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{{WIP}}
{{featured_article}}
{{Region icon Elezia}}
{{Redirect|Zhoushi language|Zhoushi language as set in its canon in {{NSR|Anteria}}|Zhoushi language/Anteria}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name            = Zhoushi<!-- language-->
| name            = Zhoushi<!-- language-->
| altname = Neo-Bogmian, Bogmo-Zhengian
| altname =  
| nativename = Ʒөшinчina - Ʒөшinƌky jєzyk
| nativename = Ʒөшinчina - Ʒөшinƌky jєzyk
| acceptance =  
| acceptance =  
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| pronunciation= [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|/ʒu͡oʃɪnt͡ʃina/]] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=%CA%92u%CD%A1o%CA%83%C9%AAnt%CD%A1%CA%83ina]]<!--{{Audio|Zhoushinchina.mp3|/ʒu͡oʃɪnt͡ʃina/]|help=no}}-->
| pronunciation= [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|/ʒu͡oʃɪnt͡ʃina/]] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=%CA%92u%CD%A1o%CA%83%C9%AAnt%CD%A1%CA%83ina]]<!--{{Audio|Zhoushinchina.mp3|/ʒu͡oʃɪnt͡ʃina/]|help=no}}-->
| states          = {{Tree list}}
| states          = {{Tree list}}
*{{flag|Mustelaria}}
*{{flag|Zhousheng}}
**{{flag|Zhousheng}}
**[[File:MSDumtapolisFlag.png|border|link=|23px]] [[Dumtapolis|Dumtapolis Capital]]
{{Tree list/end}}
{{Tree list/end}}
| region          = [[Kento-Poylash languages|Slavic Belt]] in [[Thuadia]]
| region          =  
| ethnicity        = Zhoushi Slavs
| ethnicity        = Zhoushi Slavs
| speakers = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language L1]: 110,985,000
| speakers = [[wikipedia:First_language|L1]]: 26,985,000
| speakers2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language L2]: 12,532,000<br>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language FL]: 7,230,000
| speakers2 = [[wikipedia:Second_language|L2]]: 4,532,000<br>[[wikipedia:Foreign_language|FL]]: 230,000
| familycolor = Indo-European
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam1            = [[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]]
| fam1            = [[wikipedia:Indo-European languages|Parthenian-Trianian]]
| fam2            = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages Zarav-Slavic]
| fam2            = [[wikipedia:Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
| fam3            = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages Slavic]
| fam3            = [[wikipedia:Slavic languages|Slavic]]
| fam4            = [[Kento-Polyash languages|Kento-Polyash]]
| fam4            = [[wikipedia:West Slavic languages|Suiden-Flatt]]
| fam5            = [[Mustelaria|Mustelarian]] subgroup
| fam5            =  
| protoname        =  
| protoname        =  
| ancestor        =  
| ancestor        =  
| ancestor2        = Bogmian<br>Slavic Zhengian<br>Haldenian
| ancestor2        =  
| ancestor3        =  
| ancestor3        =  
| standards        =  
| standards        =  
Line 38: Line 38:
| dialects        =  
| dialects        =  
| listclass        = plainlist
| listclass        = plainlist
| dia1            = Central Bogmian
| dia1            =  
| dia2            = Bogmo-Zhengian<ref>Bogmo-Zhengian dialect is the most "literal", as its base was taken for the design of the new language in early 80's and was later codified in 1984</ref>
| dia2            =  
| dia3            = Zhengian
| dia3            =  
| dia4            = Transmountain
| dia4            =  
| dia5            = Haldenian
| dia5            =  
| dia6            = Mosterec Bogmian
| dia6            =  
| dia7            = [[Louzen language|Louzen]]-Bogmian
| dia7            =  
| dia8            = [[Vealphk language|Velpan]]-Bogmian
| dia8            =  
| script          = [[Zhoushi orthography|Zhoushi Latin Alphabet]]
| script          = [[Zhoushi orthography|Zhoushi Latin Alphabet]]
| sign            =  
| sign            =  
| posteriori      =  
| posteriori      =  
| nation          = {{Tree list}}
| nation          = {{Tree list}}
*{{flag|Mustelaria}}
*{{flag|Zhousheng}}
**{{flag|Zhousheng}}
**[[File:MSDumtapolisFlag.png|border|link=|23px]] [[Dumtapolis|Dumtapolis Capital]]
**[[File:MSPortZonePreiMeas.png|border|link=|23px]] Preimeai Lease
*{{flag|Sekidean Union}}<ref>Official languages of the [[Sekidean Union]] are official languages of countries that are members. Therefore, Zhoushi is considered an official language, although on the international basis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common] is used the most.</ref>
{{Tree list/end}}
{{Tree list/end}}
| minority = {{Tree list}}
| minority = {{Tree list}}
*{{flag|Monte Blanco}}
*{{flag|Gadorien}}
*{{flag|Prei Meas}}
*{{flag|Prei Meas}}
{{Tree list/end}}
{{Tree list/end}}
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| lingua_ref      =  
| lingua_ref      =  
| ietf            =  
| ietf            =  
| map              = ZhoushiLangMap.png
| map              =  
| mapsize          =  
| mapsize          =  
| mapalt          =  
| mapalt          =  
| mapcaption      = Distribution of the language<br>{{legend|#007FFE|Absolute majority}}{{legend|#87C3FE|>30% of native speakers}}
| mapcaption      = <!--Distribution of the language<br>{{legend|#007FFE|Absolute majority}}{{legend|#87C3FE|>30% of native speakers}}-->
| map2            =  
| map2            =  
| mapalt2          =  
| mapalt2          =  
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| notice          = IPA
| notice          = IPA
}}
}}
The '''Zhoushi language''' is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages Slavic language] out of [[Kento-Poylash languages|Kento-Polyash language group]], which is a official language of [[Zhousheng]] and a official federal language in [[Mustelaria]] along with Belgorian and Neo-Mustelarian.
The '''Zhoushi language''' (Zhoushi: ''Ʒөшinчina'') is a [[wikipedia:Slavic_languages|Slavic language]] with major influence of local languages, that arose as a [[wikipedia:Mixed language|mixed language]] or [[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]] of sorts in the nation of [[Zhousheng]], a former colonial outpost of [[Suidenland]]. It is based on a slavic grammatic and linguistic base, especially inspired by [[Bogmian language|Bogmian]], [[wikipedia:Czech language|Suiden]] and [[Belgorian language|Belgorian]] languages, but has many major influences of other languages located in the region, especially [[Yu language|Standard Yu]], [[wikipedia:Khmer language|Preimeai]], [[wikipedia:Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]] and [[wikipedia:Kagate language|Syuba]].
=History=
{{See also|Pustogorian Bogmian language|Zaprei language|label 1=Bogmian language|label 2=Zaprei language}}
[[File:ZhouLangHistory.gif|350px|thumb|{{legend|#007FFE|[[Bogmia|Bogmian]]/[[Zhengia|Zhengian]] Slavic}} {{legend|#87C3FE|[[wikipedia:Macaronic language|Macaronic]] languages, [[Vealphk language|Vealphk]]}}]]
The Zhoushi language developed out of a synthesis two seperate languages, Bogmian, spoken in the historical areas of [[Bogmia]], and Slavic Zhengian, spoken in the historical [[Zhengia]]. The Bogmian language was a child language to the [[wikipedia:Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic language]], while Slavic Zhengian was a [[wikipedia:Macaronic language|macaronic]] language developed out of Old Zhengian, which was a language related to [[wikipedia:Khmer language|Preimeai]], Zaprei and [[Phnom language|Phnom]] languages with extremely strong influence of the previously mentioned Bogmian.
===Protohistory===
Shortly after the [[History of Anterian migration|Slavic migration]] and establishment of the [[Kento-Polyash languages|Slavic belt]] in southern [[Thuadia]], the languages began to differentiate. Slavs in the Mustelarian plain slowly formed a compact Proto-Polyash language, which in at around 5th century split into multiple dialects, which later merged and diversified, forming many languages currently present in the area (Zhoushi, [[Belgorian language|Belgorian]], [[Karaalani language|Karaalani]], [[wikipedia:Upper Sorbian|Ulevan]] and [[wikipedia:Slovak language|Slovanic]], as well as now extinct High Mustelarian).


