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Vealphk language: Difference between revisions

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{{WIP}}
{{Region icon Anteria}}{{WIP}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox
| name            = Vealphk language
| bodystyle = {{#if:{{{boxsize|}}}|width: {{{boxsize}}};}}
| altname = Velpan language
 
| nativename = Vaʒ’incky jәzyk
| abovestyle = font-size:130%; color: black; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(-45deg, lightcoral, lightcoral 10px, #c9ffd9 10px, #c9ffd9 20px);
| acceptance =
| above = Vealphk
| image           = VealphkFlag.png
| aboveclass = above
| imagesize        = <!-- or image_size -->
 
| imagealt        =  
| subheaderstyle = font-size:110%; color: black; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(-45deg, lightcoral, lightcoral 10px, #c9ffd9 10px, #c9ffd9 20px);
| imagecaption    = Vealphk ethnic flag
| subheader1 = Velpan<!-- language-->, Vazhin<!-- language-->
| pronunciation= [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|/vaʒʔintskɨː‐jəzɨk/]] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=va%CA%92%CA%94intsk%C9%A8%CB%90%E2%80%90j%C9%99z%C9%A8k&voice=Brian]]
| subheader2 = Vaʒ’inci jәzyk
| states          =
| subheader3 = {{#if:{{{acceptance|}}}|({{{acceptance|}}})}}
| region          = [[Kento-Poylash languages|Slavic Belt]] in [[Thuadia]]
 
| ethnicity        = Vealphk
| image = [[File:VealphkFlag.png|200px]]
| speakers = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language L1]:  
| caption = Vealphk ethnic flag
| speakers2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language L2]: <br>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language FL]:  
 
| familycolor      = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages Thuado-Thrismaran languages]
| headerstyle = color: black; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(-45deg, lightcoral, lightcoral 10px, #c9ffd9 10px, #c9ffd9 20px);
| fam2            = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages Zarav-Slavic]
| labelstyle = padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em;<!--(modified longitem)--> padding-right:0.5em;<!--(to ensure some gap between any (long/unwrapped) label and subsequent data on same line)-->
| fam3            = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages Slavic]
| datastyle = line-height:1.35em;
| fam4            = [[Kento-Polyash languages|Kento-Polyash]]
 
| fam5            = [[Mustelaria|Mustelarian]] subgroup
<!--------------------------------------------------------->
| protoname        =  
| label1 = Pronunciation
| ancestor        =  
| data1 = [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|/vaʒʔintskɨː‐jəzɨk/]] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=va%CA%92%CA%94intsk%C9%A8%CB%90%E2%80%90j%C9%99z%C9%A8k&voice=Brian]]
| ancestor2        = Zhengian, [[wikipedia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language|Preimeai]]
 
| ancestor3        =  
| label2 = {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|}}}}}|black|1}}
| standards        =  
  | Created&nbsp;by
| stand1          =  
  | Native&nbsp;to
| stand2          = <!-- up to stand6 -->
  }}
| dialects         =
| data2 = [[File:VealphkFlag.png|border|link=|23px]] Vaʒ’ina<ref>Vaʒ’ina was a former semi-independent principality stationed between the First Nokor of [[Prei Meas]] and the [[Mustelaria#The Empire of Three Kings|Empire of Three Kings]], which was eventually split into two in 1870's by the [[Zhengia|State of Zhengia]] and the [[Protectorate of Dei Neak]] set up by [[Neuewland]]</ref>
| listclass       = plainlist
| label3 = Date
| dia1            =  
| data3 = {{{created|}}}
| dia2            =  
| label4 = Region
| dia3            =  
| data4 = [[Kento-Poylash languages|Slavic Belt]] in [[Thuadia]]
| dia4            =  
 
| dia5            =  
| label5 = [[wikipedia:Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]
| dia6            =  
| data5 = {{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:landmark}}| }}
| dia7            =  
 
| dia8            =  
| label6 = Ethnicity
| script          = Modified [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet Latin alphabet]
| data6 = Vealphk
| sign            =  
 
| posteriori      =  
| label7 = Native speakers
| nation          =
| data7 =[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language L1]: <br>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language L2]: <br>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language FL]:  
| minority = {{Tree list}}
 
| label8 = {{#if:{{{revived|}}} |[[wikipedia:Language revitalization|Revival]]{{#if:{{{revived-category|{{{revived-cat|}}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{revived-category|{{{revived-cat}}}}}}|nocat|<!--suppress-->|[[Category:{{{revived-category|{{{revived-cat}}}}}}]]|[[Category:Language revival]]}} }} }}
| data8 = {{{revived|}}}
 
| label9 = [[wikipedia:Language family|Language family]]
| data9 = [[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]]
<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages Zarav-Slavic]
<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages Slavic]
<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>[[Kento-Polyash languages|Kento-Polyash]]
<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>[[Mustelaria|Mustelarian]] subgroup
<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>'''Vealphk'''</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages Prei-Phnom languages]
<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Preimic
<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>'''Vealphk'''</li></ul></li></ul></ul>
| label10 = {{longitem|{{#if:{{{ancestor2|}}}|Early forms|Early form}}}}
| data10 = Zhengian, [[wikipedia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language|Preimeai]]
| label11 = {{longitem|Standard forms}}
| data11 =  
| label12 = Dialects
| data12 =  
| rowclass12 = {{#if:{{{dialects|}}}||{{#if:{{{dia1|}}}|{{{listclass|{{{liststyle|plainlist}}}}}}}}}}
| label13 = [[wikipedia:Writing system|Writing system]]
| data13 = [[Zhoushi orthography|Vealphk Latin Alphabet]]
| label14 = [[wikipedia:Manually coded language|Signed forms]]
| data14 = {{#if:{{{sign|}}}|{{{sign}}}}}
| label15 = Sources
| data15 = {{{posteriori|}}}
 
