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{{featured_article}}
{{Region icon Elezia}}
{{Redirect|Zhoushi language|Zhoushi language as set in its canon in {{NSR|Anteria}}|Zhoushi language/Anteria}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name            = Zhoushi language
| name            = Zhoushi<!-- language-->
| altname         = Neo-Bogmian, Bogmo-Zhengian
| altname =  
| nativename       = Зөшinчina
| nativename = Ʒөшinчina - Ʒөшinƌky jєzyk
| acceptance       =  
| acceptance =  
| image            =  
| image            = ZhoushiCultureFlag.png
| imagesize        = <!-- or image_size -->
| imagesize        = <!-- or image_size -->
| imagealt        =  
| imagealt        =  
| imagecaption    =  
| imagecaption    = [[Flag of Zhousheng|Zhoushi ethnic flag]]
| pronunciation   = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet /ʒu͡oʃɪnt͡ʃina/]
| image2          = ZhoushengFlag.png
| states          = {{flag|Mustelaria}}<br>└→{{flag|Zhousheng}}
| imagesize2      = <!-- or image_size -->
| region          = [[Kento-Poylash languages|Slavic Belt]] in [[Thuadia]]
| imagealt2        =
| imagecaption2    = [[Flag of Zhousheng|Zhoushi national flag]]
| pronunciation= [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|/ʒu͡oʃɪnt͡ʃina/]] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=%CA%92u%CD%A1o%CA%83%C9%AAnt%CD%A1%CA%83ina]]<!--{{Audio|Zhoushinchina.mp3|/ʒu͡oʃɪnt͡ʃina/]|help=no}}-->
| states          = {{Tree list}}
*{{flag|Zhousheng}}
{{Tree list/end}}
| region          =  
| ethnicity        = Zhoushi Slavs
| ethnicity        = Zhoushi Slavs
| speakers = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language L1]: 110,985,000
| speakers = [[wikipedia:First_language|L1]]: 26,985,000
| speakers2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language L2]: 12,532,000<br>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language FL]: 7,230,000
| speakers2 = [[wikipedia:Second_language|L2]]: 4,532,000<br>[[wikipedia:Foreign_language|FL]]: 230,000
| familycolor     = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages Sivuk-Slavogermanic]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2            = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages Zarav-Slavic]
| fam1            = [[wikipedia:Indo-European languages|Parthenian-Trianian]]
| fam3            = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages Slavic]
| fam2            = [[wikipedia:Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
| fam4            = [[Kento-Poylash languages|Kento-Poylash]]
| fam3            = [[wikipedia:Slavic languages|Slavic]]
| fam5            = [[Mustelaria|Mustelarian]] subgroup
| fam4            = [[wikipedia:West Slavic languages|Suiden-Flatt]]
| fam5            =  
| protoname        =  
| protoname        =  
| ancestor        =  
| ancestor        =  
| ancestor2        = Bogmian<br>Slavic Zhengian<br>Haldenian
| ancestor2        =  
| ancestor3        =  
| ancestor3        =  
| standards        =  
| standards        =  
Line 28: Line 38:
| dialects        =  
| dialects        =  
| listclass        = plainlist
| listclass        = plainlist
| dia1            = Central Bogmian
| dia1            =  
| dia2            = Bogmo-Zhengian
| dia2            =  
| dia3            = Zhengian
| dia3            =  
| dia4            = Transmountain
| dia4            =  
| dia5            = Haldenian
| dia5            =  
| dia6            = Mosterec Bogmian
| dia6            =  
| dia7            = Louzen-Bogmian
| dia7            =  
| dia8            = Velpan-Bogmian
| dia8            =  
| script          = Modified [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet Latin alphabet]
| script          = [[Zhoushi orthography|Zhoushi Latin Alphabet]]
| sign            =  
| sign            =  
| posteriori      =  
| posteriori      =  
| nation          = {{flag|Mustelaria}}<br>└→{{flag|Zhousheng}}<br>{{flag|Sekidean Union}}<ref>Official languages of the [[Sekidean Union]] are official languages of countries that are members. Therefore, Zhoushi is considered an official language, although on the international basis, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common] is used the most.</ref>
| nation          = {{Tree list}}
| minority         = {{flag|Mustelaria}}<br>└→{{flag|Monte Blanco}},<br>{{flag|Gadorien}},<br>{{flag|Prei Meas}}
*{{flag|Zhousheng}}
{{Tree list/end}}
| minority = {{Tree list}}
*{{flag|Prei Meas}}
{{Tree list/end}}
| agency          =  
| agency          =  
| iso1            = ZS
| iso1            = ZS
Line 75: Line 89:
| lingua_ref      =  
| lingua_ref      =  
| ietf            =  
| ietf            =  
| map              = ZhoushiLangMap.png
| map              =  
| mapsize          =  
| mapsize          =  
| mapalt          =  
| mapalt          =  
| mapcaption      = Distribution of the language<br>{{color box|#007FFE}} Absolute majority<br>{{color box|#87C3FE}} >30% of native speakers
| mapcaption      = <!--Distribution of the language<br>{{legend|#007FFE|Absolute majority}}{{legend|#87C3FE|>30% of native speakers}}-->
| map2            =  
| map2            =  
| mapalt2          =  
| mapalt2          =  
Line 86: Line 100:
| notice          = IPA
| notice          = IPA
}}
}}
Zhoushi language is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages Slavic language] out of [[Kento-Poylash languages|Kento-Polyash language group]], which is a official language of [[Zhousheng]] and a official federal language in [[Mustelaria]] along with Belgorian and Neo-Mustelarian
The '''Zhoushi language''' (Zhoushi: ''Ʒөшinчina'') is a [[wikipedia:Slavic_languages|Slavic language]] with major influence of local languages, that arose as a [[wikipedia:Mixed language|mixed language]] or [[wikipedia:Pidgin|pidgin]] of sorts in the nation of [[Zhousheng]], a former colonial outpost of [[Suidenland]]. It is based on a slavic grammatic and linguistic base, especially inspired by [[Bogmian language|Bogmian]], [[wikipedia:Czech language|Suiden]] and [[Belgorian language|Belgorian]] languages, but has many major influences of other languages located in the region, especially [[Yu language|Standard Yu]], [[wikipedia:Khmer language|Preimeai]], [[wikipedia:Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]] and [[wikipedia:Kagate language|Syuba]].
==Introduction==
 
