Siege of Middleborough: Difference between revisions
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| caption = Officers inspecting cannons and trenches on the outskirts of Eastborough | | caption = Officers inspecting cannons and trenches on the outskirts of Eastborough | ||
| date = 22 August 1874 – 28 January 1875 | | date = 22 August 1874 – 28 January 1875 | ||
| place = [[Middleborough, | | place = [[Middleborough, Interior Tasmana|Middleborough]], [[Interior Tasmana]], [[The Furbish Islands]] and surrounding towns | ||
| result = Anti-government victory | | result = Anti-government victory | ||
* End of the Tasmana War | * End of the Tasmana War | ||
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[[Cumberland, The Furbish Islands|Cumberland]]<br>[[Interior Tasmana]]<br>[[Kitchener]]<br>[[New Anglia]]<br>[[North Fluvanna]]<br>[[Saint Brendan, The Furbish Islands|Saint Brendan]]<br>[[South Fluvanna]]<br>{{flag|The Furbish Islands}} | [[Cumberland, The Furbish Islands|Cumberland]]<br>[[Interior Tasmana]]<br>[[Kitchener]]<br>[[New Anglia]]<br>[[North Fluvanna]]<br>[[Saint Brendan, The Furbish Islands|Saint Brendan]]<br>[[South Fluvanna]]<br>{{flag|The Furbish Islands}} | ||
| commander1 = | | commander1 = | ||
[[Machiel Zonnenberg]]<br>[[Stefaan Hofting]]<br>[[Diederick Krul | [[Machiel Zonnenberg]]<br>[[Stefaan Hofting]]<br>[[Diederick Krul]] | ||
| commander2 = | | commander2 = | ||
[[Ernst Campbell]] {{KIA}}<br>[[Hunter McLean]] {{Surrendered}}<br>[[Dale Small]] {{Surrendered}}<br>[[Vincent Nisbet]] {{Surrendered}}<br>[[Rolland Wood]] {{Surrendered}}<br>[[Bart Turner]]{{Surrendered}} | [[Ernst Campbell]] {{KIA}}<br>[[Hunter McLean]] {{Surrendered}}<br>[[Dale Small]] {{Surrendered}}<br>[[Vincent Nisbet]] {{Surrendered}}<br>[[Rolland Wood]] {{Surrendered}}<br>[[Bart Turner]]{{Surrendered}} | ||
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{{Campaignbox Tasmana War}} | {{Campaignbox Tasmana War}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Siege of Middleborough''' was the last engagement of the [[Tasmana Mountain Campaign]] and [[Tasmana War]]. It began in 22 August 1874 when anti-government forces under [[Machiel Zonnenberg]] surrounded pro-government forces under [[Ernst Campbell]] in Middleborough and some surrounding towns | The '''Siege of Middleborough''' was the last engagement of the [[Tasmana Mountain Campaign]] and [[Tasmana War]]. It began in 22 August 1874 when anti-government forces under [[Machiel Zonnenberg]] surrounded pro-government forces under [[Ernst Campbell]] in [[Middleborough, Interior Tasmana|Middleborough]] and some surrounding towns and ended with the surrender of pro-government forces on January 27th, though sporadic fighting continued into the next day. The siege was the longest engagement in the Tasmana War. | ||
By summer 1874 pro-government forces were pushed back to the [[Tasmana Mountans]], which began the bloody [[Tasmana Mountain Campaign]]. By the end of summer, they were pushed back to only a handful of holdouts including Middleborough. Anti-government forces from the Third Army surrounded the holdout and attacked in all directions on 22 August but were pushed back. Under direct command of Zonnenberg, they laid siege to Middleborough and began a {{wp|trench warfare}} campaign. Campbell conscripted civilians from the cities into his army, including [[Daniel Forbes]] who was made a captain and sent to the front lines in Westborough on 26 August after one day of training. He defected immediately, allowing anti-government forces to capture the city in a second hastily planned assault the next day. They captured Westborough but were stopped everywhere else, facing heavy casualties. | By summer 1874 pro-government forces were pushed back to the [[Tasmana Mountans]], which began the bloody [[Tasmana Mountain Campaign]]. By the end of summer, they were pushed back to only a handful of holdouts including Middleborough. Anti-government forces from the Third Army surrounded the holdout and attacked in all directions on 22 August but were pushed back. Under direct command of Zonnenberg, they laid siege to Middleborough and began a {{wp|trench warfare}} campaign. Campbell conscripted civilians from the cities into his army, including [[Daniel Forbes]] who was made a captain and sent to the front lines in [[Westborough, Interior Tasmana|Westborough]] on 26 August after one day of training. He defected immediately, allowing anti-government forces to capture the city in a second hastily planned assault the next day. They captured Westborough but were stopped everywhere else, facing heavy casualties. | ||