<!--------------------------------------------------------->
| header16 = {{#if:{{{nation|}}}{{{minority|}}}{{{agency|}}}|Official status}}
 
| label17 = {{longitem|Official language&nbsp;in}}
| data17 = {{{nation|}}}
 
| label18 = {{longitem|class=nowrap|Recognised minority<br />language&nbsp;in}}
| data18 = {{Tree list}}
*{{flag|Zhousheng}}
*{{flag|Zhousheng}}
**[[File:MSUkadskFlag.png|border|link=|23px]] Ukadsk Region
**[[File:MSUkadskFlag.png|border|link=|23px]] Ukadsk Region
Line 47: Line 82:
**[[File:Flag_of_Dei_Neak.png|border|link=|23px]] Dei Neak
**[[File:Flag_of_Dei_Neak.png|border|link=|23px]] Dei Neak
{{Tree list/end}}
{{Tree list/end}}
| agency          =  
 
| iso1            = VH
| label19 = [[wikipedia:List of language regulators|Regulated&nbsp;by]]
| iso1comment      =
| data19 = {{{agency|{{#ifexpr:{{#if:{{{agency|}}}|1|0}} and {{#if:{{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}}{{#ifeq:{{Infobox language/family-color|{{{familycolor|Default}}}}}|black|1}}|1|0}}
| iso2            = VPH
  | ''None''
| iso2b            =  
<!--  | {{#if:{{{nation|}}}|''No official regulation''}} [this ends up claiming that languages have no regulation just cuz no-one bothered to add the regulator -->
| iso2t            =  
  }}}}}
| iso2comment      =  
 
| iso3            = VPH
<!--------------------------------------------------------->
| iso3comment      =  
| header20 = Language codes
| lc1              =  
 
| ld1              =  
| label21 = {{nowrap|[[wikipedia:ISO 639-1|ISO 639-1]]}}
| lc2              = <!-- up to lc30 -->
| data21 = VH
| ld2              = <!-- up to ld30 -->  
 
| iso6            =  
| label22 = {{nowrap|[[wikipedia:ISO 639-2|ISO 639-2]]}}
| isoexception    =  
| data22 = VPH
| linglist         =  
 
| lingname        =  
| label23 = {{nowrap|[[wikipedia:ISO 639-3|ISO 639-3]]}}
| linglist2       = <!-- up to linglist6 -->
| data23 = VPH
| lingname2        = <!-- up to lingname6 -->
 
| glotto          =
| label24 = {{nowrap|[[wikipedia:ISO 639-6|ISO 639-6]]}}<!-- NOTE: ISO 639-6 was withdrawn in 2014.-->
| glottoname      =
| data24 = {{#if:{{{iso6|}}}|<code>{{{iso6}}}</code>}}
| glottofoot       =  
 
| glottorefname    =
| label25 = {{longitem|[[wikipedia:Linguist List|Linguist List]]}}
| glotto2         = <!-- up to glotto5 -->
| data25  = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist|}}} |2={{{lingname|}}}}}
| glottoname2      = <!-- up to glottoname5 -->
| label26 = &nbsp;
| glottorefname2  = <!-- up to glottorefname5 -->
| data26  = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist2|}}}|2={{{lingname2|}}}}}
| aiatsis          =
| label27 = &nbsp;
| aiatsisname      =
| data27  = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist3|}}}|2={{{lingname3|}}}}}
| aiatsis2        = <!-- up to aiatsis6 -->
| label28 = &nbsp;
| aiatsisname2    = <!-- up to aiatsisname6 -->
| data28  = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist4|}}}|2={{{lingname4|}}}}}
| guthrie          =  
| label29 = &nbsp;
| lingua          =  
| data29  = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist5|}}}|2={{{lingname5|}}}}}
| lingua_ref      =  
| label30 = &nbsp;
| ietf            =  
| data30  = {{Infobox language/linguistlist|1={{{linglist6|}}}|2={{{lingname6|}}}}}
| map              = VealphkLangMap.png
 
| mapsize          =  
| label31 = [[wikipedia:Glottolog|Glottolog]]
| mapalt          =  
| data31 = {{#if:{{{glotto|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{glotto|}}}}}|none|''None''[[Category:Languages without Glottolog code]]|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{glotto|}}}}}|spurious|(insufficiently attested or not a distinct language){{main other|[[Category:Languages rejected by Glottolog]]}}|<code>{{glottolink|{{{glotto}}}}}</code>{{#if:{{{glottoname|}}}|&nbsp; {{nowrap|{{{glottoname}}}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{glottofoot|}}}|no||{{#tag:ref|{{Glottolog|{{{glotto}}}|{{{glottorefname|{{{glottoname|{{{name}}}}}}}}}}}|name="Glottolog"}}}}}}}}}}<!--
| mapcaption      = Distribution of the language<br>{{color box|#007FFE}} Absolute majority<br>{{color box|#87C3FE}} >30% of native speakers
-->{{#if:{{{glotto2|}}}|{{#if:{{{glotto|}}}|<br />|<!--no break when more than one box on a page-->}}<code>{{glottolink|{{{glotto2}}}}}</code>{{#if:{{{glottoname2|}}}|&nbsp; {{nowrap|{{{glottoname2}}}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{glottofoot|}}}|no||{{#tag:ref|{{Glottolog|{{{glotto2}}}|{{{glottorefname2|{{{glottoname2|{{{name}}}}}}}}}}}|name="Glottolog2"}}}}}}<!--
| map2             =  
-->{{#if:{{{glotto3|}}}|{{#if:{{{glotto2|}}}|<br />|<!--no break-->}}<code>{{glottolink|{{{glotto3}}}}}</code>{{#if:{{{glottoname3|}}}|&nbsp; {{nowrap|{{{glottoname3}}}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{glottofoot|}}}|no||{{#tag:ref|{{Glottolog|{{{glotto3}}}|{{{glottorefname3|{{{glottoname3|{{{name}}}}}}}}}}}|name="Glottolog3"}}}}}}<!--
| mapalt2         =  
-->{{#if:{{{glotto4|}}}|{{#if:{{{glotto3|}}}|<br />|<!--no break-->}}<code>{{glottolink|{{{glotto4}}}}}</code>{{#if:{{{glottoname4|}}}|&nbsp; {{nowrap|{{{glottoname4}}}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{glottofoot|}}}|no||{{#tag:ref|{{Glottolog|{{{glotto4}}}|{{{glottorefname4|{{{glottoname4|{{{name}}}}}}}}}}}|name="Glottolog4"}}}}}}<!--
| mapcaption2      =  
-->{{#if:{{{glotto5|}}}|{{#if:{{{glotto4|}}}|<br />|<!--no break-->}}<code>{{glottolink|{{{glotto5}}}}}</code>{{#if:{{{glottoname5|}}}|&nbsp; {{nowrap|{{{glottoname5}}}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{glottofoot|}}}|no||{{#tag:ref|{{Glottolog|{{{glotto5}}}|{{{glottorefname5|{{{glottoname5|{{{name}}}}}}}}}}}|name="Glottolog5"}}}}}}
| wikibook         = <!-- an e-book in Wikibooks -->
 
