Zhoushi language: Difference between revisions
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{{featured_article}} | |||
{{Region icon Elezia}} | |||
{{Redirect|Zhoushi language|Zhoushi language as set in its canon in {{NSR|Anteria}}|Zhoushi language/Anteria}} | |||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
| name = Zhoushi language | | name = Zhoushi<!-- language--> | ||
| altname | | altname = | ||
| nativename | | nativename = Ʒөшinчina - Ʒөшinƌky jєzyk | ||
| acceptance | | acceptance = | ||
| image = | | image = ZhoushiCultureFlag.png | ||
| imagesize = <!-- or image_size --> | | imagesize = <!-- or image_size --> | ||
| imagealt = | | imagealt = | ||
| imagecaption = | | imagecaption = [[Flag of Zhousheng|Zhoushi ethnic flag]] | ||
| pronunciation | | image2 = ZhoushengFlag.png | ||
| states = {{ | | imagesize2 = <!-- or image_size --> | ||
| region = | | imagealt2 = | ||
| imagecaption2 = [[Flag of Zhousheng|Zhoushi national flag]] | |||
| pronunciation= [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|/ʒu͡oʃɪnt͡ʃina/]] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=%CA%92u%CD%A1o%CA%83%C9%AAnt%CD%A1%CA%83ina]]<!--{{Audio|Zhoushinchina.mp3|/ʒu͡oʃɪnt͡ʃina/]|help=no}}--> | |||
| states = {{Tree list}} | |||
*{{flag|Zhousheng}} | |||
{{Tree list/end}} | |||
| region = | |||
| ethnicity = Zhoushi Slavs | | ethnicity = Zhoushi Slavs | ||
| speakers = [ | | speakers = [[wikipedia:First_language|L1]]: 26,985,000 | ||
| speakers2 = [ | | speakers2 = [[wikipedia:Second_language|L2]]: 4,532,000<br>[[wikipedia:Foreign_language|FL]]: 230,000 | ||
| familycolor | | familycolor = Indo-European | ||
| fam2 = [ | | fam1 = [[wikipedia:Indo-European languages|Parthenian-Trianian]] | ||
| fam3 = [ | | fam2 = [[wikipedia:Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]] | ||
| fam4 = [[ | | fam3 = [[wikipedia:Slavic languages|Slavic]] | ||
| fam5 = | | fam4 = [[wikipedia:West Slavic languages|Suiden-Flatt]] | ||
| fam5 = | |||
| protoname = | | protoname = | ||
| ancestor = | | ancestor = | ||
| ancestor2 = | | ancestor2 = | ||
| ancestor3 = | | ancestor3 = | ||
| standards = | | standards = | ||
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| dialects = | | dialects = | ||
| listclass = plainlist | | listclass = plainlist | ||
| dia1 = | | dia1 = | ||
| dia2 = | | dia2 = | ||
| dia3 = | | dia3 = | ||
| dia4 = | | dia4 = | ||
| dia5 = | | dia5 = | ||
| dia6 = | | dia6 = | ||
| dia7 = | | dia7 = | ||
| dia8 = | | dia8 = | ||
| script = | | script = [[Zhoushi orthography|Zhoushi Latin Alphabet]] | ||
| sign = | | sign = | ||
| posteriori = | | posteriori = | ||
| nation = {{ | | nation = {{Tree list}} | ||
*{{flag|Zhousheng}} | |||
{{Tree list/end}} | |||
| minority = {{Tree list}} | |||
*{{flag|Prei Meas}} | |||
{{Tree list/end}} | |||
| agency = | | agency = | ||
| iso1 = ZS | | iso1 = ZS | ||
Line 75: | Line 89: | ||
| lingua_ref = | | lingua_ref = | ||
| ietf = | | ietf = | ||
| map = | | map = | ||
| mapsize = | | mapsize = | ||
| mapalt = | | mapalt = | ||
| mapcaption = Distribution of the language<br>{{ | | mapcaption = <!--Distribution of the language<br>{{legend|#007FFE|Absolute majority}}{{legend|#87C3FE|>30% of native speakers}}--> | ||
| map2 = | | map2 = | ||
| mapalt2 = | | mapalt2 = | ||
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| notice = IPA | | notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
Zhoushi language is a [ | The '''Zhoushi language''' (Zhoushi: ''Ʒөшinчina'') is a [[wikipedia:Slavic_languages|Slavic language]] with major influence of local languages, that arose as a [[wikipedia:Mixed language|mixed language]] or [[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]] of sorts in the nation of [[Zhousheng]], a former colonial outpost of [[Suidenland]]. It is based on a slavic grammatic and linguistic base, especially inspired by [[Bogmian language|Bogmian]], [[wikipedia:Czech language|Suiden]] and [[Belgorian language|Belgorian]] languages, but has many major influences of other languages located in the region, especially [[Yu language|Standard Yu]], [[wikipedia:Khmer language|Preimeai]], [[wikipedia:Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]] and [[wikipedia:Kagate language|Syuba]]. | ||
==Introduction== | |||
The language has a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages slavic root and grammar], however, unlike other slavic languages, has 8 grammatical cases (other have 7 or 6). Also, there are about 700 Zhengian words in present day Zhoushi language, they are | ==History== | ||
===Comparison with the two former languages=== | |||
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center | |||
!Aspect | |||
!rowspan="100"| | |||
Zhoushi | ![[Bogmia|Bogmian]] | ||
![[Zhengia|Zhengian]] | |||
!rowspan="100"| | |||
!Zhoushi | |||
|- | |||
|'''[[wikipedia:Grammatical gender|Genders]] | |||
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> | |||
|style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span> | |||
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> | |||
|- | |||
|'''[[wikipedia:Clusivity|Clusivity]] | |||
|style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span> | |||
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> | |||
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> | |||
|- | |||
|'''[[wikipedia:Vowel length|Vowel length]] | |||
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> | |||
|style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span> | |||
|style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span> | |||
|- | |||
|'''[[wikipedia:Syllabic consonant|Syllabicity]] | |||
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> | |||
|style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span> | |||
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> | |||
|- | |||
|'''[[wikipedia:Reflexive pronoun|Reflexive]] | |||
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> | |||
