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The origins of the modern Glanish culture can be traced back to the emergence of the Dalish tribes at the start of the Iron Age which dominated most of the region now known as [[Glanodel]]. As a single, unified country, the nation owes its origins to the establishment of the Kingdom of Glanodel in 1158 with the crowning of King Ögri Vænström. From the 14th to the 17th century, the Northern Renaissance shaped much of modern Glanish political, economic, and social ideology. It also led to the emergence of the nascent, liberal-leaning movement which dominated national policy towards the mid-17th century until the Kingdom joined the union of the [[United Kingdom of Lhedwin]] alongside the [[Kingdom of Navack|Navack]] and [[Crylante]]. | <!--The origins of the modern Glanish culture can be traced back to the emergence of the Dalish tribes at the start of the Iron Age which dominated most of the region now known as [[Glanodel]]. As a single, unified country, the nation owes its origins to the establishment of the Kingdom of Glanodel in 1158 with the crowning of King Ögri Vænström. From the 14th to the 17th century, the Northern Renaissance shaped much of modern Glanish political, economic, and social ideology. It also led to the emergence of the nascent, liberal-leaning movement which dominated national policy towards the mid-17th century until the Kingdom joined the union of the [[United Kingdom of Lhedwin]] alongside the [[Kingdom of Navack|Navack]] and [[Crylante]]. | ||
Lhedwinic occupation of Glanodel ended with the liberation of region by the Grand Alliance in 1899. The subsequent ratifying of the ''Grundlov'' ([[Constitution of the Commonwealth of Glanodel|Constitution of Glanodel]]) on 5 March 1900, established the Commondwealth of Glanodel under a {{wp|Commondwealth|federal}} {{wp|presidential system|presidential}} form of government. Glanodel faced great challenges immediately following the end of the [[Great War (Aeia)|Great War]] due to war losses and the intentional stripping of resources and goods from the region by retreating Lhedwinic forces. As a result, a majority of the first half of the 20th century in Glanodel was spent on reconstruction. These efforts were aided by reparations paid out of the Lhedwin Royal Treasury as the Lhedwin government was dissolved, and by aid from [[Newrey]]. This period has come to be known as the Reconstruction Era. | Lhedwinic occupation of Glanodel ended with the liberation of region by the Grand Alliance in 1899. The subsequent ratifying of the ''Grundlov'' ([[Constitution of the Commonwealth of Glanodel|Constitution of Glanodel]]) on 5 March 1900, established the Commondwealth of Glanodel under a {{wp|Commondwealth|federal}} {{wp|presidential system|presidential}} form of government. Glanodel faced great challenges immediately following the end of the [[Great War (Aeia)|Great War]] due to war losses and the intentional stripping of resources and goods from the region by retreating Lhedwinic forces. As a result, a majority of the first half of the 20th century in Glanodel was spent on reconstruction. These efforts were aided by reparations paid out of the Lhedwin Royal Treasury as the Lhedwin government was dissolved, and by aid from [[Newrey]]. This period has come to be known as the Reconstruction Era. | ||
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The 20th century also saw the rise of the modern Glanish entertainment industry and its modern economy. Glanodel emerged as a dominant manufacturer in the growing world economy throughout the 1930s and 40s. The late 1920s and the 1930s saw the empowerment of {{wp|organized labor|unions}}, numerous economic reforms, and {{wp|unemployment benefits}}, as well as publicly-funded {{wp|Pension fund|pensions}}, {{wp|universal health care}}, and greater investments in both public and private education. | The 20th century also saw the rise of the modern Glanish entertainment industry and its modern economy. Glanodel emerged as a dominant manufacturer in the growing world economy throughout the 1930s and 40s. The late 1920s and the 1930s saw the empowerment of {{wp|organized labor|unions}}, numerous economic reforms, and {{wp|unemployment benefits}}, as well as publicly-funded {{wp|Pension fund|pensions}}, {{wp|universal health care}}, and greater investments in both public and private education. | ||
The 21st century saw the rise of Glanodel as major power in Lhedwinic foreign affairs and a minor power within Asuran politics. Since the nation's rise to economic power in the 1990s, Glanodel has held a consistent place as having the highest per capita income in the world and one of the most economically competitive nations in the world. Economic reforms throughout the early 21st century also led to the gradual decline in the tax burden of the population and has led to a growth in private consumer spending. Glanodel has also emerged as a primary contributor to the Drago Entente's northern missions, along side Newrey, and is a key proponent of the formation of a Lhedwin Union and the merging of the [[Drago Entente]] and [[Asuran Community]]. | The 21st century saw the rise of Glanodel as major power in Lhedwinic foreign affairs and a minor power within Asuran politics. Since the nation's rise to economic power in the 1990s, Glanodel has held a consistent place as having the highest per capita income in the world and one of the most economically competitive nations in the world. Economic reforms throughout the early 21st century also led to the gradual decline in the tax burden of the population and has led to a growth in private consumer spending. Glanodel has also emerged as a primary contributor to the Drago Entente's northern missions, along side Newrey, and is a key proponent of the formation of a Lhedwin Union and the merging of the [[Drago Entente]] and [[Asuran Community]].--> | ||
==Prehistory== | ==Prehistory== | ||
:''Related article: [[Lhedwinic prehistory]]'' | <!--:''Related article: [[Lhedwinic prehistory]]'' | ||