| module          =  
| label32 = [[wikipedia:Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies|AIATSIS]]{{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|{{#tag:ref|{{AIATSIS|{{{aiatsis|}}}|{{{aiatsisname|{{{name}}}}}}|{{{aiatsis2|}}}}}|name="AIATSIS"}}}}
| notice           = IPA
| data32 = {{#if:{{{aiatsis|}}}|<code>[https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/{{{aiatsis}}} {{{aiatsis}}}]</code>{{#if:{{{aiatsisname|}}}|&nbsp;{{{aiatsisname}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{aiatsis2|}}}|, <code>[https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/{{{aiatsis2}}} {{{aiatsis2}}}]</code>{{#if:{{{aiatsisname2|}}}|&nbsp;{{{aiatsisname2}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{aiatsis3|}}}|, <code>[https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/{{{aiatsis3}}} {{{aiatsis3}}}]</code>{{#if:{{{aiatsisname3|}}}|&nbsp;{{{aiatsisname3}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{aiatsis4|}}}|, <code>[https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/{{{aiatsis4}}} {{{aiatsis4}}}]</code>{{#if:{{{aiatsisname4|}}}|&nbsp;{{{aiatsisname4}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{aiatsis5|}}}|, <code>[https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/{{{aiatsis5}}} {{{aiatsis5}}}]</code>{{#if:{{{aiatsisname5|}}}|&nbsp;{{{aiatsisname5}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{aiatsis6|}}}|, <code>[https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/{{{aiatsis6}}} {{{aiatsis6}}}]</code>{{#if:{{{aiatsisname6|}}}|&nbsp;{{{aiatsisname6}}}}} }}
 
| label33 = {{longitem|{{allow wrap|[[wikipedia:Guthrie classification of Bantu languages|Guthrie code]]}}}}
| data33 = {{#if:{{{guthrie|}}}|<code>{{{guthrie}}}</code><ref name="Guthrie">Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180203191542/http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf New Updated Guthrie List Online]</ref>}}
 
| label34 = [[wikipedia:Linguasphere Observatory|Linguasphere]]
| data34 = {{#if:{{{lingua|}}}|<code>{{{lingua}}}</code>{{{lingua_ref|}}}}}
 
| label35 = [[wikipedia:IETF language tag|IETF]]
| data35 = {{#if:{{{ietf|}}}|<code>{{{ietf}}}</code>{{Main other|[[Category:Language articles with IETF language tag]]}}}}
 
| data36 = [[File:VealphkLangMap.png|220px]]
  <div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of the language<br>{{legend|#007FFE|Absolute majority}}{{legend|#87C3FE|>30% of native speakers}}</div>
 
| data37 = {{#if:{{{map2|}}}
  | {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{map2}}}|size={{{mapsize|}}}|sizedefault=220px|alt={{{mapalt2|}}}}}{{#if:{{{mapcaption2|}}}|<div style="text-align:left;">{{{mapcaption2}}}</div>}}
  }}
 
| label38 = Wikibook
| data38 = {{#if:{{{wikibook|}}}|[[Wikibooks: {{{wikibook|}}}]] }}
 