|style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span> | |||
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> | |||
|- | |||
|'''[[wikipedia:Grammatical case|Cases]] | |||
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> | |||
|style="background:#FFDC00"|<span style="color: #AF9700">'''???'''</span> | |||
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> | |||
|- | |||
|'''[[wikipedia:Duodecimal|Dozenal]] | |||
|style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span> | |||
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> | |||
|style="background:#FFDC00"|<span style="color: #AF9700">'''???'''</span> | |||
|- | |||
|'''[[Zhoushi grammar#nouns|Indifference]] | |||
|style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span> | |||
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> | |||
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span> | |||
<!--|- | |||
|'''[[wikipedia:|]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|--> | |||
|} | |||
==Orthography and phonology== | |||
===Introduction=== | |||
The language has a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages slavic root and grammar], however, unlike other slavic languages, has 8 grammatical cases (other have 7 or 6). Also, there are about 700 Zhengian words in present day Zhoushi language, they are inflected using Bogmian grammar. Old Zhengian, having been descendant out of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages Prei-Phnom languages], was slowly assimilated into Slavic grammar, having transformed into Slavic Zhengian. Because of the Zhengian accents profilerating, Zhoushi language has 40 unique phonemes, 2 of which are exclusive to Zhoushi language (those are /r̝̊/ ''([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill#Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_trill Voiceless alveolar fricative trill])<ref>Note: this phoneme is present in other two [[Kento-Polyash languages]]: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language Velnotian] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbian_languages Ulevan]</ref>'' and /ȴ̩/ ''([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_consonant Syllabic] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant])''). | |||
===Alphabet=== | |||
{{Main|Zhoushi orthography}} | |||
{| style="<!--font-family:Arial Unicode MS;--> font-size:1.5<!--1.3-->em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF" | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |A a | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |B b | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |C c | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ч ч | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |D d | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Đ đ | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ƌ ƌ | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |E e | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Є є | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |F f | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |G g | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Џ џ | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |H h | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ȝ ȝ | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |I i | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |J j | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |K k | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |L l | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Λ λ | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |M m | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |N n | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ƞ ƞ | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |O o | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ө ө | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |P p | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Q q | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |R r | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ꝛ ꝛ | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |S s | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ш ш | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |T t | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ꞇ ꞇ | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Þ þ | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |U u | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |V v | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ƿ ƿ | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |X x | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Y y | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Z z | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ʒ ʒ | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-4}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
!colspan= | !rowspan=2|Order !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Letter !!rowspan=2|Name !!colspan=3|Sound in a syllable | ||
! | |- | ||
! | !Beginning !!Middle !!End | ||
! | |- | ||
!1 !![[wikipedia:A|A]] !!a | |||
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||a ||colspan=2|ɑ | |||
|- | |||
!2 !![[wikipedia:B|B]] !!b | |||
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|b | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !3 !![[wikipedia:C|C]] !!c | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʈ͡s ~ s | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !4 !![[wikipedia:Che (Cyrillic)|Ч]] !!ч | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʈ͡ɕ | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !5 !![[wikipedia:D|D]] !!d | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|d ||ɖ | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !6 !![[wikipedia:D with stroke|Đ]] !!đ | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|ɟ ||ɟə | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !7 !![[wikipedia:Ƌ|Ƌ]] !!ƌ | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɖ͡z ~ z | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !8 !![[wikipedia:E|E]] !!e | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|æ ||ɛ | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !9 !![[wikipedia:Ukrainian Ye|Є]] !!є | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||je ||colspan=2|e | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !10 !![[wikipedia:F|F]] !!f | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|f | ||