The language has a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages slavic root and grammar], however, unlike other slavic languages, has 8 grammatical cases (other have 7 or 6). Also, there are about 700 Zhengian words in present day Zhoushi language, they are declined using Bogmian grammar. Old Zhengian, having been descendant out of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages Prei-Phnom languages], was slowly assimilated into Slavic grammar, having transformed into Slavic Zhengian. Because of the Zhengian accents profilerating, Zhoushi language has 40 unique phonemes, 2 of which are exclusive to Zhoushi language (those are voiced and voiceless Ꝛ).
==History==
==Alphabet==
 
After the reform of 1912, when Bogmian language officially abandoned [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_alphabet Protopolyash script] in favor of the new [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet Latin script], hoping to solve the problematic grammar, as multiple phonemes shared one symbol (such as "i" and "j" were both noted as "ⲓ") Three official versions of the new script had been made:<br>
===Comparison with the two former languages===
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapheme Grapheme] version: This version was later adopted as the official alphabet of the new Zhoushi language in 1984, uses special symbols for each phoneme
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic Diacritic] version: This version uses basic latin alphabet and solves the phonemes by adding diacritic symbols. Although still being recognized as a acceptable version of the language, it is barely used.
!Aspect
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digraph_(orthography) Digraph] version: This version uses digraphs to sign specifical phonemes. It was dropped in early 1950's, as it didn't solve the main reason why Bogmians abandoned the Protopolyash script in the first place.
!rowspan="100"|
Zhoushi, although not officially using it, sometimes used lenghtened marks for vowels and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_consonant syllabic consonants]. Those symbols were used in some historical transcripts, but were eventually faded in pre-1950's unification proposals and didn't make it into the official grammar of 1984.
![[Bogmia|Bogmian]]
![[Zhengia|Zhengian]]
!rowspan="100"|
!Zhoushi
|-
|'''[[wikipedia:Grammatical gender|Genders]]
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span>
|style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span>
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span>
|-
|'''[[wikipedia:Clusivity|Clusivity]]
|style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span>
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span>
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span>
|-
|'''[[wikipedia:Vowel length|Vowel length]]
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span>
|style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span>
|style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span>
|-
|'''[[wikipedia:Syllabic consonant|Syllabicity]]
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span>
|style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span>
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span>
|-
|'''[[wikipedia:Reflexive pronoun|Reflexive]]
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span>
|style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span>
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span>
|-
|'''[[wikipedia:Grammatical case|Cases]]
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span>
|style="background:#FFDC00"|<span style="color: #AF9700">'''???'''</span>
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span>
|-
|'''[[wikipedia:Duodecimal|Dozenal]]
|style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span>
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span>
|style="background:#FFDC00"|<span style="color: #AF9700">'''???'''</span>
|-
|'''[[Zhoushi grammar#nouns|Indifference]]
|style="background:#EF4040"|<span style="color: #A80000">'''NO'''</span>
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span>
|style="background:#74FF60"|<span style="color: #108000">'''YES'''</span>
<!--|-
|'''[[wikipedia:|]]
|
|
|-->
|}
 