| data40 = {{{module|}}}
 
<!--------------------------------------------------------->
| belowclass = noprint selfref
| belowstyle = background-color:#ddddff;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;
| below = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{notice|{{{notice2|}}}}}}}}|ipa
  |'''This article contains [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbols.''' Without proper [[wikipedia:Help:IPA#Rendering issues|rendering support]], you may see [[wikipedia:Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] instead of [[wikipedia:Unicode|Unicode]] characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see [[wikipedia:Help:IPA|Help:IPA]].
  }}
}}
}}
Vealphk language is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages Slavic language] out of [[Kento-Poylash languages|Kento-Polyash language group]], which is a minority language spoken in mountainous parts of the Ukadsk Region of [[Zhousheng]] and the Dei Neak in [[Prei Meas]]
The '''Vealphk language''' is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages Slavic]-[[wikipedia:Austroasiatic languages|Prei-Phnom]] [[wikipedia:Macaronic language|macaronic language]] out of [[Kento-Poylash languages|Kento-Polyash language group]], which is a minority language spoken in mountainous parts of the Ukadsk Region of [[Zhousheng]] and the Dei Neak in [[Prei Meas]]
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
The language has a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages slavic root and grammar], but has developed along with strong [[wikipedia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language|preimeai]] influences, which helped to develop its vocabulary, phonology and multiple grammatical rules. Unlike other [[Kento-Poylash languages|Slavic languages]], Vealphk has integrated the inflection suffixes of all numbers into a single system and denotes the number by adding a prefix. Vealphk has four [[wikipedia:Grammatical number|grammatical numbers]] (Singular, [[wikipedia:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]], [[wikipedia:Grammatical number#Paucal|Paucal]] and Plural), and 8 Indo-European grammatical cases ([[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]], [[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]], [[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]], [[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]], [[wikipedia:Locative case|Locative]], [[wikipedia:Instrumental case|Instrumentative]], [[wikipedia:Ablative case|Ablative]] & [[wikipedia:Vocative case|Vocative]]).
The language has a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages slavic root and grammar], but has developed along with strong [[wikipedia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language|preimeai]] influences, which helped to develop its vocabulary, phonology and multiple grammatical rules. Unlike other [[Kento-Poylash languages|Slavic languages]], Vealphk has integrated the inflection suffixes of all numbers into a single system and denotes the number by adding a prefix. Vealphk has four [[wikipedia:Grammatical number|grammatical numbers]] (Singular, [[wikipedia:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]], [[wikipedia:Grammatical number#Paucal|Paucal]] and Plural), and 8 Indo-European grammatical cases ([[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]], [[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]], [[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]], [[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]], [[wikipedia:Locative case|Locative]], [[wikipedia:Instrumental case|Instrumentative]], [[wikipedia:Ablative case|Ablative]] & [[wikipedia:Vocative case|Vocative]]).
==Alphabet==
==Alphabet==
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
{{Main|Zhoushi orthography#Vealphk alphabet|l1=Vaʒin orthography}}
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Aa'''<br>/a ~ ɑ/
{| style="<!--font-family:Arial Unicode MS;--> font-size:1.5<!--1.3-->em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Bb'''<br>/b/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |A a
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Cc'''<br>/ʦ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |B b
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Чч'''<br>/ʧ ~ ʨ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |C c
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Dd'''<br>/d/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ч ч
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ðð'''<br>/ð ~ tʰ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |D d
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ee'''<br>/ɛ ~ e/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ð ð
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Єє'''<br>/ʲe/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |E e
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ff'''<br>/f ~ pʰ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Є є
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Gg'''<br>/g/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |F f
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |G g
|-
|-
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Hh'''<br>/h ~ ɦ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |H h
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ȝȝ'''<br>/x ~ kʰ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ȝ ȝ
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ii'''<br>/i/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |I i
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Jj'''<br>/j/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |J j
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Kk'''<br>/k/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |K k
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ll'''<br>/l/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |L l
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Mm'''<br>/m ~ m̥/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |M m
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Nn'''<br>/n ~ ɳ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |N n
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ɲɲ'''<br>/ɲ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ɲ ɲ
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ŋŋ'''<br>/ŋ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ŋ ŋ
|-
|-
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Oo'''<br>/o/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |O o
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Өө'''<br>/uo/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ȣ ȣ
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Pp'''<br>/p/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |P p
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''{{color|#808080|Qq}}'''<br>{{color|#808080|/kv ~ q/}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |{{color|#808080|Q q}}
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Rr'''<br>/r ~ r̥/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |R r
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ꝛꝛ'''<br>/r̝ ~ r̝̊/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ꝛ ꝛ
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ss'''<br>/s/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |S s
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Шш'''<br>/ʃ ~ ɕ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ш ш
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Әә'''<br>/ə/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ә ә
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Tt'''<br>/t/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |T t
|-
|-
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ꞇꞇ'''<br>/c ~ cʰ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ꞇ ꞇ
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Uu'''<br>/u/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |U u
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Vv'''<br>/v/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |V v
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''{{color|#808080|Ƿƿ}}'''<br>{{color|#808080|/w ~ ʋ/}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |{{color|#808080|Ƿ ƿ}}
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''{{color|#808080|Xx}}'''<br>{{color|#808080|/ks/}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |{{color|#808080|X x}}
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Yy'''<br>/ɨ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Y y
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Zz'''<br>/z/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Z z
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''Ʒʒ'''<br>/ʒ ~ ʑ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ʒ ʒ
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '''’'''<br>/ʔ/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |’
| style="width:4.5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |  
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |  
|}
|}
====The change from Ө to Ȣ====
{{Symb|Ȣ ȣ ; Ө ө|serifs}}
In 1970's, the development of the unified alphabet was created, replacing the [[Zhoushi language|Zhoushi]] letter Ө with a symbol Ȣ, which is a lignature of U and O. This change happened due to the similarity to the symbol Ә.
The alternative proposal to use [[Borelian language|Borelian]] orthography and use capital-miniscule pair of &-ε for /[[wikipedia:Mid central vowel|ə]]/ and pair Ө-ө for /[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]͡[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]] ~ [[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]͡[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]/.
====Keyboard version====
They keyboard uses a classical QǷERTY keyboard overlay, but due to the other layer above it, it is sometimes intentionally called ꞆÐЄШЧꝚ.
{| class="wikitable" style="<!--font-family:Arial Unicode MS;--> font-size:1.4em; text-align: center;"
!colspan="32" style="font-size:0.7em;"|Keyboard overlay with Shift (⇧) turned on
|-
|colspan="2"|Ꞇ ||colspan="2"|Ð ||colspan="2"|Є ||colspan="2"|Ш ||colspan="2"|Ч ||colspan="2"|Ꝛ ||colspan="2"|Ʒ ||colspan="2"|Ә ||colspan="2"|Ŋ ||colspan="2"|Ɲ ||colspan="2"|Ȝ ||colspan="2"|% ||colspan="2"|‽ ||colspan="4" bgcolor=#FFCECE|⌫
|-
|colspan="3" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|↹ ||colspan="2"|Q ||colspan="2"|Ƿ ||colspan="2"|E ||colspan="2"|R ||colspan="2"|T ||colspan="2"|Y ||colspan="2"|U ||colspan="2"|I ||colspan="2"|O ||colspan="2"|P ||colspan="2"|Ȣ ||colspan="2"|ʔ ||colspan="3"|(
|-
|colspan="4" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|'''⇪''' ||colspan="2"|A ||colspan="2"|S ||colspan="2"|D ||colspan="2"|F ||colspan="2"|G ||colspan="2"|H ||colspan="2"|J ||colspan="2"|K ||colspan="2"|L ||colspan="2"|“ ||colspan="2"|' ||colspan="4" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|'''⏎'''
|-
|colspan="5" bgcolor=#EAF3FF|'''{{color|#4B61D1|⇧}}''' ||colspan="2"|Z ||colspan="2"|X ||colspan="2"|C ||colspan="2"|V ||colspan="2"|B ||colspan="2"|N ||colspan="2"|M ||colspan="2"|? ||colspan="2"|! ||colspan="2"|: ||colspan="5" bgcolor=#EAF3FF|'''{{color|#4B61D1|⇧}}'''
|-
|colspan="3" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|⌘ ||colspan="2" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|⊞ ||colspan="3" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|⎇ ||colspan="12"|Space ||colspan="3" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|⎇ ||colspan="2" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|⊞ ||colspan="2" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|≣ ||colspan="3" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|⌘
|-
|colspan="32" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;border-top:none;border-bottom:none;"|
|-
!colspan="32" style="font-size:0.7em;"|Keyboard overlay with Shift (⇧) turned off
|-
|colspan="2"|ꞇ ||colspan="2"|ð ||colspan="2"|є ||colspan="2"|ш ||colspan="2"|ч ||colspan="2"|ꝛ ||colspan="2"|ʒ ||colspan="2"|ә ||colspan="2"|ŋ ||colspan="2"|ɲ ||colspan="2"|ȝ ||colspan="2"|= ||colspan="2"|+ ||colspan="4" bgcolor=#FFCECE|⌫
|-
|colspan="3" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|↹ ||colspan="2"|q ||colspan="2"|ƿ ||colspan="2"|e ||colspan="2"|r ||colspan="2"|t ||colspan="2"|y ||colspan="2"|u ||colspan="2"|i ||colspan="2"|o ||colspan="2"|p ||colspan="2"|ȣ ||colspan="2"|’ ||colspan="3"|)
|-
|colspan="4" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|'''⇪''' ||colspan="2"|a ||colspan="2"|s ||colspan="2"|d ||colspan="2"|f ||colspan="2"|g ||colspan="2"|h ||colspan="2"|j ||colspan="2"|k ||colspan="2"|l ||colspan="2"|„ ||colspan="2"|' ||colspan="4" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|'''⏎'''
|-
|colspan="5" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|'''⇧''' ||colspan="2"|z ||colspan="2"|x ||colspan="2"|c ||colspan="2"|v ||colspan="2"|b ||colspan="2"|n ||colspan="2"|m ||colspan="2"|, ||colspan="2"|. ||colspan="2"|- ||colspan="5" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|'''⇧'''
|-
|colspan="3" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|⌘ ||colspan="2" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|⊞ ||colspan="3" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|⎇ ||colspan="12"|Space ||colspan="3" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|⎇ ||colspan="2" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|⊞ ||colspan="2" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|≣ ||colspan="3" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|⌘
|-
|colspan="32" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;border-top:none;border-bottom:none;"|
|-
!colspan="32" style="font-size:0.7em;"|Keyboard overlay with Alt (⎇) turned on
|-
|colspan="2"|0 ||colspan="2"|1 ||colspan="2"|2 ||colspan="2"|3 ||colspan="2"|4 ||colspan="2"|5 ||colspan="2"|6 ||colspan="2"|7 ||colspan="2"|8 ||colspan="2"|9 ||colspan="2"|ᚴ ||colspan="2"|ⵒ ||colspan="2"|ᘐ ||colspan="4" bgcolor=#FFCECE|⌫
|-
|colspan="3" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|↹ ||colspan="2"|W ||colspan="2"|w ||colspan="2"|ֆ ||colspan="2"|< ||colspan="2"|> ||colspan="2"|÷ ||colspan="2"|× ||colspan="2"|↑ ||colspan="2"|Ө ||colspan="2"|ө ||colspan="2"|∈ ||colspan="2"|⋃ ||colspan="3"|⋂
|-
|colspan="4" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|'''⇪''' ||colspan="2"|₳ ||colspan="2"|ſ ||colspan="2"|ᕋ ||colspan="2"|√ ||colspan="2"|[ ||colspan="2"|] ||colspan="2"|← ||colspan="2"|↓ ||colspan="2"|→ ||colspan="2"|∃ ||colspan="2"|∀ ||colspan="4" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|'''⏎'''
|-