| | |} | ||
| | {{col-4}} | ||
| | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
| | !rowspan=2|Order !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Letter !!rowspan=2|Name !!colspan=3|Sound in a syllable | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Beginning !!Middle !!End | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !11 !![[wikipedia:G|G]] !!g | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɡ | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !12 !![[wikipedia:Dzhe|Џ]] !!џ | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɖ͡ʑ~ʑ | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !13 !![[wikipedia:H|H]] !!h | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɦ~h | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !14 !![[wikipedia:Yogh|Ȝ]] !!ȝ | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|x~ɣ | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !15 !![[wikipedia:I|I]] !!i | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|i~ɪ | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !16 !![[wikipedia:J|J]] !!j | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||j~ʝ ||colspan=2|j | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !17 !![[wikipedia:K|K]] !!k | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||k~q ||colspan=2|k | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !18 !![[wikipedia:L|L]] !!l | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|l | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !19 !![[wikipedia:Lambda|Λ]] !!λ | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʎ{{efn|Also possibly [lʲ] in some dialects}} | ||
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| [ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !20 !![[wikipedia:M|M]] !!m | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|m | ||
| | |} | ||
{{col-4}} | |||
| | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
!rowspan=2|Order !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Letter !!rowspan=2|Name !!colspan=3|Sound in a syllable | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Beginning !!Middle !!End | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !21 !![[wikipedia:N|N]] !!n | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|n~ɳ ||ŋ | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !22 !![[wikipedia:N with long right leg|Ƞ]] !!ƞ | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|ɲ ||ɲʰ | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !23 !![[wikipedia:O|O]] !!o | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|o~ɔ | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !24 !![[wikipedia:Oe (Cyrillic)|Ө]] !!ө | ||
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʊ͡ɔ | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !25 !![[wikipedia:P|P]] !!p | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|p | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !26 !![[wikipedia:Q|Q]] !!q | ||
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||k͡v~k͡w{{efn|Also possibly [ɡ] in some dialects}} ||colspan=2|q | |||
| | |||
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| [ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !27 !![[wikipedia:R|R]] !!r | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|r | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !28 !![[wikipedia:R rotunda|Ꝛ]] !!ꝛ | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʐ | ||
| | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !29 !![[wikipedia:S|S]] !!s | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|s | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !30 !![[wikipedia:Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш]] !!ш | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɕ~ʃ | ||
| | |} | ||
| | {{col-4}} | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
| | !rowspan=2|Order !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Letter !!rowspan=2|Name !!colspan=3|Sound in a syllable | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Beginning !!Middle !!End | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !31 !![[wikipedia:T|T]] !!t | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|t ||ʈ | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !32 !![[wikipedia:Insular script|Ꞇ]] !!ꞇ | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|c ||cə | ||
| | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !33 !![[wikipedia:Thorn (letter)|Þ]] !!þ | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|θ~ð | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !34 !![[wikipedia:U|U]] !!u | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||ʊ ||colspan=2|u | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !35 !![[wikipedia:V|V]] !!v | ||
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|v | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !36 !![[wikipedia:Wynn|Ƿ]] !!ƿ | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|w~ʋ | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !37 !![[wikipedia:X|X]] !!x | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|k͡s~g͡z~ə{{efn|X is used as a new form for gender neutral declination for nonbinary pronouns as a suffix with the sound [ə]}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !38 !![[wikipedia:Y|Y]] !!y | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɨ~y | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !39 !![[wikipedia:Z|Z]] !!z | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|z | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| | !40 !![[wikipedia:Ezh|Ʒ]] !!ʒ | ||