==Orthography and phonology==
===Introduction===
The language has a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages slavic root and grammar], however, unlike other slavic languages, has 8 grammatical cases (other have 7 or 6). Also, there are about 700 Zhengian words in present day Zhoushi language, they are inflected using Bogmian grammar. Old Zhengian, having been descendant out of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages Prei-Phnom languages], was slowly assimilated into Slavic grammar, having transformed into Slavic Zhengian. Because of the Zhengian accents profilerating, Zhoushi language has 40 unique phonemes, 2 of which are exclusive to Zhoushi language (those are /r̝̊/ ''([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill#Voiceless_alveolar_fricative_trill Voiceless alveolar fricative trill])<ref>Note: this phoneme is present in other two [[Kento-Polyash languages]]: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language Velnotian] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbian_languages Ulevan]</ref>'' and /ȴ̩/ ''([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_consonant Syllabic] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant])'').
===Alphabet===
{{Main|Zhoushi orthography}}
{| style="<!--font-family:Arial Unicode MS;--> font-size:1.5<!--1.3-->em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |C c
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ч ч
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Đ đ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ƌ ƌ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |E e
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Є є
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |F f
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |G g
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Џ џ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |H h
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ȝ ȝ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |I i
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |J j
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |K k
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Λ λ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |M m
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ƞ ƞ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |O o
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ө ө
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Q q
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ꝛ ꝛ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |S s
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ш ш
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |T t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ꞇ ꞇ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Þ þ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |V v
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ƿ ƿ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |X x
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Y y
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Z z
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ʒ ʒ
|-
|}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan="2"|Official (Grapheme) version
!rowspan=2|Order !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Letter !!rowspan=2|Name !!colspan=3|Sound in a syllable
! Diacritic version
|-
! {{H:title|This version was dropped in 1950's|Digraph version}}
!Beginning !!Middle !!End
! IPA Symbol
|-
! Example of a english word with the sound
!1 !![[wikipedia:A|A]] !!a
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||a ||colspan=2|ɑ
|-
!2 !![[wikipedia:B|B]] !!b
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|b
|-
|-
| 1
!3 !![[wikipedia:C|C]] !!c
| A a
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʈ͡s ~ s
| A a
| A a
| /a/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PR-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg '''A'''fter]
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
!4 !![[wikipedia:Che (Cyrillic)|Ч]] !!ч
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Ꜳ ꜳ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʈ͡ɕ
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Á á
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Aa aa
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|/aː/
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|'''A'''sk
|-
|-
| 2
!5 !![[wikipedia:D|D]] !!d
| B b
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|d ||ɖ
| B b
| B b
| /b/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_bilabial_plosive.ogg La'''b'''el]
|-
|-
| 3
!6 !![[wikipedia:D with stroke|Đ]] !!đ
| C c
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|ɟ ||ɟə
| C c
| C c
| /t͡s/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.oga '''C'''icada]
|-
|-
| 4
!7 !![[wikipedia:Ƌ|Ƌ]] !!ƌ
| Ч ч
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɖ͡z ~ z
| Č č
| Cz cz
| /t͡ʃ/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate.ogg '''Ch'''eck]
|-
|-
| 5
!8 !![[wikipedia:E|E]] !!e
| D d
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|æ ||ɛ
| D d
| D d
| /d/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_alveolar_plosive.ogg '''D'''one]
|-
|-
| 6
!9 !![[wikipedia:Ukrainian Ye|Є]] !!є
| Đ đ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||je ||colspan=2|e
| Ď ď
| Dj Dj
| /ɟ/
| ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_palatal_plosive.ogg Voiced palatal plosive (not in english)]''
|-
|-
| 7
!10 !![[wikipedia:F|F]] !!f
| Ƌ ƌ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|f
| D́ d́
|}
| Dz dz
{{col-4}}
| /d͡z/
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.oga Voiced alveolar affricate (not in english)]''
!rowspan=2|Order !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Letter !!rowspan=2|Name !!colspan=3|Sound in a syllable
|-
|-
| 8
!Beginning !!Middle !!End
| E e
| E e
| E e
| /ɛ/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg B'''e'''d (General American accent)]
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
!11 !![[wikipedia:G|G]] !!g
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Ѥ ѥ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɡ
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|É é
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Ee ee
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|/ɛː/
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|'''Ai'''r
|-
|-
| 9
!12 !![[wikipedia:Dzhe|Џ]] !!џ
| Є є
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɖ͡ʑ~ʑ
| Ě ě
| Je je
| /e/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg B'''e'''d (Australian accent)]
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
!13 !![[wikipedia:H|H]] !!h
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Э э
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɦ~h
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|È è
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Jee jee
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|/eː/
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|''Not in english. Example: "{{Hover title|Somebody|Jemand}}" in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language German language]''
|-
|-
| 10
!14 !![[wikipedia:Yogh|Ȝ]] !!ȝ
| F f
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|x~ɣ
| F f
| F f
| /f/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_labiodental_fricative.ogg '''F'''ine]
|-
|-
| 11
!15 !![[wikipedia:I|I]] !!i
| G g
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|i~ɪ
| G g
| G g
| /g/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_velar_plosive_02.ogg '''G'''ame]
|-
|-
| 12
!16 !![[wikipedia:J|J]] !!j
| Г г
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||j~ʝ ||colspan=2|j
| Ǧ ǧ
| Dj dj
| /d͡ʒ/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate.ogg '''J'''am]
|-
|-
| 13
!17 !![[wikipedia:K|K]] !!k
| H h
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||k~q ||colspan=2|k
| H h
| H h