|colspan="5" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|'''⇧''' ||colspan="2"|ᵴ ||colspan="2"|Ӿ ||colspan="2"|& ||colspan="2"|ε ||colspan="2"|Þ ||colspan="2"|þ ||colspan="2"|≠ ||colspan="2"|∢ ||colspan="2"|⋀ ||colspan="2"|⋁ ||colspan="5" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|'''⇧'''
|-
|colspan="3" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|⌘ ||colspan="2" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|⊞ ||colspan="3" bgcolor=#EAF3FF|{{color|#4B61D1|⎇}} ||colspan="12"|Space ||colspan="3" bgcolor=#EAF3FF|{{color|#4B61D1|⎇}} ||colspan="2" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|⊞ ||colspan="2" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|≣ ||colspan="3" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|⌘
|-
|colspan="32" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;border-top:none;border-bottom:none;"|
|-
!colspan="32" style="font-size:0.7em;"|F key layer ([[Zhoushi language#Numbers|with Zhoushi numerals]])
|-
|colspan="2"|⎋ ||colspan="2" bgcolor=#EAEAEA|ㅤ ||colspan="2"|F1 ||colspan="2"|F2 ||colspan="2"|F3 ||colspan="2"|F4 ||bgcolor=#EAEAEA|ㅤ ||colspan="2"|F5 ||colspan="2"|F6 ||colspan="2"|F7 ||colspan="2"|F8 ||bgcolor=#EAEAEA|ㅤ ||colspan="2"|F9 ||colspan="2"|Fᚴ ||colspan="2"|Fⵒ ||colspan="2"|Fᘐ
|}
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%"
!style="border-bottom:none; width: 60px; padding-bottom:0; text-align:right;"|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|Place]] →
!rowspan="2"{{diagonal split header|[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]]|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|Place]]}}
!colspan="5"|[[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
!colspan="5"|[[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
!colspan="10"|[[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
!colspan="10"|[[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
Line 149: Line 269:
!colspan="4"|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal consonant|Laryngeal]]
!colspan="4"|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal consonant|Laryngeal]]
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 style="border-top:none; width: 60px; padding-top:0; text-align:center;"|'''[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]] ↓
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
Line 157: Line 276:
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Postal-veolar]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Postal-veolar]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Platal]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
Line 164: Line 283:
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial nasal|m̥]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial nasal|m̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(m)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]</big><br><nowiki>(m)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
Line 173: Line 292:
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]</big><br><nowiki>(n)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex nasal|ɳ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex nasal|ɳ]]</big><br><nowiki>(n)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ɲ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ŋ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
Line 190: Line 309:
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]</big><br><nowiki>(p)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]</big><br><nowiki>(b)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
Line 198: Line 317:
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]</big><br><nowiki>(t)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]</big><br><nowiki>(d)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex plosive|ʈ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex plosive|ʈ]]</big><br><nowiki>(t)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex plosive|ɖ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex plosive|ɖ]]</big><br><nowiki>(d)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]</big><br><nowiki>(ꞇ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal plosive|ɟ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal plosive|ɟ]]</big><br><nowiki>(dj)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]</big><br><nowiki>(k)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar plosive|g]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar plosive|g]]</big><br><nowiki>(g)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular plosive|q]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<!--<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular plosive|q]]</big>-->
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Glottal stop|ʔ]]</big>'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Glottal stop|ʔ]]</big>'''<br><nowiki>(’)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
|-
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar affricate#Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|ʦ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar affricate#Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|ʦ]]</big><br><nowiki>(c)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar affricate#Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate|ʣ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar affricate#Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate|ʣ]]</big><br><nowiki>(dz)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|ʧ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|ʧ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ч)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<!--<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar affricate|ʤ]]</big>-->
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<!--<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar affricate|ʤ]]</big>-->
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|tʂ]]</big><!-- ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈʂ]]</big>-->
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|tʂ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ч)</nowiki><!-- ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈʂ]]</big>-->
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<!--<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|dʐ]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|ɖʐ]]</big>-->
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<!--<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|dʐ]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|ɖʐ]]</big>-->
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|ʨ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|ʨ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ч)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<!--<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|ʥ]]</big>-->
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<!--<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|ʥ]]</big>-->
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
<!--|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Non-[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Non-[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''-->
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]]
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilants|s]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilants|s]]</big><br><nowiki>(s)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]</big><br><nowiki>(z)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ш)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ʒ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ш)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ʒ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ш)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ʒ)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]</big><br><nowiki>(f)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]</big><br><nowiki>(v)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ð)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]</big><br><nowiki>(ð)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]</big><br><nowiki>(j)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȝ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ȝ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]</big><br><nowiki>(h)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]</big><br><nowiki>(h)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]]
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|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƿ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]</big><br><nowiki>(j)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar tap and flap|ɾ̥]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar tap and flap|ɾ̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps#Voiced alveolar tap and flap|ɾ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps#Voiced alveolar tap and flap|ɾ]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill|r̥]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill#Voiceless alveolar fricative trill|r̝̊]]</big>'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill|r̥]]</big> <nowiki>(r)</nowiki>'''<br>'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill#Voiceless alveolar fricative trill|r̝̊]]</big> <nowiki>(ꝛ)</nowiki>'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar trill|r]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar fricative trill|r̝]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar trill|r]]</big> <nowiki>(r)</nowiki>'''<br>'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar fricative trill|r̝]]</big> <nowiki>(ꝛ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
<!--|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''-->
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Approximant|approximant]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Approximant|approximant]]
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]</big><br><nowiki>(l)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ȴ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ȴ]]</big><br><nowiki>(l)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar lateral approximant|ʟ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar lateral approximant|ʟ]]</big><br><nowiki>(l)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
<!--|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|tap/flap]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|tap/flap]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''-->
<!--|style="border-right:none; padding-right:0;"|
<!--|style="border-right:none; padding-right:0;"|
|style="border-left:none; padding-left:0;"|
|style="border-left:none; padding-left:0;"|
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|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%"
!style="border-bottom:none; padding-bottom:0; text-align:right;"|{{Hover title|Tongue position|Front-back}} →
!Tongue position
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Front vowel|front]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Front vowel|front]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Back vowel|back]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Back vowel|back]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 style="border-top:none; padding-top:0; text-align:center;"|'''{{Hover title|Tongue position|Up-down}} ↓
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big><br><nowiki>(i)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]</big><br><nowiki>(y)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big><br><nowiki>(u)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]]</big><br><nowiki>(i)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|colspan="2"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Mid central vowel|ə]]</big>
|colspan="2"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Mid central vowel|ə]]</big><br><nowiki>(ә)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
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|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Diphthong|Diphthong]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Diphthong|Diphthong]]
|colspan="10"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big>
|colspan="10"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(au)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(eu)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(eu)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(ou)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(ou)</nowiki> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big> <nowiki>(ȣ)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big> <nowiki>(ȣ)</nowiki>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big> <nowiki>(ae)</nowiki> ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big> <nowiki>(ai)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Vowel length|Long vowels]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Vowel length|Long vowels]]
|colspan="10"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|aː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]</big>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]</big> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]]</big>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]</big> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Mid central vowel|ə]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]</big>'''
|colspan="10"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|aː]]</big> <nowiki>(a)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]</big> <nowiki>(e)</nowiki>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]</big> <nowiki>(e)</nowiki> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]</big> <nowiki>(i)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]]</big> <nowiki>(i)</nowiki>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]</big> <nowiki>(o)</nowiki> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]</big> <nowiki>(o)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Mid central vowel|əː]]</big> <nowiki>(ә)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]</big> <nowiki>(u)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]</big> <nowiki>(y)</nowiki>'''
|}
|}
'''<big>Bold</big>''' ''are the common sounds, while'' <big>regular</big> ''sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation
'''<big>Bold</big>''' ''are the common sounds, while'' <big>regular</big> ''sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation
==Nouns==
 
