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| {{WIP}} | | {{Region icon Elezia}} |
| | {{Redirect|Zhoushi language|Zhoushi language as set in its canon in {{NSR|Anteria}}|Zhoushi language/Anteria}} |
| {{Infobox language | | {{Infobox language |
| | name = Zhoushi language | | | name = Zhoushi<!-- language--> |
| | altname = Neo-Bogmian, Bogmo-Zhengian | | | altname = |
| | nativename = Зөшinчina | | | nativename = Ʒөшinчina - Ʒөшinƌky jєzyk |
| | acceptance = | | | acceptance = |
| | image = ZhoushengFlag.png | | | image = ZhoushiCultureFlag.png |
| | imagesize = <!-- or image_size --> | | | imagesize = <!-- or image_size --> |
| | imagealt = | | | imagealt = |
| | imagecaption = [[Flag of Zhousheng|Zhoushi national flag]] | | | imagecaption = [[Flag of Zhousheng|Zhoushi ethnic flag]] |
| | | image2 = ZhoushengFlag.png |
| | | imagesize2 = <!-- or image_size --> |
| | | imagealt2 = |
| | | imagecaption2 = [[Flag of Zhousheng|Zhoushi national flag]] |
| | pronunciation= [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|/ʒu͡oʃɪnt͡ʃina/]] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=%CA%92u%CD%A1o%CA%83%C9%AAnt%CD%A1%CA%83ina]]<!--{{Audio|Zhoushinchina.mp3|/ʒu͡oʃɪnt͡ʃina/]|help=no}}--> | | | pronunciation= [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|/ʒu͡oʃɪnt͡ʃina/]] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=%CA%92u%CD%A1o%CA%83%C9%AAnt%CD%A1%CA%83ina]]<!--{{Audio|Zhoushinchina.mp3|/ʒu͡oʃɪnt͡ʃina/]|help=no}}--> |
| | states = {{Tree list}} | | | states = {{Tree list}} |
| *{{flag|Mustelaria}}
| | *{{flag|Zhousheng}} |
| **{{flag|Zhousheng}}
| |
| {{Tree list/end}} | | {{Tree list/end}} |
| | region = [[Kento-Poylash languages|Slavic Belt]] in [[Thuadia]] | | | region = |
| | ethnicity = Zhoushi Slavs | | | ethnicity = Zhoushi Slavs |
| | speakers = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language L1]: 110,985,000 | | | speakers = [[wikipedia:First_language|L1]]: 26,985,000 |
| | speakers2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language L2]: 12,532,000<br>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language FL]: 7,230,000 | | | speakers2 = [[wikipedia:Second_language|L2]]: 4,532,000<br>[[wikipedia:Foreign_language|FL]]: 230,000 |
| | familycolor = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages Thuado-Thrismaran languages] | | | familycolor = Indo-European |
| | fam2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages Zarav-Slavic] | | | fam1 = [[wikipedia:Indo-European languages|Parthenian-Trianian]] |
| | fam3 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages Slavic] | | | fam2 = [[wikipedia:Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]] |
| | fam4 = [[Kento-Polyash languages|Kento-Polyash]] | | | fam3 = [[wikipedia:Slavic languages|Slavic]] |
| | fam5 = [[Mustelaria|Mustelarian]] subgroup | | | fam4 = [[wikipedia:West Slavic languages|Suiden-Flatt]] |
| | | fam5 = |
| | protoname = | | | protoname = |
| | ancestor = | | | ancestor = |
| | ancestor2 = Bogmian<br>Slavic Zhengian<br>Haldenian | | | ancestor2 = |
| | ancestor3 = | | | ancestor3 = |
| | standards = | | | standards = |
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| | dialects = | | | dialects = |
| | listclass = plainlist | | | listclass = plainlist |
| | dia1 = Central Bogmian | | | dia1 = |
| | dia2 = Bogmo-Zhengian<ref>Bogmo-Zhengian dialect is the most "literal", as its base was taken for the design of the new language in early 80's and was later codified in 1984</ref> | | | dia2 = |
| | dia3 = Zhengian | | | dia3 = |
| | dia4 = Transmountain | | | dia4 = |
| | dia5 = Haldenian | | | dia5 = |
| | dia6 = Mosterec Bogmian | | | dia6 = |
| | dia7 = Louzen-Bogmian | | | dia7 = |
| | dia8 = Velpan-Bogmian | | | dia8 = |
| | script = Modified [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet Latin alphabet] | | | script = [[Zhoushi orthography|Zhoushi Latin Alphabet]] |
| | sign = | | | sign = |
| | posteriori = | | | posteriori = |
| | nation = {{Tree list}} | | | nation = {{Tree list}} |
| *{{flag|Mustelaria}}
| | *{{flag|Zhousheng}} |
| **{{flag|Zhousheng}}
| |
| *{{flag|Sekidean Union}}<ref>Official languages of the [[Sekidean Union]] are official languages of countries that are members. Therefore, Zhoushi is considered an official language, although on the international basis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common] is used the most.</ref>
| |
| **{{flag|Inner Sekidean Union}}
| |
| {{Tree list/end}} | | {{Tree list/end}} |
| | minority = {{Tree list}} | | | minority = {{Tree list}} |
| *{{flag|Mustelaria}}
| |
| **{{flag|Monte Blanco}}
| |
| *{{flag|Gadorien}}
| |
| *{{flag|Prei Meas}} | | *{{flag|Prei Meas}} |
| {{Tree list/end}} | | {{Tree list/end}} |
| Line 89: |
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| | lingua_ref = | | | lingua_ref = |
| | ietf = | | | ietf = |
| | map = ZhoushiLangMap.png | | | map = |
| | mapsize = | | | mapsize = |
| | mapalt = | | | mapalt = |
| | mapcaption = Distribution of the language<br>{{color box|#007FFE}} Absolute majority<br>{{color box|#87C3FE}} >30% of native speakers | | | mapcaption = <!--Distribution of the language<br>{{legend|#007FFE|Absolute majority}}{{legend|#87C3FE|>30% of native speakers}}--> |
| | map2 = | | | map2 = |
| | mapalt2 = | | | mapalt2 = |
| Line 100: |
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| | notice = IPA | | | notice = IPA |
| }} | | }} |
| Zhoushi language is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages Slavic language] out of [[Kento-Poylash languages|Kento-Polyash language group]], which is a official language of [[Zhousheng]] and a official federal language in [[Mustelaria]] along with Belgorian and Neo-Mustelarian. | | The '''Zhoushi language''' (Zhoushi: ''Ʒөшinчina'') is a [[wikipedia:Slavic_languages|Slavic language]] with major influence of local languages of TBD, that arose as a [[wikipedia:Mixed language|mixed language]] or [[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]] of sorts in the nation of [[Zhousheng]], a former colonial outpost of [[Suidenland]]. It is based on a slavic grammatic and linguistic base, especially inspired by [[Bogmian language|Bogmian]], [[wikipedia:Czech language|Suiden]] and [[Belgorian language|Belgorian]] languages, but has many major influences of other languages located in the region, especially [[Yu language|Standard Yu]], [[wikipedia:Khmer language|Preimeai]], [[wikipedia:Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]] and [[wikipedia:Kagate language|Syuba]]. |
| ==Introduction==
| | |
| The language has a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages slavic root and grammar], however, unlike other slavic languages, has 8 grammatical cases (other have 7 or 6). Also, there are about 700 Zhengian words in present day Zhoushi language, they are inflected using Bogmian grammar. Old Zhengian, having been descendant out of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages Prei-Phnom languages], was slowly assimilated into Slavic grammar, having transformed into Slavic Zhengian. Because of the Zhengian accents profilerating, Zhoushi language has 40 unique phonemes, 2 of which are exclusive to Zhoushi language (those are /r̝̊/ ''([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill#Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_trill Voiceless alveolar fricative trill])<ref>Note: this phoneme is present in other two [[Kento-Polyash languages]]: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language Velnotian] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbian_languages Ulevan]</ref>'' and /ȴ̩/ ''([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_consonant Syllabic] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant])'').
| | ==History== |
| ==Alphabet== | | TBD |
| After the reform of 1912, when Bogmian language officially abandoned [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_alphabet Protopolyash script] in favor of the new [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet Latin script], hoping to solve the problematic grammar, as multiple phonemes shared one symbol (such as "i" and "j" were both noted as "ⲓ") Three official versions of the new script had been made:
| | |
| * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapheme Grapheme] version: This version was later adopted as the official alphabet of the new Zhoushi language in 1984, uses special symbols for each phoneme
| | ===Comparison with the two former languages=== |
| * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic Diacritic] version: This version uses basic latin alphabet and solves the phonemes by adding diacritic symbols. Although still being recognized as a acceptable version of the language, it is barely used.
| | {|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |
| * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digraph_(orthography) Digraph] version: This version uses digraphs to sign specifical phonemes. It was dropped in early 1950's, as it didn't solve the main reason why Bogmians abandoned the Protopolyash script in the first place.
| | !Aspect |
| Zhoushi, although not officially using it, sometimes used lenghtened marks for vowels and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_consonant syllabic consonants]. Those symbols were used in some historical transcripts, but were eventually faded in pre-1950's unification proposals and didn't make it into the official grammar of 1984.
| | !rowspan="100"| |
| {| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| | ![[Bogmia|Bogmian]] |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Aa'''<br>/a/
| | ![[Zhengia|Zhengian]] |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Bb'''<br>/b/
| | !rowspan="100"| |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Cc'''<br>/ʦ/ | | !Zhoushi |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Чч'''<br>/ʧ ~ ʨ/
| |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Dd'''<br>/d ~ ɖ/
| |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Đđ'''<br>/ɟ/
| |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ƌƌ'''<br>/ʣ/ | |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ee'''<br>/ɛ/ | |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Єє'''<br>/e/
| |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ff'''<br>/f/
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Gg'''<br>/g/
| | |'''[[wikipedia:Grammatical gender|Genders]] |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Гг'''<br>/ʤ ~ ʥ/
| | |style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Hh'''<br>/ɦ ~ h/ | | |style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span> |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ȝȝ'''<br>/x/
| | |style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ii'''<br>/i ~ ɪ/ | |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Jj'''<br>/j/
| |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Kk'''<br>/k/ | |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ll'''<br>/l/
| |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Λλ'''<br>/ȴ/
| |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Mm'''<br>/m ~ m̥/
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Nn'''<br>/n ~ ɳ/
| | |'''[[wikipedia:Clusivity|Clusivity]] |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ƞƞ'''<br>/ɲ/
| | |style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span> |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Oo'''<br>/o ~ ɔ/ | | |style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Өө'''<br>/uo/
| | |style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Pp'''<br>/p/ | |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Qq'''<br>/kv/
| |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Rr'''<br>/r ~ r̥/ | |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ꝛꝛ'''<br>/r̝ ~ r̝̊/
| |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ss'''<br>/s/
| |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Шш'''<br>/ʃ ~ ɕ/
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Tt'''<br>/t ~ ʈ/
| | |'''[[wikipedia:Vowel length|Vowel length]] |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ꞇꞇ'''<br>/c/
| | |style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Þþ'''<br>/ð ~ θ/ | | |style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span> |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Uu'''<br>/u/
| | |style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span> |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Vv'''<br>/v/ | |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ƿƿ'''<br>/w ~ ʋ/
| |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Xx'''<br>/ks/ | |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Yy'''<br>/ɨ/
| |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Zz'''<br>/z/
| |
| | style="width:4em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Зз'''<br>/ʒ ~ ʑ/
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |} | | |'''[[wikipedia:Syllabic consonant|Syllabicity]] |
| ===Detailed table===
| | |style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> |
| {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-datatable" style="text-align: center; background:#F8F9FA"
| | |style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span> |
| !colspan="3"|Official (Grapheme) version
| | |style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> |
| !colspan="2"|{{H:title|This version still exists, but is not officially recognized|Diacritic version}}
| |
| !colspan="2"|{{H:title|This version was dropped in 1950's|Digraph version}}
| |
| ! {{H:title|This version was dropped in 1910's|[[wikipedia:Coptic alphabet|Protopolyash]] version}}
| |
| ! [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet chart|IPA Symbol]]
| |
| ! Example of a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common] word with the sound
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | 1 | | |'''[[wikipedia:Reflexive pronoun|Reflexive]] |
| |colspan="2"| A a | | |style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> |
| |colspan="2"| A a | | |style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span> |
| |colspan="2"| A a
| | |style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> |
| |rowspan="2"|Ⲁ ⲁ | |
| |{{Audio|PR-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/a/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PR-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg '''A'''fter]
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}} | | |'''[[wikipedia:Grammatical case|Cases]] |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|⨇ ⩕ | | |style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|Ꜳ ꜳ
| | |style="background:#FFDC00"|<span style="color: #AF9700">'''???'''</span> |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ā ā | | |style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Aa aa
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Audio|PR-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/aː/|help=no}} | |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|'''A'''sk
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | 2 | | |'''[[wikipedia:Duodecimal|Dozenal]] |
| |colspan="2"| B b | | |style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span> |
| |colspan="2"| B b | | |style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> |
| |colspan="2"| B b | | |style="background:#FFDC00"|<span style="color: #AF9700">'''???'''</span> |
| | Ⲃ ⲃ
| |
| |{{Audio|Voiced_bilabial_plosive.ogg|/b/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_bilabial_plosive.ogg La'''b'''el]
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | 3 | | |'''[[Zhoushi grammar#nouns|Indifference]] |
| |colspan="2"| C c | | |style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span> |
| |colspan="2"| C c | | |style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> |
| |colspan="2"| C c | | |style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> |
| | Ϭ ϭ | | <!--|- |
| |{{Audio|Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.oga|/ʦ/|help=no}} | | |'''[[wikipedia:|]] |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.oga I'''ts''']
| | | |
| | | |
| | |--> |
| | |} |
| | |
| | ==Orthography and phonology== |
| | ===Introduction=== |
| | The language has a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages slavic root and grammar], however, unlike other slavic languages, has 8 grammatical cases (other have 7 or 6). Also, there are about 700 Zhengian words in present day Zhoushi language, they are inflected using Bogmian grammar. Old Zhengian, having been descendant out of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages Prei-Phnom languages], was slowly assimilated into Slavic grammar, having transformed into Slavic Zhengian. Because of the Zhengian accents profilerating, Zhoushi language has 40 unique phonemes, 2 of which are exclusive to Zhoushi language (those are /r̝̊/ ''([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill#Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_trill Voiceless alveolar fricative trill])<ref>Note: this phoneme is present in other two [[Kento-Polyash languages]]: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language Velnotian] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbian_languages Ulevan]</ref>'' and /ȴ̩/ ''([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_consonant Syllabic] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant])''). |
| | ===Alphabet=== |
| | {{Main|Zhoushi orthography}} |
| | TBD |
| | {| style="<!--font-family:Arial Unicode MS;--> font-size:1.5<!--1.3-->em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF" |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |A a |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |B b |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |C c |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ч ч |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |D d |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Đ đ |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ƌ ƌ |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |E e |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Є є |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |F f |
| |- | | |- |
| | 4 | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |G g |
| |colspan="2"| Ч ч | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Џ џ |
| |colspan="2"| Č č | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |H h |
| |colspan="2"| Cz cz | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ȝ ȝ |
| | ϬⲌ ϭⲍ | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |I i |
| |{{Audio|Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate.ogg|/ʧ/|help=no}} | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |J j |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate.ogg '''Ch'''eck] | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |K k |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |L l |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Λ λ |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |M m |
| |- | | |- |
| | 5 | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |N n |
| |colspan="2"| D d | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ƞ ƞ |
| |colspan="2"| D d | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |O o |
| |colspan="2"| D d | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ө ө |
| | Ⲇ ⲇ | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |P p |
| |{{Audio|Voiced_alveolar_plosive.ogg|/d/|help=no}} | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Q q |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_alveolar_plosive.ogg '''D'''one] | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |R r |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ꝛ ꝛ |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |S s |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ш ш |
| |- | | |- |
| | 6 | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |T t |
| |colspan="2"| Đ đ | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ꞇ ꞇ |
| |colspan="2"| Ď ď | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Þ þ |
| |colspan="2"| Dj Dj | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |U u |
| | Ϫ ϫ | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |V v |
| |{{Audio|Voiced_palatal_plosive.ogg|/ɟ/|help=no}} | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ƿ ƿ |
| | ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_palatal_plosive.ogg Voiced palatal plosive] (not in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common])'' | | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |X x |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Y y |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Z z |
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ʒ ʒ |
| |- | | |- |
| | 7 | | |} |
| |colspan="2"| Ƌ ƌ | | {{col-begin}} |
| |colspan="2"| D́ d́
| | {{col-4}} |
| |colspan="2"| Dz dz | | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
| | ⲆⲌ ⲇⲍ | | !rowspan=2|Order !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Letter !!rowspan=2|Name !!colspan=3|Sound in a syllable |
| |{{Audio|Voiced_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.oga|/ʣ/|help=no}}
| |
| | ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.oga Voiced alveolar affricate] (not in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common])'' | |
| |- | | |- |
| | 8
| | !Beginning !!Middle !!End |
| |colspan="2"| E e
| |
| |colspan="2"| E e
| |
| |colspan="2"| E e
| |
| |rowspan="4"|Ⲉ ⲉ
| |
| |{{Audio|Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/ɛ/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg B'''e'''d (General American accent)]
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
| | !1 !![[wikipedia:A|A]] !!a |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ѥ ѥ | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||a ||colspan=2|ɑ |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ē ē | |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ee ee | |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Audio|Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/ɛː/|help=no}}
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|'''Ai'''r
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | 9 | | !2 !![[wikipedia:B|B]] !!b |
| |colspan="2"| Є є | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|b |
| |colspan="2"| Ě ě
| |
| |colspan="2"| Je je | |
| |{{Audio|Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/e/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg B'''e'''d (Australian accent)] | |
| |- | | |- |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
| | !3 !![[wikipedia:C|C]] !!c |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Э э | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʈ͡s ~ s |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ê ê | |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Jee jee
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Audio|Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/eː/|help=no}}
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|''Not in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common]. Example: "{{Hover title|Somebody|Jemand}}" in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language Sino-Gadorien language]''
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | 10 | | !4 !![[wikipedia:Che (Cyrillic)|Ч]] !!ч |
| |colspan="2"| F f | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʈ͡ɕ |
| |colspan="2"| F f
| |
| |colspan="2"| F f | |
| | Ⲫ ⲫ
| |
| |{{Audio|Voiceless_labiodental_fricative.ogg|/f/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_labiodental_fricative.ogg '''F'''ine] | |
| |- | | |- |
| | 11 | | !5 !![[wikipedia:D|D]] !!d |
| |colspan="2"| G g | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|d ||ɖ |