| /h/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_glottal_fricative.ogg '''H'''ello]
|-
|-
| 14
!18 !![[wikipedia:L|L]] !!l
| Ȝ ȝ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|l
| Ȟ ȟ
| Ch ch
| /ɣ/<br>/x/
| Velar fricative (not in english: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_velar_fricative.ogg Voiceless], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_velar_fricative.ogg Voiced])
|-
|-
| 15
!19 !![[wikipedia:Lambda|Λ]] !!λ
| I i
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʎ{{efn|Also possibly [lʲ] in some dialects}}
| I i
| I i
| /i/<br>/ɪ/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg Fr'''ee'''] / [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg B'''i'''t (General American)]
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
!20 !![[wikipedia:M|M]] !!m
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|I i
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|m
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Í í
|}
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Ii ii
{{col-4}}
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|/iː/<br>/ɪː/
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Wh'''ee'''l
!rowspan=2|Order !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Letter !!rowspan=2|Name !!colspan=3|Sound in a syllable
|-
|-
| 16
!Beginning !!Middle !!End
| J j
| J j
| J j
| /j/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palatal_approximant.ogg '''Y'''ou]
|-
|-
| 17
!21 !![[wikipedia:N|N]] !!n
| K k
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|n~ɳ ||ŋ
| K k
| K k
| /k/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_velar_plosive.ogg '''K'''ey]
|-
|-
| 18
!22 !![[wikipedia:N with long right leg|Ƞ]] !!ƞ
| L l
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|ɲ ||ɲʰ
| L l
|rowspan="2"|L l
| /l/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg '''L'''ater]
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
!23 !![[wikipedia:O|O]] !!o
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Ł ł
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|o~ɔ
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Ĺ ĺ
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|/l̩/
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|''Not in english. Example: "{{Hover title|Wolf|Vlk}}" in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language Czech language]''
|-
|-
| 19
!24 !![[wikipedia:Oe (Cyrillic)|Ө]] !!ө
| Λ λ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʊ͡ɔ
| Ľ ľ
|rowspan="2"|Lj lj
| /ȴ/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palatal_lateral_approximant.ogg Mi'''lli'''on]
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
!25 !![[wikipedia:P|P]] !!p
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Л л
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|p
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|L̀ l̀
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|/ȴ̩/
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|''Not in english''
|-
|-
| 20
!26 !![[wikipedia:Q|Q]] !!q
| M m
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||k͡v~k͡w{{efn|Also possibly [ɡ] in some dialects}} ||colspan=2|q
| M m
|rowspan="2"|M m
| /m/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bilabial_nasal.ogg '''M'''other]
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
!27 !![[wikipedia:R|R]] !!r
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|𐤵 ʍ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|r
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Ḿ ḿ
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|/m̩/
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|''Not in english. Example: "{{Hover title|Seven|Sedm}}" in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language Czech language]''
|-
|-
| 21
!28 !![[wikipedia:R rotunda|Ꝛ]] !!ꝛ
| N n
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʐ
| N n
| N n
| /n/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alveolar_nasal.ogg Mo'''n'''th]
|-
|-
| 22
!29 !![[wikipedia:S|S]] !!s
| Ƞ ƞ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|s
| Ň ň
| Nj nj
| /ɲ/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palatal_nasal.ogg '''N'''ew]
|-
|-
| 23
!30 !![[wikipedia:Sha (Cyrillic)|Ш]] !!ш
| O o
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɕ~ʃ
| O o
|}
| O o
{{col-4}}
| /o/<br>/ɔ/
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg Y'''aw'''n] / [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg N'''o'''t]
!rowspan=2|Order !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Letter !!rowspan=2|Name !!colspan=3|Sound in a syllable
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
!Beginning !!Middle !!End
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Ꝏ ꝏ
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Ó ó
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Oo oo
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|/oː/<br>/ɔː/
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|''Not in english. Example: "{{Hover title|Tone|Tón}}" in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language Czech language]''
|-
|-
| 24
!31 !![[wikipedia:T|T]] !!t
| Ө ө
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|t ||ʈ
| Ǒ ǒ
| Uo uo<br>Ou ou
| /u͡o/
| ''Not in english. Example: "{{Hover title|Horse|Kôň}}" in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language Slovak language]''
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
!32 !![[wikipedia:Insular script|Ꞇ]] !!ꞇ
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Ꝋ ꝋ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=2|c ||cə
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Ò ò
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Uoo uoo<br>Ouo ouo
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|/u͡oː/
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|''Not in english''
|-
|-
| 25
!33 !![[wikipedia:Thorn (letter)|Þ]] !!þ
| P p
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|θ~ð
| P p
| P p
| /p/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_bilabial_plosive.ogg '''P'''lay]
|-
|-
| 26
!34 !![[wikipedia:U|U]] !!u
| Q q
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||ʊ ||colspan=2|u
| Q q
| Q q
| /k͡v/
| A bigram of /k/ and /v/, for example in '''Q'''uestion
|-
|-
| 27
!35 !![[wikipedia:V|V]] !!v
| R r
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|v
| R r
|rowspan="2"|R r
| /r/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alveolar_trill.ogg B'''r'''ight]
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
!36 !![[wikipedia:Wynn|Ƿ]] !!ƿ
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Ԗ ԗ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|w~ʋ
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Ŕ ŕ
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|/r̩/
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|''Not in english. Example: "{{Hover title|Neck|Krk}}" in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language Czech language]''
|-
|-
| 28
!37 !![[wikipedia:X|X]] !!x
| Ꝛ ꝛ
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|k͡s~g͡z~ə{{efn|X is used as a new form for gender neutral declination for nonbinary pronouns as a suffix with the sound [ə]}}
| Ř ř
| Rz rz
| /r̝/<br>/r̝̊/
| ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raised_alveolar_non-sonorant_trill.ogg Voiced and voiceless alveolar fricative trills (not in english)]''
|-
|-
| 29
!38 !![[wikipedia:Y|Y]] !!y
| S s
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ɨ~y
| S s
| S s
| /s/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg '''S'''urprise]
|-
|-
| 30
!39 !![[wikipedia:Z|Z]] !!z
| Ш ш
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|z
| Š š
| Sz sz
| /ʃ/
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg '''Sh'''ow]
|-
|-
| 31
!40 !![[wikipedia:Ezh|Ʒ]] !!ʒ
| T t
|style="text-align: left;"|'' ||colspan=3|ʑ~ʒ
| T t
|}
| T t
{{col-end}}
| /t/
{{notelist}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive.ogg '''T'''ime]
 