TBA
==Nouns and adjectives==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! Translation to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]
! {{Hover title|Single letter code used in dictionaries|Code}}
![[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nom.]]
![[wikipedia:Genitive case|Gen.]]
![[wikipedia:Dative case|Dat.]]
![[wikipedia:Accusative case|Acc.]]
![[wikipedia:Locative case|Loc.]]
![[wikipedia:Instrumental case|Ins.]]
![[wikipedia:Ablative case|Abl.]]
![[wikipedia:Vocative case|Voc.]]
!
![[wikipedia:Adjective|Adj.]]
![[wikipedia:Adverb|Adv.]]
!
![[wikipedia:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]]
![[wikipedia:Grammatical number#Paucal|Paucal]]
!Plural
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="17" | '''Soft declensions
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Man
|rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''S1
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Muʒ
|Muʒe
|Muʒi
|Muʒe
|Muʒi
|Muʒem
|Muʒi
|Muʒi!
!rowspan="11"|
|Muʒki
|Muʒko
!rowspan="11"|
|Ðimuʒ
|Ɲemuʒ
|Vimuʒ
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|∅
| -e
| -i
| -e
| -i
| -em
| -i
| -i!
| -ki
| -ko
| Ði-
| Ɲe-
| Vi-
|-
!colspan="17"|
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Machine
|rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''S2
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Stroj
|Stroje
|Stroji
|Stroj
|Stroji
|Strojem
|Strojy
|Stroji!
|Strojɲi
|Strojno
| Ðistroj
| Ɲestroj
| Vistroj
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|∅
| -e
| -i
| ∅
| -i
| -em
| -y
| -i!
| -ɲi
| -no
| Ði-
| Ɲe-
| Vi-
|-
!colspan="17"|
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Sea
|rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''S3
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Moꝛe
|Moꝛe
|Moꝛi
|Moꝛe
|Moꝛi
|Moꝛem
|Moꝛy
|Moꝛe!
|Moꝛki
|Moꝛko
|Ðimoꝛe
|Ɲemoꝛe
|Vimoꝛe
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -e
| -e
| -i
| -e
| -i
| -em
| -y
| -e!
| -ki
| -ko
| Ði-
| Ɲe-
| Vi-
|-
!colspan="17"|
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Rose
|rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''S4
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Rȣʒe
|Rȣʒe
|Rȣʒi
|Rȣʒi
|Rȣʒi
|Rȣʒi
|Rȣʒe
|Rȣʒe!
|Rȣʒovi
|Rȣʒovo
|Ðirȣʒe
|Ɲerȣʒe
|Virȣʒe
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -e
| -e
| -i
| -i
| -i
| -i
| -e
| -e!
| -ovi
| -ovo
| Ði-
| Ɲe-
| Vi-
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="17" | '''Hard declensions
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Sir
|rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''H1
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Paŋ
|Paŋa
|Paŋovi
|Paŋa
|Paŋovi
|Paŋem
|Paŋi
|Paŋe!
!rowspan="11"|
|Paŋcki
|Paŋcko
!rowspan="11"|
|Dypaŋ
|Mapaŋ
|Hopaŋ
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|∅
| -a
| -ovi
| -a
| -ovi
| -em
| -i
| -e!
| -cki
| -cko
| Dy-
| Ma-
| Ho-
|-
!colspan="17"|
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''State
|rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''H2
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Dȣm
|Dȣmu
|Dȣmu
|Dȣm
|Dȣmu
|Dȣmem
|Dȣmy
|Dȣme!
|Dȣmovɲi
|Dȣmovno
|Dydȣm
|Madȣm
|Hodȣm
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|∅
| -u
| -u
| ∅
| -u
| -em
| -y
| -e!
| -ovɲi
| -ovno
| Dy-
| Ma-
| Ho-
|-
!colspan="17"|
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Word
|rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''H3
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Slovo
| Slova
| Slovu
| Slovo
| Slovu
| Slovem
| Slovy
| Slovo!
| Slovɲi
| Slovno
| Dyslovo
| Maslovo
| Hoslovo
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-o
| -a
| -u
| -o
| -u
| -em
| -y
| -o!
| -ɲi
| -no
| Dy-
| Ma-
| Ho-
|-
!colspan="17"|
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Woman
|rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''H4
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Ʒәna
|Ʒәny
|Ʒәn’je
|Ʒәnu
|Ʒәn’je
|Ʒәnȣ
|Ʒәni
|Ʒәno!
|Ʒәncki
|Ʒәncko
|Dyʒәna
|Maʒәna
|Hoʒәna
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
| -y
| -’je
| -u
| -’je
| -ȣ
| -i
| -o!
| -cki
| -cko
| Dy-
| Ma-
| Ho-
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="17" | '''Consonantal declensions
|-
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==Adjectives==
==Adjectives==
BTA
BTA
Line 616: Line 1,142:
==Adverbs==
==Adverbs==
TBA
TBA
{{Template:Anteria languages navbox}}
[[Category:Languages in Anteria]]
[[Category:Mustelaria]]
[[Category:Kento-Polyash languages]]