The third assault was launched on 30 September when the First Army arrived to reinforce the Third. Anti-government forces captured parts of Eastborough and other towns but failed to capture many of their targets and once again saw heavy casualties. On 20 October when forces recovered, the fourth assault was launched, which captured most of Eastborough but with heavier casualties. The fifth assault was launched | The third assault was launched on 30 September when the First Army arrived to reinforce the Third. Anti-government forces captured parts of Eastborough and other towns but failed to capture many of their targets and once again saw heavy casualties. On 20 October when forces recovered, the fourth assault was launched, which captured most of [[Eastborough, Interior Tasmana|Eastborough]] but with heavier casualties. The fifth assault was launched on 15 November, before the winter set in but was pushed back. Several skirmishes and breakout attempts were fought between each assault, without much success from either side. In 25 January 1875 the sixth assault began, which broke through defenses in Middleborough. Heavy fighting continued for the next two days until Campbell was killed and pro-government forces announced a surrender. Sporadic fighting continued until the 28th. As Middleborough contained the last holdout of pro-government forces, its surrender marked the end of the Tasmana War. | ||
The siege was the longest engagement in the Tasmana War and known for its heavy destruction and loss of life. The cities of Eastborough and Middleborough were destroyed almost completely, being more damaged than Harrisbarig or Noorderstein, and never regained their prominence for decades. Westborough, which surrendered early on, was spared much of the damage. More soldiers died from disease and hypothermia than from enemy fire. Many civilians were also killed, but the number is not known. Campbell is seen as mainly responsible for the siege's destruction due to his unwillingness to surrender when the odds were against him. Zonnenberg also remains controversial for his role, being nicknamed the "Butcher of Tasmana". For his role, Forbes as seen as a hero, especially in Westborough where he prevented its destruction and loss of life. The siege also saw the use of trench warfare and modern weapons, foreshadowing their use in the [[First Great War]]. | The siege was the longest engagement in the Tasmana War and known for its heavy destruction and loss of life. The cities of Eastborough and Middleborough were destroyed almost completely, being more damaged than Harrisbarig or Noorderstein, and never regained their prominence for decades. Westborough, which surrendered early on, was spared much of the damage. More soldiers died from disease and hypothermia than from enemy fire. Many civilians were also killed, but the number is not known. Campbell is seen as mainly responsible for the siege's destruction due to his unwillingness to surrender when the odds were against him. Zonnenberg also remains controversial for his role, being nicknamed the "Butcher of Tasmana". For his role, Forbes as seen as a hero, especially in Westborough where he prevented its destruction and loss of life. The siege also saw the use of trench warfare and modern weapons, foreshadowing their use in the [[First Great War]]. | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
After several successful offensives throughout winter and spring 1874, anti-government forces pushed pro-government forces into the Tasmana Mountains. The [[Tasmana Mountain Campaign]], beginning in June, left pro-government forces to only a handful of holdouts by the end of the summer, but anti-government forces saw heavy casualties. One of these pockets was centered around the cities of [[Middleborough, | After several successful offensives throughout winter and spring 1874, anti-government forces pushed pro-government forces into the Tasmana Mountains. The [[Tasmana Mountain Campaign]], beginning in June, left pro-government forces to only a handful of holdouts by the end of the summer, but anti-government forces saw heavy casualties. One of these pockets was centered around the cities of [[Middleborough, Interior Tasmana|Middleborough]] and [[Aberystwyth, Interior Tasmana|Aberystwyth]]. It had the largest concentration of forces, including the headquarters of the Fifth Army and 5th Furbish brigade in Middleborough, the Fourth Army in Aberystwyth, and the First Army in [[Wrexham, Interior Tasmana|Wrexham]]. All three cities are on easily defensible and strategically important locations, with Middleborough being the most important, lying on the [[Aa River]] and [[Middleborough pass]]. | ||