===Phonology===
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%"
!rowspan="2"<!--style="border-bottom:none; width: 60px; padding-bottom:0; text-align:right;"-->{{diagonal split header|[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]]|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|Place]]}} <!--→-->
!colspan="5"|[[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
!colspan="10"|[[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
!colspan="5"|[[wikipedia:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
!colspan="4"|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal consonant|Laryngeal]]
|-
|-
| 32
<!--|bgcolor=#EAECF0 style="border-top:none; width: 60px; padding-top:0; text-align:center;"|'''[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]] ↓-->
| Ꞇ ꞇ
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
| Ť ť
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
| Tj tj
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Linguolabial consonant|Linguolabial]]
| /c/
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]
| ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_palatal_plosive.ogg Voiceless palatal plosive (not in english)]''
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Postal-veolar]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
| 33
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| Þ þ
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial nasal|m̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(m)</nowiki>
| T́ t́
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]</big><br><nowiki>(m)</nowiki>
| Th th
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| /ð/<br>/θ/
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_dental_fricative.ogg '''Th'''is] / [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_dental_fricative.ogg '''Th'''in]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]</big><br><nowiki>(n)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex nasal|ɳ]]</big><br><nowiki>(n)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƞ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|-
| 34
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]]
| U u
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]</big><br><nowiki>(p)</nowiki>
| U u
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]</big><br><nowiki>(b)</nowiki>
| U u
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| /u/
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel B'''oo'''t]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]</big><br><nowiki>(t)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]</big><br><nowiki>(d)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex plosive|ʈ]]</big><br><nowiki>(t)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex plosive|ɖ]]</big><br><nowiki>(d)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]</big><br><nowiki>(ꞇ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal plosive|ɟ]]</big><br><nowiki>(đ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]</big><br><nowiki>(k)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar plosive|g]]</big><br><nowiki>(g)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular plosive|q]]</big><br><nowiki>(q)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]]
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Ɯ ɯ
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Ú ú
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Uu uu
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|/uː/
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|D'''oo'''m
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar affricate#Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|t͡s]]</big><br><nowiki>(c)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar affricate#Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate|d͡z]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƌ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ч)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(џ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<!--<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|t͡ʂ]]</big> ~ --><big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈ͡ʂ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ч)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<!--<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|d͡ʐ]]</big> ~ --><big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|ɖ͡ʐ]]</big><br><nowiki>(џ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|t͡ɕ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ч)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|d͡ʑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(џ)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
<!--|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Non-[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''-->
|-
|-
| 35
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]]
| V v
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| V v
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| V v
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| /v/
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_labiodental_fricative.ogg '''V'''al'''v'''e]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilants|s]]</big><br><nowiki>(s)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]</big><br><nowiki>(z)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ш)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ʒ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ш)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ʒ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ш)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ʒ)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|-
| 36
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Non-[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]]
| Ƿ ƿ
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| W w
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| W w
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]</big><br><nowiki>(f)</nowiki>
| /w/
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]</big><br><nowiki>(v)</nowiki>
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant '''W'''eep]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]</big><br><nowiki>(þ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]</big><br><nowiki>(þ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]</big><br><nowiki>(j)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȝ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȝ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȝ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]</big><br><nowiki>(h)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]</big><br><nowiki>(h)</nowiki>
|-
|-
| 37
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]]
| X x
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| X x
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| X x
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| /k͡s/
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƿ)</nowiki>
| A bigram of [k] and [s], for example in Ma'''x'''imal
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]</big><br><nowiki>(j)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƿ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|-
| 38
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|Tap/Flap]]
| Y y
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| Y y
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| Y y
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| /ɨ/
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg L'''i'''p (London accent)]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar tap and flap|ɾ̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps#Voiced alveolar tap and flap|ɾ]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|{{Hover title|One of the dropped characters|✘}}
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Ү ү
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Ý ý
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|Yy yy
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|/ɨː/
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#FFD4D4|''Not in english. Example: "{{Hover title|Above|Über}}" in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language German language]''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill|r̥]]</big> <nowiki>(r)</nowiki>'''<br>'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill#Voiceless alveolar fricative trill|r̝̊]]</big> <nowiki>(ꝛ)</nowiki>'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar trill|r]]</big> <nowiki>(r)</nowiki>'''<br>'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar fricative trill|r̝]]</big> <nowiki>(ꝛ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
<!--|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|-
| 39
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]]
| Z z
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| Z z
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| Z z
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| /z/
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_alveolar_sibilant.ogg '''Z'''OO]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''-->
|-
|-
| 40
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Approximant|approximant]]
| З з
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| Ž ž
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| Zh zh
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| /ʒ/
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg Plea'''s'''ure]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]</big><br><nowiki>(l)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ȴ]]</big><br><nowiki>(λ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar lateral approximant|ʟ]]</big><br><nowiki>(λ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
<!--|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|tap/flap]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''-->
<!--|style="border-right:none; padding-right:0;"|
|style="border-left:none; padding-left:0;"|
|style="border-right:none; padding-right:0;"|<big>[[wikipedia:]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; padding-left:0;"|<big>[[wikipedia:]]</big>-->
|}
|}
==Language examples==
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%"
===[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer Lord's prayer]===
!Tongue position
Following text shows [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer Lord's prayer] compared to [[Monte Blanco|Belgorian]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language Slovanic] languages<br>
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
{| style="border-spacing: 2px; border: 1px solid darkgray;"
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Front vowel|front]]
! [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common language]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
! Zhoushi ''(Grapheme)''
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Back vowel|back]]
! Zhoushi ''(Diacritic)''
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
! [[Monte Blanco|Belgorian]] ''([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_alphabet Protopolyash])''
! [[Monte Blanco|Belgorian]] ''(Diacritic)''
! [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language Slovanic langauge]
|-
| Our Father in heaven,
| Oþчe naш, kitory jesꞇєш na ƞieby,
| Ot́če naš, kitory jesťěš na ňieby,
| ⲟⲧⲕⲓ ⲛⲁϣⲓ, ⲧⲓϣ ⲓⲥⲉϣ ⲛⲁ ⲛⲓⲉⲃϣⲓⲭⲁⲭ,
| Otki naši, tiš iseš na niebšichach,
| Otče náš, ktorý si na nebesiach,
|-
|-
| hallowed be your name.
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
| mino Tiƿe buđ posviƌeno,
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big><br><nowiki>(i)</nowiki>
| mino Tiwe buď posvid́eno,
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Close front rounded vowel|y]]</big><br><nowiki>(y)</nowiki>
| ⲡⲟⲥⲫⲁⲧⲓⲓ ⲥⲁ ⲙⲉⲛⲟ ⲧⲯⲟⲓⲟ,
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| Posfatii sa meno Tvoio,
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| posväť sa meno Tvoje,
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]</big><br><nowiki>(y)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big><br><nowiki>(u)</nowiki>
|-
|-
| Your kingdom come.
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
| Tiƿoje guo pꝛiȝađ,
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| Tiwoje guo přiȟaď,
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| ⲡⲣⲓⲓⲭⲟⲇⲓⲓ ⲕⲣⲁⲗⲫⲥⲧⲯⲟ ⲧⲯⲟⲓⲟ,
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]]</big><br><nowiki>(i)</nowiki>
| Priichodii kralfstvo Tvoio,
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| príď kráľovstvo Tvoje,
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|-
| Your will be done,
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| biduч Tiƿuj janг,
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big><br><nowiki>(є)</nowiki>
| biduč Tiwuj janǧ,
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| ⲃⲓⲓ ⲯⲩⲟⲗⲁ ⲧⲯⲟⲓⲁ,
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| bii vuola Tvoia,
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| buď vôľa Tvoja,
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki>
|-
|-
| on earth as it is in heaven.
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| jak fu ƞeby, tak aj na zөmi.
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| jak fu ňeby, tak aj na zǒmi.
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| ⲓⲁⲕ ⲯ ⲛⲓⲉⲃⲓ, ⲧⲁⲕ ⲁⲓ ⲛⲁ ⲍⲉⲙⲛⲓ.
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| iak v niebi, tak ai na zemni.
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| ako v nebi, tak i na zemi.
|colspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Mid central vowel|ə]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|-
| Give us this day our daily bread
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| Ȝilab maш tudejшij divaj mam dƞes
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki>
| Ȟilab maš tudejšij divaj mam dňes
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| ⲭⲗⲓⲉⲃⲓⲕ ⲛⲁϣ ⲯⲍⲇⲉⲓϣⲁⲓ ⲇⲁⲓ ⲛⲁⲙ ⲇⲛⲓⲉⲥ
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| Chliebik naš daj nam dnies
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| Chlieb náš daj nám dnes
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki>
|-
|-
| and forgive us our debts,
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
| aj ƿypujuшꞇaj mam гriȝy maшije,
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki>
| aj wypujušťaj mam ğriȟy mašije,
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| ⲓ ⲟⲇⲡⲩϣⲧⲓ ⲛⲁⲙ ⲛⲁϣⲓⲉ ⲯⲓⲛⲓⲉ,
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| i odpušti nam našie vinie,
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| a odpusť nám naše viny,
|colspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|-
| as we also have forgiven our debtors.
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
| jak aj my ƿypujuшamy mašim huoqum.
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki>
| jak aj my wypujušamy mašim huoqum.
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| ⲓⲁⲕ ⲓ ⲙⲓ ⲟⲇⲡⲩϣⲧⲓⲁⲙⲉ ⲛⲁϣⲓⲙ ⲯⲓⲛⲓⲕⲁⲙ.
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| iak i mi odpuštiame našim vinikam.
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
| ako i my odpúšťame svojim vinníkom.
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki>
|-
|-
| And do not bring us into temptation,
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Diphthong|Diphthong]]
| Aj ƞevydaj mas fu pakuшenji,
|colspan="10"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(au)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(eu)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(єu)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(ou)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(ou)</nowiki> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big> <nowiki>(ө)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big> <nowiki>(ө)</nowiki>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big> <nowiki>(ae)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big> <nowiki>(ai)</nowiki>
| Aj ňevydaj mas fu pakušenji,
| ⲓ ⲛⲓⲉⲍⲯⲓⲉⲇⲁⲓ ⲛⲁⲥ ⲯ ⲡⲟⲕⲩϣⲓⲉⲛⲓⲉ,
| I nezvidai nas v pokušenie,
| A neuveď nás do pokušenia,
|-
|-
| but rescue us from the evil one.
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Vowel length|Long vowels]]
| le zibafuj mas ƿy Jingu.
|colspan="10"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|aː]]</big> <nowiki>(a)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]</big> <nowiki>(e)</nowiki>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]</big> <nowiki>(є)</nowiki> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]</big> <nowiki>(i)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]]</big> <nowiki>(i)</nowiki>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]</big> <nowiki>(o)</nowiki> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]</big> <nowiki>(o)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]</big> <nowiki>(u)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]</big> <nowiki>(y)</nowiki>'''
| le zibafuj mas wy Jingu.
| ⲁⲗⲓⲉ ⲭⲣⲁⲛⲓⲓ ⲛⲁⲥ ⲟⲇ ⲍⲗⲟⲅⲟ.
| ale chrani nas od Zlogo.
| ale zbav nás Zlého.
|}
|}
====Analysis of the text:====
'''<big>Bold</big>''' ''are the common sounds, while'' <big>regular</big> ''sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]:'''<br>
 
Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come. Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And do not bring us to the time of trial, but rescue us from the evil one. Amen.<br>
==Grammar==
'''Zhoushi:'''<br>
{{Main|Zhoushi grammar}}
{{Hover title|Father|Oþчe}} {{Hover title|our|naш}}, {{Hover title|which|kitory}} {{Hover title|[you] are|jesꞇєш}} {{Hover title|on [in]|na}} {{Hover title|Heaven|ƞieby}}, {{Hover title|name|mino }} {{Hover title|your|Tiƿe}} {{Hover title|be|buđ}} {{Hover title|hallowed|posviƌeno}}. {{Hover title|Your|Tiƿoje}} {{Hover title|kingdom|guo}} {{Hover title|come|pꝛiȝađ}}. {{Hover title|Be [will]|Biduч}} {{Hover title|your|Tiƿuj}} {{Hover title|will|janг}}, {{Hover title|as|jak}} {{Hover title|in|fu}} {{Hover title|Heaven|ƞeby}}, {{Hover title|[as well]|tak aj}} {{Hover title|on|na}} {{Hover title|earth|zөmi}}. {{Hover title|Bread|Ȝilab}} {{Hover title|our|maш}} {{Hover title|dialy|tudejшij}} {{Hover title|give|divaj}} {{Hover title|us|mam}} {{Hover title|today|dƞes}}. {{Hover title|And|Aj}} {{Hover title|forgive|ƿypujuшꞇaj}} {{Hover title|us|mam}} {{Hover title|sins [debts]|гriȝy}} {{Hover title|our|maшije}}, {{Hover title|how we [as we]|jak aj}} {{Hover title|we|my}} {{Hover title|forgive|ƿypujuшamy}} {{Hover title|our|mašim}} {{Hover title|sinners [debtors]|huoqum}}. {{Hover title|And|Aj}} {{Hover title|do not give us [do not bting us]|ƞevydaj}} {{Hover title|us|mas}} {{Hover title|into [to]|fu}} {{Hover title|temptation [time of trial]|pakuшenji}}, {{Hover title|but|le}} {{Hover title|remove [rescue]|zibafuj}} {{Hover title|us|mas}} {{Hover title|from|ƿy}} {{Hover title|the Bad [the evil one]|Jingu}}. {{Hover title|Amen|Amen}}.
The Zhoushi language knows two grammatical numbers, singular and plural (with some remnants of the [[wikipedia:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual number]]) and all 8 Proto-[[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]] grammatical cases:
*[[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]] - Named "Miƞik"
*[[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]] - Named "Rodƞik"
*[[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]] - Named "Darƞik"
*[[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]] - Named "Viƞik"
*[[wikipedia:Locative case|Locative]] - Named "Mistƞik"
*[[wikipedia:Instrumental case|Instrumentative]] - Named "Tvorƞik"
*[[wikipedia:Ablative case|Ablative]] - Named "Mєrƞik"
*[[wikipedia:Vocative case|Vocative]] - Named "Volaƞik"
===[[Zhoushi grammar#Nouns|Nouns]]===
The Zhoushi language recognizes 4 grammatical genders and then a set of words with no gender:
*Masculine
**Masculine animate - 4 inflection patterns
**Masculine inanimate - 4 inflection patterns
*Feminine - 4 inflection patterns
*Neuter - 4 inflection patterns
*Indifferent ''(that is not a gender, but a lack of gender)'' - 2 inflection patterns
===[[Zhoushi grammar#Adjectives|Adjectives]]===
There are 4 inflection patterns for adjectives, being a combination of hard/soft and descriptivity/possessivity:
*Descriptive soft
*Descriptive hard
*Possessive soft
*Possessive hard
In the declinations of adjectives, [[wikipedia:Vocative case|Vocative]] has merged with [[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]].
===[[Zhoushi grammar#Pronouns|Pronouns]]===
The Zhoushi language has following pronouns:
:'''Singular'''
*Ja (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Miƞe) - I/Me
*Ty (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Tebe) - You
*Өn (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Ƞej/Jego/Jeho) - He/Him
*Өna (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Ƞi/Jej) - She/Her
*Өno (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Өnogo/Өnoho) - It/Its
*Өnu (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Ƞij/Joj) - [[wikipedia:Singular they|They/Them]]
*<small>[[wikipedia:Accusative case|ACC]]</small> Se (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Sebe) - [[wikipedia:Reflexive pronoun|-self]]
:'''Plural'''
*Ny (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Nas) - [[wikipedia:Clusivity|Inclusive]] we
*Vy (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Vas) - You
*Oni (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Ƞiȝ/Jiȝ) - They/Them (masculine)
*Ony (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Ƞeȝ/Jeȝ) - They/Them (feminine)
*Ona (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Ƞєȝ/Oƞєȝ) - They/Them (neuter + indifferent)
*My (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Mas) - [[wikipedia:Clusivity|Exclusive]] we
*<small>[[wikipedia:Accusative case|ACC]]</small> Sє (<small>[[wikipedia:Genitive case|GEN]]</small> Sєbe) - [[wikipedia:Reflexive pronoun|-selfves]]
===[[Zhoushi grammar#Numbers|Numbers]]===
Until 1970's, [[Zhousheng]] used [[wikipedia:Duodecimal|dozenal]] numerical system, substituting 10 a 11 with ᚴ and ⵒ. The last symbol used was so called "Cyclic symbol", which was used for twelve-step cycles and sets of twelve parts, which was written as ᘐ.
 