| | |style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʑ~ʒ | ||
| | |} | ||
| | {{col-end}} | ||
| | {{notelist}} | ||
| [ | |||
===Phonology=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%" | |||
!rowspan="2"<!--style="border-bottom:none; width: 60px; padding-bottom:0; text-align:right;"-->{{diagonal split header|[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]]|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|Place]]}} <!--→--> | |||
!colspan="5"|[[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]] | |||
!colspan="10"|[[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|Coronal]] | |||
!colspan="5"|[[wikipedia:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]] | |||
!colspan="4"|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal consonant|Laryngeal]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | <!--|bgcolor=#EAECF0 style="border-top:none; width: 60px; padding-top:0; text-align:center;"|'''[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]] ↓--> | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]] | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Linguolabial consonant|Linguolabial]] | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]] | ||
| ''[ | |bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] | ||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Postal-veolar]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|Uvular]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Glottal consonant|Glottal]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial nasal|m̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(m)</nowiki> | ||
| | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]</big><br><nowiki>(m)</nowiki> | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| / | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| [ | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]</big><br><nowiki>(n)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex nasal|ɳ]]</big><br><nowiki>(n)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƞ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]] | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]</big><br><nowiki>(p)</nowiki> | ||
| | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]</big><br><nowiki>(b)</nowiki> | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| / | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| [ | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]</big><br><nowiki>(t)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]</big><br><nowiki>(d)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex plosive|ʈ]]</big><br><nowiki>(t)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex plosive|ɖ]]</big><br><nowiki>(d)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]</big><br><nowiki>(ꞇ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal plosive|ɟ]]</big><br><nowiki>(đ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]</big><br><nowiki>(k)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar plosive|g]]</big><br><nowiki>(g)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular plosive|q]]</big><br><nowiki>(q)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|bgcolor=# | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]] | ||
|bgcolor=# | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|bgcolor=# | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|bgcolor=# | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|bgcolor=# | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|bgcolor=# | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar affricate#Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|t͡s]]</big><br><nowiki>(c)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar affricate#Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate|d͡z]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƌ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ч)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(џ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<!--<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|t͡ʂ]]</big> ~ --><big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈ͡ʂ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ч)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<!--<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|d͡ʐ]]</big> ~ --><big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|ɖ͡ʐ]]</big><br><nowiki>(џ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|t͡ɕ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ч)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|d͡ʑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(џ)</nowiki> | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
<!--|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Non-[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''--> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]] | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| / | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| [ | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilants|s]]</big><br><nowiki>(s)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]</big><br><nowiki>(z)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ш)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ʒ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ш)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ʒ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ш)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ʒ)</nowiki> | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Non-[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]] | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]</big><br><nowiki>(f)</nowiki> | ||
| / | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]</big><br><nowiki>(v)</nowiki> | ||