Specifically, at the end of the 8th century, [[wikipedia:Ablative case|Ablative case]] got resurrected under yet unknown conditions in Bogmian. This change is often regarded as the beginning of the history of the Bogmian language proper.
==History==
===Bogmian Empire===
At around 800 AD, the first compact version of a language that later came into history as "Bogmian" was created in present day [[Plavlino]] and surrounding area. At the same time, the first ever compact country was formed in the region, the [[Bogmian Empire]]. The Empire came to occupy Zhengia and making it a Bogmian vassal for almost 300 years. At that time, Bogmian language absorbed multiple dialects, mostly in the central and northern areas.


At that time, the Old Zhengian language, not being [[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]], but [[wikipedia:Austroasiatic languages|Prei-Phnom]], was first introduced to the Slavic grammatical base, being subjected to foreign occupation and partial colonisation. At that time, Old Zhengian adapted [[wikipedia:Grammatical number|grammatical numbers]], as well as partial creation of [[wikipedia:Grammatical case|grammatical cases]] (Protoversions of Zhengian [[wikipedia:Nominative case#Subjective case|subjective]] and [[wikipedia:Oblique case|objective]] cases).
===Comparison with the two former languages===
 
Over the span of 300 years, in which the [[Bogmian Empire]] existed, Zhengian population, especially the northern parts and rural areas, was filled with Bogmian settlers. At the moment of collapse of the empire in 1103 AD, many areas in [[Zhengia]] have been already intermixed Old Zhengian-Bogmian.
===The Dark Ages===
After the [[Bogmian Empire|Empire]] collapsed, areas of historic [[Bogmia]] and [[Zhengia]] shatterred into many protostates and small nations, which quickly began attacking each other. This era, colloquially named "The Dark Ages", was effectively a blow to the Old Zhengian language, which quickly began to deteriorate. [[Kaȝin Christianity]], which was formed at around that time in [[Bogmia]], caused many [[Zhengia|Zhengian]] noblemen to strictly oppose and persecute the local inteligence, fearing the spread of [[Kaȝin Christianity|Kaȝinism]] south to the detriment of [[Kammism]], to which their power was tied. Although this persecution was effective in securing their position, the language quality of Old Zhengian took a heavy blow.
 
With the more high-positioned Old Zhengian speakers, the macaronic Bogmio-Zhengian managed to take a deep root in [[Zhengia]], being [[wikipedia:De facto|de facto]] the ''[[wikipedia:Lingua franca|lingua franca]]'' of [[Zhengia]] by 1530. This new mostly Slavic-root language with heavy Old Zhengian influence is named "Slavic Zhengian"
===Zhengian Experiment===
{{Quote box
|title = National Protection Decree
|quote = ''“[...] With the current rise of the Bogmian language in the poorer classes and bastard<ref>The word "bastard" is used in this case in its original meaning, that is as a [[wikipedia:Legitimacy (family law)|illegitimate childs]], in this case a reference to their lack of legitimacy to claim the metaphorical power in city guilds and lower nobility</ref> aliens taking our counties and lordships as theirs, the Duke must take appropriate action against the threat of a complete subjugation by the Bogmian Duchy,<ref>At the time, there were two Bogmian Duchies and three smaller constituent nations with the name "Bogmian" in some form in their name, so this reference is metaphorical, discussing the hypothetical common enemy to be Bogmians in general rather than some power</ref> both militairly and culturally [...]”''
|author = – Korim the Terrible (Duke of [[Zhengia]])
|source =
|align = right
|width = 35%
|border =
|fontsize =
|bgcolor =
|style =
|title_bg =
|title_fnt =
|tstyle =
|qalign =
|qstyle =
|quoted =
|salign =
|sstyle =
}}
With the downfall of Old Zhengian in lower classess and the creation of Slavic Zhengian, the nobility grew scared of a possible alienation of lower nobelty and uprising that could cost them not only their positions, but also their lives. After the unification into a larger [[Zhengia|Duchy of Zhengia]], the ruler Korim the Terrible (at the time known as Korim the Speaker) set a series of decrees hoping to get a resurgence of Old Zhengian to the lower nobility and cities. The Korim dynasty, starting with the "National Protection Decree" from 1591 started stepping up against the new cultural monolith that excluded themselves.
 
The moment this action was undertaken, many local lords, barons and lower dukes rose in open rebellion against the central authority. Although numerous, those uprising were put down, which only resulted in further decrease of the Old Zhengian power, as many of those noblemen were Old Zhengian natives and rose up because they assumed that the prescribtions against Slavic Zhengian are only a casus belli so the central authority can establish itself better to the detriment of the lower houses.
 
After the rebellions were suppressed, the authors writing in both Old and Slavic Zhengian were mostly enraged by the new censorship rules regarding the language use, as many archaic Old Zhengian words were no longer recognizable by the new generations and Old Zhengian effectively shrunk in vocabulary to the most basic terms used by the rich. As a result, many of those authors fled for [[Bogmia]], where they started writing literature instead. Although writing in Slavic Zhengian, many words from the hybrid, as well as limited vocabulary from Old Zhengian found their way through those texts into the Bogmian language.
 
After the failed experiment, Old Zhengian language went extinct even in the [[Zhengia|Zhengian]] nobility, and in 1698, Slavic Zhengian was declared an official language of the state, although its literaray form wasn't developed until 1728.
===The Empire===
Shortly after the creation of the [[Empire of Three Kings]], populations of the three kingdoms, but especially in border areas of [[Bogmia]] and [[Zhengia]] began to intermix. Due to somewhat strict rules on religion, many [[Silvadum City|Catholic]] Bogmians fled [[Bogmia]], which declared [[Kaȝin Christianity]] as its official religion, for [[Qazhshava]], where they created a linguistic enclave of Bogmian, which didn't integrate into the future Zhoushi language and conservated into the [[Pustogorian Bogmian language]], which is the only surivivng dialect of the Bogmian language outside of the hybrid Zhoushi.
 