| |colspan="2"| G g
| |
| |colspan="2"| G g | |
| | Ⲅ ⲅ
| |
| |{{Audio|Voiced_velar_plosive_02.ogg|/g/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_velar_plosive_02.ogg '''G'''ame]
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | 12 | | !6 !![[wikipedia:D with stroke|Đ]] !!đ |
| |colspan="2"| Г г | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|ɟ ||ɟə |
| |colspan="2"| Ǧ ǧ | |
| |colspan="2"| Dzh dzh | |
| | Ϧ ϧ
| |
| |{{Audio|Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate.ogg|/ʤ/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate.ogg '''J'''am]
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | 13 | | !7 !![[wikipedia:Ƌ|Ƌ]] !!ƌ |
| |colspan="2"| H h | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɖ͡z ~ z |
| |colspan="2"| H h
| |
| |colspan="2"| H h | |
| | Ϩ ϩ
| |
| |{{Audio|Voiced_glottal_fricative.ogg|/ɦ/|help=no}}<br>{{Audio|Voiceless_glottal_fricative.ogg|/h/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_glottal_fricative.ogg '''H'''ello] | |
| |- | | |- |
| | 14 | | !8 !![[wikipedia:E|E]] !!e |
| |colspan="2"| Ȝ ȝ | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|æ ||ɛ |
| |colspan="2"| Ȟ ȟ
| |
| |colspan="2"| Ch ch | |
| | Ⲭ ⲭ
| |
| |<!--{{Audio|Voiceless_velar_fricative.ogg|/ɣ/|help=no}}<br>-->{{Audio|Voiced_velar_fricative.ogg|/x/|help=no}}
| |
| | Velar fricative (not in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common]: examples: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_velar_fricative.ogg voiceless] / [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_velar_fricative.ogg voiced])
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | 15 | | !9 !![[wikipedia:Ukrainian Ye|Є]] !!є |
| |colspan="2"| I i | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||je ||colspan=2|e |
| |colspan="2"| I i | |
| |colspan="2"| I i | |
| |rowspan="3"|Ⲓ ⲓ
| |
| |{{Audio|Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/i/|help=no}}<br>{{Audio|Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/ɪ/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg Fr'''ee'''] / [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg B'''i'''t (General American)]
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
| | !10 !![[wikipedia:F|F]] !!f |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ꝩ ꝩ
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|f |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ī ī
| | |} |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ii ii
| | {{col-4}} |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Audio|Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/iː/|help=no}}<br>{{Audio|Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/ɪː/|help=no}} | | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|Wh'''ee'''l
| | !rowspan=2|Order !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Letter !!rowspan=2|Name !!colspan=3|Sound in a syllable |
| |-
| |
| | 16
| |
| |colspan="2"| J j
| |
| |colspan="2"| J j
| |
| |colspan="2"| J j | |
| |{{Audio|Palatal_approximant.ogg|/j/|help=no}} | |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palatal_approximant.ogg '''Y'''ou]
| |
| |-
| |
| | 17
| |
| |colspan="2"| K k
| |
| |colspan="2"| K k
| |
| |colspan="2"| K k
| |
| | Ⲕ ⲕ
| |
| |{{Audio|Voiceless_velar_plosive.ogg|/k/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_velar_plosive.ogg '''K'''ey]
| |
| |-
| |
| | 18
| |
| |colspan="2"| L l
| |
| |colspan="2"| L l
| |
| |rowspan="2" colspan="2"|L l
| |
| |rowspan="4"|Ⲗ ⲗ
| |
| |{{Audio|Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg|/l/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg '''L'''ater]
| |
| |-
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ł ł
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ĺ ĺ
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Audio|Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg|/l̩/|help=no}}
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|''Not in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common]. Example: "{{Hover title|Wolf|Vlk}}" in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language Velnotian language]''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 19
| |
| |colspan="2"| Λ λ
| |
| |colspan="2"| Ľ ľ
| |
| |rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Lj lj
| |
| |{{Audio|Palatal_lateral_approximant.ogg|/ȴ/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palatal_lateral_approximant.ogg Mi'''lli'''on]
| |
| |-
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Л л
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|L̀ l̀
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Audio|Palatal_lateral_approximant.ogg|/ȴ̩/|help=no}}
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|''Not in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common]''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 20
| |
| |colspan="2"| M m
| |
| |colspan="2"| M m | |
| |rowspan="2" colspan="2"|M m
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Ⲙ ⲙ | |
| |{{Audio|Bilabial_nasal.ogg|/m/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bilabial_nasal.ogg '''M'''other]
| |
| |-
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|<big>ʍ</big> ʍ
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ḿ ḿ
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Audio|Bilabial_nasal.ogg|/m̩/|help=no}}
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|Impressionis'''m'''
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | 21
| | !Beginning !!Middle !!End |
| |colspan="2"| N n
| |
| |colspan="2"| N n
| |
| |colspan="2"| N n
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Ⲛ ⲛ
| |
| |{{Audio|Alveolar_nasal.ogg|/n/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alveolar_nasal.ogg Mo'''n'''th]
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | 22 | | !11 !![[wikipedia:G|G]] !!g |
| |colspan="2"| Ƞ ƞ | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɡ |
| |colspan="2"| Ň ň | |
| |colspan="2"| Nj nj | |
| |{{Audio|Palatal_nasal.ogg|/ɲ/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palatal_nasal.ogg '''N'''ew] | |
| |- | | |- |
| | 23 | | !12 !![[wikipedia:Dzhe|Џ]] !!џ |
| |colspan="2"| O o | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɖ͡ʑ~ʑ |
| |colspan="2"| O o | |
| |colspan="2"| O o | |
| |rowspan="4"|Ⲟ ⲟ
| |
| | {{Audio|Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|/o/|help=no}}<br>{{Audio|PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|/ɔ/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg Y'''aw'''n] / [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg N'''o'''t]
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
| | !13 !![[wikipedia:H|H]] !!h |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ꝏ ꝏ | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɦ~h |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ō ō | |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Oo oo | |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Audio|Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|/oː/|help=no}}<br>{{Audio|PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|/ɔː/|help=no}}
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|'''A'''lright
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | 24 | | !14 !![[wikipedia:Yogh|Ȝ]] !!ȝ |
| |colspan="2"| Ө ө | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|x~ɣ |
| |colspan="2"| Ǒ ǒ
| |
| |colspan="2"| Uo uo<br>Ou ou | |
| | /u͡o/
| |
| |''Not in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common]. Example: "{{Hover title|Horse|Kôň}}" in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language Slovanic language]''
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
| | !15 !![[wikipedia:I|I]] !!i |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ѳ ѳ | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|i~ɪ |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ô ô | |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Uoo uoo<br>Ouo ouo
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|/u͡oː/
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|''Not in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common]''
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | 25 | | !16 !![[wikipedia:J|J]] !!j |
| |colspan="2"| P p | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||j~ʝ ||colspan=2|j |
| |colspan="2"| P p | |
| |colspan="2"| P p | |
| | Ⲡ ⲡ
| |
| |{{Audio|Voiceless_bilabial_plosive.ogg|/p/|help=no}} | |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_bilabial_plosive.ogg '''P'''lay]
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | 26 | | !17 !![[wikipedia:K|K]] !!k |
| |colspan="2"| Q q | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||k~q ||colspan=2|k |
| |colspan="2"| Q q | |
| |colspan="2"| Q q | |
| | ⲔⲪ ⲕⲫ
| |
| | /k͡v/
| |
| |''A bigram of /k/ and /v/, for example in '''Q'''uestion''
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | 27 | | !18 !![[wikipedia:L|L]] !!l |
| |colspan="2"| R r | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|l |
| |colspan="2"| R r
| |
| |rowspan="2" colspan="2"|R r | |
| |rowspan="3"|Ⲣ ⲣ
| |
| |{{Audio|Alveolar_trill.ogg|/r/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alveolar_trill.ogg B'''r'''ight]
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
| | !19 !![[wikipedia:Lambda|Λ]] !!λ |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ԗ ԗ | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʎ{{efn|Also possibly [lʲ] in some dialects}} |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ŕ ŕ | |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Audio|Alveolar_trill.ogg|/r̩/|help=no}}
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|''Not in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common]. Example: "{{Hover title|Neck|Krk}}" in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language Velnotian language]'' | |
| |- | | |- |
| | 28
| | !20 !![[wikipedia:M|M]] !!m |
| |colspan="2"| Ꝛ ꝛ
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|m |
| |colspan="2"| Ř ř
| |
| |colspan="2"| Rz rz
| |
| | {{Audio|Raised_alveolar_non-sonorant_trill.ogg|/r̝/|help=no}}<br> {{Audio|Raised_alveolar_non-sonorant_trill.ogg|/r̝̊/|help=no}}
| |
| | ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raised_alveolar_non-sonorant_trill.ogg Voiced and voiceless raised alveolar fricative trills] (not in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common])''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 29
| |
| |colspan="2"| S s
| |
| |colspan="2"| S s
| |
| |colspan="2"| S s
| |
| | Ⲥ ⲥ
| |
| |{{Audio|Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg|/s/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg '''S'''urprise]
| |
| |-
| |
| | 30
| |
| |colspan="2"| Ш ш | |
| |colspan="2"| Š š
| |
| |colspan="2"| Sz sz
| |
| | Ϣ ϣ
| |
| |{{Audio|Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg|/ʃ/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg '''Sh'''ow]
| |
| |-
| |
| | 31
| |
| |colspan="2"| T t
| |
| |colspan="2"| T t
| |
| |colspan="2"| T t
| |
| | Ⲧ ⲧ
| |
| |{{Audio|Voiceless_alveolar_plosive.ogg|/t/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive.ogg '''T'''ime]
| |
| |-
| |
| | 32
| |
| |colspan="2"| Ꞇ ꞇ
| |
| |colspan="2"| Ť ť
| |
| |colspan="2"| Tj tj
| |
| | Ϯ ϯ
| |
| |{{Audio|Voiceless_palatal_plosive.ogg|/c/|help=no}}
| |
| | ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_palatal_plosive.ogg Voiceless palatal plosive] (not in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common])''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 33
| |
| |colspan="2"| Þ þ
| |
| |colspan="2"| T́ t́
| |
| |colspan="2"| Th th
| |
| | Ⲑ ⲑ
| |
| | {{Audio|Voiced_dental_fricative.ogg|/ð/|help=no}}<br>{{Audio|Voiceless_dental_fricative.ogg|/θ/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_dental_fricative.ogg '''Th'''is] / [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_dental_fricative.ogg '''Th'''in]
| |
| |-
| |
| | 34
| |
| |colspan="2"| U u
| |
| |colspan="2"| U u
| |
| |colspan="2"| U u
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Ⲩ ⲩ
| |
| | {{Audio|Close_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|/u/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_back_rounded_vowel.ogg B'''oo'''t]
| |
| |-
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ɯ ɯ
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ū ū
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Uu uu
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Audio|Close_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|/uː/|help=no}}
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|D'''oo'''m
| |
| |-
| |
| | 35
| |
| |colspan="2"| V v
| |
| |colspan="2"| V v
| |
| |colspan="2"| V v
| |
| |Ⲯ ⲯ
| |
| | {{Audio|Voiced_labiodental_fricative.ogg|/v/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_labiodental_fricative.ogg '''V'''al'''v'''e]
| |
| |-
| |
| | 36
| |
| | Ƿ ƿ
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"| W w | |
| | Ƿ ƿ
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"| W w
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"| Ƿ ƿ
| |
| | W w
| |
| |Ⲫ ⲫ
| |
| |{{Audio|Voiced_labio-velar_approximant.ogg|/w/|help=no}}<br>{{Audio|Labiodental_approximant.ogg|/ʋ/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_labio-velar_approximant.ogg '''W'''eep]
| |
| |-
| |
| |-
| |
| | 37
| |
| |colspan="2"| X x
| |
| |colspan="2"| X x
| |
| |colspan="2"| X x
| |
| | Ⲝ ⲝ
| |
| | /k͡s/
| |
| |''A bigram of /k/ and /s/, for example in Ma'''x'''imal'' | |
| |-
| |
| | 38
| |
| |colspan="2"| Y y | |
| |colspan="2"| Y y | |
| |colspan="2"| Y y
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Ⲩ ⲩ
| |
| | {{Audio|Close_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/ɨ/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg L'''i'''p (London accent)]
| |
| |-
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|У ү
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Ȳ ȳ
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE" colspan="2"|Yy yy
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|{{Audio|Close_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/ɨː/|help=no}}
| |
| |style="background:#FFEEEE"|''Not in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common]. Example: "{{Hover title|Above|Über}}" in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language Sino-Gadorien language]''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 39
| |
| |colspan="2"| Z z
| |
| |colspan="2"| Z z
| |
| |colspan="2"| Z z
| |
| | Ⲍ ⲍ
| |
| | {{Audio|Voiced_alveolar_sibilant.ogg|/z/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_alveolar_sibilant.ogg '''Z'''oo]
| |
| |-
| |
| | 40
| |
| |colspan="2"| З з
| |
| |colspan="2"| Ž ž
| |
| |colspan="2"| Zh zh
| |
| | ⲌϢ ⲍϣ
| |
| | {{Audio|Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg|/ʒ/|help=no}}
| |
| | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg Plea'''s'''ure]
| |
| |} | | |} |
| ===Additional symbols===
| | {{col-4}} |
| Zhoushi language, however, has multiple characters, that symbolize a concept and are regulairly used in a language:
| | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
| {| class="wikitable sortle mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-datatable" style="text-align: center; background-color:#F8F9FA" | | !rowspan=2|Order !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Letter !!rowspan=2|Name !!colspan=3|Sound in a syllable |
| ! Symbol | |
| ! Zhoushi term | |
| ! [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common] translation | |
| ! Note | |
| |- | |
| | & / <!--[[File:Epsilon Ampersand.png|link=|11px]] /--> ɛ̗́ / 🙰
| |
| |Aj
| |
| |And
| |
| |''[[wikipedia:Ampersand|A symbol]], that can be used as "and" in sentence
| |
| |-
| |
| | Ӿ
| |
| | Xajλis
| |
| | Xailis
| |
| |''Former currency of [[Zhousheng]] before adoption of [[Sekinar]]
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ᵴ
| | !Beginning !!Middle !!End |
| | Seꞇien
| |
| | Seten
| |
| |''Former subdivision of a currency of [[Zhousheng]] before adoption of [[Sekinar]]
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | ᕋ
| | !21 !![[wikipedia:N|N]] !!n |
| | Sekinar
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|n~ɳ ||ŋ |
| | Sekinar
| |
| |''Symbol for [[Sekinar]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | ֆ
| |
| | Rovaƞ
| |
| | Rovan
| |
| |''Symbol for a subdivision of [[Sekinar]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | <!--[[File:Simple_Labarum2.svg|link=|11px]] /--> ⳩ / ☧
| |
| | Jeзiш<br>Bөg
| |
| | Jesus<br>God
| |
| |''[[wikipedia:Chi Rho|Symbol]] used to depict Jesus or God, which is sometimes used in writing by [https://iiwiki.us/wiki/Zhousheng#Religion religious people]
| |
| |- | |
| | №
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Чislo
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Number
| |
| |''Symbol used for denoting [[wikipedia:Cardinal number|cardinal numbers]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | #
| |
| |''Symbol used for denoting [[wikipedia:Ordinal number|ordinal numbers]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | ₳
| |
| | Meƌimƞena
| |
| | Intercurrency
| |
| |''Symbol for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar ACU (Anterian Currency Unit)] | |
| |- | |
| | ∅ | |
| | Niч
| |
| | Nothing
| |
| |''Symbol for [[wikipedia:Empty set|empty set]]
| |
| |} | |
| ===Punctuation===
| |
| Following [[wikipedia:Punctuation|punctuation marks]] are officially recognized by Zhoushi language:
| |
| {| class="wikitable sortle mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-datatable" style="text-align: center; background-color:#F8F9FA"
| |
| ! Symbol
| |
| ! Name
| |
| ! Meaning
| |
| ! Usage
| |
| ! Example
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |<big>.</big> | | !22 !![[wikipedia:N with long right leg|Ƞ]] !!ƞ |
| |Bodka | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|ɲ ||ɲʰ |
| |''End of sentence | |
| |style="background:#BAFFAE"|OFTEN | |
| | I ate a banana. | |
| |- | | |- |
| |<big>,</big> | | !23 !![[wikipedia:O|O]] !!o |
| |Чarka
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|o~ɔ |
| |''End of a part of a sentence
| |
| |style="background:#BAFFAE"|OFTEN | |
| | I ate a banana, puked afterwards. | |
| |- | | |- |
| |<big>!</big> | | !24 !![[wikipedia:Oe (Cyrillic)|Ө]] !!ө |
| |Vykꝛiчƞik
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʊ͡ɔ |
| |''Exclamation mark
| |
| |style="background:#BAFFAE"|OFTEN | |
| | Eat that banana! | |
| |- | | |- |
| |<big>?</big> | | !25 !![[wikipedia:P|P]] !!p |
| |Tazaƞik
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|p |
| |''Question mark
| |
| |style="background:#BAFFAE"|OFTEN | |
| | Did you eat that banana? | |
| |- | | |- |
| |<big>‽</big>
| | !26 !![[wikipedia:Q|Q]] !!q |
| |Obөjƞik
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||k͡v~k͡w{{efn|Also possibly [ɡ] in some dialects}} ||colspan=2|q |
| |''[[wikipedia:Interrobang|Interrobang]]
| |
| |style="background:#FFFAAE"|SOMETIMES | |
| | You ate all the bananas‽ | |
| |- | | |- |
| |<big>⸮</big> | | !27 !![[wikipedia:R|R]] !!r |
| |Retoriчƞik
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|r |
| |''Rhetorical question mark
| |
| |style="background:#FFFAAE"|SOMETIMES | |
| | Can't I stop myself from eating bananas⸮ | |
| |- | | |- |
| |[[File:Point_de_doute_(Hervé_Bazin).svg|link=|7px]]
| | !28 !![[wikipedia:R rotunda|Ꝛ]] !!ꝛ |
| |Poȝybƞik
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʐ |
| |''Doubt mark
| |
| |style="background:#FFD4D4"|RARELY | |
| | That banana raised my blood pressure[[File:Point_de_doute_(Hervé_Bazin).svg|link=|5px]] | |
| |- | | |- |
| |[[File:Point de conviction (Hervé Bazin).svg|link=|8px]]
| | !29 !![[wikipedia:S|S]] !!s |
| |Utoчƞik
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|s |
| |''Conviction mark
| |
| |style="background:#FFD4D4"|RARELY | |
| | That banana intentionally raised my blood pressure[[File:Point de conviction (Hervé Bazin).svg|link=|6px]] | |
| |- | | |- |
| |[[File:Ironiezeichen_CPNB.svg|link=|8px]]
| | !30 !![[wikipedia:Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш]] !!ш |
| |Vaзeƞik
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɕ~ʃ |
| |''[[wikipedia:Irony punctuation|Irony mark]]
| |
| |style="background:#FFD4D4"|RARELY | |
| | I love bananas sooo much I could eat them 25 hours a day[[File:Ironiezeichen_CPNB.svg|link=|6px]] | |
| |} | | |} |
| ===Study version===
| | {{col-4}} |
| Because of the wideness of the language and a set of different dialects, a special characters have been created for foreign people to learn the Zhoushi language. Those characters will be used in the inflection tables in this article, although in Zhoushi, they are replaced by their respective characters
| | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
| {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-datatable" style="text-align: center;" | | !rowspan=2|Order !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Letter !!rowspan=2|Name !!colspan=3|Sound in a syllable |
| !Symbol | |
| ![[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet chart|IPA]] | |
| !Placement | |
| |- | |
| |Ā ā
| |
| |aː
| |
| |''[[wikipedia:Macron (diacritic)|Macron]] is added in [[Zhoushi language#Nouns|noun]] & [[Zhoushi language#Adjectives|adjective]] inflections for [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]] vowels | |
| |-
| |
| |Ą ą
| |
| |a ~ ə
| |
| |''[[wikipedia:Ogonek|Ogonek]] is added in [[Zhoushi language#Verbs|verbs]] for sounds reducted into [[wikipedia:Mid central vowel|Mid central vowel (/ə/)]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |Ē ē
| |
| |ɛː
| |
| |''[[wikipedia:Macron (diacritic)|Macron]] is added in [[Zhoushi language#Nouns|noun]] & [[Zhoushi language#Adjectives|adjective]] inflections for [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]] vowels
| |
| |-
| |
| |Ę ę
| |
| |ɛ ~ ə
| |
| |''[[wikipedia:Ogonek|Ogonek]] is added in [[Zhoushi language#Verbs|verbs]] for sounds reducted into [[wikipedia:Mid central vowel|Mid central vowel (/ə/)]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |Є̄ є̄
| |
| |eː
| |
| |''[[wikipedia:Macron (diacritic)|Macron]] is added in [[Zhoushi language#Nouns|noun]] & [[Zhoushi language#Adjectives|adjective]] inflections for [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]] vowels
| |
| |-
| |
| |Ꚕ ꚕ
| |
| |g ~ ɦ ~ h
| |
| |''Used in [[Zhoushi language#Adjectives|adjective]] inflections, as both g and h are grammatically correct
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |Ī ī
| | !Beginning !!Middle !!End |
| |iː ~ ɪː
| |
| |''[[wikipedia:Macron (diacritic)|Macron]] is added in [[Zhoushi language#Nouns|noun]] & [[Zhoushi language#Adjectives|adjective]] inflections for [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]] vowels
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |Î î | | !31 !![[wikipedia:T|T]] !!t |
| |i ~ ɪ ~ ◌ | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|t ||ʈ |
| |''Used for [[Zhoushi language#Nouns|noun]] & [[Zhoushi language#Adjectives|adjective]] inflections, where i can, but doesn't need to, be included | |
| |- | | |- |
| |Ĵ ĵ | | !32 !![[wikipedia:Insular script|Ꞇ]] !!ꞇ |
| |j ~ ◌ | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|c ||cə |
| |''Used for [[Zhoushi language#Nouns|noun]] & [[Zhoushi language#Adjectives|adjective]] inflections, where j can, but doesn't need to, be included | |
| |- | | |- |
| |Ō ō
| | !33 !![[wikipedia:Thorn (letter)|Þ]] !!þ |
| |oː ~ ɔː
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|θ~ð |
| |''[[wikipedia:Macron (diacritic)|Macron]] is added in [[Zhoushi language#Nouns|noun]] & [[Zhoushi language#Adjectives|adjective]] inflections for [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]] vowels