| [ | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]</big><br><nowiki>(þ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]</big><br><nowiki>(þ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]</big><br><nowiki>(j)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȝ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȝ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȝ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]</big><br><nowiki>(h)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]</big><br><nowiki>(h)</nowiki> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]] | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| / | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƿ)</nowiki> | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]</big><br><nowiki>(j)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƿ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|Tap/Flap]] | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| [ | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar tap and flap|ɾ̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps#Voiced alveolar tap and flap|ɾ]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|bgcolor=# | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Trill consonant|Trill]] | ||
|bgcolor=# | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|bgcolor=# | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|bgcolor=# | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|bgcolor=# | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|bgcolor=# | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill|r̥]]</big> <nowiki>(r)</nowiki>'''<br>'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill#Voiceless alveolar fricative trill|r̝̊]]</big> <nowiki>(ꝛ)</nowiki>''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar trill|r]]</big> <nowiki>(r)</nowiki>'''<br>'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar fricative trill|r̝]]</big> <nowiki>(ꝛ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
<!--|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]] | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]] | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''--> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Approximant|approximant]] | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| / | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| [ | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]</big><br><nowiki>(l)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ȴ]]</big><br><nowiki>(λ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar lateral approximant|ʟ]]</big><br><nowiki>(λ)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
<!--|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|tap/flap]] | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''--> | |||
<!--|style="border-right:none; padding-right:0;"| | |||
|style="border-left:none; padding-left:0;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; padding-right:0;"|<big>[[wikipedia:]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; padding-left:0;"|<big>[[wikipedia:]]</big>--> | |||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%" | |||
!Tongue position | |||
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]] | |||
{| style=" | !bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Front vowel|front]] | ||
! | !bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]] | ||
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Back vowel|back]] | |||
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]] | |||
! [[ | |||
! [[ | |||
! [ | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]] | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big><br><nowiki>(i)</nowiki> | ||
| | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Close front rounded vowel|y]]</big><br><nowiki>(y)</nowiki> | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]</big><br><nowiki>(y)</nowiki> | ||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big><br><nowiki>(u)</nowiki> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-close vowel|Near-close]] | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]]</big><br><nowiki>(i)</nowiki> | ||
| | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big><br><nowiki>(є)</nowiki> | ||
| | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]] | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |colspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Mid central vowel|ə]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki> | ||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki> | ||
| | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-open vowel|Near-open]] | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki> | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| a | |colspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki> | ||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]] | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki> | ||
| | |style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
| | |style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | ||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Diphthong|Diphthong]] | ||
| | |colspan="10"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(au)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(eu)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(єu)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(ou)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(ou)</nowiki> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big> <nowiki>(ө)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big> <nowiki>(ө)</nowiki>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big> <nowiki>(ae)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big> <nowiki>(ai)</nowiki> | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Vowel length|Long vowels]] | ||