[[File:Alta-Carvings-2012-07-17-12-15-018.jpg|thumb|350px|The oldest known Glanish petroglyphs dating back to the 9th millennia BCE, carved into the walls of Hafrhell, a system of underground caverns extending from the coast of the Sørland-Østbjorth border to Ellesø, Særland.]]The Late Palaeolithic was immediately followed by the first phase of the Mesolithic in c. 9,600 BCE. An important consequence of de-glaciation was a continual land uplift as the Earth's crust rebounded from the pressure exerted by the ice. This process, which was originally very rapid, continues to this day. It has had the consequence that originally shore-bound sites along much of Glanodel's coast are sorted chronologically by elevation. This age gave rise to the region's first small bands of {{wp|hunter-gatherer}}-{{wp|History of fishing|fishers}} with microlithic flint technology. Where flint was not readily available, quartz and slate were used. Around the c. 5th millennium BCE, semi-permanent fishing settlements with pottery and large {{wp|inhumation}} cemeteries appeared. | [[File:Alta-Carvings-2012-07-17-12-15-018.jpg|thumb|350px|The oldest known Glanish petroglyphs dating back to the 9th millennia BCE, carved into the walls of Hafrhell, a system of underground caverns extending from the coast of the Sørland-Østbjorth border to Ellesø, Særland.]]The Late Palaeolithic was immediately followed by the first phase of the Mesolithic in c. 9,600 BCE. An important consequence of de-glaciation was a continual land uplift as the Earth's crust rebounded from the pressure exerted by the ice. This process, which was originally very rapid, continues to this day. It has had the consequence that originally shore-bound sites along much of Glanodel's coast are sorted chronologically by elevation. This age gave rise to the region's first small bands of {{wp|hunter-gatherer}}-{{wp|History of fishing|fishers}} with microlithic flint technology. Where flint was not readily available, quartz and slate were used. Around the c. 5th millennium BCE, semi-permanent fishing settlements with pottery and large {{wp|inhumation}} cemeteries appeared. | ||
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A correlation between battle-worn weapons found in burials and the health status of deceased's bones indicate a link between one's social states and membership of the {{wp|warrior}} class. These findings have led archaeologists to believe that these early cultures may have adopted meritocratic social hierarchies based on martial skill. Through this skill, the {{wp|elite}} of society most likely built its position on control of trade. Abundant {{wp|Petroglyph|rock carvings}} largely portray long rowing ships, appearing to allude both to trade voyages and to mythological concepts. Areas with rich bronze finds and areas with rich rock art occur separately, suggesting that the latter may represent an affordable alternative to the former. | A correlation between battle-worn weapons found in burials and the health status of deceased's bones indicate a link between one's social states and membership of the {{wp|warrior}} class. These findings have led archaeologists to believe that these early cultures may have adopted meritocratic social hierarchies based on martial skill. Through this skill, the {{wp|elite}} of society most likely built its position on control of trade. Abundant {{wp|Petroglyph|rock carvings}} largely portray long rowing ships, appearing to allude both to trade voyages and to mythological concepts. Areas with rich bronze finds and areas with rich rock art occur separately, suggesting that the latter may represent an affordable alternative to the former. | ||
Bronze Age religion as depicted in rock art centers upon the sun, fertility and public ritual. Wetland sacrifices played an important role. The later part of the period after about 1,100 BCE shows many changes: cremation replaced inhumation in burials, burial investment declined sharply and jewellery replaced weaponry as the main type of sacrificial goods. The end of this period saw the emergence of the Dalish culture (Proto-Lhedwinic: ''Dalings''; tr. ''"people of the Dales"'' or ''"people of the valley"''), the precursors to the modern Glens and the Glanish culture. | Bronze Age religion as depicted in rock art centers upon the sun, fertility and public ritual. Wetland sacrifices played an important role. The later part of the period after about 1,100 BCE shows many changes: cremation replaced inhumation in burials, burial investment declined sharply and jewellery replaced weaponry as the main type of sacrificial goods. The end of this period saw the emergence of the Dalish culture (Proto-Lhedwinic: ''Dalings''; tr. ''"people of the Dales"'' or ''"people of the valley"''), the precursors to the modern Glens and the Glanish culture.--> | ||
===Dalish people=== | ===Dalish people=== | ||
:''Main article: [[Dalish people]]'' | <!--:''Main article: [[Dalish people]]'' | ||
[[File:Stone Ship at Brakelund.jpg|thumb|300px|Hauk's Stones is a {{wp|stone ship}} located about 30 kilometers south of Mogeltonder, Østbjorth in Glanodel constructed around 630 BCE, making it the oldest stone ship in Glanodel.]]The Dalish Iron Age is generally recognized as occurring between 500 BCE and 1,100 CE. Most of the period is {{wp|Protohistory|proto-historical}}. Most sources regarding the Glanish Iron Age are from [[Fiorentine Empire|Fiorentine]] contemporaries. | [[File:Stone Ship at Brakelund.jpg|thumb|300px|Hauk's Stones is a {{wp|stone ship}} located about 30 kilometers south of Mogeltonder, Østbjorth in Glanodel constructed around 630 BCE, making it the oldest stone ship in Glanodel.]]The Dalish Iron Age is generally recognized as occurring between 500 BCE and 1,100 CE. Most of the period is {{wp|Protohistory|proto-historical}}. Most sources regarding the Glanish Iron Age are from [[Fiorentine Empire|Fiorentine]] contemporaries. | ||
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The 2nd century BCE saw an increase in urn cremation cemeteries and weapon burials with large above-ground stone markers, creating a monumental cemetery record that persisted, unbroken until the end of the Iron Age. These cemeteries are by far the most common type of visible ancient monuments in Glanodel and throughout Lhedwin. This re-emergence of weapon burial suggests an increase in social stratification similar to that of the Bronze Age. | The 2nd century BCE saw an increase in urn cremation cemeteries and weapon burials with large above-ground stone markers, creating a monumental cemetery record that persisted, unbroken until the end of the Iron Age. These cemeteries are by far the most common type of visible ancient monuments in Glanodel and throughout Lhedwin. This re-emergence of weapon burial suggests an increase in social stratification similar to that of the Bronze Age. | ||