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |Ө̄ ө̄ | | !34 !![[wikipedia:U|U]] !!u |
| |u͡oː | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||ʊ ||colspan=2|u |
| |''[[wikipedia:Macron (diacritic)|Macron]] is added in [[Zhoushi language#Nouns|noun]] & [[Zhoushi language#Adjectives|adjective]] inflections for [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]] vowels | |
| |- | | |- |
| |Œ œ | | !35 !![[wikipedia:V|V]] !!v |
| |o ~ ɔ ~ ɛ | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|v |
| |''Used in [[Zhoushi language#Adjectives|adjective]] inflections, as both e and o are grammatically correct | |
| |- | | |- |
| |Ꝥ ꝥ
| | !36 !![[wikipedia:Wynn|Ƿ]] !!ƿ |
| |ð
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|w~ʋ |
| |''Used as a modified version of [[wikipedia:Thorn (letter)|Thorn (Þ)]] to denote only [[wikipedia:Voiced dental fricative|Voiced]] version of the sound
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |Ū ū | | !37 !![[wikipedia:X|X]] !!x |
| |uː | | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|k͡s~g͡z~ə{{efn|X is used as a new form for gender neutral declination for nonbinary pronouns as a suffix with the sound [ə]}} |
| |''[[wikipedia:Macron (diacritic)|Macron]] is added in [[Zhoushi language#Nouns|noun]] & [[Zhoushi language#Adjectives|adjective]] inflections for [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]] vowels | |
| |- | | |- |
| |Ų ų
| | !38 !![[wikipedia:Y|Y]] !!y |
| |u ~ ə
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɨ~y |
| |''[[wikipedia:Ogonek|Ogonek]] is added in [[Zhoushi language#Verbs|verbs]] for sounds reducted into [[wikipedia:Mid central vowel|Mid central vowel (/ə/)]]
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |Ȳ ȳ
| | !39 !![[wikipedia:Z|Z]] !!z |
| |ɨː
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|z |
| |''[[wikipedia:Macron (diacritic)|Macron]] is added in [[Zhoushi language#Nouns|noun]] & [[Zhoushi language#Adjectives|adjective]] inflections for [[wikipedia:Suffix|suffix]] vowels
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |Ŷ ŷ
| | !40 !![[wikipedia:Ezh|Ʒ]] !!ʒ |
| |ɨ ~ ◌
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʑ~ʒ |
| |''Used for [[Zhoushi language#Nouns|noun]] & [[Zhoushi language#Adjectives|adjective]] inflections, where j can, but doesn't need to, be included
| |
| <!--|-
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| |''--> | |
| |} | | |} |
| [[File:ZhouLangHG.png|350px|frameless|border|Usage of G/H in Ꚕ]][[File:ZhouLangIJ.png|350px|frameless|border|Usage of Î a Ĵ]][[File:ZhouLangOE.png|350px|frameless|border|Usage of O/E in Œ]][[File:ZhouLangLenght.png|350px|frameless|border|Usage of long vowels]]
| | {{col-end}} |
| ==Phonology== | | {{notelist}} |
| | |
| | ===Phonology=== |
| {| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%" | | {| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%" |
| !style="border-bottom:none; width: 60px; padding-bottom:0; text-align:right;"|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|Place]] → | | !rowspan="2"<!--style="border-bottom:none; width: 60px; padding-bottom:0; text-align:right;"-->{{diagonal split header|[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]]|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|Place]]}} <!--→--> |
| !colspan="5"|[[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]] | | !colspan="5"|[[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]] |
| !colspan="10"|[[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|Coronal]] | | !colspan="10"|[[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|Coronal]] |
| Line 770: |
Line 367: |
| !colspan="4"|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal consonant|Laryngeal]] | | !colspan="4"|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal consonant|Laryngeal]] |
| |- | | |- |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0 style="border-top:none; width: 60px; padding-top:0; text-align:center;"|'''[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]] ↓ | | <!--|bgcolor=#EAECF0 style="border-top:none; width: 60px; padding-top:0; text-align:center;"|'''[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]] ↓--> |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]] |
| Line 778: |
Line 375: |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Postal-veolar]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Postal-veolar]] |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Platal]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]] |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|Uvular]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|Uvular]] |
| Line 785: |
Line 382: |
| |- | | |- |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial nasal|m̥]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial nasal|m̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(m)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]</big><br><nowiki>(m)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| Line 794: |
Line 391: |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]</big><br><nowiki>(n)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex nasal|ɳ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex nasal|ɳ]]</big><br><nowiki>(n)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƞ)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| Line 811: |
Line 408: |
| |- | | |- |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]] |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]</big><br><nowiki>(p)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]</big><br><nowiki>(b)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| Line 819: |
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| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]</big><br><nowiki>(t)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]</big><br><nowiki>(d)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex plosive|ʈ]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex plosive|ʈ]]</big><br><nowiki>(t)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex plosive|ɖ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex plosive|ɖ]]</big><br><nowiki>(d)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]</big><br><nowiki>(ꞇ)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal plosive|ɟ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal plosive|ɟ]]</big><br><nowiki>(đ)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]</big><br><nowiki>(k)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar plosive|g]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar plosive|g]]</big><br><nowiki>(g)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular plosive|q]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular plosive|q]]</big><br><nowiki>(q)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar affricate#Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|ʦ]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar affricate#Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|t͡s]]</big><br><nowiki>(c)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar affricate#Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate|ʣ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar affricate#Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate|d͡z]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƌ)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|ʧ]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ч)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar affricate|ʤ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(џ)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|tʂ]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈʂ]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<!--<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|t͡ʂ]]</big> ~ --><big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈ͡ʂ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ч)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|dʐ]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|ɖʐ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<!--<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|d͡ʐ]]</big> ~ --><big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|ɖ͡ʐ]]</big><br><nowiki>(џ)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|ʨ]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|t͡ɕ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ч)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|ʥ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|d͡ʑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(џ)</nowiki> |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |- | | <!--|- |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Non-[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Non-[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]] |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''--> |
| |- | | |- |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]] |
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| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilants|s]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilants|s]]</big><br><nowiki>(s)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]</big><br><nowiki>(z)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ш)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ʒ)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ш)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ʒ)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ш)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ʒ)</nowiki> |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]</big><br><nowiki>(f)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]</big><br><nowiki>(v)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]</big><br><nowiki>(þ)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]</big><br><nowiki>(þ)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]</big><br><nowiki>(j)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȝ)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȝ)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȝ)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]</big><br><nowiki>(h)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]</big><br><nowiki>(h)</nowiki> |
| |- | | |- |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]] |
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| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƿ)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]</big><br><nowiki>(j)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƿ)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar tap and flap|ɾ̥]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar tap and flap|ɾ̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps#Voiced alveolar tap and flap|ɾ]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps#Voiced alveolar tap and flap|ɾ]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill|r̥]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill#Voiceless alveolar fricative trill|r̝̊]]</big>''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill|r̥]]</big> <nowiki>(r)</nowiki>'''<br>'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill#Voiceless alveolar fricative trill|r̝̊]]</big> <nowiki>(ꝛ)</nowiki>''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar trill|r]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar fricative trill|r̝]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar trill|r]]</big> <nowiki>(r)</nowiki>'''<br>'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar fricative trill|r̝]]</big> <nowiki>(ꝛ)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |- | | <!--|- |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]] |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''--> |
| |- | | |- |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Approximant|approximant]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Approximant|approximant]] |
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| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]</big><br><nowiki>(l)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ȴ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ȴ]]</big><br><nowiki>(λ)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar lateral approximant|ʟ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar lateral approximant|ʟ]]</big><br><nowiki>(λ)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |- | | <!--|- |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|tap/flap]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|tap/flap]] |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''--> |
| <!--|style="border-right:none; padding-right:0;"| | | <!--|style="border-right:none; padding-right:0;"| |
| |style="border-left:none; padding-left:0;"| | | |style="border-left:none; padding-left:0;"| |
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| |} | | |} |
| {| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%" | | {| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%" |
| !style="border-bottom:none; padding-bottom:0; text-align:right;"|{{Hover title|Tongue position|Front-back}} → | | !Tongue position |
| !bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]] | | !bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]] |
| !bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Front vowel|front]] | | !bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Front vowel|front]] |
| !bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]] | | !bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]] |
| !bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Back vowel|back]] | | !bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Back vowel|back]] |
| !bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]] | | !bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]] |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0 style="border-top:none; padding-top:0; text-align:center;"|'''{{Hover title|Tongue position|Up-down}} ↓
| |
| |- | | |- |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]] |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big><br><nowiki>(i)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Close front rounded vowel|y]]</big><br><nowiki>(y)</nowiki> |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]</big><br><nowiki>(y)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big><br><nowiki>(u)</nowiki> |
| |- | | |- |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-close vowel|Near-close]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-close vowel|Near-close]] |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]]</big><br><nowiki>(i)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |- | | |- |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big><br><nowiki>(є)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki> |
| |- | | |- |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]] |
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| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |colspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Mid central vowel|ə]]</big> | | |colspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Mid central vowel|ə]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki> |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |- | | |- |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki> |
| |- | | |- |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-open vowel|Near-open]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-open vowel|Near-open]] |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki> |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |colspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]</big> | | |colspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki> |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |- | | |- |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]] |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
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| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' |
| |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]</big> | | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki> |
| |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]</big> | | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki> |
| |- | | |- |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Diphthong|Diphthong]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Diphthong|Diphthong]] |
| |colspan="10"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big> | | |colspan="10"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(au)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(eu)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(єu)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(ou)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(ou)</nowiki> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big> <nowiki>(ө)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big> <nowiki>(ө)</nowiki>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big> <nowiki>(ae)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big> <nowiki>(ai)</nowiki> |
| |- | | |- |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Vowel length|Long vowels]] | | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Vowel length|Long vowels]] |
| |colspan="10"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|aː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]</big>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]</big> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]]</big>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]</big> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]</big>''' | | |colspan="10"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|aː]]</big> <nowiki>(a)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]</big> <nowiki>(e)</nowiki>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]</big> <nowiki>(є)</nowiki> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]</big> <nowiki>(i)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]]</big> <nowiki>(i)</nowiki>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]</big> <nowiki>(o)</nowiki> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]</big> <nowiki>(o)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]</big> <nowiki>(u)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]</big> <nowiki>(y)</nowiki>''' |
| |} | | |} |
| '''<big>Bold</big>''' ''are the common sounds, while'' <big>regular</big> ''sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation | | '''<big>Bold</big>''' ''are the common sounds, while'' <big>regular</big> ''sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation |
| ==Nouns==
| |
| ===Grammatical gender===
| |
| Zhoushi languages distinguishes a total of 3 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender grammatical genders], one being latter subdivided into animate and inanimate forms<ref>See Wikipedia articles about [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender Grammatical gender] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animacy Animacy]</ref> and one non-gender labeled as "Indifferent",<ref>Technically, "Indifferent is not a gender, but many linguists mark it as a gender to simplify the grammar, as it is a gender in many ways. In many new linguistic texts, you can see a note, that Zhoushi has 4+1 genders.</ref> which has the simplest inflection rules:
| |
| * Masculine (''Muзsky'')
| |
| ** Masculine animate (''Muзsky Зiƿny'') {{Hover title|Single letter code used in dictionaries|(symbol ♂, letter M)}}
| |
| ** Masculine inanimate (''Muзsky Ƞeзiƿny'') {{Hover title|Single letter code used in dictionaries|(symbol ⚦, letter D)}}
| |
| * Feminine (''Зonsky'') {{Hover title|Single letter code used in dictionaries|(symbol ♀, letter F)}}
| |
| * Neuter (''Srєdsky'') {{Hover title|Single letter code used in dictionaries|(symbol ⚲, letter N)}}
| |
| * Indifferent (''Ƞemistny'') {{Hover title|Single letter code used in dictionaries|(symbol ⚥, letter I)}} ''(used is some foreign words, such as "Zombie" or with a religious terms. Name "Preah"<ref>Preah is a main God of [[Kammism]]. See a subsection of article about [[Zhousheng]] about [https://iiwiki.us/wiki/Zhousheng#Religion religions of Zhousheng]</ref> (In Zhoushi "Priєȝ") is for example inflected as indifferent. As intedefferent are also declined terms for countries and regions ending as -ijє)''
| |
| ===Grammatical cases===
| |
| Zhoushi langauge works with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number 2 grammatical numbers] (singular (''Odnetƞik'') and plural (''Mnoзƞik''), some [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number) dual forms] are still present for some words) 8 separate [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_case grammatical cases]:
| |
| *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nominative] (''Miƞik''): ''Subject'' or a Predicate noun or adjectiv (Shorcut Nom., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Zhoushi|1}})
| |
| *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Genitive] (''Rodƞik''): Possessive or partial direct object, without ''Subject'' (Shorcut Gen., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Zhoushi|2}})
| |
| *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dative] (''Darƞik''): Giving to ''Subject'', phrases linked to certain verbs (Shorcut Dat., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Zhoushi|3}})
| |
| *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Accusative] (''Viƞik''): Interract with ''Subject'' (see, hear, harass...) (Shorcut Acc., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Zhoushi|4}})
| |
| *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case Locative] (''Mistƞik''): In ''Subject'', on ''Subject'', past ''Subject'', nearby ''Subject'', about ''Subject'' (Shorcut Loc., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Zhoushi|5}})
| |
| *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case Instrumentative] (''Tvorƞik''): Using ''Subject'', with ''Subject'' (Shorcut Ins., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Zhoushi|6}})
| |
| *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_case Ablative] (''Mєrƞik''): Part of ''Subject'', compared to ''Subject'', the way (Shorcut Abl., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Zhoushi|7}})
| |
| *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case Vocative] (''Volaƞik''): Referring to ''Subject'', calling ''Subject'' (Shorcut Voc., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Zhoushi|8}})
| |
| There are 16 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection Inflection patterns] (4 for Masculine animate, 4 for Masculine inanimate, 4 for Feminine and 4 for Neuter)
| |
| ===Grammatical inflection===
| |
| {{collapsible list
| |
| |titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%
| |
| |title=Note: symbol [[wikipedia:Soft sign|ь]] denotes softing of the previous sound from the root.
| |
| |C → Ч
| |
| |D → Đ
| |
| |Ƌ → Г
| |
| |E → Є
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| |H → Ȝ
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| |L → Λ
| |
| |N → Ƞ
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| |R → Ꝛ
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| |S → Ш
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| |T → Ꞇ
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| |Z → З
| |
| }}
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| ! rowspan="2"|Translation to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]
| |
| ! rowspan="2"|{{Hover title|Single letter code used in dictionaries|Code}}
| |
| ! colspan="8"|Singular
| |
| ! colspan="8"|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nom.]