| | |colspan="10"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|aː]]</big> <nowiki>(a)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]</big> <nowiki>(e)</nowiki>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]</big> <nowiki>(є)</nowiki> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]</big> <nowiki>(i)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]]</big> <nowiki>(i)</nowiki>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]</big> <nowiki>(o)</nowiki> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]</big> <nowiki>(o)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]</big> <nowiki>(u)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]</big> <nowiki>(y)</nowiki>''' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
'''<big>Bold</big>''' ''are the common sounds, while'' <big>regular</big> ''sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation | |||
==Grammar== | |||
''' | {{Main|Zhoushi grammar}} | ||
{{ | The Zhoushi language knows two grammatical numbers, singular and plural (with some remnants of the [[wikipedia:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual number]]) and all 8 Proto-[[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]] grammatical cases: | ||
*[[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]] - Named "Miƞik" | |||
*[[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]] - Named "Rodƞik" | |||
*[[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]] - Named "Darƞik" | |||
*[[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]] - Named "Viƞik" | |||
*[[wikipedia:Locative case|Locative]] - Named "Mistƞik" | |||
*[[wikipedia:Instrumental case|Instrumentative]] - Named "Tvorƞik" | |||
*[[wikipedia:Ablative case|Ablative]] - Named "Mєrƞik" | |||
*[[wikipedia:Vocative case|Vocative]] - Named "Volaƞik" | |||
===[[Zhoushi grammar#Nouns|Nouns]]=== | |||
The Zhoushi language recognizes 4 grammatical genders and then a set of words with no gender: | |||
*Masculine | |||
**Masculine animate - 4 inflection patterns | |||
**Masculine inanimate - 4 inflection patterns | |||
*Feminine - 4 inflection patterns | |||
*Neuter - 4 inflection patterns | |||
*Indifferent ''(that is not a gender, but a lack of gender)'' - 2 inflection patterns | |||
===[[Zhoushi grammar#Adjectives|Adjectives]]=== | |||
There are 4 inflection patterns for adjectives, being a combination of hard/soft and descriptivity/possessivity: | |||
*Descriptive soft | |||
*Descriptive hard | |||
*Possessive soft | |||
*Possessive hard | |||
In the declinations of adjectives, [[wikipedia:Vocative case|Vocative]] has merged with [[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]]. | |||
===[[Zhoushi grammar#Pronouns|Pronouns]]=== | |||
The Zhoushi language has following pronouns: | |||
:'''Singular''' | |||
*Ja (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Miƞe) - I/Me | |||
*Ty (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Tebe) - You | |||
*Өn (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Ƞej/Jego/Jeho) - He/Him | |||
*Өna (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Ƞi/Jej) - She/Her | |||
*Өno (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Өnogo/Өnoho) - It/Its | |||
*Өnu (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Ƞij/Joj) - [[wikipedia:Singular they|They/Them]] | |||
*<small>[[wikipedia:Accusative case|ACC]]</small> Se (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Sebe) - [[wikipedia:Reflexive pronoun|-self]] | |||
:'''Plural''' | |||
*Ny (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Nas) - [[wikipedia:Clusivity|Inclusive]] we | |||
*Vy (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Vas) - You | |||
*Oni (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Ƞiȝ/Jiȝ) - They/Them (masculine) | |||
*Ony (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Ƞeȝ/Jeȝ) - They/Them (feminine) | |||
*Ona (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Ƞєȝ/Oƞєȝ) - They/Them (neuter + indifferent) | |||
*My (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Mas) - [[wikipedia:Clusivity|Exclusive]] we | |||
*<small>[[wikipedia:Accusative case|ACC]]</small> Sє (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Sєbe) - [[wikipedia:Reflexive pronoun|-selfves]] | |||
===[[Zhoushi grammar#Numbers|Numbers]]=== | |||
Until 1970's, [[Zhousheng]] used [[wikipedia:Duodecimal|dozenal]] numerical system, substituting 10 a 11 with ᚴ and ⵒ. The last symbol used was so called "Cyclic symbol", which was used for twelve-step cycles and sets of twelve parts, which was written as ᘐ. | |||
This system can be still seen for example on the Zhoushi clock faces, which are still using the old system, writing it as 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-ᚴ-ⵒ-ᘐ. | |||
==See also== | |||
{{div col|colwidth=22em}} | |||
*[[Zhoushi grammar]] | |||
*[[Zhoushi orthography]] | |||
*[[Bogmian language]] | |||
*[[Zhousheng]] | |||
*[[Flag of Zhousheng]] | |||
{{div col end}} | |||
{{Template:Zhousheng Navbox}} | |||
{{Elezia}} | |||
[[Category:Languages in Elezia]] | |||
[[Category:Zhousheng]] |
Latest revision as of 01:15, 7 June 2024
Zhoushi | |
---|---|
Ʒөшinчina - Ʒөшinƌky jєzyk | |
Pronunciation | /ʒu͡oʃɪnt͡ʃina/ |
Native to | |
Ethnicity | Zhoushi Slavs |
Native speakers | L1: 26,985,000 L2: 4,532,000 FL: 230,000 |
Standard forms | Great Corpus of the New Zhoushi language
|
Zhoushi Latin Alphabet | |
Official status | |
Official language in | |
Recognised minority language in | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | ZS |
ISO 639-2 | ZSG |
ISO 639-3 | ZSG |
The Zhoushi language (Zhoushi: Ʒөшinчina) is a Slavic language with major influence of local languages, that arose as a mixed language or pidgin of sorts in the nation of Zhousheng, a former colonial outpost of Suidenland. It is based on a slavic grammatic and linguistic base, especially inspired by Bogmian, Suiden and Belgorian languages, but has many major influences of other languages located in the region, especially Standard Yu, Preimeai, Mandarin Chinese and Syuba.