This system can be still seen for example on the Zhoushi clock faces, which are still using the old system, writing it as 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-ᚴ-ⵒ-ᘐ.
 
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Zhoushi grammar]]
*[[Zhoushi orthography]]
*[[Bogmian language]]
*[[Zhousheng]]
*[[Flag of Zhousheng]]
{{div col end}}
{{Template:Zhousheng Navbox}}
{{Elezia}}
[[Category:Languages in Elezia]]
[[Category:Zhousheng]]

Latest revision as of 01:15, 7 June 2024

"Zhoushi language" redirects here. For Zhoushi language as set in its canon in Anteria, see Zhoushi language/Anteria.
Zhoushi
Ʒөшinчina - Ʒөшinƌky jєzyk
ZhoushiCultureFlag.png
Zhoushi ethnic flag
Pronunciation/ʒu͡oʃɪnt͡ʃina/ Speaker Icon.svg
Native to
EthnicityZhoushi Slavs
Native speakers
L1: 26,985,000
L2: 4,532,000
FL: 230,000
Standard forms
Great Corpus of the New Zhoushi language
Zhoushi Latin Alphabet
Official status
Official language in
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-1ZS
ISO 639-2ZSG
ISO 639-3ZSG
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Zhoushi language (Zhoushi: Ʒөшinчina) is a Slavic language with major influence of local languages, that arose as a mixed language or pidgin of sorts in the nation of Zhousheng, a former colonial outpost of Suidenland. It is based on a slavic grammatic and linguistic base, especially inspired by Bogmian, Suiden and Belgorian languages, but has many major influences of other languages located in the region, especially Standard Yu, Preimeai, Mandarin Chinese and Syuba.

History

Comparison with the two former languages

Aspect Bogmian Zhengian Zhoushi
Genders YES NO YES
Clusivity NO YES YES
Vowel length YES NO NO
Syllabicity YES NO YES
Reflexive YES NO YES
Cases YES ??? YES
Dozenal NO YES ???
Indifference NO YES YES

Orthography and phonology

Introduction

The language has a slavic root and grammar, however, unlike other slavic languages, has 8 grammatical cases (other have 7 or 6). Also, there are about 700 Zhengian words in present day Zhoushi language, they are inflected using Bogmian grammar. Old Zhengian, having been descendant out of Prei-Phnom languages, was slowly assimilated into Slavic grammar, having transformed into Slavic Zhengian. Because of the Zhengian accents profilerating, Zhoushi language has 40 unique phonemes, 2 of which are exclusive to Zhoushi language (those are /r̝̊/ (Voiceless alveolar fricative trill)[1] and /ȴ̩/ (Syllabic voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant)).