Beginning in the 2nd century CE, agricultural land was parceled up with low stone walls, dividing the land into permanent infields and meadows for winter {{wp|fodder}}, and wooded outland for cattle grazing. {{wp|Hillfort|Hillforts}}, mostly simple structures on mountaintops designed as refuges during attacks, became common toward the end of this period. About this time, a major shift in the material culture of Lhedwin occurred, reflecting increased contact with the Fiorentine Empire. Imported goods, now largely bronze drinking gear, reappear in burials. Following the collapse of the Empire, larger settlements along the coasts began expanding, using vessels which had originally served to defend Dalish lands to gain influence throughout Lhedwinic waterways during the 5th and 6th century. Trade routes out of Glanodel soon stretched throughout much of the archipelago. | Beginning in the 2nd century CE, agricultural land was parceled up with low stone walls, dividing the land into permanent infields and meadows for winter {{wp|fodder}}, and wooded outland for cattle grazing. {{wp|Hillfort|Hillforts}}, mostly simple structures on mountaintops designed as refuges during attacks, became common toward the end of this period. About this time, a major shift in the material culture of Lhedwin occurred, reflecting increased contact with the Fiorentine Empire. Imported goods, now largely bronze drinking gear, reappear in burials. Following the collapse of the Empire, larger settlements along the coasts began expanding, using vessels which had originally served to defend Dalish lands to gain influence throughout Lhedwinic waterways during the 5th and 6th century. Trade routes out of Glanodel soon stretched throughout much of the archipelago.--> | ||
==Consolidation of Glanish territories== | ==Consolidation of Glanish territories== | ||
:''Main article: [[Glanish Monarchy]]'' | <!--:''Main article: [[Glanish Monarchy]]'' | ||
:''Related article: [[Trúathi|Truathism]]'' | :''Related article: [[Trúathi|Truathism]]'' | ||
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[[File:Two 20kr gold coins.jpg|thumbnail|left|250px|A photo of the front and back of the earliest coins minted by the Royal Treasury of Glanodel, modeled after the Lhaeraidh coin.]]Despite the establishment of a monarchy in 1158, most contemporaries refer to Glanodel as an ''"anarchic society"''. Glanodel remained relatively decentralized in comparison to many Asuran nations and power did not reside exclusively with the aristocracy. Perhaps more accurately, political power and influence arose from the support of the landowners beneath the nobility of a province. As a result, political and military action was heavily swayed by public opinion and most provinces and even individual cities frequently exercised near-autonomy. In addition, Glanish nobility regularly gathered to discuss matters of law with the monarch. This unofficial practice continued throughout the 13th and 14th centuries and came to be referred to as the ''Landsmót'' (tr. Landsmeet; literally "meeting of the lands"). It would later be made official in the 15th century and serve as the basis for the region's first parliament. | [[File:Two 20kr gold coins.jpg|thumbnail|left|250px|A photo of the front and back of the earliest coins minted by the Royal Treasury of Glanodel, modeled after the Lhaeraidh coin.]]Despite the establishment of a monarchy in 1158, most contemporaries refer to Glanodel as an ''"anarchic society"''. Glanodel remained relatively decentralized in comparison to many Asuran nations and power did not reside exclusively with the aristocracy. Perhaps more accurately, political power and influence arose from the support of the landowners beneath the nobility of a province. As a result, political and military action was heavily swayed by public opinion and most provinces and even individual cities frequently exercised near-autonomy. In addition, Glanish nobility regularly gathered to discuss matters of law with the monarch. This unofficial practice continued throughout the 13th and 14th centuries and came to be referred to as the ''Landsmót'' (tr. Landsmeet; literally "meeting of the lands"). It would later be made official in the 15th century and serve as the basis for the region's first parliament. | ||
This period also gave rise to stronger and more formalized ties between the state and religion in Glanodel. Adopted in 1247 following Navish proselytizing of the Glanish population, King Gærhialm established the Royal Truathist Church of Glanodel. With steady income in the form of {{wp|tithe|tithes}}, which had been made compulsory for all nobility in 1254 by order of King Ögri, most of Glanodel's major cities came to erect their own cathedral. By the 14th century, the Truathist Church had become one of the most important and well-funded institutions in the country. Beginning in 1280, smaller communities outside of major cities, organizing mostly through local parishes, pooled their limited resources to establish a larger Truathist presence within their communities, eventually giving rise to {{wp|monasticism}}. Initially serving as small communes which aided the poor, caring for the ill, and in some cases, record keeping for cities and nobles, as well as wealthier citizens, {{wp|monastery|monasteries}} eventually became centers of commerce and trade within Glanish society and their members made up the majority of the literate population from the 13th to the 15th century. As a result, monastery and cathedral {{wp|courtyard|courtyards}} soon became hubs of activity in most cities and towns throughout Glanodel and the primary setting for official functions and events. | This period also gave rise to stronger and more formalized ties between the state and religion in Glanodel. Adopted in 1247 following Navish proselytizing of the Glanish population, King Gærhialm established the Royal Truathist Church of Glanodel. With steady income in the form of {{wp|tithe|tithes}}, which had been made compulsory for all nobility in 1254 by order of King Ögri, most of Glanodel's major cities came to erect their own cathedral. By the 14th century, the Truathist Church had become one of the most important and well-funded institutions in the country. Beginning in 1280, smaller communities outside of major cities, organizing mostly through local parishes, pooled their limited resources to establish a larger Truathist presence within their communities, eventually giving rise to {{wp|monasticism}}. Initially serving as small communes which aided the poor, caring for the ill, and in some cases, record keeping for cities and nobles, as well as wealthier citizens, {{wp|monastery|monasteries}} eventually became centers of commerce and trade within Glanish society and their members made up the majority of the literate population from the 13th to the 15th century. As a result, monastery and cathedral {{wp|courtyard|courtyards}} soon became hubs of activity in most cities and towns throughout Glanodel and the primary setting for official functions and events.--> | ||
==Early Modern era== | ==Early Modern era== | ||