History
Comparison with the two former languages
Aspect | Bogmian | Zhengian | Zhoushi | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genders | YES | NO | YES | ||
Clusivity | NO | YES | YES | ||
Vowel length | YES | NO | NO | ||
Syllabicity | YES | NO | YES | ||
Reflexive | YES | NO | YES | ||
Cases | YES | ??? | YES | ||
Dozenal | NO | YES | ??? | ||
Indifference | NO | YES | YES |
Orthography and phonology
Introduction
The language has a slavic root and grammar, however, unlike other slavic languages, has 8 grammatical cases (other have 7 or 6). Also, there are about 700 Zhengian words in present day Zhoushi language, they are inflected using Bogmian grammar. Old Zhengian, having been descendant out of Prei-Phnom languages, was slowly assimilated into Slavic grammar, having transformed into Slavic Zhengian. Because of the Zhengian accents profilerating, Zhoushi language has 40 unique phonemes, 2 of which are exclusive to Zhoushi language (those are /r̝̊/ (Voiceless alveolar fricative trill)[1] and /ȴ̩/ (Syllabic voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant)).
Alphabet
A a | B b | C c | Ч ч | D d | Đ đ | Ƌ ƌ | E e | Є є | F f |
G g | Џ џ | H h | Ȝ ȝ | I i | J j | K k | L l | Λ λ | M m |
N n | Ƞ ƞ | O o | Ө ө | P p | Q q | R r | Ꝛ ꝛ | S s | Ш ш |
T t | Ꞇ ꞇ | Þ þ | U u | V v | Ƿ ƿ | X x | Y y | Z z | Ʒ ʒ |
|
|
|
|
Phonology
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiodental | Linguolabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postal-veolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||||||||||||
Nasal | m̥ (m) |
m (m) |
n (n) |
ɳ (n) |
ɲ (ƞ) |
|||||||||||||||||||
Plosive | p (p) |
b (b) |
t (t) |
d (d) |
ʈ (t) |
ɖ (d) |
c (ꞇ) |
ɟ (đ) |
k (k) |
g (g) |
q (q) |
|||||||||||||
Sibilant affricate | t͡s (c) |
d͡z (ƌ) |
t͡ʃ (ч) |
d͡ʒ (џ) |
ʈ͡ʂ (ч) |
ɖ͡ʐ (џ) |
t͡ɕ (ч) |
d͡ʑ (џ) |
||||||||||||||||
Sibilant fricative | s (s) |
z (z) |
ʃ (ш) |
ʒ (ʒ) |
ʂ (ш) |
ʐ (ʒ) |
ɕ (ш) |
ʑ (ʒ) |
||||||||||||||||
Non-sibilant fricative | f (f) |
v (v) |
θ (þ) |
ð (þ) |
ʝ (j) |
x (ȝ) |
ɣ (ȝ) |
χ (ȝ) |
h (h) |
ɦ (h) | ||||||||||||||
Approximant | ʋ (ƿ) |
j (j) |
w (ƿ) |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Tap/Flap | ɾ̥ (r) |
ɾ (r) |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Trill | r̥ (r) r̝̊ (ꝛ) |
r (r) r̝ (ꝛ) |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Latelar approximant | l (l) |
ȴ (λ) |
ʟ (λ) |
Tongue position | Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i (i) |
y (y) |
ɨ (y) |
u (u) | ||||||
Near-close | ɪ (i) |
|||||||||
Close-mid | e (є) |
o (o) | ||||||||
Mid | ə (e) |