With the [[Bogmian Mountain Conflicts#Bogmian-Haldenian War|First]] and [[Bogmian Mountain Conflicts#War for the sea|Second]] Western Imperial Wars, waves of Bogmian settlers entered ethnically Haldenian territory. [[Haldenia]], until then, spoke a seperate Slavic languages, most notably Haldeno-Louzen languages, from which only [[Louzen language|Louzen]] survived to the present day, and Rohynrish branches, which created the backbone to the western Zhoushi dialects.
===Zhoushi Cooperation===
TBA
===Unified nation===
TBA
==Comparison with the two former languages==
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
!Aspect
!Aspect
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|}
|}


=Orthography and phonology=
==Orthography and phonology==
==Introduction==
===Introduction===
The language has a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages slavic root and grammar], however, unlike other slavic languages, has 8 grammatical cases (other have 7 or 6). Also, there are about 700 Zhengian words in present day Zhoushi language, they are inflected using Bogmian grammar. Old Zhengian, having been descendant out of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages Prei-Phnom languages], was slowly assimilated into Slavic grammar, having transformed into Slavic Zhengian. Because of the Zhengian accents profilerating, Zhoushi language has 40 unique phonemes, 2 of which are exclusive to Zhoushi language (those are /r̝̊/ ''([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill#Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_trill Voiceless alveolar fricative trill])<ref>Note: this phoneme is present in other two [[Kento-Polyash languages]]: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language Velnotian] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbian_languages Ulevan]</ref>'' and /ȴ̩/ ''([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_consonant Syllabic] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant])'').
The language has a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages slavic root and grammar], however, unlike other slavic languages, has 8 grammatical cases (other have 7 or 6). Also, there are about 700 Zhengian words in present day Zhoushi language, they are inflected using Bogmian grammar. Old Zhengian, having been descendant out of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages Prei-Phnom languages], was slowly assimilated into Slavic grammar, having transformed into Slavic Zhengian. Because of the Zhengian accents profilerating, Zhoushi language has 40 unique phonemes, 2 of which are exclusive to Zhoushi language (those are /r̝̊/ ''([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill#Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_trill Voiceless alveolar fricative trill])<ref>Note: this phoneme is present in other two [[Kento-Polyash languages]]: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language Velnotian] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbian_languages Ulevan]</ref>'' and /ȴ̩/ ''([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_consonant Syllabic] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant])'').
==Alphabet==
===Alphabet===
{{Main|Zhoushi orthography}}
{{Main|Zhoushi orthography}}
After the reform of 1912, when Bogmian language officially abandoned [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_alphabet Protopolyash script] in favor of the new [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet Latin script], hoping to solve the problematic grammar, as multiple phonemes shared one symbol (such as "i" and "j" were both noted as "ⲓ") Three official versions of the new script had been made:
{| style="<!--font-family:Arial Unicode MS;--> font-size:1.5<!--1.3-->em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.3em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |B b
Line 268: Line 210:
|-
|-
|}
|}
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapheme Grapheme] version: This version was later adopted as the official alphabet of the new Zhoushi language in 1984, uses special symbols for each phoneme
{{col-begin}}
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic Diacritic] version: This version uses basic latin alphabet and solves the phonemes by adding diacritic symbols. Although still being recognized as a acceptable version of the language, it is barely used.
{{col-4}}
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digraph_(orthography) Digraph] version: This version uses digraphs to sign specifical phonemes. It was dropped in early 1950's, as it didn't solve the main reason why Bogmians abandoned the Protopolyash script in the first place.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
Zhoushi, although not officially using it, sometimes used lenghtened marks for vowels and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_consonant syllabic consonants]. Those symbols were used in some historical transcripts, but were eventually faded in pre-1950's unification proposals and didn't make it into the official grammar of 1984.
!rowspan=2|Order !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Letter !!rowspan=2|Name !!colspan=3|Sound in a syllable
|-
!Beginning !!Middle !!End
|-
!1 !![[wikipedia:A|A]] !!a
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||a ||colspan=2|ɑ
|-
!2 !![[wikipedia:B|B]] !!b
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|b
|-
!3 !![[wikipedia:C|C]] !!c
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʈ͡s ~ s
|-
!4 !![[wikipedia:Che (Cyrillic)|Ч]] !!ч
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʈ͡ɕ
|-
!5 !![[wikipedia:D|D]] !!d
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|d ||ɖ
|-
!6 !![[wikipedia:D with stroke|Đ]] !!đ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|ɟ ||ɟə
|-
!7 !![[wikipedia:Ƌ|Ƌ]] !!ƌ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɖ͡z ~ z
|-
!8 !![[wikipedia:E|E]] !!e
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|æ ||ɛ
|-
!9 !![[wikipedia:Ukrainian Ye|Є]] !!є
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||je ||colspan=2|e
|-
!10 !![[wikipedia:F|F]] !!f
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|f
|}
{{col-4}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!rowspan=2|Order !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Letter !!rowspan=2|Name !!colspan=3|Sound in a syllable
|-
!Beginning !!Middle !!End
|-
!11 !![[wikipedia:G|G]] !!g
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɡ
|-
!12 !![[wikipedia:Dzhe|Џ]] !!џ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɖ͡ʑ~ʑ
|-
!13 !![[wikipedia:H|H]] !!h
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɦ~h
|-
!14 !![[wikipedia:Yogh|Ȝ]] !!ȝ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|x~ɣ
|-
!15 !![[wikipedia:I|I]] !!i
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|i~ɪ
|-
!16 !![[wikipedia:J|J]] !!j
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||j~ʝ ||colspan=2|j
|-
!17 !![[wikipedia:K|K]] !!k
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||k~q ||colspan=2|k
|-
!18 !![[wikipedia:L|L]] !!l
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|l
|-
!19 !![[wikipedia:Lambda|Λ]] !!λ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʎ{{efn|Also possibly [lʲ] in some dialects}}
|-
!20 !![[wikipedia:M|M]] !!m
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|m
|}
{{col-4}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Order
!rowspan=2|Order !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Letter !!rowspan=2|Name !!colspan=3|Sound in a syllable
!1 !!2 !!3 !!4 !!5 !!6 !!7 !!8 !!9 !!10
|-
!11 !!12 !!13 !!14 !!15 !!16 !!17 !!18 !!19 !!20
!Beginning !!Middle !!End
|-
!21 !![[wikipedia:N|N]] !!n
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|n~ɳ ||ŋ
|-
!22 !![[wikipedia:N with long right leg|Ƞ]] !!ƞ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|ɲ ||ɲʰ
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Capital letters|Majuscule]]
!23 !![[wikipedia:O|O]] !!o
|A ||B ||C ||Ч ||D ||Đ ||Ƌ ||E ||Є ||F
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|o~ɔ
|G ||Џ ||H ||Ȝ ||I ||J ||K ||L ||Λ ||M
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Lower case|Minuscule]]
!24 !![[wikipedia:Oe (Cyrillic)|Ө]] !!ө
|a ||b ||c ||ч ||d ||đ ||ƌ ||e ||є ||f
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʊ͡ɔ
|g ||џ ||h ||ȝ ||i ||j ||k ||l ||λ ||m
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA Sound]]
!25 !![[wikipedia:P|P]] !!p
|a ||b ||t͡s ||t͡ʃ ||d~ɖ ||ɟ ||d͡z ||ɛ ||e ||f
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|p
|ɡ ||d͡ʒ ||h~ɦ ||x ||i ||j ||k ||l ||ȴ~ʎ ||m
|-
|-
!Order
!26 !![[wikipedia:Q|Q]] !!q
!21 !!22 !!23 !!24 !!25 !!26 !!27 !!28 !!29 !!30
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||k͡v~k͡w{{efn|Also possibly [ɡ] in some dialects}} ||colspan=2|q
!31 !!32 !!33 !!34 !!35 !!36 !!37 !!38 !!39 !!40
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Capital letters|Majuscule]]
!27 !![[wikipedia:R|R]] !!r
|N ||Ƞ ||O ||Ө ||P ||Q ||R ||Ꝛ ||S ||Ш
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|r
|T ||Ꞇ ||Þ ||U ||V ||Ƿ ||X ||Y ||Z ||Ʒ
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Lower case|Minuscule]]
!28 !![[wikipedia:R rotunda|Ꝛ]] !!ꝛ
|n ||ƞ ||o ||ө ||p ||q ||r ||ꝛ ||s ||ш
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʐ
|t ||ꞇ ||þ ||u ||v ||ƿ ||x ||y ||z ||ʒ
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA Sound]]
!29 !![[wikipedia:S|S]] !!s
|n ||ɲ ||o ||u͡o ||p ||k͡v~q ||r ||r̝ ||s ||ʃ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|s
|t~ʈ ||c ||θ~ð ||u ||v ||w ||k͡s ||y ||z ||ʒ
|-
!30 !![[wikipedia:Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш]] !!ш
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɕ~ʃ
|}
|}
==Phonology==
{{col-4}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!rowspan=2|Order !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Letter !!rowspan=2|Name !!colspan=3|Sound in a syllable
|-
!Beginning !!Middle !!End
|-
!31 !![[wikipedia:T|T]] !!t
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|t ||ʈ
|-
!32 !![[wikipedia:Insular script|Ꞇ]] !!ꞇ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|c ||cə
|-
!33 !![[wikipedia:Thorn (letter)|Þ]] !!þ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|θ~ð
|-
!34 !![[wikipedia:U|U]] !!u
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||ʊ ||colspan=2|u
|-
!35 !![[wikipedia:V|V]] !!v
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|v
|-
!36 !![[wikipedia:Wynn|Ƿ]] !!ƿ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|w~ʋ
|-
!37 !![[wikipedia:X|X]] !!x
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|k͡s~g͡z~ə{{efn|X is used as a new form for gender neutral declination for nonbinary pronouns as a suffix with the sound [ə]}}
|-
!38 !![[wikipedia:Y|Y]] !!y
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɨ~y
|-
!39 !![[wikipedia:Z|Z]] !!z
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|z
|-
!40 !![[wikipedia:Ezh|Ʒ]] !!ʒ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʑ~ʒ
|}
{{col-end}}
{{notelist}}
 