The [[Aberystwyth–Middleborough offensive]] began on 12 August under direct command of [[Machiel Zonnenberg]]. [[Stefaan Hofting]]'s Third Army attacked from the north, east, and west, while [[Boniface Lemaître]]'s Fourth Army attacked through the Middleborough Pass. The pass was heavily fortified, so Lemaître ordered an attack from the mountains, which successfully pushed back the pro-government Fifth Army who guarded the pass. Facing heavy attacks from the Third Army and the advancing Fourth Army, the pro-government commanders decided on 19 August to pull their forces back to more easily defensible positions around Aberystwyth, Middleborough and towns and cities surrounding them and between them. | The [[Aberystwyth–Middleborough offensive]] began on 12 August under direct command of [[Machiel Zonnenberg]]. [[Stefaan Hofting]]'s Third Army attacked from the north, east, and west, while [[Boniface Lemaître]]'s Fourth Army attacked through the Middleborough Pass. The pass was heavily fortified, so Lemaître ordered an attack from the mountains, which successfully pushed back the pro-government Fifth Army who guarded the pass. Facing heavy attacks from the Third Army and the advancing Fourth Army, the pro-government commanders decided on 19 August to pull their forces back to more easily defensible positions around Aberystwyth, Middleborough and towns and cities surrounding them and between them. | ||
Zonnenberg ordered the Third and Fourh Armies to pursue the retreating enemy as fast as they could. However, the Fourth Army was held off at [[Battle of Mount Bailey|Mount Bailey]] just long enough so that the majority of pro-government forces were able to retreat. Zonnenberg was made aware of the thin corridor between Aberystwyth and Middleborough, and on 21 August ordered an attack on it, which cut pro-government forces into three sections centered in Aberystwyth, Wrexham, and Middleborough. Zonnenberg ordered the Fourth Army to attack the former two and the Third Army to attack Middleborough. | Zonnenberg ordered the Third and Fourh Armies to pursue the retreating enemy as fast as they could. However, the Fourth Army was held off at [[Battle of Mount Bailey|Mount Bailey]] just long enough so that the majority of pro-government forces were able to retreat. Zonnenberg was made aware of the thin corridor between Aberystwyth and Middleborough, and on 21 August ordered an [[Aberystwyth–Middleborough offensive#Battle of the corridor|attack]] on it, which cut pro-government forces into three sections centered in Aberystwyth, Wrexham, and Middleborough. Zonnenberg ordered the Fourth Army to attack the former two and the Third Army to attack Middleborough. | ||
==Opposing forces== | ==Opposing forces== | ||
===Anti-government=== | ===Anti-government=== | ||
| Line 387: | Line 387: | ||
Despite superior numbers and the artillery barrage, the IV and III Corps assaults were not immediately successful as Hofting had expected. Due to darkness, the barrage was not accurate. Most earthworks and buildings were still left intact. The darkness and size of the front also made coordination between units difficult, and many soldiers were exhausted due to little rest after their forced march. The defenders also had those problems, but to a lesser extent. | Despite superior numbers and the artillery barrage, the IV and III Corps assaults were not immediately successful as Hofting had expected. Due to darkness, the barrage was not accurate. Most earthworks and buildings were still left intact. The darkness and size of the front also made coordination between units difficult, and many soldiers were exhausted due to little rest after their forced march. The defenders also had those problems, but to a lesser extent. | ||
Though Zonnenberg believed a breakthrough was still imminent, many officers on the front lines reported that they were running low on ammunition. At around 5:00 PM Zonnenberg | Though Zonnenberg believed a breakthrough was still imminent, many officers on the front lines reported that they were running low on ammunition. At around 5:00 PM Zonnenberg ordered all soldiers to end the assault, hold their ground, and dig trenches. | ||
==Second assault and fall of Westborough== | ==Second assault and fall of Westborough== | ||