:''Main article: [[Northern Renaissance]]'' | <!--:''Main article: [[Northern Renaissance]]'' | ||
[[File:Alteoper-ffm002.jpg|350px|thumbnail|right|Originally serving as the Royal Concert Hall of the Glanish Kingdom, located in Old Town Vænholm, Musikhuset Andresen (Andresen Music Hall) is the oldest {{wp|concert hall}} in Glanodel, completed in 1697.]] | [[File:Alteoper-ffm002.jpg|350px|thumbnail|right|Originally serving as the Royal Concert Hall of the Glanish Kingdom, located in Old Town Vænholm, Musikhuset Andresen (Andresen Music Hall) is the oldest {{wp|concert hall}} in Glanodel, completed in 1697.]] | ||
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Although {{wp|feudalism}} was already minimal within Glanish society by 14th century, it had been effectively abolished by the end of the 15th century, due to the increasing use of {{wp|currency|money}} as a {{wp|medium of exchange}}, an increase in {{wp|autocracy|absolutism}} ({{wp|absolute monarchy|centralized monarchic rule}}), the decline of feudal armies due to military technological innovations like {{wp|gunpowder}}, and a general increase in agricultural productivity due to improving farming technology and methods. | Although {{wp|feudalism}} was already minimal within Glanish society by 14th century, it had been effectively abolished by the end of the 15th century, due to the increasing use of {{wp|currency|money}} as a {{wp|medium of exchange}}, an increase in {{wp|autocracy|absolutism}} ({{wp|absolute monarchy|centralized monarchic rule}}), the decline of feudal armies due to military technological innovations like {{wp|gunpowder}}, and a general increase in agricultural productivity due to improving farming technology and methods. | ||
While most of the artistic aspects of the Northern Renaissance initially centered around religious expression ([[Trúathi|Truathism]]), the mid-16th century saw the rise of more secular institutions and beliefs. Humanism, perhaps the most significant, would lay the philosophical grounds for much of the art, music, and science from the latter half of the Northern Renaissance in Glanodel. Quicker and more effective transmission of ideas and information was also facilitated by the introduction of the printing press. {{wp|Patronage}} also saw a marked increase in frequency during this period and most early Glanish artwork, literature, and musical works, as well as the majority of Glanish social and political philosophies originate from this period. Merchants and Glanish nobility regularly enlisted the services of local artists or musicians to give the impression of cultural sophistication, as was the case in many Lhedwinic nations during the renaissance. | While most of the artistic aspects of the Northern Renaissance initially centered around religious expression ([[Trúathi|Truathism]]), the mid-16th century saw the rise of more secular institutions and beliefs. Humanism, perhaps the most significant, would lay the philosophical grounds for much of the art, music, and science from the latter half of the Northern Renaissance in Glanodel. Quicker and more effective transmission of ideas and information was also facilitated by the introduction of the printing press. {{wp|Patronage}} also saw a marked increase in frequency during this period and most early Glanish artwork, literature, and musical works, as well as the majority of Glanish social and political philosophies originate from this period. Merchants and Glanish nobility regularly enlisted the services of local artists or musicians to give the impression of cultural sophistication, as was the case in many Lhedwinic nations during the renaissance.--> | ||
===Glanish Liberalism=== | ===Glanish Liberalism=== | ||
[[File:Alexander Roslin - King Gustav III of Sweden and his Brothers - Google Art Project.jpg|350px|thumbnail|right|Oskar Fischer's 1634 depiction of King Peter II (bottom left) signing the Law of Governance in front of Lukas Ohlson (top left), representative of masonry guild of Vænholm, and Gudhlek Lagerlof (right), one of the most influential merchants of the late Renaissance.]] | <!--[[File:Alexander Roslin - King Gustav III of Sweden and his Brothers - Google Art Project.jpg|350px|thumbnail|right|Oskar Fischer's 1634 depiction of King Peter II (bottom left) signing the Law of Governance in front of Lukas Ohlson (top left), representative of masonry guild of Vænholm, and Gudhlek Lagerlof (right), one of the most influential merchants of the late Renaissance.]] | ||
Prior to the 14th century, Glanish desires for freedom and individual liberty engendered a {{wp|laissez-faire}} attitude towards most public affairs; however, most historians believe this was perpetuated by the aristocracy in an effort to reduce the over all financial burden of maintaining a local guard. Additionally, Glanish law had been relatively unregulated compared to that of many neighboring kingdoms and was expected on an individual level to be supplemented by one's personal martial prowess. Petty crime like theft was overlooked by city guards, whose main concern was usually protecting their posts. Consequently, the common citizen wouldn't have expected much help fending off criminal activity unless murder or major property damage had occurred. This changed at the beginning of the 15th century when local governments comprised of elected officials became increasingly more common, especially in major cities along the coasts. These city councils, referred to as ''things'', eventually dominated local politics and in time, local aristocracies became irrelevant. | Prior to the 14th century, Glanish desires for freedom and individual liberty engendered a {{wp|laissez-faire}} attitude towards most public affairs; however, most historians believe this was perpetuated by the aristocracy in an effort to reduce the over all financial burden of maintaining a local guard. Additionally, Glanish law had been relatively unregulated compared to that of many neighboring kingdoms and was expected on an individual level to be supplemented by one's personal martial prowess. Petty crime like theft was overlooked by city guards, whose main concern was usually protecting their posts. Consequently, the common citizen wouldn't have expected much help fending off criminal activity unless murder or major property damage had occurred. This changed at the beginning of the 15th century when local governments comprised of elected officials became increasingly more common, especially in major cities along the coasts. These city councils, referred to as ''things'', eventually dominated local politics and in time, local aristocracies became irrelevant. | ||