===Phonology===
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%"
!rowspan="2"<!--style="border-bottom:none; width: 60px; padding-bottom:0; text-align:right;"-->{{diagonal split header|[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]]|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|Place]]}} <!--→-->
!rowspan="2"<!--style="border-bottom:none; width: 60px; padding-bottom:0; text-align:right;"-->{{diagonal split header|[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]]|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|Place]]}} <!--→-->
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|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial nasal|m̥]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial nasal|m̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(m)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]</big><br><nowiki>(m)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]</big><br><nowiki>(n)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex nasal|ɳ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex nasal|ɳ]]</big><br><nowiki>(n)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƞ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]</big><br><nowiki>(p)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]</big><br><nowiki>(b)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]</big><br><nowiki>(t)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]</big><br><nowiki>(d)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex plosive|ʈ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex plosive|ʈ]]</big><br><nowiki>(t)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex plosive|ɖ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex plosive|ɖ]]</big><br><nowiki>(d)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]</big><br><nowiki>(ꞇ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal plosive|ɟ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal plosive|ɟ]]</big><br><nowiki>(đ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]</big><br><nowiki>(k)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar plosive|g]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar plosive|g]]</big><br><nowiki>(g)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular plosive|q]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular plosive|q]]</big><br><nowiki>(q)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar affricate#Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|ʦ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar affricate#Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|t͡s]]</big><br><nowiki>(c)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar affricate#Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate|ʣ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar affricate#Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate|d͡z]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƌ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|ʧ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ч)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar affricate|ʤ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(џ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|tʂ]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈʂ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<!--<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|t͡ʂ]]</big> ~ --><big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈ͡ʂ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ч)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|dʐ]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|ɖʐ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<!--<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|d͡ʐ]]</big> ~ --><big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|ɖ͡ʐ]]</big><br><nowiki>(џ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|ʨ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|t͡ɕ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ч)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|ʥ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|d͡ʑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(џ)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
<!--|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Non-[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Non-[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''-->
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]]
Line 440: Line 493:
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilants|s]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilants|s]]</big><br><nowiki>(s)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]</big><br><nowiki>(z)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ш)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ʒ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ш)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ʒ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ш)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ʒ)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
Line 460: Line 513:
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]</big><br><nowiki>(f)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]</big><br><nowiki>(v)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]</big><br><nowiki>(þ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]</big><br><nowiki>(þ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]</big><br><nowiki>(j)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȝ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȝ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȝ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]</big><br><nowiki>(h)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]</big><br><nowiki>(h)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]]
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|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƿ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]</big><br><nowiki>(j)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƿ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar tap and flap|ɾ̥]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar tap and flap|ɾ̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps#Voiced alveolar tap and flap|ɾ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps#Voiced alveolar tap and flap|ɾ]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill|r̥]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill#Voiceless alveolar fricative trill|r̝̊]]</big>'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill|r̥]]</big> <nowiki>(r)</nowiki>'''<br>'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill#Voiceless alveolar fricative trill|r̝̊]]</big> <nowiki>(ꝛ)</nowiki>'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar trill|r]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar fricative trill|r̝]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar trill|r]]</big> <nowiki>(r)</nowiki>'''<br>'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar fricative trill|r̝]]</big> <nowiki>(ꝛ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
<!--|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''-->
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Approximant|approximant]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Approximant|approximant]]
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]</big><br><nowiki>(l)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ȴ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ȴ]]</big><br><nowiki>(λ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar lateral approximant|ʟ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar lateral approximant|ʟ]]</big><br><nowiki>(λ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
<!--|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|tap/flap]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|tap/flap]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''-->
<!--|style="border-right:none; padding-right:0;"|
<!--|style="border-right:none; padding-right:0;"|
|style="border-left:none; padding-left:0;"|
|style="border-left:none; padding-left:0;"|
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|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big><br><nowiki>(i)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Close front rounded vowel|y]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Close front rounded vowel|y]]</big><br><nowiki>(y)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]</big><br><nowiki>(y)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big><br><nowiki>(u)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]]</big><br><nowiki>(i)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big><br><nowiki>(є)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|colspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Mid central vowel|ə]]</big>
|colspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Mid central vowel|ə]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|colspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]</big>
|colspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
Line 748: Line 801:
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
Line 756: Line 809:
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Diphthong|Diphthong]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Diphthong|Diphthong]]
|colspan="10"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big>
|colspan="10"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(au)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(eu)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(єu)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(ou)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(ou)</nowiki> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big> <nowiki>(ө)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big> <nowiki>(ө)</nowiki>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big> <nowiki>(ae)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big> <nowiki>(ai)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Vowel length|Long vowels]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Vowel length|Long vowels]]
|colspan="10"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|aː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]</big>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]</big> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]]</big>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]</big> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]</big>'''
|colspan="10"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|aː]]</big> <nowiki>(a)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]</big> <nowiki>(e)</nowiki>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]</big> <nowiki>(є)</nowiki> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]</big> <nowiki>(i)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]]</big> <nowiki>(i)</nowiki>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]</big> <nowiki>(o)</nowiki> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]</big> <nowiki>(o)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]</big> <nowiki>(u)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]</big> <nowiki>(y)</nowiki>'''
|}
|}
'''<big>Bold</big>''' ''are the common sounds, while'' <big>regular</big> ''sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation
'''<big>Bold</big>''' ''are the common sounds, while'' <big>regular</big> ''sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation
=Grammar=
 