Latest revision as of 08:39, 24 December 2021

Vealphk
Velpan, Vazhin
Vaʒ’inci jәzyk
VealphkFlag.png
Vealphk ethnic flag
Pronunciation/vaʒʔintskɨː‐jəzɨk/ Speaker Icon.svg
Native toVealphkFlag.png Vaʒ’ina[1]
RegionSlavic Belt in Thuadia
EthnicityVealphk
Native speakersL1:
L2:
FL:
Language familyThuado-Thrismaran
Early form
Zhengian, Preimeai
Writing systemVealphk Latin Alphabet
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-1VH
ISO 639-2VPH
ISO 639-3VPH
File:VealphkLangMap.png
Distribution of the language
  Absolute majority
  >30% of native speakers

The Vealphk language is a Slavic-Prei-Phnom macaronic language out of Kento-Polyash language group, which is a minority language spoken in mountainous parts of the Ukadsk Region of Zhousheng and the Dei Neak in Prei Meas

Introduction

The language has a slavic root and grammar, but has developed along with strong preimeai influences, which helped to develop its vocabulary, phonology and multiple grammatical rules. Unlike other Slavic languages, Vealphk has integrated the inflection suffixes of all numbers into a single system and denotes the number by adding a prefix. Vealphk has four grammatical numbers (Singular, Dual, Paucal and Plural), and 8 Indo-European grammatical cases (Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Locative, Instrumentative, Ablative & Vocative).

Alphabet

Main article: Vaʒin orthography
A a B b C c Ч ч D d Ð ð E e Є є F f G g
H h Ȝ ȝ I i J j K k L l M m N n Ɲ ɲ Ŋ ŋ
O o Ȣ ȣ P p Q q R r Ꝛ ꝛ S s Ш ш Ә ә T t
Ꞇ ꞇ U u V v Ƿ ƿ X x Y y Z z Ʒ ʒ ’

The change from Ө to Ȣ

Ȣ ȣ ; Ө ө
Ȣ ȣ ; Ө ө

In 1970's, the development of the unified alphabet was created, replacing the Zhoushi letter Ө with a symbol Ȣ, which is a lignature of U and O. This change happened due to the similarity to the symbol Ә.

The alternative proposal to use Borelian orthography and use capital-miniscule pair of &-ε for /ə/ and pair Ө-ө for /u͡o ~ u͡ɔ/.

Keyboard version

They keyboard uses a classical QǷERTY keyboard overlay, but due to the other layer above it, it is sometimes intentionally called ꞆÐЄШЧꝚ.