Commerce was given little official scrutiny as long as taxes were paid and businesses such as brothels and gambling halls were not only tolerated, but expected. Laws regulating personal behavior such as bearing arms, drinking, gambling, and prostitution, also never gained much support among the average citizen, laws pertaining to prisons and law enforcement, economic freedom, and the protection of private property for commoners became important local concerns. Punishment for a crime had, until then, been quick and violent, which was preferred by the nobility to avoid the costs of long-term imprisonment. Common methods included {{wp|public humiliation}}, {{wp|Flagellation|flogging}}, disfigurement, fines, and executions. With local governments under the influence of the common citizen, however, local taxes could be diverted toward long-term imprisonment and eventual reintroduction to society. | Commerce was given little official scrutiny as long as taxes were paid and businesses such as brothels and gambling halls were not only tolerated, but expected. Laws regulating personal behavior such as bearing arms, drinking, gambling, and prostitution, also never gained much support among the average citizen, laws pertaining to prisons and law enforcement, economic freedom, and the protection of private property for commoners became important local concerns. Punishment for a crime had, until then, been quick and violent, which was preferred by the nobility to avoid the costs of long-term imprisonment. Common methods included {{wp|public humiliation}}, {{wp|Flagellation|flogging}}, disfigurement, fines, and executions. With local governments under the influence of the common citizen, however, local taxes could be diverted toward long-term imprisonment and eventual reintroduction to society. | ||
By the 17th century, a nascent liberal movement among the population gained clout as many of the major cities and thus, the largest economies within the kingdom became dominated by ''stjórnkarl'' (tr. "common rule), primarily through the dominance of {{wp|thing (assembly)|things}}. This essentially referred to the fact that most local governments were now composed of elected commoners and only the most influential aristocrat held public authority, usually serving as a governor to officiate certain ordinances that only they were authorized to do under Glanish Law. Finally in March of 1621, a group of the most powerful merchants in Glanodel, along with representatives from several of the largest guilds in the country, forced their way into the royal castle to gain recognition for commoners on the national level in political affairs. The result would be the ''Grundlov'' ("Supreme Law"), a law establishing the deliberative council of the ''Landsmót'' (or Landsmeet; literally meaning "meeting of the lands"), which would hold officials both from the noble and the common class. | By the 17th century, a nascent liberal movement among the population gained clout as many of the major cities and thus, the largest economies within the kingdom became dominated by ''stjórnkarl'' (tr. "common rule), primarily through the dominance of {{wp|thing (assembly)|things}}. This essentially referred to the fact that most local governments were now composed of elected commoners and only the most influential aristocrat held public authority, usually serving as a governor to officiate certain ordinances that only they were authorized to do under Glanish Law. Finally in March of 1621, a group of the most powerful merchants in Glanodel, along with representatives from several of the largest guilds in the country, forced their way into the royal castle to gain recognition for commoners on the national level in political affairs. The result would be the ''Grundlov'' ("Supreme Law"), a law establishing the deliberative council of the ''Landsmót'' (or Landsmeet; literally meaning "meeting of the lands"), which would hold officials both from the noble and the common class.--> | ||
===United Kingdom of Lhedwin=== | ===United Kingdom of Lhedwin=== | ||
:''Related article: [[United Kingdom of Lhedwin]]'' | <!--:''Related article: [[United Kingdom of Lhedwin]]'' | ||
[[File:Horace Vernet-Barricade rue Soufflot.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|A depiction of the 1658 Vænholm Revolts by Newreyan painter Georg Olesen.]] | [[File:Horace Vernet-Barricade rue Soufflot.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|A depiction of the 1658 Vænholm Revolts by Newreyan painter Georg Olesen.]] | ||
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The 18th century saw a gradual decline in the level of civil unrest throughout Glanodel, an occurrence that historians generally attribute to changing demographics. As the older generations which had lived during the liberal movement died, and the newer generations came of age, public memory of an increasingly limited monarchy faded. This decline led to the gradual withdrawal of the Lhedwin occupying forces from the region, which would be replaced with a Lhedwin-appointed, Governor-General in 1818 to act as the "Official Representative of the Imperial Monarchy". The Governor-General was granted sweeping authority and could, by order of the Lhedwin Monarchy, act in the Glanish King's stead in almost all matters of state. | The 18th century saw a gradual decline in the level of civil unrest throughout Glanodel, an occurrence that historians generally attribute to changing demographics. As the older generations which had lived during the liberal movement died, and the newer generations came of age, public memory of an increasingly limited monarchy faded. This decline led to the gradual withdrawal of the Lhedwin occupying forces from the region, which would be replaced with a Lhedwin-appointed, Governor-General in 1818 to act as the "Official Representative of the Imperial Monarchy". The Governor-General was granted sweeping authority and could, by order of the Lhedwin Monarchy, act in the Glanish King's stead in almost all matters of state. | ||