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Gen.]
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dat.]
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Acc.]
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case Loc.]
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case Ins.]
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_case Abl.]
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case Voc.]
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nom.]
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Gen.]
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dat.]
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Acc.]
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case Loc.]
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case Ins.]
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_case Abl.]
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case Voc.]
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="18" | '''Masculine ''Animate''
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Man'''
| |
| |rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| '''M
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Muз'''''
| |
| |''Muзe''
| |
| | ''Muзi''
| |
| | ''Muзє''
| |
| | ''Muзi''
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| | ''Muзem''
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| | ''Muзi''
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| | ''Muзi!''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Muзy'''''<br>'''''Muзove'''''
| |
| | ''Muзө''
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| | ''Muзūm''
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| | ''Muзe''
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| | ''Muзyȝ''
| |
| | ''Muзmy''<br>''Muзemy''
| |
| | ''Muзymy''
| |
| | ''Muзy!''
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|∅
| |
| | -e
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -є
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -em
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -i!
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -y<br>-ovē
| |
| | -ө
| |
| | -ūm
| |
| | -e
| |
| | -yȝ
| |
| | -my<br>-emy
| |
| | -ymy
| |
| | -y!
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Sir'''
| |
| |rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''P
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Pan'''''
| |
| |''Pana''
| |
| | ''Panovi''
| |
| | ''Pana''
| |
| | ''Panovi''
| |
| | ''Panem''
| |
| | ''Pani''
| |
| | ''Pane!''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Pany'''''<br>'''''Panove'''''
| |
| | ''Panū''
| |
| | ''Panūm''
| |
| | ''Pany''
| |
| | ''Paneȝ''
| |
| | ''Pany''
| |
| | ''Panymy''
| |
| | ''Paƞy!''
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|∅
| |
| | -a
| |
| | -ovi
| |
| | -a
| |
| | -ovi
| |
| | -em
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -e!
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -y<br>-ovē
| |
| | -ū
| |
| | -ūm
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -eȝ
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -ymy
| |
| | -ьy!
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Mayor'''
| |
| |rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''S
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Starosta'''''
| |
| |''Starosty''
| |
| | ''Starostovi''
| |
| | ''Starostu''
| |
| | ''Starostovi''
| |
| | ''Starostө''
| |
| | ''Starosti''
| |
| | ''Starosto!''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Starosty'''''<br>'''''Starostove'''''
| |
| | ''Starostө''
| |
| | ''Starostūm''
| |
| | ''Starosty''
| |
| | ''Starosteȝ''
| |
| | ''Starosty''
| |
| | ''Starosty''
| |
| | ''Staroste!''
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -ovi
| |
| | -u
| |
| | -ovi
| |
| | -ө
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -o!
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -y<br>-ovē
| |
| | -ө
| |
| | -ūm
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -eȝ
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -e!
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Leader'''
| |
| |rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''V
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Vөdce'''''
| |
| |''Vөdce''
| |
| | ''Vөdcovi''
| |
| | ''Vөdce''
| |
| | ''Vөdcovi''<br>''Vөdci''
| |
| | ''Vөdcem''
| |
| | ''Vөdci''
| |
| | ''Vөdce!''<br>''Vөdчe!''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Vөdci'''''<br>'''''Vөdcove'''''
| |
| | ''Vөdcū''
| |
| | ''Vөdcūm''
| |
| | ''Vөdce''
| |
| | ''Vөdciȝ''
| |
| | ''Vөdci''
| |
| | ''Vөdcy''
| |
| | ''Vөdci!''
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-e
| |
| | -e
| |
| | -ovi
| |
| | -e
| |
| | -ovi<br>-i
| |
| | -em
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -e!<br>-ьe!
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -i<br>-ovē
| |
| | -ū
| |
| | -ūm
| |
| | -e
| |
| | -iȝ
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -i!
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="18" | '''Masculine ''Inanimate''
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''State'''
| |
| |rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''Ш
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Шtat'''''
| |
| |''Шtatu''
| |
| | ''Шtatu''
| |
| | ''Шtat''
| |
| | ''Шtatu''
| |
| | ''Шtatem''
| |
| | ''Шtaty''
| |
| | ''Шtate!''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Шtaty'''''
| |
| | ''Шtatө''
| |
| | ''Шtatom''
| |
| | ''Шtaty''
| |
| | ''Шtateȝ''
| |
| | ''Шtatmy''<br>''Шtatamy''
| |
| | ''Шtatemy''
| |
| | ''Шtaty!''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|∅
| |
| | -u
| |
| | -u
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | -u
| |
| | -em
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -e!
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -y
| |
| | -ө
| |
| | -om
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -eȝ
| |
| | -y<br>-amy
| |
| | -emy
| |
| | -y!
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Forest'''
| |
| |rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''L
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Lєs'''''
| |
| |''Lєsa''<br>''Lєsu''
| |
| | ''Lєsu''
| |
| | ''Lєs''
| |
| | ''Lєse''
| |
| | ''Lєsem''
| |
| | ''Lєsy''
| |
| | ''Lєse!''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Lєsy'''''
| |
| | ''Lєsө''
| |
| | ''Lєsөm''
| |
| | ''Lєsy''
| |
| | ''Lєseȝ''
| |
| | ''Lєsmy''
| |
| | ''Lєsemy''
| |
| | ''Lєsy!''
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|∅
| |
| | -a<br>-u
| |
| | -u
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | -e
| |
| | -em
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -e!
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -y
| |
| | -ө
| |
| | -өm
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -eȝ
| |
| | -my
| |
| | -emy
| |
| | -y!
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Machine'''
| |
| |rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''T
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Stroj'''''
| |
| |''Stroje''
| |
| | ''Stroji''
| |
| | ''Stroj''
| |
| | ''Stroji''
| |
| | ''Strojem''
| |
| | ''Strojy''
| |
| | ''Stroji!''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Stroje'''''
| |
| | ''Strojө''
| |
| | ''Strojөm''
| |
| | ''Stroje''
| |
| | ''Strojiȝ''
| |
| | ''Strojmi''<br>''Strojemi''
| |
| | ''Strojamy''
| |
| | ''Stroje!''
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|∅
| |
| | -e
| |
| | -i
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -em
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -i!
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -e
| |
| | -ө
| |
| | -өm
| |
| | -e
| |
| | -iȝ
| |
| | -mi<br>-emi
| |
| | -amy
| |
| | -e!
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Church'''
| |
| |rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''C
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Cerkev'''''<ref>In many cases, words inflected by this infletion are slowly shifting towards inflection pattern "Rөзe" (Feminine)</ref>
| |
| |''Cerkvi''
| |
| | ''Cerkvi''
| |
| | ''Cerkev''
| |
| | ''Cerkvi''
| |
| | ''Cerkvi''<br>''Cerkvө''
| |
| | ''Cerkvy''
| |
| | ''Cerkevo!''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Cerkve'''''
| |
| | ''Cerkvө''
| |
| | ''Cerkvөm''
| |
| | ''Cerkve''
| |
| | ''Cerkveȝ''
| |
| | ''Cerkvimi''<br>''Cerkvamy''
| |
| | ''Cerkavy''
| |
| | ''Cerkve!''
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ev
| |
| | -vi
| |
| | -vi
| |
| | -ev
| |
| | -vi
| |
| | -vi<br>-vө
| |
| | -vy
| |
| | -evo!
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -ve
| |
| | -vө
| |
| | -vөm
| |
| | -ve
| |
| | -veȝ
| |
| | -vimi<br>-vamy
| |
| | -avy
| |
| | -ve!
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="18" | '''Feminine
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Woman'''
| |
| |rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''З
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Зona'''''
| |
| |''Зony''
| |
| | ''Зonje''
| |
| | ''Зonu''
| |
| | ''Зonє''
| |
| | ''Зonө''
| |
| | ''Зoni''
| |
| | ''Зono!''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Зoni'''''
| |
| | ''Зon''
| |
| | ''Зonām''
| |
| | ''Зony''
| |
| | ''Зonaȝ''
| |
| | ''Зonami''<br>''Зonama''
| |
| | ''Зonimi''<br>''Зonima''
| |
| | ''Зoniє!''
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -je
| |
| | -u
| |
| | -є
| |
| | -ө
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -o!
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -i
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | -ām
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -aȝ
| |
| | -ami<br>-ama
| |
| | -imi<br>-ima
| |
| | -iє!
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Rose'''
| |
| |rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''Ө
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Rөзe'''''
| |
| |''Rөзe''
| |
| | ''Rөзi''
| |
| | ''Rөзi''
| |
| | ''Rөзi''
| |
| | ''Rөзiji''
| |
| | ''Rөзej''
| |
| | ''Rөзe!''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Rөзe'''''
| |
| | ''Rөзī''
| |
| | ''Rөзīm''
| |
| | ''Rөзє''
| |
| | ''Rөзiȝ''
| |
| | ''Rөзemi''<br>''Rөзema''
| |
| | ''Rөзimi''
| |
| | ''Rөзe!''
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-e
| |
| | -e
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -iji
| |
| | -ej
| |
| | -e!
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -e
| |
| | -ī
| |
| | -īm
| |
| | -є
| |
| | -iȝ
| |
| | -emi<br>-ema
| |
| | -imi
| |
| | -e!
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Cherry'''
| |
| |rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''Ч
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Чerшeƞ'''''
| |
| |''Чerшƞe''
| |
| | ''Чerшƞi''
| |
| | ''Чerшeƞ''
| |
| | ''Чerшƞi''
| |
| | ''Чerшƞiji''
| |
| | ''Чerшƞi''
| |
| | ''Чerшƞi!''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Чerшƞe'''''
| |
| | ''Чerшƞī''
| |
| | ''Чerшƞīm''
| |
| | ''Чerшƞє''
| |
| | ''Чerшƞiȝ''
| |
| | ''Чerшƞemi''<br>''Чerшƞimi''
| |
| | ''Чerшƞimi''
| |
| | ''Чerшƞe!''
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-eƞ
| |
| | -ƞe
| |
| | -ƞi
| |
| | -eƞ
| |
| | -ƞi
| |
| | -ƞiji
| |
| | -ƞi
| |
| | -ƞi!
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -ƞe
| |
| | -ƞī
| |
| | -ƞīm
| |
| | -ƞє
| |
| | -ƞiȝ
| |
| | -ƞemi<br>-ƞimi
| |
| | -ƞimi
| |
| | -ƞe!
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Joy'''
| |
| |rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''Ꞇ
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Radosꞇ'''''
| |
| |''Radosꞇi''
| |
| | ''Radosꞇi''
| |
| | ''Radosꞇ''
| |
| | ''Radosꞇi''
| |
| | ''Radosꞇiji''
| |
| | ''Radosꞇi''
| |
| | ''Radosꞇi!''<br>''Radosꞇ!''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Radosꞇi'''''
| |
| | ''Radosꞇīȝ''
| |
| | ''Radosꞇem''
| |
| | ''Radosꞇi''
| |
| | ''Radosꞇeȝ''
| |
| | ''Radosꞇmi''<br>''Radosꞇami''
| |
| | ''Radosꞇim''
| |
| | ''Radosꞇi!''<br>''Radosꞇє!''
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|∅
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -i
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -iji
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -i!<br>∅!
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -i
| |
| | -īȝ
| |
| | -em
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -eȝ
| |
| | -mi<br>-ami
| |
| | -im
| |
| | -i!<br>-є!
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="18" | '''Neuter
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Sea'''
| |
| |rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''Ꝛ
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Moꝛe'''''
| |
| |''Moꝛe''
| |
| | ''Moꝛi''
| |
| | ''Moꝛє''
| |
| | ''Moꝛi''
| |
| | ''Moꝛem''
| |
| | ''Moꝛy''
| |
| | ''Moꝛe!''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Moꝛe'''''
| |
| | ''Moꝛîĵī''
| |
| | ''Moꝛīm''
| |
| | ''Moꝛe''
| |
| | ''Moꝛiȝ''
| |
| | ''Moꝛima''<br>''Moꝛema''
| |
| | ''Moꝛimi''
| |
| | ''Moꝛe!''
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-e
| |
| | -e
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -є
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -em
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -e!
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -e
| |
| | -îĵī
| |
| | -īm
| |
| | -e
| |
| | -iȝ
| |
| | -ima<br>-ema
| |
| | -imi
| |
| | -e!
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''City'''
| |
| |rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''Ƞ
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Miƞєsto'''''
| |
| | ''Miƞєsta''
| |
| | ''Miƞєstu''
| |
| | ''Miƞєsto''
| |
| | ''Miƞєstu''
| |
| | ''Miƞєstem''
| |
| | ''Miƞєsty''
| |
| | ''Miƞєsto!''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Miƞєsta'''''
| |
| | ''Miƞєst''
| |
| | ''Miƞєstūm''<br>''Miƞєstөm''
| |
| | ''Miƞєsta''
| |
| | ''Miƞєsteȝ''
| |
| | ''Miƞєsty''
| |
| | ''Miƞєsti''
| |
| | ''Miƞєsta!''
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-o
| |
| | -a
| |
| | -u
| |
| | -o
| |
| | -u
| |
| | -em
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -o!
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -a
| |
| | ∅
| |
| | -ūm<br>-өm
| |
| | -a
| |
| | -eȝ
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -a!
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Chicken'''
| |
| |rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''K
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Kuꝛe'''''
| |
| | ''Kuꝛete''
| |
| | ''Kuꝛeꞇi''
| |
| | ''Kuꝛє''
| |
| | ''Kuꝛeꞇi''
| |
| | ''Kuꝛetem''
| |
| | ''Kuꝛy''
| |
| | ''Kuꝛe!''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Kuꝛata'''''
| |
| | ''Kuꝛat''
| |
| | ''Kuꝛatūm''<br>''Kuꝛatөm''
| |
| | ''Kuꝛata''
| |
| | ''Kuꝛateȝ''<br>''Kuꝛataȝ''
| |
| | ''Kuꝛaty''
| |
| | ''Kuꝛati''
| |
| | ''Kuꝛata!''
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-e
| |
| | -ete
| |
| | -eꞇi
| |
| | -є
| |
| | -eꞇi
| |
| | -etem
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -e!
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -ata
| |
| | -at
| |
| | -atūm<br>-atөm
| |
| | -ata
| |
| | -ateȝ<br>-ataȝ
| |
| | -aty
| |
| | -ati
| |
| | -ata!
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Reeds'''
| |
| |rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''R
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Rakosij'''''<ref>In many cases, words inflected by this inflection are slowly shifting towards inflection pattern "Radosꞇ" (Feminine)</ref>
| |
| |''Rakosi''
| |
| | ''Rakosi''
| |
| | ''Rakosijє''
| |
| | ''Rakosiĵî''
| |
| | ''Rakosi''
| |
| | ''Rakosij''
| |
| | ''Rakosîĵe!''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Rakosiĵ'''''
| |
| |''Rakosīȝ''<br>''Rakosit''
| |
| | ''Rakosī''
| |
| | ''Rakosijє''
| |
| | ''Rakosiĵîȝ''
| |
| | ''Rakosi''
| |
| | ''Rakosij''
| |
| | ''Rakosîĵe!''
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ij
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -ijє
| |
| | -iĵî
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -ij
| |
| | -îĵe!
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-iĵ
| |
| | -īȝ<br>-it
| |
| | -ī
| |
| | -ijє
| |
| | -iĵîȝ
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -ij
| |
| | -îĵe!