Keyboard overlay with Shift (⇧) turned on
Ꞇ Ð Є Ш Ч Ꝛ Ʒ Ә Ŋ Ɲ Ȝ % ‽ ⌫
↹ Q Ƿ E R T Y U I O P Ȣ ʔ (
⇪ A S D F G H J K L “ ' ⏎
⇧ Z X C V B N M ? ! : ⇧
⌘ ⊞ ⎇ Space ⎇ ⊞ ≣ ⌘
Keyboard overlay with Shift (⇧) turned off
ꞇ ð є ш ч ꝛ ʒ ә ŋ ɲ ȝ = + ⌫
↹ q ƿ e r t y u i o p ȣ ’ )
⇪ a s d f g h j k l „ ' ⏎
⇧ z x c v b n m , . - ⇧
⌘ ⊞ ⎇ Space ⎇ ⊞ ≣ ⌘
Keyboard overlay with Alt (⎇) turned on
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ᚴ ⵒ ᘐ ⌫
↹ W w ֆ < > ÷ × ↑ Ө ө ∈ ⋃ ⋂
⇪ ₳ ſ ᕋ √ [ ] ← ↓ → ∃ ∀ ⏎
⇧ ᵴ Ӿ & ε Þ þ ≠ ∢ ⋀ ⋁ ⇧
⌘ ⊞ ⎇ Space ⎇ ⊞ ≣ ⌘
F key layer (with Zhoushi numerals)
⎋ ㅤ F1 F2 F3 F4 ㅤ F5 F6 F7 F8 ㅤ F9 Fᚴ Fⵒ Fᘐ

Phonology

Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal
Bilabial Labiodental Linguolabial Dental Alveolar Postal-veolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal m̥
(m) 		m
(m) 		n
(n) 		ɳ
(n) 		ɲ
(ɲ) 		ŋ
(ŋ)
Plosive p
(p) 		b
(b) 		t
(t) 		d
(d) 		ʈ
(t) 		ɖ
(d) 		c
(ꞇ) 		ɟ
(dj) 		k
(k) 		g
(g) 		ʔ
(’)
Sibilant affricate ʦ
(c) 		ʣ
(dz) 		ʧ
(ч) 		tʂ
(ч) 		ʨ
(ч)
Sibilant fricative s
(s) 		z
(z) 		ʃ
(ш) 		ʒ
(ʒ) 		ʂ
(ш) 		ʐ
(ʒ) 		ɕ
(ш) 		ʑ
(ʒ)
Non-sibilant fricative f
(f) 		v
(v) 		θ
(ð) 		ð
(ð) 		ʝ
(j) 		x
(ȝ) 		χ
(ȝ) 		h
(h) 		ɦ
(h)
Approximant ʋ
(ƿ) 		j
(j)
Tap/Flap ɾ̥
(r) 		ɾ
(r)
Trill r̥ (r)
r̝̊ (ꝛ) 		r (r)
r̝ (ꝛ)
Latelar approximant l
(l) 		ȴ
(l) 		ʟ
(l)
Tongue position Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i
(i) 		ɨ
(y) 		u
(u)
Near-close ɪ
(i)
Close-mid e
(e) 		o
(o)
Mid ə
(ә)
Open-mid ɛ
(e) 		ʌ
(o) 		ɔ
(o)
Near-open
Open a
(a) 		ɑ
(a) 		ɒ
(a)
Diphthong a͡u (au) ~ ɛ͡u (eu) ~ e͡u (eu) ~ o͡u (ou) ~ ɔ͡u (ou) ~ u͡o (ȣ) ~ u͡ɔ (ȣ) ~ a͡e (ae) ~ a͡i (ai)
Long vowels aː (a) ~ ɛː (e) ~ eː (e) ~ iː (i) ~ ɪː (i) ~ oː (o) ~ ɔː (o) ~ əː (ә) ~ uː (u) ~ ɨː (y)

Bold are the common sounds, while regular sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation

Nouns and adjectives

Translation to Common Code Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Loc. Ins. Abl. Voc. Adj. Adv. Dual Paucal Plural
Soft declensions
Man S1 Muʒ Muʒe Muʒi Muʒe Muʒi Muʒem Muʒi Muʒi! Muʒki Muʒko Ðimuʒ Ɲemuʒ Vimuʒ
∅ -e -i -e -i -em -i -i! -ki -ko Ði- Ɲe- Vi-
Machine S2 Stroj Stroje Stroji Stroj Stroji Strojem Strojy Stroji! Strojɲi Strojno Ðistroj Ɲestroj Vistroj
∅ -e -i ∅ -i -em -y -i! -ɲi -no Ði- Ɲe- Vi-
Sea S3 Moꝛe Moꝛe Moꝛi Moꝛe Moꝛi Moꝛem Moꝛy Moꝛe! Moꝛki Moꝛko Ðimoꝛe Ɲemoꝛe Vimoꝛe
-e -e -i -e -i -em -y -e! -ki -ko Ði- Ɲe- Vi-
Rose S4 Rȣʒe Rȣʒe Rȣʒi Rȣʒi Rȣʒi Rȣʒi Rȣʒe Rȣʒe! Rȣʒovi Rȣʒovo Ðirȣʒe Ɲerȣʒe Virȣʒe
-e -e -i -i -i -i -e -e! -ovi -ovo Ði- Ɲe- Vi-
Hard declensions
Sir H1 Paŋ Paŋa Paŋovi Paŋa Paŋovi Paŋem Paŋi Paŋe! Paŋcki Paŋcko Dypaŋ Mapaŋ Hopaŋ
∅ -a -ovi -a -ovi -em -i -e! -cki -cko Dy- Ma- Ho-
State H2 Dȣm Dȣmu Dȣmu Dȣm Dȣmu Dȣmem Dȣmy Dȣme! Dȣmovɲi Dȣmovno Dydȣm Madȣm Hodȣm
∅ -u -u ∅ -u -em -y -e! -ovɲi -ovno Dy- Ma- Ho-
Word H3 Slovo Slova Slovu Slovo Slovu Slovem Slovy Slovo! Slovɲi Slovno Dyslovo Maslovo Hoslovo
-o -a -u -o -u -em -y -o! -ɲi -no Dy- Ma- Ho-
Woman H4 Ʒәna Ʒәny Ʒәn’je Ʒәnu Ʒәn’je Ʒәnȣ Ʒәni Ʒәno! Ʒәncki Ʒәncko Dyʒәna Maʒәna Hoʒәna
-a -y -’je -u -’je -ȣ -i -o! -cki -cko Dy- Ma- Ho-
Consonantal declensions

Adjectives

BTA

Pronouns

TBA

Numbers

TBA

Verbs

TBA

Adverbs

TBA

  1. ↑ Vaʒ’ina was a former semi-independent principality stationed between the First Nokor of Prei Meas and the Empire of Three Kings, which was eventually split into two in 1870's by the State of Zhengia and the Protectorate of Dei Neak set up by Neuewland
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