Glanodel experienced rapid, forced industrialization through the Governorship's elevation of industrialists who were sympathetic to Lhedwin and during the 19th century, Glanodel was transformed from a cultural hub of artistic expression and social innovation into an industrial center and manufacturing hub. Assisted by the Lhedwin secret police, {{wp|labor camp|work camps}} also become common throughout Glanodel in order to imprison anyone who publicly opposed Lhedwinic rule. These camps, which quickly suffered from drastic deterioration in living conditions throughout their operation, were designed to use political opponents as free labor and were modeled after {{wp|penal colony|penal colonies}}. In April of 1866, the Lhedwin military police began quietly rounding up nobility and other public officials in Glanodel who were suspected of not supporting Lhedwinic rule in an event now known as the April Massacre. While extensive efforts were made to hide the plot from the public, the truth surfaced in May and was immediately followed by public outcry. | Glanodel experienced rapid, forced industrialization through the Governorship's elevation of industrialists who were sympathetic to Lhedwin and during the 19th century, Glanodel was transformed from a cultural hub of artistic expression and social innovation into an industrial center and manufacturing hub. Assisted by the Lhedwin secret police, {{wp|labor camp|work camps}} also become common throughout Glanodel in order to imprison anyone who publicly opposed Lhedwinic rule. These camps, which quickly suffered from drastic deterioration in living conditions throughout their operation, were designed to use political opponents as free labor and were modeled after {{wp|penal colony|penal colonies}}. In April of 1866, the Lhedwin military police began quietly rounding up nobility and other public officials in Glanodel who were suspected of not supporting Lhedwinic rule in an event now known as the April Massacre. While extensive efforts were made to hide the plot from the public, the truth surfaced in May and was immediately followed by public outcry.--> | ||
==The Great War== | ==The Great War== | ||
:''Main article: [[Great War (Aeia)|Great War]]'' | <!--:''Main article: [[Great War (Aeia)|Great War]]'' | ||
[[File:Glanodel-Great War Conscription.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|Glens being examined by Lhedwin medical officers for eligibility for conscription.]] | [[File:Glanodel-Great War Conscription.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|Glens being examined by Lhedwin medical officers for eligibility for conscription.]] | ||
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This location served as the main planning area for the resistance throughout the remainder of the Great War. Taking control of the city also enabled the resistance to use the sea. With most of Lhedwin's naval forces concentrated on dealing with external conflicts, little could be done to mount a naval-based offensive against the resistance occupied port. This port also granted enemies of the Lhedwinic Empire access to the islands and a gateway into mounting a ground-based offensive. Mostly utilized by Newreyan forces, the port quickly became a hub for military forces fighting against the United Kingdom. | This location served as the main planning area for the resistance throughout the remainder of the Great War. Taking control of the city also enabled the resistance to use the sea. With most of Lhedwin's naval forces concentrated on dealing with external conflicts, little could be done to mount a naval-based offensive against the resistance occupied port. This port also granted enemies of the Lhedwinic Empire access to the islands and a gateway into mounting a ground-based offensive. Mostly utilized by Newreyan forces, the port quickly became a hub for military forces fighting against the United Kingdom. | ||
On the last day of 1899, Lhedwin officially surrendered to the Grand Alliance. As part of the treaty which brought an permanent end to the Great War, Glanodel was given independence as part of a "United Kingdom Breakup" clause which dissolved the United Kingdom's government and granted most of it's constituent states independence while prohibiting the formation of a union in the future. In January of 1900, Glanodel was officially restored. | On the last day of 1899, Lhedwin officially surrendered to the Grand Alliance. As part of the treaty which brought an permanent end to the Great War, Glanodel was given independence as part of a "United Kingdom Breakup" clause which dissolved the United Kingdom's government and granted most of it's constituent states independence while prohibiting the formation of a union in the future. In January of 1900, Glanodel was officially restored.--> | ||
==20th century== | ==20th century== | ||
[[File:Field Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein Kg Gcb Dso 1887-1976 BU6034.jpg|thumb|300px|Thousands of Glens crowd the streets as Resistance General Claus Berthelsen drives to the capital for the first meeting of the Provisional Government in 1899.]] | <!--[[File:Field Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein Kg Gcb Dso 1887-1976 BU6034.jpg|thumb|300px|Thousands of Glens crowd the streets as Resistance General Claus Berthelsen drives to the capital for the first meeting of the Provisional Government in 1899.]] | ||
Glanodel emerged from the Great War to face a series of political, social, and economic problems. Immediately following the end of the war, the first priority of the Glanish provisional government was to arrest and put on trial nearly 40,000 Glens suspected of collaboration with and support for the Lhedwinic Empire. Between 19-28 January 1900, military leaders from Glanodel and Newrey, among others, presided over a series of {{wp|military tribunal|military tribunals}} which led to the prosecution of around 13,000 of those arrested for their participation in the forced labor camps in Glanodel and other ''"{{wp|war crimes|violations}} of {{wp|human rights}}"''. 113 of which received a {{wp|death sentence}}. The trials were held in the city of Graylund, Glanodel and are now referred to as the Graylund Trials. | Glanodel emerged from the Great War to face a series of political, social, and economic problems. Immediately following the end of the war, the first priority of the Glanish provisional government was to arrest and put on trial nearly 40,000 Glens suspected of collaboration with and support for the Lhedwinic Empire. Between 19-28 January 1900, military leaders from Glanodel and Newrey, among others, presided over a series of {{wp|military tribunal|military tribunals}} which led to the prosecution of around 13,000 of those arrested for their participation in the forced labor camps in Glanodel and other ''"{{wp|war crimes|violations}} of {{wp|human rights}}"''. 113 of which received a {{wp|death sentence}}. The trials were held in the city of Graylund, Glanodel and are now referred to as the Graylund Trials. | ||