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="18" | '''Indifferent
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Zombie'''
| |
| |rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''I
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Zombie'''''
| |
| |''Zombi''
| |
| |''Zombi''
| |
| |''Zombi''
| |
| |''Zombi''
| |
| |''Zombi''
| |
| |''Zombi''
| |
| |''Zombi!''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Zombiei'''''
| |
| |''Zombīĵei''
| |
| |''Zombīĵei''
| |
| |''Zombīĵei''
| |
| |''Zombīĵei''
| |
| |''Zombīĵei''
| |
| |''Zombīĵei''
| |
| |''Zombīĵei!''<br>''Zombīje!''
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-e
| |
| |∅
| |
| |∅
| |
| |∅
| |
| |∅
| |
| |∅
| |
| |∅
| |
| |∅!
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ei
| |
| |∸ĵei
| |
| |∸ĵei
| |
| |∸ĵei
| |
| |∸ĵei
| |
| |∸ĵei
| |
| |∸ĵei
| |
| |∸ĵei!<br>∸je!
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="4" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[Anteria|<span style="color: #000000">Anteria</span>]]'''
| |
| |rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|'''Є
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Anterijє'''''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Anterije''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Anteriji''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Anterijє''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Anteriji''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Anteriji''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Anteriji''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Anterijє!''<br>''Anterije!''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Anterije'''''
| |
| |''Anterijiȝ''
| |
| |''Anterijōm''
| |
| |''Anterije''
| |
| |''Anterijiȝ''
| |
| |''Anterijimi''
| |
| |''Anterijimy''
| |
| |''Anterije!''
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="8"|<small>''Note: [[Anteria|<span style="color: #000000">Anteria</span>]] as a term is almost never inflected as plural (multiple "[[Anteria|<span style="color: #000000">Anteriae</span>]]").''</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-є
| |
| |rowspan="2"| -e
| |
| |rowspan="2"| -i
| |
| |rowspan="2"| -є
| |
| |rowspan="2"| -i
| |
| |rowspan="2"| -i
| |
| |rowspan="2"| -i
| |
| |rowspan="2"| -є!<br>-e!
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-e
| |
| |rowspan="2"| -iȝ
| |
| |rowspan="2"| -ōm
| |
| |rowspan="2"| -e
| |
| |rowspan="2"| -iȝ
| |
| |rowspan="2"| -imi
| |
| |rowspan="2"| -imy
| |
| |rowspan="2"| -!
| |
| |}
| |
| ==Adjectives==
| |
| ===Association to gender===
| |
| Zhoushi adjectives could be divided into four groups:
| |
| * Descriptive soft
| |
| * Descriptive hard
| |
| * Possessive soft
| |
| * Possessive hard
| |
| Possessive adjectives describe a association to or a ownership of a certain object (such as "Father's car" - ''Oþcovo auto''), while the descriptive adjectives describe a atribute or a property of the said object (such as "Blue car" - ''Modre auto''). Adjectives do not differentiate between masculine inanimate and masculine animate.<ref>Except the suffixes, in which the masculine animate ends with "-i", while masculine inanimate ends with "-y"</ref> Indifferent gender words are declined using neuter forms.
| |
|
| |
|
| There are 4 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection Inflection patterns] (One for each group of adjectives)
| | ==Grammar== |
| ===Grammatical inflection===
| | {{Main|Zhoushi grammar}} |
| {{collapsible list | | The Zhoushi language knows two grammatical numbers, singular and plural (with some remnants of the [[wikipedia:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual number]]) and all 8 Proto-[[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]] grammatical cases: |
| |titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100% | | *[[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]] - Named "Miƞik" |
| |title=Note: symbol [[wikipedia:Soft sign|ь]] denotes softing of the previous sound from the root.
| | *[[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]] - Named "Rodƞik" |
| |C → Ч | | *[[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]] - Named "Darƞik" |
| |D → Đ | | *[[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]] - Named "Viƞik" |
| |Ƌ → Г
| | *[[wikipedia:Locative case|Locative]] - Named "Mistƞik" |
| |E → Є | | *[[wikipedia:Instrumental case|Instrumentative]] - Named "Tvorƞik" |
| |H → Ȝ | | *[[wikipedia:Ablative case|Ablative]] - Named "Mєrƞik" |
| |L → Λ | | *[[wikipedia:Vocative case|Vocative]] - Named "Volaƞik" |
| |N → Ƞ | | ===[[Zhoushi grammar#Nouns|Nouns]]=== |
| |R → Ꝛ
| | The Zhoushi language recognizes 4 grammatical genders and then a set of words with no gender: |
| |S → Ш | | *Masculine |
| |T → Ꞇ | | **Masculine animate - 4 inflection patterns |
| |Z → З | | **Masculine inanimate - 4 inflection patterns |
| }}
| | *Feminine - 4 inflection patterns |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| | *Neuter - 4 inflection patterns |
| ! rowspan="2"|Translation to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]
| | *Indifferent ''(that is not a gender, but a lack of gender)'' - 2 inflection patterns |
| ! rowspan="2"|{{Hover title|Single letter code used in dictionaries|Code}}
| | ===[[Zhoushi grammar#Adjectives|Adjectives]]=== |
| ! colspan="7"|Singular
| | There are 4 inflection patterns for adjectives, being a combination of hard/soft and descriptivity/possessivity: |
| ! colspan="7"|Plural
| | *Descriptive soft |
| ! rowspan="2"|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender Gender]
| | *Descriptive hard |
| |-
| | *Possessive soft |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nom.]<small>+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case Voc.]</small>
| | *Possessive hard |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Gen.]
| | In the declinations of adjectives, [[wikipedia:Vocative case|Vocative]] has merged with [[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]]. |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dat.]
| | ===[[Zhoushi grammar#Pronouns|Pronouns]]=== |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Acc.]
| | The Zhoushi language has following pronouns: |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case Loc.]
| | :'''Singular''' |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case Ins.]
| | *Ja (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Miƞe) - I/Me |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_case Abl.]
| | *Ty (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Tebe) - You |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nom.]<small>+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case Voc.]</small>
| | *Өn (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Ƞej/Jego/Jeho) - He/Him |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Gen.]
| | *Өna (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Ƞi/Jej) - She/Her |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dat.]
| | *Өno (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Өnogo/Өnoho) - It/Its |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Acc.]
| | *Өnu (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Ƞij/Joj) - [[wikipedia:Singular they|They/Them]] |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case Loc.]
| | *<small>[[wikipedia:Accusative case|ACC]]</small> Se (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Sebe) - [[wikipedia:Reflexive pronoun|-self]] |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case Ins.] | | :'''Plural''' |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_case Abl.]
| | *Ny (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Nas) - [[wikipedia:Clusivity|Inclusive]] we |
| |-
| | *Vy (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Vas) - You |
| | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="19" | '''Descriptive Hard
| | *Oni (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Ƞiȝ/Jiȝ) - They/Them (masculine) |
| |- | | *Ony (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Ƞeȝ/Jeȝ) - They/Them (feminine) |
| |rowspan="6" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Young''' | | *Ona (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Ƞєȝ/Oƞєȝ) - They/Them (neuter + indifferent) |
| |rowspan="6" style="text-align: center;"| '''J
| | *My (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Mas) - [[wikipedia:Clusivity|Exclusive]] we |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Malodȳĵ''''' | | *<small>[[wikipedia:Accusative case|ACC]]</small> Sє (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Sєbe) - [[wikipedia:Reflexive pronoun|-selfves]] |
| |rowspan="2"|''Malodœꚕo'' | | ===[[Zhoushi grammar#Numbers|Numbers]]=== |
| |rowspan="2"|''Malodœmu'' | | Until 1970's, [[Zhousheng]] used [[wikipedia:Duodecimal|dozenal]] numerical system, substituting 10 a 11 with ᚴ and ⵒ. The last symbol used was so called "Cyclic symbol", which was used for twelve-step cycles and sets of twelve parts, which was written as ᘐ. |
| |rowspan="2"|''Malodœꚕo''
| | |
| |rowspan="2"|''Malodīm''<br>''Malodēm''
| | This system can be still seen for example on the Zhoushi clock faces, which are still using the old system, writing it as 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-ᚴ-ⵒ-ᘐ. |
| |rowspan="2"|''Malodȳm'' | | ===[[Zhoushi grammar#Verbs|Verbs]]=== |
| |rowspan="2"|''Malodīmy''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Malođi'''''
| |
| | ''Malodȳȝ''
| |
| |rowspan="3"|''Malodȳm'' | |
| |rowspan="3"|''Malodîĵe''
| |
| |rowspan="3"|''Malodȳȝ''
| |
| |rowspan="3"|''Malodȳmi''
| |
| |rowspan="3"|''Malodȳmy''
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Masculines
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Malodē'''''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Malodā'''''
| |
| | ''Malodēȝ''
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Neuter
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Malodā'''''
| |
| |''Malodîĵe''
| |
| |''Malodē''
| |
| |''Malodө̄''
| |
| |''Malodє̄''
| |
| |''Malodө̄''
| |
| |''Malodө̄''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Malodē'''''
| |
| | ''Malodīȝ''
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Feminines
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ȳĵ
| |
| |rowspan="2"|-œꚕo
| |
| |rowspan="2"|-œmu
| |
| |rowspan="2"|-œꚕo
| |
| |rowspan="2"|-īm<br>-ēm
| |
| |rowspan="2"|-ȳm
| |
| |rowspan="2"|-īmy
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ьi
| |
| | -ȳȝ''
| |
| |rowspan="3"|-ȳm
| |
| |rowspan="3"|-îĵe
| |
| |rowspan="3"|-ȳȝ
| |
| |rowspan="3"|-ȳmi
| |
| |rowspan="3"|-ȳmy
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Masculines
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ē
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ā
| |
| | -ēȝ
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Neuter
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ā
| |
| | -îĵe
| |
| | -ē
| |
| | -ө̄
| |
| | -є̄
| |
| | -ө̄
| |
| | -ө̄
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -ē
| |
| | -īȝ
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Feminines
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="19" | '''Descriptive Soft
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0 rowspan="4"|'''Summer'''
| |
| |style="text-align: center;" rowspan="4"| '''E
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''''Letƞī'''''
| |
| |''Letƞīꚕo''
| |
| |''Letƞīmu''
| |
| |''Letƞī''
| |
| |''Letƞīm''
| |
| |''Letƞīm''
| |
| |''Letƞīm''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Letƞī'''''
| |
| | ''Letƞīȝ''
| |
| | ''Letƞīm''
| |
| | ''Letƞī''
| |
| | ''Letƞīȝ''
| |
| | ''Letƞīmi''
| |
| | ''Letƞīmy''
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Masculine
| |
| |-
| |
| |''Letƞī''
| |
| |''Letƞī''
| |
| |''Letƞī''
| |
| |''Letƞī''
| |
| |''Letƞī''
| |
| |''Letƞī''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Letƞī'''''
| |
| | ''Letƞīȝ''
| |
| | ''Letƞīm''
| |
| | ''Letƞī''
| |
| | ''Letƞīȝ''
| |
| | ''Letƞīmi''
| |
| | ''Letƞīmy''
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Feminine<br>Neuter
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|-ī
| |
| | -īꚕo
| |
| | -īmu
| |
| | -ī
| |
| | -īm
| |
| | -īm
| |
| | -īm
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -ī
| |
| | -īȝ
| |
| | -īm
| |
| | -ī
| |
| | -īȝ
| |
| | -īmi
| |
| | -īmy
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Masculine
| |
| |-
| |
| | -ī
| |
| | -ī
| |
| | -ī
| |
| | -ī
| |
| | -ī
| |
| | -ī
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -ī
| |
| | -īȝ
| |
| | -īm
| |
| | -ī
| |
| | -īȝ
| |
| | -īmi
| |
| | -īmy
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Feminine<br>Neuter
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="19" | '''Possessive Hard
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0 rowspan="4"|'''Father's'''
| |
| |style="text-align: center;" rowspan="4"| '''O
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Oþcө̄v'''''<br>'''''Oþcovo'''''
| |
| |''Oþcova''
| |
| |''Oþcovu''
| |
| |''Oþcovo''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Oþcovo''<br>''Oþcovє''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Oþcovo''<br>''Oþcovym''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Oþcovi''
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Oþcovi'''''<br>'''''Oþcovy'''''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Oþcovyȝ''<br>''Oþcovo''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Oþcovym''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Oþcovy''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Oþcovyȝ''<br>''Oþcovo''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Oþcovymi''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Oþcovymy''
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Masculines<br>Neuter
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Oþcөva
| |
| |''Oþcovy''
| |
| |''Oþcovjє''
| |
| |''Oþcovu''
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Feminine
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ө̄v<br>-ovo
| |
| | -ova
| |
| | -ovu
| |
| | -ovo
| |
| |rowspan="2"|-ovo<br>-ovє
| |
| |rowspan="2"|-ovo<br>-ovym
| |
| |rowspan="2"|-ovi
| |
| |rowspan="2" bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ovi<br>-ovy
| |
| |rowspan="2"|-ovyȝ<br>-ovo
| |
| |rowspan="2"|-ovym
| |
| |rowspan="2"|-ovy
| |
| |rowspan="2"|-ovyȝ<br>-ovo
| |
| |rowspan="2"|-ovymi
| |
| |rowspan="2"|-ovymy
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Masculines<br>Neuter
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-өva
| |
| | -ovy
| |
| | -ovjє
| |
| | -ovu
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Feminine
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="19" | '''Possessive Soft
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0 rowspan="6"|'''Mother's'''
| |
| |style="text-align: center;" rowspan="6"| '''Ч
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Maꞇчin'''''
| |
| |''Maꞇчina''
| |
| |rowspan="3"|''Maꞇчiƞe''
| |
| |''Maꞇчina''
| |
| |rowspan="3"|''Maꞇчiƞe''
| |
| |rowspan="3"|''Maꞇчinym
| |
| |rowspan="3"|''Maꞇчiny
| |
| |rowspan="3" bgcolor=#F5F5F5| '''''Maꞇчiny'''''
| |
| |rowspan="3"|''Maꞇчinyȝ''
| |
| |rowspan="3"|''Maꞇчinym''
| |
| |rowspan="3"|''Maꞇчiny''
| |
| |rowspan="3"|''Maꞇчinyȝ''
| |
| |rowspan="3"|''Maꞇчinymi''
| |
| |rowspan="3"|''Maꞇчinymy''
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Masculines
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Maꞇчina'''''
| |
| |''Maꞇчiny''
| |
| |''Maꞇчinu''
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Feminine
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Maꞇчino'''''
| |
| |''Maꞇчina''
| |
| |''Maꞇчino''
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Neuter
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|∅
| |
| | -a
| |
| |rowspan="3"|-ьe
| |
| | -a
| |
| |rowspan="3"|-ьe
| |
| |rowspan="3"|-ym
| |
| |rowspan="3"|-y
| |
| |rowspan="3" bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -y
| |
| |rowspan="3"|-yȝ
| |
| |rowspan="3"|-ym
| |
| |rowspan="3"|-y
| |
| |rowspan="3"|-yȝ
| |
| |rowspan="3"|-ymi
| |
| |rowspan="3"|-ymy
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Masculines
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
| |
| | -y
| |
| | -u
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Feminine
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-o
| |
| | -a
| |
| | -o
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Neuter
| |
| |}
| |
| Zhoushi uses five forms for [[wikipedia:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]] of the adjective:
| |
| *[[wikipedia:Affirmation and negation|Negative]] - Negation of the word: ''Happy → '''Un'''happy
| |
| *[[wikipedia:Comparison (grammar)|Positive]] - Basic form of the word: ''Happy
| |
| *[[wikipedia:Comparison (grammar)|Comparative]] - Form for comparison relative to something: ''Happy → Happ'''ier'''
| |
| *[[wikipedia:Comparison (grammar)|Superlative]] - Form showing absolute relative to a group: ''Happy → Happ'''iest'''
| |
| *[[wikipedia:Augmentative|Augmentative]] - Form showing absolute position without a relative: ''Happy → '''Ultimately'''/'''Absolutely''' happy
| |
| ==Pronouns==
| |
| Pronouns are inflected as well. Zhoushi has multiple factors, such as masculine, feminine neuter and indifferent singular third person, inclusive and exclusive first person plural and reflexive pronouns.
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="2"|Translation to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]
| |
| ! colspan="2"|Person and number
| |
| ![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nom.]
| |
| ![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Gen.]
| |
| ![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dat.]
| |
| ![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Acc.]
| |
| ![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case Loc.]
| |
| ![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case Ins.]
| |
| ![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_case Abl.]
| |
| ![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case Voc.]
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''I'''
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Me'''
| |
| |First
| |
| |rowspan="7"|Singular
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Ja'''''
| |
| |''Miƞe''
| |
| | ''Mi''<br>''Mƞe''
| |
| | ''Mƞe''
| |
| | ''Mƞe''
| |
| | ''Mnө''
| |
| | ''Mnu''
| |
| | <!--{{Hover title|Form non-existent|✗}}-->
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan=2 bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''You'''<br>''(Singular)''
| |
| |Second
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Ty'''''
| |
| |''Tebe''
| |
| | ''Tobi''<br>''Tobjє''
| |
| | ''Tebe''
| |
| | ''Tobjє''
| |
| | ''Tebө''
| |
| | ''Tebu''
| |
| | ''Ty!''
