Ħer ||rowspan="3"|Ħen ||rowspan="3"|Ħi | |||
!rowspan="3"|The | |||
|- | |||
!Neutrum | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ħaß ||Ħaß | |||
|- | |||
!Feminine | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ħi ||Ħer ||Ħer ||Ħi | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="100"| | |||
|- | |||
!Masculine | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''Ain ||rowspan="2"|Aineß ||rowspan="2"|Ainem ||Ainen ||rowspan="3" bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''— ||rowspan="3"|— ||rowspan="3"|— ||rowspan="3"|— | |||
!rowspan="3"|A/An | |||
|- | |||
!Neutrum | |||
|Ain | |||
|- | |||
!Feminine | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Aine ||Ainer ||Ainer ||Aine | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="100"| | |||
|- | |||
!Masculine | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''Kain ||rowspan="2"|Kaineß ||rowspan="2"|Kainem ||Kainen ||rowspan="3" bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Kaine ||rowspan="3"|Kainer ||rowspan="3"|Kainen ||rowspan="3"|Kain | |||
!rowspan="3"|<small>'''[[wikipedia:Pronoun|{{DColor|PRO.}}]]'''</small> | |||
|- | |||
!Neutrum | |||
|Kain | |||
|- | |||
!Feminine | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Kaine ||Kainer ||Kainer ||Kaine | |||
|} | |||
==Adjectives== | |||
[[wikipedia:Adjective|Adjective]] [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffixes]] are tied to the presence of the [[wikipedia:Article (grammar)|article]] (or lack there of) and the [[wikipedia:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the [[wikipedia:Noun|noun]] the adjective is tied to. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
!rowspan="2"|Gender | |||
!colspan="4"|Singular | |||
!colspan="4"|Plural | |||
!rowspan="2"|[[wikipedia:English language|Common]] | |||
|- | |||
![[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]] | |||
![[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]] | |||
![[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]] | |||
![[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]] | |||
![[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]] | |||
![[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]] | |||
![[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]] | |||
![[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]] | |||
|- | |||
!Masculine | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ħer '''+''' -e ||rowspan="2"|Ħeß + -en ||rowspan="2"|Ħem + -en ||Ħen + -en ||rowspan="3" bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ħi + -en ||rowspan="3"|Ħer + -en ||rowspan="3"|Ħen + -en ||rowspan="3"|Ħi + -en | |||
!rowspan="3"|The + <small>'''[[wikipedia:Adjective|{{DColor|ADJ.}}]]'''</small> | |||
|- | |||
!Neutrum | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ħaß '''+''' -e ||Ħaß + -e | |||
|- | |||
!Feminine | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ħi '''+''' -e ||Ħer + -en ||Ħer + -en ||Ħi + -e | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="100"| | |||
|- | |||
!Masculine | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ain''' + '''-er ||rowspan="2"|Aineß + -en ||rowspan="2"|Ainem + -en ||Ainen + -en ||rowspan="3" bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Kaine + -en ||rowspan="3"|Kainer + -en ||rowspan="3"|Kainen + -en ||rowspan="3"|Kain + -en | |||
!rowspan="3"|A/An + <small>'''[[wikipedia:Adjective|{{DColor|ADJ.}}]]'''</small> | |||
----<small>'''[[wikipedia:Pronoun|{{DColor|PRO.}}]]'''</small> + <small>'''[[wikipedia:Adjective|{{DColor|ADJ.}}]]'''</small> | |||
|- | |||
!Neutrum | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ain''' + '''-eß ||Ain + -eß | |||
|- | |||
!Feminine | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Aine''' + '''-e ||Ainer + -en ||Ainer + -en ||Aine + -e | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="100"| | |||
|- | |||
!Masculine | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''-er ||rowspan="2"|-en ||rowspan="2"|-em ||-en ||rowspan="3" bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''-e ||rowspan="3"|-er ||rowspan="3"|-en ||rowspan="3"|-e | |||
!rowspan="3"|<small>'''[[wikipedia:Adjective|{{DColor|ADJ.}}]]'''</small> only | |||
|- | |||
!Neutrum | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''-eß ||-eß | |||
|- | |||
!Feminine | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''-e ||-er ||-er ||-e | |||
<!-- | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="100" | '''Indefinite articles | |||
|- | |||
!Masculine | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|''' ||rowspan="2"| ||rowspan="2"| || ||rowspan="3" bgcolor=#F5F5F5|''' ||rowspan="3"| ||rowspan="3"| ||rowspan="3"| | |||
!rowspan="3"| | |||
|- | |||
!Neutrum | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|''' || | |||
|- | |||
!Feminine | |||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|''' || || ||--> | |||
|} | |||
{{Template:Anteria languages navbox}} | |||
[[Category:Anteria]] | |||
[[Category:Languages in Anteria]] | [[Category:Languages in Anteria]] |
Latest revision as of 10:03, 20 August 2022
This article is incomplete because it is pending further input from participants, or it is a work-in-progress by one author. Please comment on this article's talk page to share your input, comments and questions. Note: To contribute to this article, you may need to seek help from the author(s) of this page. |
Renian | |
---|---|
Reneini, Renish | |
Reniʃe Ʃpraȝe | |
Pronunciation | /gadoːriʃe ʃpʀaːxe/ |
Native to | |
Region | Southern Thuadia |
Ethnicity | Gadori |
Native speakers | L1: ~48,000,000 L2: ~5,300,000 FL: <80,000 |
Thuado-Thrismaran
| |
Early form | Proto-Renian
|
Official status | |
Official language in | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | GD |
ISO 639-2 | GAD |
ISO 639-3 | GAD |
File:GadoriLangMap.png Distribution of the language Absolute majority >30% of native speakers | |
The Renian language is the official language of the Renia, and one of the official languages of the Sekidean Union.