After the conclusion of the trials, the second priority of the provisional government, led by General [[Claus Berthelsen]], a general within the Glanish Resistance, and Provisional Director [[Alex Åberg]], the de facto head of government for the Glanish government-in-exile, was the reestablishment of a Glanish government. On 5 March 1900, the ratification of the Second Glanish Constitution established the Commondwealth of Glanodel under a {{wp|federalism|federal}} {{wp|presidential system|presidential}} form of government controlled by a series of coalitions. | After the conclusion of the trials, the second priority of the provisional government, led by General [[Claus Berthelsen]], a general within the Glanish Resistance, and Provisional Director [[Alex Åberg]], the de facto head of government for the Glanish government-in-exile, was the reestablishment of a Glanish government. On 5 March 1900, the ratification of the Second Glanish Constitution established the Commondwealth of Glanodel under a {{wp|federalism|federal}} {{wp|presidential system|presidential}} form of government controlled by a series of coalitions. | ||
Due to its abundant natural resources and Lhedwin's forced industrialization movement from 1854 to 1873, Glanodel experienced rapid industrialization between the 1850s and 1880s. Glanodel also served as the main industrial center of the Lhedwinic war machine throughout the Great War. At the end of the war, however, millions of people were homeless, the Glanish economy had collapsed, and much of its industrial infrastructure had been destroyed. Thanks to bombardment from Grand Alliance fleets, especially Newreyan fleets, the Glanish economy was still well below its pre-war level and signs of growth were sparce. Agricultural production was 78% of pre-war levels, industrial production was barely 42%, and exports only 59%. Inland territories were not as severe. | Due to its abundant natural resources and Lhedwin's forced industrialization movement from 1854 to 1873, Glanodel experienced rapid industrialization between the 1850s and 1880s. Glanodel also served as the main industrial center of the Lhedwinic war machine throughout the Great War. At the end of the war, however, millions of people were homeless, the Glanish economy had collapsed, and much of its industrial infrastructure had been destroyed. Thanks to bombardment from Grand Alliance fleets, especially Newreyan fleets, the Glanish economy was still well below its pre-war level and signs of growth were sparce. Agricultural production was 78% of pre-war levels, industrial production was barely 42%, and exports only 59%. Inland territories were not as severe. --> | ||
===Reconstruction era=== | ===Reconstruction era=== | ||
:''Related article: [[Aftermath of the Great War]]'' | <!--:''Related article: [[Aftermath of the Great War]]'' | ||
[[File:Crater caused by the destruction of German shells, World War I (21475834140).jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|There are numerous artificial craters across the southern coasts of Glanodel created by continual bombardment by the Allied Forces during the Great War.]] | [[File:Crater caused by the destruction of German shells, World War I (21475834140).jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|There are numerous artificial craters across the southern coasts of Glanodel created by continual bombardment by the Allied Forces during the Great War.]] | ||
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1901 to 1923 saw the fastest period of growth in Glanish history. Industrial production increased by 35%. Agricultural production substantially surpassed pre-war levels. The poverty and starvation of the immediate postwar years disappeared, and Glanodel embarked upon an unprecedented two decades of growth that saw standards of living increase dramatically. There is some debate among historians over how much this should be credited to the Recovery Program. Most reject the idea that it alone miraculously revived Glanodel, although most believe that the Program did expedite this recovery, considerably. Most historians do agree that the political effects of the Program were more far reaching. Recovery Program aid allowed the fledgling Commondwealth to relax austerity measures and rationing, reducing discontent and bringing political stability. Most consider this to be the main factor in reducing communist influence in Glanodel. The trade relations fostered by the Program also helped forge Newreyan-Glanish foreign relations, who in 1900 established one of the oldest, continuing defense pacts still in existence. | 1901 to 1923 saw the fastest period of growth in Glanish history. Industrial production increased by 35%. Agricultural production substantially surpassed pre-war levels. The poverty and starvation of the immediate postwar years disappeared, and Glanodel embarked upon an unprecedented two decades of growth that saw standards of living increase dramatically. There is some debate among historians over how much this should be credited to the Recovery Program. Most reject the idea that it alone miraculously revived Glanodel, although most believe that the Program did expedite this recovery, considerably. Most historians do agree that the political effects of the Program were more far reaching. Recovery Program aid allowed the fledgling Commondwealth to relax austerity measures and rationing, reducing discontent and bringing political stability. Most consider this to be the main factor in reducing communist influence in Glanodel. The trade relations fostered by the Program also helped forge Newreyan-Glanish foreign relations, who in 1900 established one of the oldest, continuing defense pacts still in existence. | ||
It was also during Glanodel's postwar re-industrialization that the modern Glanish entertainment industry first emerged. In 1910, the Ottesen Filmography Company was founded by the inventor of the first motion camera, Stig Ottesen. The company later fell under the leadership of Nicklas Birch who would innovate the first commercial uses sound film. Hanson Group, the largest recording studio in Glanodel and one of the largest in the world, would also be founded in the 1920s by Bothilde Hanson. Many other entertainment industry-oriented companies would emerge during this time as well, such as Axel Pictures, Kirk Records, Philms Motion Pictures, Betagende Photography, and Glimrende Company. The rise of the Glanish entertainment industries during this time is mainly attributed to the reemergence of patronage which resulted from an increasing desire among the Glanish population for a return to the former glory of the Glanish Renaissance. These industries continued to flourish due to the rapid expansion of the Glanish economy which followed over the next decade. | It was also during Glanodel's postwar re-industrialization that the modern Glanish entertainment industry first emerged. In 1910, the Ottesen Filmography Company was founded by the inventor of the first motion camera, Stig Ottesen. The company later fell under the leadership of Nicklas Birch who would innovate the first commercial uses sound film. Hanson Group, the largest recording studio in Glanodel and one of the largest in the world, would also be founded in the 1920s by Bothilde Hanson. Many other entertainment industry-oriented companies would emerge during this time as well, such as Axel Pictures, Kirk Records, Philms Motion Pictures, Betagende Photography, and Glimrende Company. The rise of the Glanish entertainment industries during this time is mainly attributed to the reemergence of patronage which resulted from an increasing desire among the Glanish population for a return to the former glory of the Glanish Renaissance. These industries continued to flourish due to the rapid expansion of the Glanish economy which followed over the next decade.--> | ||