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''He'''
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Him'''
| |
| |rowspan="4"|Third
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Өn'''''
| |
| |''Ƞej''<br>''Jeꚕo''
| |
| | ''Ƞemu''<br>''Jemu''
| |
| | ''Ƞej''<br>''Jej''
| |
| | ''Ƞem''<br>''Jim''
| |
| | ''Ƞim''<br>''Jij''
| |
| | ''Ƞimu''<br>''Jiju''
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''She'''
| |
| | bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Her'''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Өna'''''
| |
| |''Ƞi''<br>''Jej''
| |
| | ''Ƞi''<br>''Ji''
| |
| | ''Ƞi''<br>''Ji''
| |
| | ''Ƞi''<br>''Ji''
| |
| | ''Ƞi''<br>''Ji''
| |
| | ''Ƞu''<br>''Ju''
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan=2 bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''It'''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Өno'''''
| |
| |''Өnoꚕo''
| |
| | ''Өnœmu''
| |
| | ''Өno''
| |
| | ''Өƞem''<br>''Өƞeȝ''
| |
| | ''Өƞim''
| |
| | ''Өnu''
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''They'''<br>''(Singular)''<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_they They in singular] number is rarely used in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common], but still exists.</ref>
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Them'''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Өnu'''''
| |
| |''Ƞij''<br>''Joj''
| |
| | ''Ƞi''<br>''Ji''
| |
| | ''Ƞij''<br>''Jij''
| |
| | ''Ƞij''<br>''Jij''
| |
| | ''Ƞij''<br>''Jij''
| |
| | ''Ƞiju''<br>''Jiju''
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan=2 bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''-self'''<br>''(Singular)''
| |
| |[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun Reflexive]
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|
| |
| |''Sebe''
| |
| | ''Sobje''<br>''Sobjє''
| |
| | ''Sebe''<br>''Se''
| |
| | ''Sobje''<br>''Sobjє''
| |
| | ''Sebө''
| |
| | ''Sebu''
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''We'''<br>''(Inclusive)''<ref>See article about [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusivity Clusivity] of first person singular</ref>
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Us'''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|First
| |
| |rowspan="7"|Plural
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Ny'''''
| |
| |''Nas''
| |
| | ''Nam''
| |
| | ''Nas''<br>''Ny''
| |
| | ''Nas''
| |
| | ''Nami''
| |
| | ''Namu''
| |
| | ''Ny!''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''We'''<br>''(Exclusive)''
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Us'''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''My'''''
| |
| |''Mas''
| |
| | ''Mam''<br>''Minam''
| |
| | ''Mas''
| |
| | ''Mas''
| |
| | ''Mami''
| |
| | ''Mamu''
| |
| | ''My!''
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''You'''<br>''(Plural + formal)''
| |
| |Second
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Vy'''''
| |
| |''Vas''
| |
| | ''Vam''<br>
| |
| | ''Vas''
| |
| | ''Vas''
| |
| | ''Vami''
| |
| | ''Vamu''<br>''Vanu''
| |
| | ''Vy!''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''They'''<br>''(Masculine)''
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Them'''
| |
| |rowspan="3"|Third
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Oni'''''
| |
| |''Ƞiȝ''<br>''Jiȝ''
| |
| | ''Ƞim''<br>''Jim''
| |
| | ''Ƞe''<br>''Je''
| |
| | ''Ƞiȝ''<br>''Jiȝ''
| |
| | ''Ƞimi''<br>''Jimi''
| |
| | ''Ƞimu''<br>''Jimu''
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''They'''<br>''(Feminine)''
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Them'''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Ony'''''
| |
| |''Ƞeȝ''<br>''Jeȝ''
| |
| | ''Ƞim''<br>''Jim''
| |
| | ''Ƞe''<br>''Je''
| |
| | ''Ƞyȝ''<br>''Jyȝ''
| |
| | ''Ƞimy''<br>''Jimy''
| |
| | ''Ƞimu''<br>''Jimu''
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''They'''<br>''(Neuter/indifferent)''
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Them'''
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Ona'''''
| |
| |''Ƞєȝ''<br>''Oƞєȝ''
| |
| | ''Ƞim''<br>''Oƞim''
| |
| | ''Ƞe''<br>''Oƞe''
| |
| | ''Ƞiȝ''<br>''Oƞiȝ''
| |
| | ''Ƞimy''<br>''Oƞimy''
| |
| | ''Ƞimu''<br>''Oƞimu''
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan=2 bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''-self'''<br>''(Plural)''<ref>Usage of this term slowly shifts and merges with the singular form. This form is sometimes considered archaic</ref>
| |
| |[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun Reflexive]
| |
| | bgcolor=#F5F5F5|
| |
| |''Sєbe''
| |
| | ''Sөbje''<br>''Sөbjє''
| |
| | ''Sєbe''<br>''Sє''
| |
| | ''Sөbje''<br>''Sөbjє''
| |
| | ''Sєbө''
| |
| | ''Sєbu''
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| In plural, if the subject of the coversation which is substituted by "they" a mix of multiple genders, there is a hierarchy of genders which are prefered. Here is a list:
| |
| * Masculine (both animate and inanimate) - ''Muзy, Lєsy, Rөзe aj Kuꝛata'' - use "Oni"
| |
| * Feminine - ''Rөзe aj Kuꝛata'' - use "Ony"
| |
| * Neuter/indifferent - ''Kuꝛata aj Miƞєsta'' - use "Ona"
| |
| If masculine is present, use masculine form. If there is no masculine, but there is a feminine, use feminine form. Use neuter if only indifferent and neuter words are present.
| |
| ==Numbers==
| |
| Due to the prominence of [[wikipedia:Polydactyly|hexadactyly]] between the Zhoushi populace, Zhousheng is one of the few nations, that developed a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodecimal dozenal system]. Zhousheng officially used latinized dozenal system until 1978, when the government officially decided to abandon the system and move towards a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal decimal system]. In school, both systems are told in a paralel to each other, which helps Zhoushi students to better understand numbers and aren't tied to just one graphical representation of the number, supporting abstract thinking. However, this also causes some problems with education, therefore math is being told in kindergarden as well to balance the pressure kids would be subjected during math exams.
| |
| ===Numbers 1-10===
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| ! Decimal<br>([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal Base 10])
| |
| ! Dozenal<br>([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodecimal Base 12])
| |
| ! Old Zhengian Numerals
| |
| ! Zhoushi dozenal
| |
| ! [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_numerals Preimeai numerals]
| |
| ! Decimal term<br>([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common])
| |
| ! Dozenal term<br>([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common])
| |
| ! Decimal term<br>(Zhoushi)
| |
| ! Dozenal term<br>(Zhoushi)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 0
| |
| | 0
| |
| | ០
| |
| | 0
| |
| | ០
| |
| | ''Zero''
| |
| | ''Zero''
| |
| | ''Nula''
| |
| | ''Nula''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1
| |
| | 1
| |
| | ១
| |
| | 1
| |
| | ១
| |
| | ''One''
| |
| | ''One''
| |
| | ''Oden''
| |
| | ''Oden''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2
| |
| | 2
| |
| | ໒
| |
| | 2
| |
| | ២
| |
| | ''Two''
| |
| | ''Two''
| |
| | ''Dva''
| |
| | ''Dva''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3
| |
| | 3
| |
| | ៣
| |
| | 3
| |
| | ៣
| |
| | ''Three''
| |
| | ''Three''
| |
| | ''Tꝛi''
| |
| | ''Tꝛi''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 4
| |
| | 4
| |
| | ൪
| |
| | 4
| |
| | ៤
| |
| | ''Four''
| |
| | ''Four''
| |
| | ''Чotyꝛi''
| |
| | ''Чotyꝛi''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 5
| |
| | 5
| |
| | ૫
| |
| | 5
| |
| | ៥
| |
| | ''Five''
| |
| | ''Five''
| |
| | ''Peꞇ''
| |
| | ''Peꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 6
| |
| | 6
| |
| | ૬
| |
| | 6
| |
| | ៦
| |
| | ''Six''
| |
| | ''Six''
| |
| | ''Шosꞇ''
| |
| | ''Шosꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 7
| |
| | 7
| |
| | ൭
| |
| | 7
| |
| | ៧
| |
| | ''Seven''
| |
| | ''Seven''
| |
| | ''Sydem''
| |
| | ''Sydem''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 8
| |
| | 8
| |
| | ൮
| |
| | 8
| |
| | ៨
| |
| | ''Eight''
| |
| | ''Eight''
| |
| | ''Өsem''
| |
| | ''Өsem''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 9
| |
| | 9
| |
| | ໙
| |
| | 9
| |
| | ៩
| |
| | ''Nine''
| |
| | ''Nine''
| |
| | ''Đeveꞇ''
| |
| | ''Đeveꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 10
| |
| | ↊ (International)<br>[[File:Dozenal_us_10.svg|8px|link=]] (USA)<br>A (Code)
| |
| | ൰
| |
| | ᚴ
| |
| | ១០
| |
| | ''Ten''
| |
| | ''Dek''
| |
| | ''Deseꞇ''
| |
| | ''Deseꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <span style="color: #A9A9A9">11
| |
| | ↋ (International)<br>[[File:Dozenal_us_11.svg|7px|link=]] (USA)<br>B (Code)
| |
| | ൯
| |
| | ⵒ
| |
| | <span style="color: #A9A9A9">១១
| |
| | <span style="color: #A9A9A9">''Eleven''
| |
| | ''El''
| |
| | <span style="color: #A9A9A9">''Jedenasꞇ''
| |
| | ''Hєleꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <span style="color: #A9A9A9">12
| |
| | 10
| |
| | ൫ (Cyclical)<br> ១០
| |
| | ᘐ (Cyclical)<br> 10
| |
| | <span style="color: #A9A9A9">១២
| |
| | <span style="color: #A9A9A9">''Twelve''
| |
| | ''Do''
| |
| | <span style="color: #A9A9A9">''Dvanasꞇ''
| |
| | ''Ceλeꞇ'' (Cyclical)<br> ''Tuƌeꞇ''
| |
| |}
| |
| [[File:Clock Zhousheng.png|thumb|Design of the face of clocks used in [[Zhousheng]]]]
| |
| [[File:Zhoushi 7segment numbers.png|thumb|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-segment_display 7-seg] numbers]]
| |
| Currently, dozenal system is used only sparsely in common use, but for example clocks still retained their original cyclic description (that is 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-ᚴ-ⵒ-ᘐ), so called cyclical symbol, noted as "ᘐ" in new Zhoushi numerals refers to a number in a twelve-step cycle. Example could be clock, where numerals 10, 11 and 12 are replaced by ᚴ, ⵒ and ᘐ to this day. Some translations of the Kaȝin Canon still use dozenal naming, especially in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Revelation Book of Revelation of John].
| |
| ===Numbers 11-1ⵒ===
| |
| Numbers 11-1ⵒ are created by adding suffix ''"-asꞇ"'' (Or ''"-nasꞇ"'') to the numbers 1-ⵒ. The same system applied to the old decimal numbering, therefore, the next table is listing both decimal and dozenal, keep in mind the values are relative:
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| ! Symbol<br>([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodecimal Dozenal])
| |
| ! Symbol<br>([[Zhousheng|Zhoushi]])
| |
| ! Symbol<br>([[Zhengia|Zhengian]])
| |
| ! Symbol<br>([[Prei Meas|Preimeai]])
| |
| ! Literal translation<br>([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common])
| |
| ! Zhoushi term
| |
| |-
| |
| | 11
| |
| | 11
| |
| | ១១
| |
| | ១១
| |
| | ''Eleven''
| |
| | ''Odenasꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 12
| |
| | 12
| |
| | ១໒
| |
| | ១២
| |
| | ''Twelve''
| |
| | ''Dvanasꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 13
| |
| | 13
| |
| | ១៣
| |
| | ១៣
| |
| | ''Thirteen''
| |
| | ''Tꝛinasꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 14
| |
| | 14
| |
| | ១૫
| |
| | ១៥
| |
| | ''Fourteen''
| |
| | ''Чotyrnasꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 15
| |
| | 15
| |
| | ១൪
| |
| | ១៤
| |
| | ''Fifteen''
| |
| | ''Peꞇnasꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 16
| |
| | 16
| |
| | ១૬
| |
| | ១៦
| |
| | ''Sixteen''
| |
| | ''Шosꞇnasꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 17
| |
| | 17
| |
| | ១൭
| |
| | ១៧
| |
| | ''Seventeen''
| |
| | ''Sydemnasꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 18
| |
| | 18
| |
| | ១൮
| |
| | ១៨
| |
| | ''Eighteen''
| |
| | ''Өsemnasꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 19
| |
| | 19
| |
| | ១໙
| |
| | ១៩
| |
| | ''Nineteen''
| |
| | ''Đeveꞇenasꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1↊
| |
| | 1ᚴ
| |
| | ១൰
| |
| | --
| |
| | ''Tenteen''
| |
| | ''Deseꞇenasꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1↋
| |
| | 1ⵒ
| |
| | ១൯
| |
| | --
| |
| | ''Elteen''
| |
| | ''Hєleꞇenasꞇ''
| |
| |}
| |
| ===Tens===
| |
| Tens, similar to 10 (Deseꞇ, Tuƌeꞇ), other multiples of 10 are made using the numbers 1-ⵒ and adding suffix ''"-ƌet"'' (10-40) or ''"-desaꞇ"'' (50-ⵒ0):
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| ! Symbol<br>([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodecimal Dozenal])
| |
| ! Symbol<br>([[Zhousheng|Zhoushi]])
| |
| ! Symbol<br>([[Zhengia|Zhengian]])
| |
| ! Symbol<br>([[Prei Meas|Preimeai]])
| |
| ! Literal translation<br>([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common])
| |
| ! Zhoushi term
| |
| |-
| |
| | 10
| |
| | 10
| |
| | ១០
| |
| | ១០
| |
| | ''Ten''/''Do''
| |
| | ''Deseꞇ''/''Tuƌeꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 20
| |
| | 20
| |
| | ໒០
| |
| | ២០
| |
| | ''Twenty''
| |
| | ''Dvaƌeꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 30
| |
| | 30
| |
| | ៣០
| |
| | ៣០
| |
| | ''Thirty''
| |
| | ''Tꝛiƌeꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 40
| |
| | 40
| |
| | ૫០
| |
| | ៥០
| |
| | ''Fourty''
| |
| | ''Чotyꝛiƌeꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 50
| |
| | 50
| |
| | ൪០
| |
| | ៤០
| |
| | ''Fifty''
| |
| | ''Pedesaꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 60
| |
| | 60
| |
| | ૬០
| |
| | ៦០
| |
| | ''Sixty''
| |
| | ''Шodesaꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 70
| |
| | 70
| |
| | ൭០
| |
| | ៧០
| |
| | ''Seventy''
| |
| | ''Sydemdesaꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 80
| |
| | 80
| |
| | ൮០
| |
| | ៨០
| |
| | ''Eighty''
| |
| | ''Өsemdesaꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 90
| |
| | 90
| |
| | ໙០
| |
| | ៩០
| |
| | ''Ninety''
| |
| | ''Đevedesaꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ↊0
| |
| | ᚴ0
| |
| | ൰០
| |
| | --
| |
| | ''Tenty''
| |
| | ''Desedesaꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ↋0
| |
| | ⵒ0
| |
| | ൯០
| |
| | --
| |
| | ''Elty''
| |
| | ''Hєledesaꞇ''
| |
| |}
| |
| ===Numbers 21-ⵒⵒ===
| |
| Regular numbers between 20 and 100 are made by the combination of the tens and units. The western (Haldenian) dialects, having been influenced by [[Gadorien|Gadori]] grammar, sometimes use a version with the conjunction interix ''"-a-"'' with a switched order. Here are some examples:
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| ! Symbol<br>([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodecimal Dozenal])
| |
| ! Symbol<br>([[Zhousheng|Zhoushi]])
| |
| ! Symbol<br>([[Zhengia|Zhengian]])
| |
| ! Symbol<br>([[Prei Meas|Preimeai]])
| |
| ! Literal translation<br>([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common])
| |
| ! Zhoushi term
| |
| ! Haldenian dialect
| |
| |-
| |
| | 23
| |
| | 23
| |
| | ໒០
| |
| | ២០
| |
| | ''Twenty three''
| |
| | ''Dvaƌeꞇ tꝛi''
| |
| | ''Tꝛiadvaƌeꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 37
| |
| | 37
| |
| | ៣൭
| |
| | ៣៧
| |
| | ''Thirty seven''
| |
| | ''Tꝛiƌeꞇ sydem''
| |
| | ''Sydematꝛiƌeꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 41
| |
| | 41
| |
| | ૫១
| |
| | ៥១
| |
| | ''Fourty one''
| |
| | ''Чotyꝛiƌeꞇ oden''
| |
| | ''Odenaчotyꝛiƌeꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 5↊
| |
| | 5ᚴ
| |
| | ൪൰
| |
| | --
| |
| | ''Fifty ten''
| |
| | ''Pedesaꞇ deseꞇ''
| |
| | ''Deseꞇapedesaꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 66
| |
| | 66
| |
| | ૬૬
| |
| | ៦៦
| |
| | ''Sixty seven''
| |
| | ''Шodesaꞇ шosꞇ''
| |
| | ''Шosꞇaшodesaꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 7↋
| |
| | 7ⵒ
| |
| | ൭൯
| |
| | --
| |
| | ''Seventy el''
| |
| | ''Sydemdesaꞇ hєleꞇ''
| |
| | ''Hєleꞇasydemdesaꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 85
| |
| | 85
| |
| | ൮០
| |
| | ៨០
| |
| | ''Eighty five''
| |
| | ''Өsemdesaꞇ peꞇ''
| |
| | ''Peꞇaөsemdesaꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 99
| |
| | 99
| |
| | ໙໙
| |
| | ៩៩
| |
| | ''Ninety nine''
| |
| | ''Đevedesaꞇ đeveꞇ''
| |
| | ''Đeveꞇađevedesaꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ↊4
| |
| | ᚴ4
| |
| | ൰൪
| |
| | --
| |
| | ''Tenty four''
| |
| | ''Desedesaꞇ чotyꝛi''
| |
| | ''Чotyꝛiadesedesaꞇ''
| |
| |-
| |
| | ↋2
| |
| | ⵒ2
| |
| | ൯០
| |
| | --
| |
| | ''Elty two''
| |
| | ''Hєledesaꞇ dva''
| |
| | ''Dvaadєledesaꞇ''
| |
| |}
| |
| ===Number past 100===
| |
| TBA
| |
| ===Inflection of numbers===
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| ![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]
| |
| ![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nom.]
| |
| ![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Gen.]
| |
| ![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dat.]
| |
| ![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Acc.]
| |
| ![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case Loc.]
| |
| ![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case Ins.]
| |
| ![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_case Abl.]
| |
| ![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case Voc.]