Hearing the sudden lull in the fighting, Campbell realized he was about to fight a long siege. As the most senior officer in the pocket, he reorganized his force, made up of three Tasmanan militia armies and parts of a federal Furbish brigade, into the Army of Middleborough. He also ordered that the force would hold out at all costs. The reasoning for the order is not known, but Campbell likely believed time was on his side because of extensive supply and ammunition stores in Middleborough and a belief that Fluvan speaking civilians will rise up against occupying anti-government armies. To increase his forces, Campbell conscripted 10,000 civilians, a quarter of the civilian population, into 20 new regiments. He forbade men from leaving the city, though he encouraged all women, children, and the elderly to flee in order to not | Hearing the sudden lull in the fighting, Campbell realized he was about to fight a long siege. As the most senior officer in the pocket, he reorganized his force, made up of three Tasmanan militia armies and parts of a federal Furbish brigade, into the Army of Middleborough. He also ordered that the force would hold out at all costs. The reasoning for the order is not known, but Campbell likely believed time was on his side because of extensive supply and ammunition stores in Middleborough and a belief that Fluvan speaking civilians will rise up against occupying anti-government armies. To increase his forces, Campbell conscripted 10,000 civilians, a quarter of the civilian population, into 20 new regiments. He forbade men from leaving the city, though he encouraged all women, children, and the elderly to flee in order to not diminish food supplies. | ||
[[Daniel Forbes]] was a young factory manager and Westborough native before the siege began. He was conscripted on 25 August and commissioned as a captain the next day after very little training. Seeing no point in fighting and wanting to spare the lives of his soldiers and Westborough from destruction, he secretly met with anti-government officers on the night of 26 August to arrange a surrender. In the early morning of the 27th, Forbes ordered his company to surrender, exposing a gap in the trenches in Westborough. Though Zonnenberg and Hofting have not fully planned the second assault, they decided to take the rare window of opportunity and attack as soon as Forbes' company was gone. | [[Daniel Forbes]] was a young factory manager and Westborough native before the siege began. He was conscripted on 25 August and commissioned as a captain the next day after very little training. Seeing no point in fighting and wanting to spare the lives of his soldiers and Westborough from destruction, he secretly met with anti-government officers on the night of 26 August to arrange a surrender. In the early morning of the 27th, Forbes ordered his company to surrender, exposing a gap in the trenches in Westborough. Though Zonnenberg and Hofting have not fully planned the second assault, they decided to take the rare window of opportunity and attack as soon as Forbes' company was gone. | ||
Revision as of 23:04, 15 March 2023
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The Siege of Middleborough was the last engagement of the Tasmana Mountain Campaign and Tasmana War. It began in 22 August 1874 when anti-government forces under Machiel Zonnenberg surrounded pro-government forces under Ernst Campbell in Middleborough and some surrounding towns and ended with the surrender of pro-government forces on January 27th, though sporadic fighting continued into the next day. The siege was the longest engagement in the Tasmana War.
By summer 1874 pro-government forces were pushed back to the Tasmana Mountans, which began the bloody Tasmana Mountain Campaign. By the end of summer, they were pushed back to only a handful of holdouts including Middleborough. Anti-government forces from the Third Army surrounded the holdout and attacked in all directions on 22 August but were pushed back. Under direct command of Zonnenberg, they laid siege to Middleborough and began a trench warfare campaign. Campbell conscripted civilians from the cities into his army, including Daniel Forbes who was made a captain and sent to the front lines in Westborough on 26 August after one day of training. He defected immediately, allowing anti-government forces to capture the city in a second hastily planned assault the next day. They captured Westborough but were stopped everywhere else, facing heavy casualties.
The third assault was launched on 30 September when the First Army arrived to reinforce the Third. Anti-government forces captured parts of Eastborough and other towns but failed to capture many of their targets and once again saw heavy casualties. On 20 October when forces recovered, the fourth assault was launched, which captured most of Eastborough but with heavier casualties. The fifth assault was launched on 15 November, before the winter set in but was pushed back. Several skirmishes and breakout attempts were fought between each assault, without much success from either side. In 25 January 1875 the sixth assault began, which broke through defenses in Middleborough. Heavy fighting continued for the next two days until Campbell was killed and pro-government forces announced a surrender. Sporadic fighting continued until the 28th. As Middleborough contained the last holdout of pro-government forces, its surrender marked the end of the Tasmana War.