|||||||||
Open-mid | ɛ (e) |
ʌ (o) |
ɔ (o) | |||||||
Near-open | æ (e) |
ɐ (a) |
||||||||
Open | a (a) |
ɑ (a) |
ɒ (a) | |||||||
Diphthong | a͡u (au) ~ ɛ͡u (eu) ~ e͡u (єu) ~ o͡u (ou) ~ ɔ͡u (ou) ~ u͡o (ө) ~ u͡ɔ (ө) ~ a͡e (ae) ~ a͡i (ai) | |||||||||
Long vowels | aː (a) ~ ɛː (e) ~ eː (є) ~ iː (i) ~ ɪː (i) ~ oː (o) ~ ɔː (o) ~ uː (u) ~ ɨː (y) |
Bold are the common sounds, while regular sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation
Grammar
The Zhoushi language knows two grammatical numbers, singular and plural (with some remnants of the Dual number) and all 8 Proto-Thuado-Thrismaran grammatical cases:
- Nominative - Named "Miƞik"
- Genitive - Named "Rodƞik"
- Dative - Named "Darƞik"
- Accusative - Named "Viƞik"
- Locative - Named "Mistƞik"
- Instrumentative - Named "Tvorƞik"
- Ablative - Named "Mєrƞik"
- Vocative - Named "Volaƞik"
Nouns
The Zhoushi language recognizes 4 grammatical genders and then a set of words with no gender:
- Masculine
- Masculine animate - 4 inflection patterns
- Masculine inanimate - 4 inflection patterns
- Feminine - 4 inflection patterns
- Neuter - 4 inflection patterns
- Indifferent (that is not a gender, but a lack of gender) - 2 inflection patterns
Adjectives
There are 4 inflection patterns for adjectives, being a combination of hard/soft and descriptivity/possessivity:
- Descriptive soft
- Descriptive hard
- Possessive soft
- Possessive hard
In the declinations of adjectives, Vocative has merged with Nominative.
Pronouns
The Zhoushi language has following pronouns:
- Singular
- Ja (GEN Miƞe) - I/Me
- Ty (GEN Tebe) - You
- Өn (GEN Ƞej/Jego/Jeho) - He/Him
- Өna (GEN Ƞi/Jej) - She/Her
- Өno (GEN Өnogo/Өnoho) - It/Its
- Өnu (GEN Ƞij/Joj) - They/Them
- ACC Se (GEN Sebe) - -self
- Plural
- Ny (GEN Nas) - Inclusive we
- Vy (GEN Vas) - You
- Oni (GEN Ƞiȝ/Jiȝ) - They/Them (masculine)
- Ony (GEN Ƞeȝ/Jeȝ) - They/Them (feminine)
- Ona (GEN Ƞєȝ/Oƞєȝ) - They/Them (neuter + indifferent)
- My (GEN Mas) - Exclusive we
- ACC Sє (GEN Sєbe) - -selfves
Numbers
Until 1970's, Zhousheng used dozenal numerical system, substituting 10 a 11 with ᚴ and ⵒ. The last symbol used was so called "Cyclic symbol", which was used for twelve-step cycles and sets of twelve parts, which was written as ᘐ.
This system can be still seen for example on the Zhoushi clock faces, which are still using the old system, writing it as 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-ᚴ-ⵒ-ᘐ.
See also
- ↑ Note: this phoneme is present in other two Kento-Polyash languages: Velnotian and Ulevan
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