| |
| ![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender Gender]/[[wikipedia:Grammatical number|Number]]
| |
| !Notes
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="11" | Link to '''Singular''' genitive
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Zero
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Nula
| |
| |''Nuly
| |
| |''Nule
| |
| |''Nulu
| |
| |''Nule
| |
| |''Nulө
| |
| |''Nulө
| |
| |''Nulo!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Universal
| |
| |''Every form needs a noun in genitive, not in the restpective case
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Quarter
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Чoterꞇ
| |
| |''Чoterꞇi
| |
| |''Чoterꞇi
| |
| |''Чoterꞇ
| |
| |''Чoterꞇi
| |
| |''Чoterꞇī
| |
| |''Чoterꞇī
| |
| |''Чoterꞇi!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Universal
| |
| |''Used for example for "Quarter a bread" → "Чoterꞇ Ȝilaba"
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Half
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Pөl
| |
| |''Pөli
| |
| |''Pөli
| |
| |''Pөl
| |
| |''Pөli
| |
| |''Pөlī
| |
| |''Pөlī
| |
| |''Pөli!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Universal
| |
| |''Used for example for "Half a bread" → "Pөl Ȝilaba"
| |
| |-
| |
| <!--| style="text-align: center;" colspan="9" |''<small>Every other fraction uses -ina/-ꞇina suffix with the nominative form of the word (Tꝛi 3 → Tꝛiꞇina ⅓), inflection pattern "Зona" (З). If you have multiple fractions (Two thirds ⅔), inflect the fraction in plural form of З inflection as well as inflect the number (if you have less than 5 fractions) or inflect only the number and keep the fraction in genitive plural (if you have 5 or more fractions)</small>-->
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="11" | Link to '''Singular''' form of the noun
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0 rowspan="3"|'''Other fractions
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''-(ꞇ)ina'''''<br><small>(suffix)</small>
| |
| |''-(ꞇ)iny
| |
| |''-(ꞇ)iƞe
| |
| |''-(ꞇ)inu
| |
| |''-(ꞇ)iƞe
| |
| |''-(ꞇ)inө
| |
| |''-(ꞇ)inөj
| |
| |''-(ꞇ)ino!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Singular
| |
| |''Used for fractions with number 1 in the numerator (example: ⅛ - Odna өsmina)
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''-(ꞇ)iny'''''<br><small>(suffix)</small>
| |
| |''-(ꞇ)in
| |
| |''-(ꞇ)inom
| |
| |''-(ꞇ)iny
| |
| |''-(ꞇ)ināȝ
| |
| |''-(ꞇ)ināmi
| |
| |''-(ꞇ)ināmi
| |
| |''-(ꞇ)iny!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''[[wikipedia:Grammatical number#Paucal|<span style="color: #000000">Paucal</span>]]'''<br><small>Plural</small>
| |
| |''Used for fractions with numbers 2-4 in the numerator (example: ⅜ - Tꝛi өsminy)
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5 style="text-align: center;"|<!--'''{{Hover title|Form non-existent|✗}}-->
| |
| |''-(ꞇ)in
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Plural
| |
| |''Used for fractions with numbers 5-∞, all negatives and all non-[[wikipedia:Integer|integers]] in the numerator (example: ⅝ - Peꞇ өsmin). The fraction word is not inflected and remains in genitive
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0 rowspan="4"|'''One
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Oden
| |
| |''Odnœꚕo
| |
| |''Odnœmu
| |
| |''Oden
| |
| |''Odnom
| |
| |''Odƞīm
| |
| |''Odƞīm
| |
| |''Oden!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Masculine
| |
| |rowspan="3"|
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Odna
| |
| |''Odnē
| |
| |''Odnē
| |
| |''Odnu
| |
| |''Odnē
| |
| |''Odƞө̄
| |
| |''Odƞom
| |
| |''Odna!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Feminine
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Oden
| |
| |''Odno
| |
| |''Odnœmu
| |
| |''Odno
| |
| |''Odnœm
| |
| |''Odƞīm
| |
| |''Odƞīm
| |
| |''Odno!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Neuter
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Raz
| |
| |''Razu
| |
| |''Razu
| |
| |''Raz
| |
| |''Razu
| |
| |''Razœm
| |
| |''Razœm
| |
| |''Raze!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Universal
| |
| |''Term used in the west for "one" without a noun term, such as counting
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="11" | Link to '''Plural''' form of the noun
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0 rowspan="2"|'''Two
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Dva
| |
| |''Dvө
| |
| |''Dvөm
| |
| |''Dva
| |
| |''Dvө
| |
| |''Dvєma
| |
| |''Dvєma
| |
| |''Dva!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Masculine
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Old [[wikipedia:Dual (grammatical number)|dual]] noun terms might still pop up in this usage time to time
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Dvє
| |
| |''Dvө
| |
| |''Dvєma
| |
| |''Dvє
| |
| |''Dvө
| |
| |''Dvєma
| |
| |''Dvөma
| |
| |''Dvє!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Feminine + Neuter
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Three
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Tꝛi
| |
| |''Tꝛī<br>Tꝛeȝ
| |
| |''Tꝛem
| |
| |''Tꝛi
| |
| |''Tꝛeȝ
| |
| |''Tꝛema<br>Tꝛemi
| |
| |''Tꝛema<br>Tꝛemi
| |
| |''Tꝛi!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Universal
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Four
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Чotyꝛi
| |
| |''Чotyꝛ
| |
| |''Чotyꝛem
| |
| |''Чotyꝛi
| |
| |''Чotyꝛeȝ
| |
| |''Чotyꝛema
| |
| |''Чotyꝛema
| |
| |''Чotyꝛi!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Universal
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="11" | Link to '''Plural''' genitive
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Five
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Peꞇ
| |
| |''Peꞇi
| |
| |''Peꞇi
| |
| |''Peꞇ
| |
| |''Peꞇiȝ
| |
| |''Peꞇima<br>Peꞇimi
| |
| |''Peꞇima<br>Peꞇimi
| |
| |''Peꞇ!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Universal
| |
| |''Same inclension works for "Шosꞇ", "Đeveꞇ", "Deseꞇ", "Hєleꞇ" & "Ceλeꞇ" (6, 9, ᚴ (10), ⵒ (11), ᘐ (12/10))
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Seven
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Sydem
| |
| |''Sydmiȝ
| |
| |''Sydmi
| |
| |''Sydem
| |
| |''Sydmi
| |
| |''Sydmi
| |
| |''Sydmi
| |
| |''Sydîm!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Universal
| |
| |''Same inclension works for "Өsem" (8)
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Eleven
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Odenasꞇ
| |
| |''Odenasꞇi
| |
| |''Odenasꞇi
| |
| |''Odenasꞇ
| |
| |''Odenasꞇi
| |
| |''Odenasꞇiĵî
| |
| |''Odenasꞇiĵî
| |
| |''Odenasꞇ!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Universal
| |
| |''Same inclension works for all 1◌ numbers
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0 rowspan="2"|'''Dozen
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Tuƌeꞇ
| |
| |''Tuƌtu
| |
| |''Tuƌtu
| |
| |''Tuƌeꞇ
| |
| |''Tuƌtu
| |
| |''Tuƌtœm
| |
| |''Tuƌtœm
| |
| |''Tuƌte!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Singular
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Term "Tuƌeꞇ" a plural version for multiple dozens of something
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Tuƌty
| |
| |''Tuƌtū
| |
| |''Tuƌtœm
| |
| |''Tuƌty
| |
| |''Tuƌteȝ
| |
| |''Tuƌty
| |
| |''Tuƌty
| |
| |''Tuƌty!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Twenty
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Dvaƌeꞇ
| |
| |''Dvaƌeꞇi
| |
| |''Dvaƌeꞇi
| |
| |''Dvaƌeꞇ
| |
| |''Dvaƌeꞇîĵeȝ
| |
| |''Dvaƌeꞇi
| |
| |''Dvaƌeꞇi
| |
| |''Dvaƌeꞇ!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Universal
| |
| |''Same inclension works for all ◌0 numbers end with a suffix -eꞇ
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Fifty
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Pedesaꞇ
| |
| |''Pedesaꞇi
| |
| |''Pedesaꞇi
| |
| |''Pedesaꞇ
| |
| |''Pedesaꞇiȝ
| |
| |''Pedesaꞇi
| |
| |''Pedesaꞇi
| |
| |''Pedesaꞇiĵe!
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Universal
| |
| |''Same inclension works for all ◌0 numbers end with a suffix -aꞇ
| |
| |}
| |
| ''Note: terms "Чoterꞇina" and "Pөloƿina" exist as well and are inflected as by the -(ꞇ)ina inflection
| |
| Here are following terms for mathematical symbols
| |
| {| class="wikitable sortle mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-datatable" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| ! Symbol
| |
| ! Zhoushi term
| |
| ! [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common] translation
| |
| ! Note
| |
| |-
| |
| | =
| |
| | Jest rovno
| |
| | Is equal to
| |
| |''Note used for equation
| |
| |-
| |
| | ≈
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Bliзi se
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Is approximate to
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Note used for approximation
| |
| |-
| |
| | ≐
| |
| |-
| |
| | +
| |
| | Plus<br>Aj
| |
| | Plus
| |
| |''Note used for addition
| |
| |-
| |
| | -
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Minus<br>Bez
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Minus
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Note used for subtraction
| |
| |-
| |
| | \
| |
| |-
| |
| | ⋅
| |
| |rowspan="3"|Krat
| |
| |rowspan="3"|Times
| |
| |rowspan="3"|''Note used for multiplication
| |
| |-
| |
| | ×
| |
| |-
| |
| | *
| |
| |-
| |
| | :
| |
| |rowspan="3"|Đeleno
| |
| |rowspan="3"|Divided by
| |
| |rowspan="3"|''Note used for division
| |
| |-
| |
| | ÷
| |
| |-
| |
| | )̅ <ref>The notation a)̅b̅ symbolizes b÷a (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(mathematics)#Notation notation on Wikipedia])</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ⎷
| |
| | Fumocnina
| |
| | Root
| |
| |''Note used for roots
| |
| |-
| |
| | ^
| |
| | Na<br>Umocƞeno
| |
| | To the power of
| |
| |''Note used for exponentiation
| |
| |-
| |
| | ∧
| |
| |rowspan="2"| I
| |
| |rowspan="2"| And
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Note used for conjunction
| |
| |-
| |
| | ∩
| |
| |-
| |
| | ∨
| |
| |rowspan="2"| Anebo
| |
| |rowspan="2"| Or
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Note used for disjunction
| |
| |-
| |
| | ∪
| |
| |-
| |
| | ⊻
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Nebo
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Alternatively
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Note used for exclusive disjunction
| |
| |-
| |
| | ⩛
| |
| |-
| |
| | ∴
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Aj proto
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Therefore
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Symbol used in short notes to symbolize forward implication
| |
| |-
| |
| | →
| |
| |-
| |
| | ∵
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Зtobo
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Because
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Symbol used in short notes to symbolize backward implication
| |
| |-
| |
| | ←
| |
| |-
| |
| | ≡
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Jest totoзny
| |
| |rowspan="2"|Is equivalent/identical to
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''Symbol used in short notes to symbolize equivalence
| |
| |-
| |
| | 🡘
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |''
| |
| |}
| |
| ==Verbs==
| |
| First declension: example verb: "Đelat" = "To do"
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| !rowspan="2"|Infinite form
| |
| !colspan="4"|1<sup>st</sup> person
| |
| !colspan="4"|2<sup>nd</sup> person
| |
| !colspan="4"|3<sup>rd</sup> person
| |
| !rowspan="2"|Number
| |
| !rowspan="2"|Literacy form
| |
| |-
| |
| !MA
| |
| !MI
| |
| !F
| |
| !N+I
| |
| !MA
| |
| !MI
| |
| !F
| |
| !N+I
| |
| !MA
| |
| !MI
| |
| !F
| |
| !N+I
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="15" | '''Present
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''''Đelat
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelām
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelāш
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelā
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Singular
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''Common
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelāme
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelāte
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelajī
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''''Đelaꞇi
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelajų
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelaješ
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelaję
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Singular
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''Common
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelajemo
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelajetę
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelajųt
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="15" | '''Imperfekt
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''''Đelaȝet
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelaȝ
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelaшę
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelaшeĵ
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Singular
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''Universal
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelaȝmo
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelaste
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelaȝų
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="15" | '''Verbal base
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''''Đelat
| |
| |colspan="2"|Đelal
| |
| |Đelala
| |
| |Đelalo
| |
| |colspan="2"|Đelal
| |
| |Đelala
| |
| |Đelalo
| |
| |colspan="2"|Đelal
| |
| |Đelala
| |
| |Đelalo
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Singular
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''Common
| |
| |-
| |
| |Đelali
| |
| |colspan="2"|Đelaly
| |
| |Đelala
| |
| |Đelali
| |
| |colspan="2"|Đelaly
| |
| |Đelala
| |
| |Đelali
| |
| |colspan="2"|Đelaly
| |
| |Đelala
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="15" | '''Imperative
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đeląĵ!
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelaj!
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Singular
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''Universal
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelajmœ!
| |
| |colspan="4"|Đelajtє!
| |
| |colspan="4"|
| |
| |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Plural
| |
| |}
| |
| ==Adverbia==
| |
| [[wikipedia:Adverb]] TBA | |
| ==Prepositions==
| |
| TBA
| |
| ==Conjunctions==
| |
| TBA
| |
| ==Particles==
| |
| TBA
| |
| ==Interjections==
| |
| TBA | | TBA |
| ==Language examples== | | ==Language examples== |
| ===[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer Lord's prayer]=== | | TBD |
| Following text shows [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer Lord's prayer] compared to [[Monte Blanco|Belgorian]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language Slovanic] languages<br>
| | ==See also== |
| {| style="border-spacing: 2px; border: 1px solid darkgray;"
| | {{div col|colwidth=22em}} |
| ! [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common language]
| | *[[Zhoushi grammar]] |
| ! Zhoushi ''(Grapheme)''
| | *[[Zhoushi orthography]] |
| ! Zhoushi ''(Diacritic)''
| | *[[Bogmian language]] |
| ! [[Monte Blanco|Belgorian]] ''([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_alphabet Protopolyash])''
| | *[[Zhousheng]] |
| ! [[Monte Blanco|Belgorian]] ''(Diacritic)''
| | *[[Flag of Zhousheng]] |
| ! [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language Slovanic langauge]
| | {{div col end}} |
| |-
| | {{Template:Zhousheng Navbox}} |
| | {{color|#4B61D1|Our Father in heaven,}}
| | {{Elezia}} |
| | Oþчe naш, kitory jesꞇєш na ƞieby,
| | [[Category:Languages in Elezia]] |
| | Ot́če naš, kitory jesťěš na ňieby,
| | [[Category:Zhousheng]] |
| | ⲟⲧⲕⲓ ⲛⲁϣⲓ, ⲧⲓϣ ⲓⲥⲉϣ ⲛⲁ ⲛⲓⲉⲃϣⲓⲭⲁⲭ,
| |
| | Otki naši, tiš iseš na niebšichach,
| |
| | Otče náš, ktorý si na nebesiach,
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{color|#4B61D1|hallowed be your name.}}
| |
| | mino Tiƿe buđ posviƌeno,
| |
| | mino Tiwe buď posvid́eno,
| |
| | ⲡⲟⲥⲫⲁⲧⲓⲓ ⲥⲁ ⲙⲉⲛⲟ ⲧⲯⲟⲓⲟ,
| |
| | Posfatii sa meno Tvoio,
| |
| | posväť sa meno Tvoje,
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{color|#4B61D1|Your kingdom come.}}
| |
| | Tiƿoje guo pꝛiȝađ,
| |
| | Tiwoje guo přiȟaď,
| |
| | ⲡⲣⲓⲓⲭⲟⲇⲓⲓ ⲕⲣⲁⲗⲫⲥⲧⲯⲟ ⲧⲯⲟⲓⲟ,
| |
| | Priichodii kralfstvo Tvoio,
| |
| | príď kráľovstvo Tvoje,
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{color|#4B61D1|Your will be done,}}
| |
| | biduч Tiƿuj janг,
| |
| | biduč Tiwuj janǧ,
| |
| | ⲃⲓⲓ ⲯⲩⲟⲗⲁ ⲧⲯⲟⲓⲁ,
| |
| | bii vuola Tvoia,
| |
| | buď vôľa Tvoja,
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{color|#4B61D1|on earth as it is in heaven.}}
| |
| | jak v ƞeby, tak aj na zөmi.
| |
| | jak v ňeby, tak aj na zǒmi.
| |
| | ⲓⲁⲕ ⲯ ⲛⲓⲉⲃⲓ, ⲧⲁⲕ ⲁⲓ ⲛⲁ ⲍⲉⲙⲛⲓ.
| |
| | iak v niebi, tak ai na zemni.
| |
| | ako v nebi, tak i na zemi.
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{color|#4B61D1|Give us this day our daily bread}}
| |
| | Ȝilab maш tudejшij divaj mam dƞes
| |
| | Ȟilab maš tudejšij divaj mam dňes
| |
| | ⲭⲗⲓⲉⲃⲓⲕ ⲛⲁϣ ⲯⲍⲇⲉⲓϣⲁⲓ ⲇⲁⲓ ⲛⲁⲙ ⲇⲛⲓⲉⲥ
| |
| | Chliebik naš daj nam dnies
| |
| | Chlieb náš daj nám dnes
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{color|#4B61D1|and forgive us our debts,}}
| |
| | aj ƿypujuшꞇaj mam гriȝy maшije,
| |
| | aj wypujušťaj mam ğriȟy mašije,
| |
| | ⲓ ⲟⲇⲡⲩϣⲧⲓ ⲛⲁⲙ ⲛⲁϣⲓⲉ ⲯⲓⲛⲓⲉ,
| |
| | i odpušti nam našie vinie,
| |
| | a odpusť nám naše viny,
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{color|#4B61D1|as we also have forgiven our debtors.}}
| |
| | jak aj my ƿypujuшamy mašim huoqum.
| |
| | jak aj my wypujušamy mašim huoqum.
| |
| | ⲓⲁⲕ ⲓ ⲙⲓ ⲟⲇⲡⲩϣⲧⲓⲁⲙⲉ ⲛⲁϣⲓⲙ ⲯⲓⲛⲓⲕⲁⲙ.
| |
| | iak i mi odpuštiame našim vinikam.
| |
| | ako i my odpúšťame svojim vinníkom.