The siege was the longest engagement in the Tasmana War and known for its heavy destruction and loss of life. The cities of Eastborough and Middleborough were destroyed almost completely, being more damaged than Harrisbarig or Noorderstein, and never regained their prominence for decades. Westborough, which surrendered early on, was spared much of the damage. More soldiers died from disease and hypothermia than from enemy fire. Many civilians were also killed, but the number is not known. Campbell is seen as mainly responsible for the siege's destruction due to his unwillingness to surrender when the odds were against him. Zonnenberg also remains controversial for his role, being nicknamed the "Butcher of Tasmana". For his role, Forbes as seen as a hero, especially in Westborough where he prevented its destruction and loss of life. The siege also saw the use of trench warfare and modern weapons, foreshadowing their use in the First Great War.
Background
After several successful offensives throughout winter and spring 1874, anti-government forces pushed pro-government forces into the Tasmana Mountains. The Tasmana Mountain Campaign, beginning in June, left pro-government forces to only a handful of holdouts by the end of the summer, but anti-government forces saw heavy casualties. One of these pockets was centered around the cities of Middleborough and Aberystwyth. It had the largest concentration of forces, including the headquarters of the Fifth Army and 5th Furbish brigade in Middleborough, the Fourth Army in Aberystwyth, and the First Army in Wrexham. All three cities are on easily defensible and strategically important locations, with Middleborough being the most important, lying on the Aa River and Middleborough pass.
The Aberystwyth–Middleborough offensive began on 12 August under direct command of Machiel Zonnenberg. Stefaan Hofting's Third Army attacked from the north, east, and west, while Boniface Lemaître's Fourth Army attacked through the Middleborough Pass. The pass was heavily fortified, so Lemaître ordered an attack from the mountains, which successfully pushed back the pro-government Fifth Army who guarded the pass. Facing heavy attacks from the Third Army and the advancing Fourth Army, the pro-government commanders decided on 19 August to pull their forces back to more easily defensible positions around Aberystwyth, Middleborough and towns and cities surrounding them and between them.
Zonnenberg ordered the Third and Fourh Armies to pursue the retreating enemy as fast as they could. However, the Fourth Army was held off at Mount Bailey just long enough so that the majority of pro-government forces were able to retreat. Zonnenberg was made aware of the thin corridor between Aberystwyth and Middleborough, and on 21 August ordered an attack on it, which cut pro-government forces into three sections centered in Aberystwyth, Wrexham, and Middleborough. Zonnenberg ordered the Fourth Army to attack the former two and the Third Army to attack Middleborough.
Opposing forces
Anti-government
General staff: Anti-government forces were under command of Machiel Zonnenberg. XXX was his chief of staff. He moved his headquarters to XXX.
Third Army: The Third Army initially surrounded pro-government forces in Middleborough. It was commanded by Stefaan Hofting, and his chief of staff was XXX. Its initial strength was nearly 70,000 men.
| Corps | Divisions | Brigades | Regiments |
|---|---|---|---|
| I Corps | First Division
|
First Brigade
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First Brigade
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Second Division
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Second Brigade
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First Brigade
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| II Corps | First Division
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First Brigade
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First Brigade
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Second Division
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Second Brigade
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| |
First Brigade
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| III Corps | First Division
|
First Brigade
|
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First Brigade
|
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Second Division
|
Second Brigade
|
| |
First Brigade
|
| ||
| IV Corps | First Division
|
First Brigade
|
|
First Brigade
|
| ||
Second Division
|
Second Brigade
|
| |
First Brigade
|
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| Cavalry Corps | First Division
|
First Brigade
|
|
First Brigade
|
| ||
Second Division
|
Second Brigade
|
| |
First Brigade
|
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Artillery Reserve
|
Second Brigade
|
| |
First Brigade
|
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Engineers
|
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Provost Marshal
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|
First Army: The 50,000 strong First Army was sent in XXX to reinforce the Third Army. It was commanded by Diederick Krul, and his chief of staff was XXX.