==Grammar==
{{Main|Zhoushi grammar}}
{{Main|Zhoushi grammar}}
The Zhoushi language knows two grammatical numbers, singular and plural (with some remnants of the [[wikipedia:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual number]]) and all 8 Proto-[[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]] grammatical cases:
The Zhoushi language knows two grammatical numbers, singular and plural (with some remnants of the [[wikipedia:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual number]]) and all 8 Proto-[[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]] grammatical cases:
Line 814: Line 868:


This system can be still seen for example on the Zhoushi clock faces, which are still using the old system, writing it as 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-ᚴ-ⵒ-ᘐ.
This system can be still seen for example on the Zhoushi clock faces, which are still using the old system, writing it as 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-ᚴ-ⵒ-ᘐ.
===[[Zhoushi grammar#Verbs|Verbs]]===
TBA
=Language examples=
===[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer Lord's prayer]===
Following text shows [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer Lord's prayer] compared to [[Monte Blanco|Belgorian]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language Slovanic] languages<br>
{| style="border-spacing: 2px; border: 1px solid darkgray;"
! [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common language]
! Zhoushi ''(Grapheme)''
! Zhoushi ''(Diacritic)''
! [[Monte Blanco|Belgorian]] ''([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_alphabet Protopolyash])''
! [[Monte Blanco|Belgorian]] ''(Diacritic)''
! [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language Slovanic langauge]
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|Our Father in heaven,}}
| Oþчe naш, kitory jesꞇєш na ƞieby,
| Ot́če naš, kitory jesťěš na ňieby,
| ⲟⲧⲕⲓ ⲛⲁϣⲓ, ⲧⲓϣ ⲓⲥⲉϣ ⲛⲁ ⲛⲓⲉⲃϣⲓⲭⲁⲭ,
| Otki naši, tiš iseš na niebšichach,
| Otče náš, ktorý si na nebesiach,
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|hallowed be your name.}}
| mino Tiƿe buđ posviƌeno,
| mino Tiwe buď posvid́eno,
| ⲡⲟⲥⲫⲁⲧⲓⲓ ⲥⲁ ⲙⲉⲛⲟ ⲧⲯⲟⲓⲟ,
| Posfatii sa meno Tvoio,
| posväť sa meno Tvoje,
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|Your kingdom come.}}
| Tiƿoje guo pꝛiȝađ,
| Tiwoje guo přiȟaď,
| ⲡⲣⲓⲓⲭⲟⲇⲓⲓ ⲕⲣⲁⲗⲫⲥⲧⲯⲟ ⲧⲯⲟⲓⲟ,
| Priichodii kralfstvo Tvoio,
| príď kráľovstvo Tvoje,
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|Your will be done,}}
| biduч Tiƿuj janџ,
| biduč Tiwuj janǧ,
| ⲃⲓⲓ ⲯⲩⲟⲗⲁ ⲧⲯⲟⲓⲁ,
| bii vuola Tvoia,
| buď vôľa Tvoja,
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|on earth as it is in heaven.}}
| jak v ƞeby, tak aj na zөmi.
| jak v ňeby, tak aj na zǒmi.
| ⲓⲁⲕ ⲯ ⲛⲓⲉⲃⲓ, ⲧⲁⲕ ⲁⲓ ⲛⲁ ⲍⲉⲙⲛⲓ.
| iak v niebi, tak ai na zemni.
| ako v nebi, tak i na zemi.
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|Give us this day our daily bread}}
| Ȝilab maш tudejшij divaj mam dƞes
| Ȟilab maš tudejšij divaj mam dňes
| ⲭⲗⲓⲉⲃⲓⲕ ⲛⲁϣ ⲯⲍⲇⲉⲓϣⲁⲓ ⲇⲁⲓ ⲛⲁⲙ ⲇⲛⲓⲉⲥ
| Chliebik naš daj nam dnies
| Chlieb náš daj nám dnes
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|and forgive us our debts,}}
| aj ƿypujuшꞇaj mam џriȝy maшije,
| aj wypujušťaj mam ğriȟy mašije,
| ⲓ ⲟⲇⲡⲩϣⲧⲓ ⲛⲁⲙ ⲛⲁϣⲓⲉ ⲯⲓⲛⲓⲉ,
| i odpušti nam našie vinie,
| a odpusť nám naše viny,
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|as we also have forgiven our debtors.}}
| jak aj my ƿypujuшamy mašim huoqum.
| jak aj my wypujušamy mašim huoqum.
| ⲓⲁⲕ ⲓ ⲙⲓ ⲟⲇⲡⲩϣⲧⲓⲁⲙⲉ ⲛⲁϣⲓⲙ ⲯⲓⲛⲓⲕⲁⲙ.
| iak i mi odpuštiame našim vinikam.
| ako i my odpúšťame svojim vinníkom.
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|And do not bring us into temptation,}}
| Aj ƞevydaj mas fu pakuшenji,
| Aj ňevydaj mas fu pakušenji,
| ⲓ ⲛⲓⲉⲍⲯⲓⲉⲇⲁⲓ ⲛⲁⲥ ⲯ ⲡⲟⲕⲩϣⲓⲉⲛⲓⲉ,
| I nezvidai nas v pokušenie,
| A neuveď nás do pokušenia,
|-
| {{color|#4B61D1|but rescue us from the evil one.}}
| le zibafuj mas ƿy Jingu.
| le zibafuj mas wy Jingu.
| ⲁⲗⲓⲉ ⲭⲣⲁⲛⲓⲓ ⲛⲁⲥ ⲟⲇ ⲍⲗⲟⲅⲟ.
| ale chrani nas od Zlogo.
| ale zbav nás Zlého.
|}
====Interactive analysis of the prayer====
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]:'''<br>
Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come. Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And do not bring us to the time of trial, but rescue us from the evil one. Amen.
'''Zhoushi:'''<br>{{Hover title|Father|Oþчe}} {{Hover title|our|maш}}, {{Hover title|which|kitory}} {{Hover title|[you] are|jesꞇєш}} {{Hover title|on [in]|na}} {{Hover title|Heaven|ƞieby}}, {{Hover title|name|mino }} {{Hover title|your|Tiƿe}} {{Hover title|be|buđ}} {{Hover title|hallowed|posviƌeno}}. {{Hover title|Your|Tiƿoje}} {{Hover title|kingdom|guo}} {{Hover title|come|pꝛiȝađ}}. {{Hover title|Be [will]|Biduч}} {{Hover title|your|Tiƿuj}} {{Hover title|will|janџ}}, {{Hover title|as|jak}} {{Hover title|in|v}} {{Hover title|Heaven|ƞieby}}, {{Hover title|[as well]|tak aj}} {{Hover title|on|na}} {{Hover title|earth|zөmi}}. {{Hover title|Bread|Ȝilab}} {{Hover title|our|maш}} {{Hover title|dialy|tudejшij}} {{Hover title|give|divaj}} {{Hover title|us|mam}} {{Hover title|today|dƞes}}. {{Hover title|And|Aj}} {{Hover title|forgive|ƿypujuшꞇaj}} {{Hover title|us|mam}} {{Hover title|sins [debts]|џriȝy}} {{Hover title|our|maшije}}, {{Hover title|how we [as we]|jak aj}} {{Hover title|we|my}} {{Hover title|forgive|ƿypujuшamy}} {{Hover title|our|mašim}} {{Hover title|sinners [debtors]|huoqum}}. {{Hover title|And|Aj}} {{Hover title|do not give us [do not bring us]|ƞevydaj}} {{Hover title|us|mas}} {{Hover title|into [to]|fu}} {{Hover title|temptation [time of trial]|pakuшenji}},<ref>Other version is "(...) {{Hover title|And|Aj}} {{Hover title|do not give [do not allow]|ƞedaj}} {{Hover title|[so we]|abyȝom}} {{Hover title|weren't [aren't]|nebyli}} {{Hover title|given [surrendered]|vydaƞi}} {{Hover title|into [to]|fu}} {{Hover title|temptation [time of trial]|pakuшenji}}, (...)" This version is favored by [[Zhousheng#Kaȝin Christianity|Kaȝin Christians]], while the [[wikipedia:Catholic Church|Catholic Christians]] prefer the version listed above.</ref> {{Hover title|but|le}} {{Hover title|remove [rescue]|zibafuj}} {{Hover title|us|mas}} {{Hover title|from|ƿy}} {{Hover title|the Bad [the evil one]|Jingu}}. {{Hover title|Amen|Amen}}.