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{color|#4B61D1|And do not bring us into temptation,}}
| |
| | Aj ƞevydaj mas fu pakuшenji, | |
| | Aj ňevydaj mas fu pakušenji,
| |
| | ⲓ ⲛⲓⲉⲍⲯⲓⲉⲇⲁⲓ ⲛⲁⲥ ⲯ ⲡⲟⲕⲩϣⲓⲉⲛⲓⲉ,
| |
| | I nezvidai nas v pokušenie,
| |
| | A neuveď nás do pokušenia,
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{color|#4B61D1|but rescue us from the evil one.}}
| |
| | le zibafuj mas ƿy Jingu.
| |
| | le zibafuj mas wy Jingu.
| |
| | ⲁⲗⲓⲉ ⲭⲣⲁⲛⲓⲓ ⲛⲁⲥ ⲟⲇ ⲍⲗⲟⲅⲟ.
| |
| | ale chrani nas od Zlogo.
| |
| | ale zbav nás Zlého.
| |
| |}
| |
| ====Interactive analysis of the prayer====
| |
| '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]:'''<br>
| |
| Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come. Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And do not bring us to the time of trial, but rescue us from the evil one. Amen.
| |
| | |
| '''Zhoushi:'''<br>{{Hover title|Father|Oþчe}} {{Hover title|our|maш}}, {{Hover title|which|kitory}} {{Hover title|[you] are|jesꞇєш}} {{Hover title|on [in]|na}} {{Hover title|Heaven|ƞieby}}, {{Hover title|name|mino }} {{Hover title|your|Tiƿe}} {{Hover title|be|buđ}} {{Hover title|hallowed|posviƌeno}}. {{Hover title|Your|Tiƿoje}} {{Hover title|kingdom|guo}} {{Hover title|come|pꝛiȝađ}}. {{Hover title|Be [will]|Biduч}} {{Hover title|your|Tiƿuj}} {{Hover title|will|janг}}, {{Hover title|as|jak}} {{Hover title|in|v}} {{Hover title|Heaven|ƞieby}}, {{Hover title|[as well]|tak aj}} {{Hover title|on|na}} {{Hover title|earth|zөmi}}. {{Hover title|Bread|Ȝilab}} {{Hover title|our|maш}} {{Hover title|dialy|tudejшij}} {{Hover title|give|divaj}} {{Hover title|us|mam}} {{Hover title|today|dƞes}}. {{Hover title|And|Aj}} {{Hover title|forgive|ƿypujuшꞇaj}} {{Hover title|us|mam}} {{Hover title|sins [debts]|гriȝy}} {{Hover title|our|maшije}}, {{Hover title|how we [as we]|jak aj}} {{Hover title|we|my}} {{Hover title|forgive|ƿypujuшamy}} {{Hover title|our|mašim}} {{Hover title|sinners [debtors]|huoqum}}. {{Hover title|And|Aj}} {{Hover title|do not give us [do not bring us]|ƞevydaj}} {{Hover title|us|mas}} {{Hover title|into [to]|fu}} {{Hover title|temptation [time of trial]|pakuшenji}},<ref>Other version is "(...) {{Hover title|And|Aj}} {{Hover title|do not give [do not allow]|ƞedaj}} {{Hover title|[so we]|abyȝom}} {{Hover title|weren't [aren't]|nebyli}} {{Hover title|given [surrendered]|vydaƞi}} {{Hover title|into [to]|fu}} {{Hover title|temptation [time of trial]|pakuшenji}}, (...)" This version is favored by [[Zhousheng#Kaȝin Christianity|Kaȝin Christians]], while the [[wikipedia:Catholic Church|Catholic Christians]] prefer the version listed above.</ref> {{Hover title|but|le}} {{Hover title|remove [rescue]|zibafuj}} {{Hover title|us|mas}} {{Hover title|from|ƿy}} {{Hover title|the Bad [the evil one]|Jingu}}. {{Hover title|Amen|Amen}}.
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| | |
| '''IPA:'''<br>[oθt͡ʃɛ maːʃ, kitorɨ jɛscɛʃ na ɲiebɨ, mino tiwe buɟ posvid͡zeno. tiwojɛ guo pr̝̊iɣaɟ. bidut͡ʃ tiwuj jand͡ʒ, jak fu ɲieby, tak aj na zu͡omi. xilab maʃ tudɛjʃij divaj maːm dɲɛs. aj wɨpujuʃamɨ maʃim huok͡vum. aj ɲɛvɨdaj maːs fu pakuʃenji, lɛ zibafuj maːs wɨ jingu. aːmɛn] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=o%CE%B8t%CD%A1%CA%83%C9%9B%20ma%CB%90%CA%83%2C%20kitor%C9%A8%20j%C9%9Bsc%C9%9B%CA%83%20na%20%C9%B2ieb%C9%A8%2C%20mino%20tiwe%20bu%C9%9F%20posvid%CD%A1zeno.%20tiwoj%C9%9B%20guo%20pr%CC%9D%CC%8Ai%C9%A3a%C9%9F.%20bidut%CD%A1%CA%83%20tiwuj%20jand%CD%A1%CA%92%2C%20jak%20fu%20%C9%B2ieby%2C%20tak%20aj%20na%20zu%CD%A1omi.%20xilab%20ma%CA%83%20tud%C9%9Bj%CA%83ij%20divaj%20ma%CB%90m%20d%C9%B2%C9%9Bs.%20aj%20w%C9%A8puju%CA%83am%C9%A8%20ma%CA%83im%20huok%CD%A1vum.%20aj%20%C9%B2%C9%9Bv%C9%A8daj%20ma%CB%90s%20fu%20paku%CA%83enji%2C%20l%C9%9B%20zibafuj%20ma%CB%90s%20w%C9%A8%20jingu.%20a%CB%90m%C9%9Bn&voice=Jan]]
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| ===[https://iiwiki.us/wiki/Anterian_World_Assembly#World_Peace_Manifesto World Peace Manifesto]===
| |
| [https://iiwiki.us/wiki/Anterian_World_Assembly#World_Peace_Manifesto World Peace Manifesto] is the founding agreement, that formed the [[Anterian World Assembly]]. The document, although being written in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common] was originally written by [[Mustelaria|Mustelarian]] prime minister Jeliþo Pogөf, a native Zhoushi, who later translated this matterial into Zhoushi. Interactive translation includes the first paragraph of the text: | |
| ====Interactive analysis of the manifesto====
| |
| '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]:'''<br>
| |
| We, the nations of Anteria, hereby stand together, working together, united and willing to cooperate to reach global peace. We have seen enough deaths, enough suffering, enough pain and enough ruined lives. We came together with a hope and a ideal, that there are things that should be done, there are ways better than war, there is a better way to work with the world.
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| | |
| '''Zhoushi:'''<br>{{Hover title|We|Ny}}, {{Hover title|[the] nations|narody}} {{Hover title|of Anteria|Anterje}}, {{Hover title|[we] stand up|ƿustavame}} {{Hover title|together|pospolu}}, {{Hover title|working|pracujiƌ}} {{Hover title|together|pospolu}}, {{Hover title|united|odnetƞi}} {{Hover title|and|aj}} {{Hover title|willing|ȝoчuƌ}} {{Hover title|to cooperate|spөlupracovaч}} {{Hover title|to reach|k dosaзenje}} {{Hover title|global|зөmskeho}} {{Hover title|peace|santifu}}. {{Hover title|We|Ny}} {{Hover title|[have] seen|viгali}} {{Hover title|too many|pꝛiliш}} {{Hover title|deaths|smrꞇiȝ}}, {{Hover title|too many|pꝛiliш}} {{Hover title|too many|utrpeƞi}}, {{Hover title|too many|pꝛiliш}} {{Hover title|pain|bөlu}} {{Hover title|and|aj}} {{Hover title|too many|pꝛiliш}} {{Hover title|destroyed|zƞiчoniȝ}} {{Hover title|lives|чiƿtu}}. {{Hover title|We|Ny}} {{Hover title|came together|sє sȝromaзđili}} {{Hover title|with|s}} {{Hover title|a faith|virө}} {{Hover title|and|aj}} {{Hover title|ideal|idealem}}, {{Hover title|that|зto}} {{Hover title|there are things|jsu vjeƌi}}, {{Hover title|which|kitore}} {{Hover title|should be|by miaλy byч}} {{Hover title|done|đelane}}, {{Hover title|there are ways|jsu moзnosꞇi}} {{Hover title|better|lepшє}} {{Hover title|than|neз}} {{Hover title|war|vojna}}, {{Hover title|there is a [better] way|je moзnosꞇ}} {{Hover title|to work|pracovaч}} {{Hover title|with|se}} {{Hover title|[countries]|шtaty}} {{Hover title|[of the] world|zөme}}.
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| '''IPA:'''<br>[nɨ, narodɨ anterʲɛ, pustavame pospolu, prat͡sujid͡z pospolu, odnɛtɲi aj xot͡ʃud͡z spu͡oluprat͡sovat͡ʃ k dosaʒɛnjɛ ʒu͡omskeho santifu. nɨ vid͡ʒali pr̝̊iːliʃ smrcix, pr̝̊iːliʃ utrpɛɲiː, pr̝̊iːliʃ bu͡olu aj pr̝̊iːliʃ zɲit͡ʃonix t͡ʃiwtuː. nɨ se sɣromaʒɟili s viru͡o aj idɛaːlem, ʒto jsu vjed͡zi, kitorɛ by miaȴɨ bɨt͡ʃ ɟelanɛ, jsu moʒnosci lɛpʃe nɛʒ vojna, jɛ moʒnosc prat͡sovat͡ʃ se ʃtatɨ zu͡ome] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=n%C9%A8%2C%20narod%C9%A8%20anter%CA%B2%C9%9B%2C%20pustavame%20pospolu%2C%20prat%CD%A1sujid%CD%A1z%20pospolu%2C%20odn%C9%9Bt%C9%B2i%20aj%20xot%CD%A1%CA%83ud%CD%A1z%20spu%CD%A1oluprat%CD%A1sovat%CD%A1%CA%83%20k%20dosa%CA%92%C9%9Bnj%C9%9B%20%CA%92u%CD%A1omskeho%20santifu.%20n%C9%A8%20vid%CD%A1%CA%92ali%20pr%CC%9D%CC%8Ai%CB%90li%CA%83%20smrcix%2C%20pr%CC%9D%CC%8Ai%CB%90li%CA%83%20utrp%C9%9B%C9%B2i%CB%90%2C%20pr%CC%9D%CC%8Ai%CB%90li%CA%83%20bu%CD%A1olu%20aj%20pr%CC%9D%CC%8Ai%CB%90li%CA%83%20z%C9%B2it%CD%A1%CA%83onix%20t%CD%A1%CA%83iwtu%CB%90.%20n%C9%A8%20se%20s%C9%A3roma%CA%92%C9%9Fili%20s%20viru%CD%A1o%20aj%20id%C9%9Ba%CB%90lem%2C%20%CA%92to%20jsu%20vjed%CD%A1zi%2C%20kitor%C9%9B%20by%20mia%C8%B4%C9%A8%20b%C9%A8t%CD%A1%CA%83%20%C9%9Felan%C9%9B%2C%20jsu%20mo%CA%92nosci%20l%C9%9Bp%CA%83e%20n%C9%9B%CA%92%20vojna%2C%20j%C9%9B%20mo%CA%92nosc%20prat%CD%A1sovat%CD%A1%CA%83%20se%20%CA%83tat%C9%A8%20zu%CD%A1ome&voice=Jan]]
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| ===First words from the Moon===
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| First country to land people on the Moon was [[San Calia]], which successfully got a lunar lander with two people in Mare Unitaris on July 20th, 1967. Calonaut David Russel was the first to touch the surface of the Moon, saying the quote seconds after climbing down the ladder. Interactive translation of the quote:
| |
| ====Interactive analysis of the first words====
| |
| '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]:'''<br>
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| We come in the name of San Calia, for Anteria, and for all mankind.
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| '''Zhoushi:'''<br>
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| {{Hover title|[We] come|Pꝛiȝazimy}} {{Hover title|in [the]|ve}} {{Hover title|name|minu}} {{Hover title|[of] San Calia|Svekalije}}, {{Hover title|for|pro}} {{Hover title|Anteria|Anterji}}, {{Hover title|and|aj}} {{Hover title|for|pro}} {{Hover title|all [of]|cөle}} {{Hover title|mankind|λuƌitvo}}. | |
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| '''IPA:'''<br>[pr̝̊ixazimɨ ve minu svekalije, pro anterʲi aj pro t͡su͡ole ȴud͡zitstvo] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=pr%CC%9D%CC%8Aixazim%C9%A8%20ve%20minu%20svekalije%2C%20pro%20anter%CA%B2i%20aj%20pro%20cu%tsD%A1ole%20%C8%B4ud%CD%A1zitstvo&voice=Jan]]
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| ==Dictionary==
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| ===Dictionary for nouns===
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| {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
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| ! Zhoushi term
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| ! [[Zhoushi language#Grammatical inflection|Inf. code]]
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| ! [[wikipedia:English language|Common]] term
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| ! Important note
| |
| |-
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Anterijє
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| |style="text-align: center;"|Є
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[Anteria]]
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Bөl
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ш
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Pain'''/'''Suffering
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Buducnoшꞇ
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| |style="text-align: center;"|Ꞇ
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Future
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Cerkev
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| |style="text-align: center;"|C
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Church
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Чerшeƞ
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| |style="text-align: center;"|Ч
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Cherry
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| |''
| |
| |-
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Чiƿt
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ш
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Life
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Чas
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ш
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Time
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Doba
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| |style="text-align: center;"|З
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Time'''/'''Era
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Drзitel
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|M
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Holder
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Guo
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ƞ
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Kingdom
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Гriȝ
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| |style="text-align: center;"|Ш
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Sin
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| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Huoq
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| |style="text-align: center;"|P
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Debtor
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| |''Term used for debt in a moral sense
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Ȝilab
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| |style="text-align: center;"|L
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Bread
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Janг
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|T
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Will
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| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Jaro
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| |style="text-align: center;"|Ƞ
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Spring''' (season)
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| |''
| |
| |-
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Jeseƞ
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| |style="text-align: center;"|Ч
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Autumn'''/'''Fall
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| |''
| |
| |-
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Jing
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| |style="text-align: center;"|Ш
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''The Bad'''/'''The Evil
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| |''
| |
| |-
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Kөd
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ш
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Code
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| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Kuꝛe
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| |style="text-align: center;"|K
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Chicken
| |
| |''Technically, term is used only for young chicken
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Leto
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ƞ
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Summer
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Lєs
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|L
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Forest
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Λuƌitvo
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ƞ
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Mankind
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Mama
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|З
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Mom
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Maꞇka
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|З
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Mother
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| |''
| |
| |-
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Mino
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| |style="text-align: center;"|Ƞ
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Name
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| |''
| |
| |-
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Minoшꞇ
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| |style="text-align: center;"|Ꞇ
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Past
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| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Miƞєsto
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ƞ
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''City
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Misto
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ƞ
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Place'''/'''Location
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Moꝛe
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ꝛ
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Sea
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| |''
| |
| |-
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| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Moзnosꞇ
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ꞇ
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Option'''/'''Variant
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Muз
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|M
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Man
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Narod
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|M/Ш
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Nation''' (group of people)
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Narodnosꞇ
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ꞇ
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Nationality
| |
| |''See [[Mustelaria#Ethnicities|mustelarian definition]] of nationality
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Ƞiebe
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ꝛ
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Sky'''/'''Heaven
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Ƞiebeso
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ƞ
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Heaven
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Odneta
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|З
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Unity
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Oþec
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|V
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Father
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Өꝛad
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ш
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Office '''(governmental)/'''Bureau
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Pakuшenj
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|R
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Temptation
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Pan
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|P
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Sir'''/'''Mister
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Podpis
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ш
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Signature
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Poglovij
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|R
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Sex'''/'''Gender
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Praƌa
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ч
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Work'''/'''Job
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Preah
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|I
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Priєȝ
| |
| |''Preah is the main god of [[Kammism]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Pꝛimiƞe
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ө
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Surname
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Radosꞇ
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ꞇ
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Joy'''/'''Happiness
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Rakosij
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|R
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Reeds
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Rөзe
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ө
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Rose
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Santif
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ш
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Peace
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Smrꞇ
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ꞇ
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Death
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Sөчasnoшꞇ
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ꞇ
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Present''' (time)
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Spөlupraƌa
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ч
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Cooperation
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Starosta
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|S
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Mayor
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Stroj
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|T
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Machine
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Шtat
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ш
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''State'''/'''Country
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Tata
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|S
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Dad
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Utrpeƞij
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|R
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Suffering
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Vjeƌ
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ꞇ
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Thing
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Vojna
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|З
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''War'''/'''Military service
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Vөdce
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|V
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Leader'''/'''Commander
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Zima
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|З
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Winter
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Zombie
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|I
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Zombie
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Zөme
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ө
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Ground'''/'''Earth''' ([[Anteria]])
| |
| |''Term used for [[Anteria]], if the name is itself avoided
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Зona
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|З
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Woman
| |
| |''
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Зөme
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|Ө
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Earth'''/'''Globe
| |
| |''
| |
| <!--
| |
| |-
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''
| |
| |style="text-align: center;"|
| |
| |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''
| |
| |''
| |
| -->
| |
| |}
| |
| {{Template:Mustelaria Navbox}}
| |
| {{Template:Anteria info pages}}
| |