===Contemporary Glanodel=== | ===Contemporary Glanodel=== | ||
[[File:Thatcher reviews troops.jpg|thumb|300px|Former President Margrete Thrane, the first female president of Glanodel, being escorted to her seat to view a Newreyan military ceremony in 1990.]] | <!--[[File:Thatcher reviews troops.jpg|thumb|300px|Former President Margrete Thrane, the first female president of Glanodel, being escorted to her seat to view a Newreyan military ceremony in 1990.]] | ||
Throughout the rest of the 20th century, Glanish politics became dominated by two major parties, the [[Folkpartiet (Glanodel)|Liberal People's Party]] and [[Borgerligt Demokratisk (Glanodel)|Conservative Democratic Party]], with fluctuating support among smaller parties. As the overall tax burden on the public rose between the 1920s and 30s, economic growth slowed but standards of living modernized and progressive policies dominated legislation throughout the rest of the 20th century. The late 1920s and the 1930s saw the empowerment of {{wp|organized labor|unions}}, numerous economic reforms, and {{wp|unemployment benefits}}, as well as publicly-funded {{wp|Pension fund|pensions}}, {{wp|universal health care}}, and greater investments in both public and private education. These investments, as well as the restructuring of the tax system coupled with an effective model for redistribution of wealth resulted in high levels of income equality, {{wp|per capita income}}, {{wp|social mobility}}, and high {{wp|Human development (humanity)|human development}}. With the country's industrial base mostly restored, Glanodel emerged as a dominant manufacturer in the growing world economy throughout the 1940s and 50s. | Throughout the rest of the 20th century, Glanish politics became dominated by two major parties, the [[Folkpartiet (Glanodel)|Liberal People's Party]] and [[Borgerligt Demokratisk (Glanodel)|Conservative Democratic Party]], with fluctuating support among smaller parties. As the overall tax burden on the public rose between the 1920s and 30s, economic growth slowed but standards of living modernized and progressive policies dominated legislation throughout the rest of the 20th century. The late 1920s and the 1930s saw the empowerment of {{wp|organized labor|unions}}, numerous economic reforms, and {{wp|unemployment benefits}}, as well as publicly-funded {{wp|Pension fund|pensions}}, {{wp|universal health care}}, and greater investments in both public and private education. These investments, as well as the restructuring of the tax system coupled with an effective model for redistribution of wealth resulted in high levels of income equality, {{wp|per capita income}}, {{wp|social mobility}}, and high {{wp|Human development (humanity)|human development}}. With the country's industrial base mostly restored, Glanodel emerged as a dominant manufacturer in the growing world economy throughout the 1940s and 50s. | ||
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While the late 60s also saw the emergence of the state oil company, Regoil, oil production did not provide net income until the early 1980s because of the large capital investment that was required to establish the country's petroleum industry. Around 1975, both the proportion and absolute number of workers in industry peaked. Since then labor-intensive industries and services like factory mass production and shipping have largely been automated, or in a few cases outsourced. | While the late 60s also saw the emergence of the state oil company, Regoil, oil production did not provide net income until the early 1980s because of the large capital investment that was required to establish the country's petroleum industry. Around 1975, both the proportion and absolute number of workers in industry peaked. Since then labor-intensive industries and services like factory mass production and shipping have largely been automated, or in a few cases outsourced. | ||
The 1990s saw the longest economic expansion in modern Glanish history, especially when the communications infrastructure was equipped to provide internet. Beginning in 1994, Glanodel entered into numerous trade pacts with over 20 other nations throughout the world, the goal being to eliminate trade and investment {{wp|tariff|barriers}} among the countries with whom Glanodel traded the most; trade among the partners has soared since these agreements went into force. Numerous international finance and economist magazines rank Glanodel as one of the largest economies in the world. At the turn of the 21st century, Inspirekom became the largest, multinational, entertainment company in the world and has since established more filming studios in more countries than any other. | The 1990s saw the longest economic expansion in modern Glanish history, especially when the communications infrastructure was equipped to provide internet. Beginning in 1994, Glanodel entered into numerous trade pacts with over 20 other nations throughout the world, the goal being to eliminate trade and investment {{wp|tariff|barriers}} among the countries with whom Glanodel traded the most; trade among the partners has soared since these agreements went into force. Numerous international finance and economist magazines rank Glanodel as one of the largest economies in the world. At the turn of the 21st century, Inspirekom became the largest, multinational, entertainment company in the world and has since established more filming studios in more countries than any other.--> | ||
{{Template:Glanodel}} | {{Template:Glanodel}} | ||
Revision as of 21:26, 16 October 2022
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Prehistory
Dalish people
Consolidation of Glanish territories
Early Modern era
Glanish Liberalism
United Kingdom of Lhedwin
The Great War
20th century
Reconstruction era
Contemporary Glanodel
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