'''IPA:'''<br>[oθ.t͡ʃɛ ˈmaːʃ | ˈki.to.rɨ ˈjɛ.scɛʃ na ˈɲie.bɨ | ˈmi.no ˈti.we ˈbuɟ ˈpo.svi.d͡ze.no ‖ ˈti.wo.jɛ guo ˈpr̝̊i.ɣaɟ ‖ ˈbi.dut͡ʃ ˈti.wuj ˈjand͡ʒ | ˈjak ˈfu ˈɲie.by | ˈtak ˈaj ˈna ˈzu͡o.mi ‖ ˈxi.lab ˈmaʃ ˈtu.dɛj.ʃij ˈdi.vaj ˈmaːm ˈdɲɛs ‖ ˈaj wɨ.pu.ju.ʃcaj ˈmaːm ˈd͡ʒiː.xɨ ˈma.ʃi.je | ˈjak ˈaj wɨ.pu.ju.ʃa.mɨ ˈmaʃ.im ˈhu.o.k͡vum. ‖ ˈaj ˈɲɛ.vɨ.daj ˈmaːs ˈfu ˈpa.ku.ʃen.ji | ˈlɛ ˈzi.ba.fuj ˈmaːs ˈwɨ ˈjin.gu ‖ ˈaː.mɛn] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=o%CE%B8.t%CD%A1%CA%83%C9%9B%20%CB%88ma%CB%90%CA%83%20%7C%20%CB%88ki.to.r%C9%A8%20%CB%88j%C9%9B.sc%C9%9B%CA%83%20na%20%CB%88%C9%B2ie.b%C9%A8%20%7C%20%CB%88mi.no%20%CB%88ti.we%20%CB%88bu%C9%9F%20%CB%88po.svi.d%CD%A1ze.no%20%E2%80%96%20%CB%88ti.wo.j%C9%9B%20guo%20%CB%88pr%CC%9D%CC%8Ai.%C9%A3a%C9%9F%20%E2%80%96%20%CB%88bi.dut%CD%A1%CA%83%20%CB%88ti.wuj%20%CB%88jand%CD%A1%CA%92%20%7C%20%CB%88jak%20%CB%88fu%20%CB%88%C9%B2ie.by%20%7C%20%CB%88tak%20%CB%88aj%20%CB%88na%20%CB%88zu%CD%A1o.mi%20%E2%80%96%20%CB%88xi.lab%20%CB%88ma%CA%83%20%CB%88tu.d%C9%9Bj.%CA%83ij%20%CB%88di.vaj%20%CB%88ma%CB%90m%20%CB%88d%C9%B2%C9%9Bs%20%E2%80%96%20%CB%88aj%20w%C9%A8.pu.ju.%CA%83caj%20%CB%88ma%CB%90m%20%CB%88d%CD%A1%CA%92i%CB%90.x%C9%A8%20%CB%88ma.%CA%83i.je%20%7C%20%CB%88jak%20%CB%88aj%20w%C9%A8.pu.ju.%CA%83a.m%C9%A8%20%CB%88ma%CA%83.im%20%CB%88hu.o.k%CD%A1vum.%20%E2%80%96%20%CB%88aj%20%CB%88%C9%B2%C9%9B.v%C9%A8.daj%20%CB%88ma%CB%90s%20%CB%88fu%20%CB%88pa.ku.%CA%83en.ji%20%7C%20%CB%88l%C9%9B%20%CB%88zi.ba.fuj%20%CB%88ma%CB%90s%20%CB%88w%C9%A8%20%CB%88jin.gu%20%E2%80%96%20%CB%88a%CB%90.m%C9%9Bn&voice=Jan]]
===[https://iiwiki.us/wiki/Anterian_World_Assembly#World_Peace_Manifesto World Peace Manifesto]===
[https://iiwiki.us/wiki/Anterian_World_Assembly#World_Peace_Manifesto World Peace Manifesto] is the founding agreement, that formed the [[Anterian World Assembly]]. The document, although being written in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common] was originally written by [[Mustelaria|Mustelarian]] prime minister Jeliþo Pogөf, a native Zhoushi, who later translated this matterial into Zhoushi. Interactive translation includes the first paragraph of the text:
====Interactive analysis of the manifesto====
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]:'''<br>
We, the nations of Anteria, hereby stand together, working together, united and willing to cooperate to reach global peace. We have seen enough deaths, enough suffering, enough pain and enough ruined lives. We came together with a hope and a ideal, that there are things that should be done, there are ways better than war, there is a better way to work with the world.
'''Zhoushi:'''<br>{{Hover title|We|Ny}}, {{Hover title|[the] nations|narody}} {{Hover title|of Anteria|Anterje}}, {{Hover title|[we] stand up|ƿustavame}} {{Hover title|together|pospolu}}, {{Hover title|working|pracujiƌ}} {{Hover title|together|pospolu}}, {{Hover title|united|odnetƞi}} {{Hover title|and|aj}} {{Hover title|willing|ȝoчuƌ}} {{Hover title|to cooperate|spөlupracovaч}} {{Hover title|to reach|k dosaʒenje}} {{Hover title|global|ʒөmskeho}} {{Hover title|peace|santifu}}. {{Hover title|We|Ny}} {{Hover title|[have] seen|viџali}} {{Hover title|too many|pꝛiliш}} {{Hover title|deaths|smrꞇiȝ}}, {{Hover title|too many|pꝛiliш}} {{Hover title|too many|utrpeƞi}}, {{Hover title|too many|pꝛiliш}} {{Hover title|pain|bөlu}} {{Hover title|and|aj}} {{Hover title|too many|pꝛiliш}} {{Hover title|destroyed|zƞiчoniȝ}} {{Hover title|lives|чiƿtu}}. {{Hover title|We|Ny}} {{Hover title|came together|sє sȝromaʒđili}} {{Hover title|with|s}} {{Hover title|a faith|virө}} {{Hover title|and|aj}} {{Hover title|ideal|idealem}}, {{Hover title|that|ʒto}} {{Hover title|there are things|jsu vjeƌi}}, {{Hover title|which|kitore}} {{Hover title|should be|by miaλy byч}} {{Hover title|done|đelane}}, {{Hover title|there are ways|jsu moʒnosꞇi}} {{Hover title|better|lepшє}} {{Hover title|than|neʒ}} {{Hover title|war|vojna}}, {{Hover title|there is a [better] way|je moʒnosꞇ}} {{Hover title|to work|pracovaч}} {{Hover title|with|se}} {{Hover title|[countries]|шtaty}} {{Hover title|[of the] world|zөme}}.
'''IPA:'''<br>[nɨ ˈna.ro.dɨ ˈan.te.rʲɛ ˈpu.sta.va.mey ˈpospolu | ˈpra.t͡su.jid͡z ˈpo.sp.olu | ˈod.nɛ.tɲi ˈaj ˈxo.t͡ʃud͡z ˈspu͡o.lu.pra.t͡so.vat͡ʃ k ˈdo.sa.ʒɛn.jɛ ˈʒu͡om.ske.ho ˈsan.ti.fu ‖ ˈnɨ ˈvi.d͡ʒa.li pr̝̊iː.liʃ. ˈsmr.cix | ˈpr̝̊iː.liʃ ˈu.tr.pɛ.ɲiː | ˈpr̝̊iː.liʃ ˈbu͡o.lu aj ˈpr̝̊iː.liʃ ˈzɲi.t͡ʃo.nix ˈt͡ʃiw.tuː ‖ nɨ se ˈsɣro.maʒ.ɟi.li s ˈvi.ru͡o aj ˈi.dɛ.aː.lem | ˈʒto ˈjsu ˈvje.d͡zi | ˈki.to.rɛ ˈby ˈmia.ȴɨ ˈbɨt͡ʃ ˈɟe.la.nɛ | ˈjsu ˈmo.ʒno.sci ˈlɛp.ʃe ˈnɛʒ ˈvoj.na | ˈjɛ ˈmoʒ.nosc ˈpra.t͡so.vat͡ʃ se ˈʃta.tɨ zu͡o.me] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=n%C9%A8%20%CB%88na.ro.d%C9%A8%20%CB%88an.te.r%CA%B2%C9%9B%20%CB%88pu.sta.va.mey%20%CB%88pospolu%20%7C%20%CB%88pra.t%CD%A1su.jid%CD%A1z%20%CB%88po.sp.olu%20%7C%20%CB%88od.n%C9%9B.t%C9%B2i%20%CB%88aj%20%CB%88xo.t%CD%A1%CA%83ud%CD%A1z%20%CB%88spu%CD%A1o.lu.pra.t%CD%A1so.vat%CD%A1%CA%83%20k%20%CB%88do.sa.%CA%92%C9%9Bn.j%C9%9B%20%CB%88%CA%92u%CD%A1om.ske.ho%20%CB%88san.ti.fu%20%E2%80%96%20%CB%88n%C9%A8%20%CB%88vi.d%CD%A1%CA%92a.li%20pr%CC%9D%CC%8Ai%CB%90.li%CA%83.%20%CB%88smr.cix%20%7C%20%CB%88pr%CC%9D%CC%8Ai%CB%90.li%CA%83%20%CB%88u.tr.p%C9%9B.%C9%B2i%CB%90%20%7C%20%CB%88pr%CC%9D%CC%8Ai%CB%90.li%CA%83%20%CB%88bu%CD%A1o.lu%20aj%20%CB%88pr%CC%9D%CC%8Ai%CB%90.li%CA%83%20%CB%88z%C9%B2i.t%CD%A1%CA%83o.nix%20%CB%88t%CD%A1%CA%83iw.tu%CB%90%20%E2%80%96%20n%C9%A8%20se%20%CB%88s%C9%A3ro.ma%CA%92.%C9%9Fi.li%20s%20%CB%88vi.ru%CD%A1o%20aj%20%CB%88i.d%C9%9B.a%CB%90.lem%20%7C%20%CB%88%CA%92to%20%CB%88jsu%20%CB%88vje.d%CD%A1zi%20%7C%20%CB%88ki.to.r%C9%9B%20%CB%88by%20%CB%88mia.%C8%B4%C9%A8%20%CB%88b%C9%A8t%CD%A1%CA%83%20%CB%88%C9%9Fe.la.n%C9%9B%20%7C%20%CB%88jsu%20%CB%88mo.%CA%92no.sci%20%CB%88l%C9%9Bp.%CA%83e%20%CB%88n%C9%9B%CA%92%20%CB%88voj.na%20%7C%20%CB%88j%C9%9B%20%CB%88mo%CA%92.nosc%20%CB%88pra.t%CD%A1so.vat%CD%A1%CA%83%20se%20%CB%88%CA%83ta.t%C9%A8%20zu%CD%A1o.me&voice=Jan]]
===First words from the Moon===
First country to land people on the Moon was [[San Calia]], which successfully got a lunar lander with two people in Mare Unitaris on July 20th, 1967. Calonaut David Russel was the first to touch the surface of the Moon, saying the quote seconds after climbing down the ladder. Interactive translation of the quote:
====Interactive analysis of the first words====
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]:'''<br>
We come in the name of San Calia, for Anteria, and for all mankind.
'''Zhoushi:'''<br>
{{Hover title|[We] come|Pꝛiȝazimy}} {{Hover title|in [the]|ve}} {{Hover title|name|minu}} {{Hover title|[of] San Calia|Svekalije}}, {{Hover title|for|pro}} {{Hover title|Anteria|Anterji}}, {{Hover title|and|aj}} {{Hover title|for|pro}} {{Hover title|all [of]|cөle}} {{Hover title|mankind|λuƌitvo}}.
'''IPA:'''<br>[pr̝̊i.xa.zi.mɨ ˈve ˈmi.nu ˈsve.ka.li.je ˈpro ˈan.te.rʲi ˈaj ˈpro ˈt͡su͡o.le ˈȴu.d͡zi.tstvo] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=pr%CC%9D%CC%8Ai.xa.zi.m%C9%A8%20%CB%88ve%20%CB%88mi.nu%20%CB%88sve.ka.li.je%20%CB%88pro%20%CB%88an.te.r%CA%B2i%20%CB%88aj%20%CB%88pro%20%CB%88t%CD%A1su%CD%A1o.le%20%CB%88%C8%B4u.d%CD%A1zi.tstvo&voice=Jan]]
===[[wikipedia:Dirty Hungarian Phrasebook|The Universal Phrase]]===
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]:'''<br>
My hovercraft is full of eels.
'''Zhoushi:'''<br>
{{Hover title|My|Moje}} {{Hover title|hovercraft (literally "floating boat")|vzaшeloџ}} {{Hover title|is|je}} {{Hover title|full|plna}} {{Hover title|[of] eels|voguꝛ}}.