Orthography and phonology
Alphabet
A a | Ɒ ɒ | Ꞛ ꞛ | B b | C c | Ƈ ƈ | D d | E e | F f | G g |
H h | Ħ ħ | Ȝ ȝ | I i | J j | K k | L l ɭ | M m | M̂ m̂ | N n |
N̂ n̂ | Ŋ ŋ | O o | Ꞝ ꞝ | P p | Q q | R r ꭈ | S s ſ | ẞ ß | Ʃ ʃ ȷ |
T t | U u | Ꞟ ꞟ | V v | Ƿ ƿ | X x | Y y | Z z |
Phonology
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiodental | Linguolabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postal-veolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||||||||||||
Nasal | m̥ (m) |
m (m) |
n̥ (n) |
n (n) |
ŋ (ŋ) |
|||||||||||||||||||
Plosive | t (r) |
d (d) |
ʈ (r) |
ɖ (d) |
k (k) |
g (g) |
||||||||||||||||||
Sibilant affricate | t͡s (c) |
d͡z (z) |
t͡ʃ (ƈ) |
d͡ʒ (dȷ) |
||||||||||||||||||||
Sibilant fricative | s (ß) |
z (s) |
ʃ (ʃ) |
ʒ (ȷ) |
||||||||||||||||||||
Non-sibilant fricative | f (f) |
v (v) |
θ (ħ) |
ð (ħ) |
ʝ (j) |
x (ȝ) |
ɣ (ȝ) |
ʁ (r) |
h (h) |
ɦ (h) | ||||||||||||||
Approximant | ɹ (r) |
j (j) |
ɰ (ƿ) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Tap/Flap | ɾ (ꭈ) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Trill | r̥ (ꭈ) |
r (ꭈ) |
ʀ̥ (r) |
ʀ (r) |
||||||||||||||||||||
Latelar approximant | l̥ (l) |
l (l) |
ɭ (ɭ) |
Tongue position | Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i (i) |
y (ü) |
ɨ (ü) |
u (u) | ||||||
Near-close | ɪ (y) |
|||||||||
Close-mid | e (e) |
ø (ö) |
o (o) | |||||||
Mid | ||||||||||
Open-mid | ɛ (e) |
œ (ö) |
ɞ (ö) |
ʌ (o) |
ɔ (o) | |||||
Near-open | æ (ä) |
|||||||||
Open | a (a) |
ä (a) |
ɑ (a) |
ɒ (å) |
Grammar
Just like many other germanic languages, Gadori has four grammatical cases:
And three genders, while in plural, genders merge into one indifferent plural form:
- Masculine
- Feminine
- Neutrum
Articles
Gender | Singular | Plural | Common | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Masculine | Ħer | Ħeß | Ħem | Ħen | Ħi | Ħer | Ħen | Ħi | The | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Neutrum | Ħaß | Ħaß | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Feminine | Ħi | Ħer | Ħer | Ħi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Masculine | Ain | Aineß | Ainem | Ainen | — | — | — | — | A/An | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Neutrum | Ain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Feminine | Aine | Ainer | Ainer | Aine | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Masculine | Kain | Kaineß | Kainem | Kainen | Kaine | Kainer | Kainen | Kain | PRO. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Neutrum | Kain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Feminine | Kaine | Kainer | Kainer | Kaine |
Adjectives
Adjective suffixes are tied to the presence of the article (or lack there of) and the gender of the noun the adjective is tied to.
Gender | Singular | Plural | Common | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Masculine | Ħer + -e | Ħeß + -en | Ħem + -en | Ħen + -en | Ħi + -en | Ħer + -en | Ħen + -en | Ħi + -en | The + ADJ. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Neutrum | Ħaß + -e | Ħaß + -e | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Feminine | Ħi + -e | Ħer + -en | Ħer + -en | Ħi + -e | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Masculine | Ain + -er | Aineß + -en | Ainem + -en | Ainen + -en | Kaine + -en | Kainer + -en | Kainen + -en | Kain + -en | A/An + ADJ.
PRO. + ADJ. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Neutrum | Ain + -eß | Ain + -eß | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Feminine | Aine + -e | Ainer + -en | Ainer + -en | Aine + -e | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Masculine | -er | -en | -em | -en | -e | -er | -en | -e | ADJ. only | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Neutrum | -eß | -eß | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Feminine | -e | -er | -er | -e |