Alphabet

Main article: Zhoushi orthography
A a B b C c Ч ч D d Đ đ Ƌ ƌ E e Є є F f
G g Џ џ H h Ȝ ȝ I i J j K k L l Λ λ M m
N n Ƞ ƞ O o Ө ө P p Q q R r Ꝛ ꝛ S s Ш ш
T t Ꞇ ꞇ Þ þ U u V v Ƿ ƿ X x Y y Z z Ʒ ʒ
  1. ↑ Also possibly [lʲ] in some dialects
  2. ↑ Also possibly [ɡ] in some dialects
  3. ↑ X is used as a new form for gender neutral declination for nonbinary pronouns as a suffix with the sound [ə]

Phonology

Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal
Bilabial Labiodental Linguolabial Dental Alveolar Postal-veolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal m̥
(m) 		m
(m) 		n
(n) 		ɳ
(n) 		ɲ
(ƞ)
Plosive p
(p) 		b
(b) 		t
(t) 		d
(d) 		ʈ
(t) 		ɖ
(d) 		c
(ꞇ) 		ɟ
(đ) 		k
(k) 		g
(g) 		q
(q)
Sibilant affricate t͡s
(c) 		d͡z
(ƌ) 		t͡ʃ
(ч) 		d͡ʒ
(џ) 		ʈ͡ʂ
(ч) 		ɖ͡ʐ
(џ) 		t͡ɕ
(ч) 		d͡ʑ
(џ)
Sibilant fricative s
(s) 		z
(z) 		ʃ
(ш) 		ʒ
(ʒ) 		ʂ
(ш) 		ʐ
(ʒ) 		ɕ
(ш) 		ʑ
(ʒ)
Non-sibilant fricative f
(f) 		v
(v) 		θ
(þ) 		ð
(þ) 		ʝ
(j) 		x
(ȝ) 		ɣ
(ȝ) 		χ
(ȝ) 		h
(h) 		ɦ
(h)
Approximant ʋ
(ƿ) 		j
(j) 		w
(ƿ)
Tap/Flap ɾ̥
(r) 		ɾ
(r)
Trill r̥ (r)
r̝̊ (ꝛ) 		r (r)
r̝ (ꝛ)
Latelar approximant l
(l) 		ȴ
(λ) 		ʟ
(λ)
Tongue position Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i
(i) 		y
(y) 		ɨ
(y) 		u
(u)
Near-close ɪ
(i)
Close-mid e
(є) 		o
(o)
Mid ə
(e)
Open-mid ɛ
(e) 		ʌ
(o) 		ɔ
(o)
Near-open æ
(e) 		ɐ
(a)
Open a
(a) 		ɑ
(a) 		ɒ
(a)
Diphthong a͡u (au) ~ ɛ͡u (eu) ~ e͡u (єu) ~ o͡u (ou) ~ ɔ͡u (ou) ~ u͡o (ө) ~ u͡ɔ (ө) ~ a͡e (ae) ~ a͡i (ai)
Long vowels aː (a) ~ ɛː (e) ~ eː (є) ~ iː (i) ~ ɪː (i) ~ oː (o) ~ ɔː (o) ~ uː (u) ~ ɨː (y)

Bold are the common sounds, while regular sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation

Grammar

Main article: Zhoushi grammar

The Zhoushi language knows two grammatical numbers, singular and plural (with some remnants of the Dual number) and all 8 Proto-Thuado-Thrismaran grammatical cases:

Nouns

The Zhoushi language recognizes 4 grammatical genders and then a set of words with no gender:

  • Masculine
    • Masculine animate - 4 inflection patterns
    • Masculine inanimate - 4 inflection patterns
  • Feminine - 4 inflection patterns
  • Neuter - 4 inflection patterns
  • Indifferent (that is not a gender, but a lack of gender) - 2 inflection patterns

Adjectives

There are 4 inflection patterns for adjectives, being a combination of hard/soft and descriptivity/possessivity:

  • Descriptive soft
  • Descriptive hard
  • Possessive soft
  • Possessive hard

In the declinations of adjectives, Vocative has merged with Nominative.

Pronouns

The Zhoushi language has following pronouns:

Singular
  • Ja (GEN Miƞe) - I/Me
  • Ty (GEN Tebe) - You
  • Өn (GEN Ƞej/Jego/Jeho) - He/Him
  • Өna (GEN Ƞi/Jej) - She/Her
  • Өno (GEN Өnogo/Өnoho) - It/Its
  • Өnu (GEN Ƞij/Joj) - They/Them
  • ACC Se (GEN Sebe) - -self
Plural
  • Ny (GEN Nas) - Inclusive we
  • Vy (GEN Vas) - You
  • Oni (GEN Ƞiȝ/Jiȝ) - They/Them (masculine)
  • Ony (GEN Ƞeȝ/Jeȝ) - They/Them (feminine)
  • Ona (GEN Ƞєȝ/Oƞєȝ) - They/Them (neuter + indifferent)
  • My (GEN Mas) - Exclusive we
  • ACC Sє (GEN Sєbe) - -selfves

Numbers

Until 1970's, Zhousheng used dozenal numerical system, substituting 10 a 11 with ᚴ and ⵒ. The last symbol used was so called "Cyclic symbol", which was used for twelve-step cycles and sets of twelve parts, which was written as ᘐ.

This system can be still seen for example on the Zhoushi clock faces, which are still using the old system, writing it as 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-ᚴ-ⵒ-ᘐ.

See also

Template:Zhousheng Navbox

  1. ↑ Note: this phoneme is present in other two Kento-Polyash languages: Velnotian and Ulevan
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