'''IPA:'''<br>[ˈmo.jɛ ˈvza.ʃe.lod͡ʒ ˈje ˈpl̩.naː ˈvo.gur̝̊] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=%CB%88mo.j%C9%9B%20%CB%88vza.%CA%83e.lod%CD%A1%CA%92%20%CB%88je%20%CB%88pl%CC%A9.na%CB%90%20%CB%88vo.gur%CC%9D%CC%8A&voice=Jan]]
==See also==
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Zhoushi grammar]]
*[[Zhoushi grammar]]
*[[Zhoushi orthography]]
*[[Zhoushi orthography]]
*[[Pustogorian Bogmian language]]
*[[Bogmian language]]
*[[Demographics of Mustelaria]]
*[[Mustelaria]]
*[[Zhousheng]]
*[[Zhousheng]]
*[[Flag of Zhousheng]]
*[[Flag of Zhousheng]]
*[[Sekidean Union]]
*[[Inner Sekidean Union]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}
{{Template:Mustelaria Navbox}}
{{Template:Zhousheng Navbox}}
{{Template:Anteria info pages}}
{{Elezia}}
[[Category:Languages in Anteria]]
[[Category:Languages in Elezia]]
[[Category:Mustelaria]]
[[Category:Zhousheng]]
[[Category:Kento-Polyash languages]]

Latest revision as of 01:15, 7 June 2024

"Zhoushi language" redirects here. For Zhoushi language as set in its canon in Anteria, see Zhoushi language/Anteria.
Zhoushi
Ʒөшinчina - Ʒөшinƌky jєzyk
ZhoushiCultureFlag.png
Zhoushi ethnic flag
Pronunciation/ʒu͡oʃɪnt͡ʃina/ Speaker Icon.svg
Native to
EthnicityZhoushi Slavs
Native speakers
L1: 26,985,000
L2: 4,532,000
FL: 230,000
Standard forms
Great Corpus of the New Zhoushi language
Zhoushi Latin Alphabet
Official status
Official language in
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-1ZS
ISO 639-2ZSG
ISO 639-3ZSG
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Zhoushi language (Zhoushi: Ʒөшinчina) is a Slavic language with major influence of local languages, that arose as a mixed language or pidgin of sorts in the nation of Zhousheng, a former colonial outpost of Suidenland. It is based on a slavic grammatic and linguistic base, especially inspired by Bogmian, Suiden and Belgorian languages, but has many major influences of other languages located in the region, especially Standard Yu, Preimeai, Mandarin Chinese and Syuba.