| Corps | Divisions | Brigades | Regiments |
|---|---|---|---|
I Corps
|
First Division
|
First Brigade
|
|
First Brigade
|
| ||
Second Division
|
Second Brigade
|
| |
First Brigade
|
|
Pro-government
Pro-government forces consisted of elements from the First, Fourth, and Fifth Armies, and 5th Furbish Brigade, totaling 50,000 soldiers. Ernst Campbell, the Commander of the Fifth Army, assumed command of the force as he was the most senior officer. After the first assault, Campbell reorganized the force into the short-lived Army of Middleborough. 10,000 civilians were also conscripted into the army over the course of the siege. Roe Andrews was Campbell's chief of staff.
| Corps | Divisions | Brigades | Regiments |
|---|---|---|---|
I Corps
|
First Division
|
First Brigade
|
|
First Brigade
|
| ||
Second Division
|
Second Brigade
|
| |
First Brigade
|
|
First assault and beginning of siege
Hofting forced marched his army through the night of 21 August, hoping to take Middleborough by surprise. However, as scouts saw his army marching, pro-government forces were able to prepare. They spent all night making basic defenses around the city. Hofting realized this as his force approached the city, but decided to continue with an attack, hoping to break through defenses before they grow stronger. The original plan had Robbert-Jan Boonenkamp's IV Corps attack from the west in Westborough, Marco Navarro Gomis's III Corps attack from the north in XXX, Michiel Lubking's II Corps attack from the east in Eastborough, and Jérémie Jacquet's I Corps march through the mountains and attack through the Middleborough Pass. All attacks except for the I Corps were supported by cavalry and artillery. Though the attacks were supposed to happen at the same time, Hofting decided to not wait. The III and IV Corps were in position at 3 AM. After an hour-long artillery barrage, they attacked while the II and I Corps were still marching. The II Corps reached their positions at 4 AM and attacked after a half-hour long artillery barrage, while the I Corps did not arrive to their position until sunrise, and they attacked immediately.
Despite superior numbers and the artillery barrage, the IV and III Corps assaults were not immediately successful as Hofting had expected. Due to darkness, the barrage was not accurate. Most earthworks and buildings were still left intact. The darkness and size of the front also made coordination between units difficult, and many soldiers were exhausted due to little rest after their forced march. The defenders also had those problems, but to a lesser extent.
Though Zonnenberg believed a breakthrough was still imminent, many officers on the front lines reported that they were running low on ammunition. At around 5:00 PM Zonnenberg ordered all soldiers to end the assault, hold their ground, and dig trenches.
Second assault and fall of Westborough
Hearing the sudden lull in the fighting, Campbell realized he was about to fight a long siege. As the most senior officer in the pocket, he reorganized his force, made up of three Tasmanan militia armies and parts of a federal Furbish brigade, into the Army of Middleborough. He also ordered that the force would hold out at all costs. The reasoning for the order is not known, but Campbell likely believed time was on his side because of extensive supply and ammunition stores in Middleborough and a belief that Fluvan speaking civilians will rise up against occupying anti-government armies. To increase his forces, Campbell conscripted 10,000 civilians, a quarter of the civilian population, into 20 new regiments. He forbade men from leaving the city, though he encouraged all women, children, and the elderly to flee in order to not diminish food supplies.
Daniel Forbes was a young factory manager and Westborough native before the siege began. He was conscripted on 25 August and commissioned as a captain the next day after very little training. Seeing no point in fighting and wanting to spare the lives of his soldiers and Westborough from destruction, he secretly met with anti-government officers on the night of 26 August to arrange a surrender. In the early morning of the 27th, Forbes ordered his company to surrender, exposing a gap in the trenches in Westborough. Though Zonnenberg and Hofting have not fully planned the second assault, they decided to take the rare window of opportunity and attack as soon as Forbes' company was gone.
Third Assault
Fourth assault and fall of Eastborough
Fifth assault
Final assault
Surrender
Aftermath
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