History

Comparison with the two former languages

Aspect Bogmian Zhengian Zhoushi
Genders YES NO YES
Clusivity NO YES YES
Vowel length YES NO NO
Syllabicity YES NO YES
Reflexive YES NO YES
Cases YES ??? YES
Dozenal NO YES ???
Indifference NO YES YES

Orthography and phonology

Introduction

The language has a slavic root and grammar, however, unlike other slavic languages, has 8 grammatical cases (other have 7 or 6). Also, there are about 700 Zhengian words in present day Zhoushi language, they are inflected using Bogmian grammar. Old Zhengian, having been descendant out of Prei-Phnom languages, was slowly assimilated into Slavic grammar, having transformed into Slavic Zhengian. Because of the Zhengian accents profilerating, Zhoushi language has 40 unique phonemes, 2 of which are exclusive to Zhoushi language (those are /r̝̊/ (Voiceless alveolar fricative trill)[1] and /ȴ̩/ (Syllabic voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant)).

Alphabet

Main article: Zhoushi orthography
A a B b C c Ч ч D d Đ đ Ƌ ƌ E e Є є F f
G g Џ џ H h Ȝ ȝ I i J j K k L l Λ λ M m
N n Ƞ ƞ O o Ө ө P p Q q R r Ꝛ ꝛ S s Ш ш
T t Ꞇ ꞇ Þ þ U u V v Ƿ ƿ X x Y y Z z Ʒ ʒ
  1. ↑ Also possibly [lʲ] in some dialects
  2. ↑ Also possibly [ɡ] in some dialects
  3. ↑ X is used as a new form for gender neutral declination for nonbinary pronouns as a suffix with the sound [ə]

Phonology

Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal
Bilabial Labiodental Linguolabial Dental Alveolar Postal-veolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal m̥
(m) 		m
(m) 		n
(n) 		ɳ
(n) 		ɲ
(ƞ)
Plosive p
(p) 		b
(b) 		t
(t) 		d
(d) 		ʈ
(t) 		ɖ
(d) 		c
(ꞇ) 		ɟ
(đ) 		k
(k) 		g
(g) 		q
(q)
Sibilant affricate t͡s
(c) 		d͡z
(ƌ) 		t͡ʃ
(ч) 		d͡ʒ
(џ) 		ʈ͡ʂ
(ч) 		ɖ͡ʐ
(џ) 		t͡ɕ
(ч) 		d͡ʑ
(џ)
Sibilant fricative s
(s) 		z
(z) 		ʃ
(ш) 		ʒ
(ʒ) 		ʂ
(ш) 		ʐ
(ʒ) 		ɕ
(ш) 		ʑ
(ʒ)
Non-sibilant fricative f
(f) 		v
(v) 		θ
(þ) 		ð
(þ) 		ʝ
(j) 		x
(ȝ) 		ɣ
(ȝ) 		χ
(ȝ) 		h
(h) 		ɦ
(h)
Approximant ʋ
(ƿ) 		j
(j) 		w
(ƿ)
Tap/Flap ɾ̥
(r) 		ɾ
(r)
Trill r̥ (r)
r̝̊ (ꝛ) 		r (r)
r̝ (ꝛ)
Latelar approximant l
(l) 		ȴ
(λ) 		ʟ
(λ)
Tongue position Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i
(i) 		y
(y) 		ɨ
(y) 		u
(u)
Near-close ɪ
(i)
Close-mid e
(є) 		o
(o)
Mid ə
(e)
Open-mid ɛ
(e) 		ʌ
(o) 		ɔ
(o)
Near-open æ
(e) 		ɐ
(a)
Open a
(a) 		ɑ
(a) 		ɒ
(a)
Diphthong a͡u (au) ~ ɛ͡u (eu) ~ e͡u (єu) ~ o͡u (ou) ~ ɔ͡u (ou) ~ u͡o (ө) ~ u͡ɔ (ө) ~ a͡e (ae) ~ a͡i (ai)
Long vowels aː (a) ~ ɛː (e) ~ eː (є) ~ iː (i) ~ ɪː (i) ~ oː (o) ~ ɔː (o) ~ uː (u) ~ ɨː (y)

Bold are the common sounds, while regular sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation

Grammar

Main article: Zhoushi grammar

The Zhoushi language knows two grammatical numbers, singular and plural (with some remnants of the Dual number) and all 8 Proto-Thuado-Thrismaran grammatical cases:

Nouns

The Zhoushi language recognizes 4 grammatical genders and then a set of words with no gender:

  • Masculine
    • Masculine animate - 4 inflection patterns
    • Masculine inanimate - 4 inflection patterns
  • Feminine - 4 inflection patterns
  • Neuter - 4 inflection patterns
  • Indifferent (that is not a gender, but a lack of gender) - 2 inflection patterns

Adjectives

There are 4 inflection patterns for adjectives, being a combination of hard/soft and descriptivity/possessivity:

  • Descriptive soft
  • Descriptive hard
  • Possessive soft
  • Possessive hard

In the declinations of adjectives, Vocative has merged with Nominative.

Pronouns

The Zhoushi language has following pronouns:

Singular
  • Ja (GEN Miƞe) - I/Me
  • Ty (GEN Tebe) - You
  • Өn (GEN Ƞej/Jego/Jeho) - He/Him
  • Өna (GEN Ƞi/Jej) - She/Her
  • Өno (GEN Өnogo/Өnoho) - It/Its
  • Өnu (GEN Ƞij/Joj) - They/Them
  • ACC Se (GEN Sebe) - -self
Plural
  • Ny (GEN Nas) - Inclusive we
  • Vy (GEN Vas) - You
  • Oni (GEN Ƞiȝ/Jiȝ) - They/Them (masculine)
  • Ony (GEN Ƞeȝ/Jeȝ) - They/Them (feminine)
  • Ona (GEN Ƞєȝ/Oƞєȝ) - They/Them (neuter + indifferent)
  • My (GEN Mas) - Exclusive we
  • ACC Sє (GEN Sєbe) - -selfves

Numbers

Until 1970's, Zhousheng used dozenal numerical system, substituting 10 a 11 with ᚴ and ⵒ. The last symbol used was so called "Cyclic symbol", which was used for twelve-step cycles and sets of twelve parts, which was written as ᘐ.

This system can be still seen for example on the Zhoushi clock faces, which are still using the old system, writing it as 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-ᚴ-ⵒ-ᘐ.

See also

Template:Zhousheng Navbox

  1. ↑ Note: this phoneme is present in other two Kento-Polyash languages: Velnotian and Ulevan
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