Reformed Government of Senria

Reformed Government of Senria 千龙国維新政府 Qiānlóngguó wéixīn zhèngfǔ Senryuukoku Isin Seihu
1927–1934
Flag Seal
Anthem: Ready to fall like ten thousand sakura blossoms
Maximum extent of the Reformed Government shown in red. Maximum extent of the Reformed Government shown in red.
Status	Administratively autonomous component of the Heavenly Xiaodongese Empire
Capital	Oue (1927-1931) Sakata (1932, de facto)
Government	Provisional government under military dictatorship
Emperor
• 1927-1934	Shanrong Emperor
Chief Minister
• 1927-32	Yosito Otuzi
• 1932-1935	Itio Fuziwara (exile)
History
• Invasion of Senria	April 7 1927
• Exile from Senria	1934
• Dissolution	4 May 1934
Currency	Silver Yen (1927-1931) Yuan (1932, de facto)
Preceded by Succeeded by Senria Senria
Today part of	Senria

The Reformed Government of Senria (Xiaodongese: 千龙国維新政府; Qiānlóngguó wéixīn zhèngfǔ; Senrian: 千龍國維新政府; Senryuukoku Isin Seihu) was the official name of the areas of Senria occupied by the Heavenly Xiaodongese Empire during the Great War from 1927 to its collapse in 1932. Throughout most of its history the Reformed Government controlled a substantial part of the island of Tousuu, with its headquarters being in Oue; it also controlled the Isotama Islands and, briefly, regions of the island of Kousuu.

The Reformed Government was created on the basis that Xiaodong, which had rapidly industrialised during the late 1800's and enjoyed political stability, was destined to lead southern Coius; Xiaodong invaded Senria in 1927 partly due to the political instability following the Senrian Revolution and also due to the Senrian annexation of the Xiaodongese concession of Sakata. The political future of Senria was initially uncertain - initial occupation authorities where made up of a joint Senrian-Xiaodongese government, which aimed for the new state to be part of a Xiaodongese bloc that would see the restoration of order in Senria. However, in the later months of 1927 the government became increasingly dominated by Xiaodongese officials under Qiu Hanjie who proposed to divide Senria into two zones, one to be deported of ethnic Senrians and replaced with ethnic Xiaodongese and the other to be a rump puppet state.

Under the Reformed Government the Senrian Genocide was carried out. However, the war turned for the worse for Xiaodong in 1931 and, by 1932, the majority of the territory of the Reformed Government was reclaimed by Senria. The Reformed Government was officially dissolved in January 1934, but the entirety of the Senrian archipelago had de facto been in Senrian hands since June 16 1932.

History

Background

The early twentieth century in Senria saw a substantial divide between an increasingly revolutionary republican movement and the the traditionalist forces of the imperial house. Despite a limited degree of industrialization starting during the Keiou Restoration, Senria remained a predominantly agricultural country; this weakness was seized upon by Xiaodong in 1909, who seized the city of Sakata after delivering an ultimatum to Senria. This became known as the First Sakata Incident and fatally undermined support for the Senrian monarchy.

In April 1918, this disquiet with the Senrian monarchy - exacerbated by the ongoing effects of the Great Collapse - led to a series of riots that morphed into an armed conflict, starting the Senrian Revolution between republican forces led by Ryuunosuke Miyamoto and the monarchy. The republicans were able to capture large parts of the Senrian archipelago being supported by Estmere and Werania, whilst the monarchy was supported by Xiaodong and Gaullica. The republicans formed a government in Ukyou which, after Miyamoto's death, was dominated by Isao Isiyama. Yosito Otuzi was originally seen as a protégé to Miyamoto but was displaced by Isiyama, leading to an increasing rivalry between the two, which caused Otuzi to leave the Kyouwakai after Isiyama became its leader. In 1926 a group of generals under Katurou Imahara (known as the "Gang of Six") were able to carry out a successful coup d'état, ending the Senrian monarchy. The Gang of Six's government in Keisi and Isiyama's government in Ukyou agreed to form a united body known as the Council of the Senrian State, evenly divided between Imaharists and Isiyamists; this body quickly became paralyzed due to the political rivalry between the two men, however, which caused a loss of public faith in the new government.

The increasing dominance of colonial powers in Senria such as Werania and Estmere, coupled with the more aggressive posturing of Xiaodong following the ascension to power of the Shanrong Emperor, led to nationalist fervour in Senria. Although the mainstream of Senrian republican leaders saw Xiaodong as the greatest threat to the nation, some, such as influential republican figure (and rival to Isiyama) Yosito Otuzi and some members of the Reimeisa, saw peace and cooperation with Xiaodong as the best defence against Euclean colonialism, with the intent to create a pan-Coian bloc. Otuzi also had become attached to functionalism as was being practiced in Gaullica and saw Senria's republican system as being unsuited to the country, creating the Party of National Reconstruction to advocate functionalism and anti-Euclean colonialism. Monarchists in the Genyoukai (Black Ocean Association) also opposed the new Senrian state with some monarchists - such as Prince Teruhito - seeing Xiaodong as the best hope for the overthrow of the republican regime.

In light of the continued presence of monarchist forces, the rise of far-left organisations, and shaky popular support of the government, the Council of the Senrian State decided to retake the city of Sakata from Xiaodong, at the time guarded only by a light garrison. The Council believed that their alliances with Estmere and Werania, coupled with the weak Xiaodongese economic situation as a result of the Great Collapse, would deter Baiqiao from initiating hostilities to retake the city; concerns were also raised about potential interference from Gaullica, which had been leased a portion of Sakata's harbor as a coaling station by Xiaodong, but the Council concluded it would likely simply shift these operations to Jindao. On November 17, 1926, Senria initiated the Second Sakata Incident, quickly retaking the city; Xiaodong, with Gaullican support, issued an ultimatum that would have essentially vassalised Senria. Senria refused to abide by this ultimatum, leading to Xiaodong and Gaullica to declare war; this, in turn, led to the invocation of a web of alliances that escalated into the Great War.

Establishment of the Reformed Government

Xiaodongese troops entering Sakata in 1927.

On February 2 1927 the Xiaodongese Senrian Expeditionary Army (SEA) under the command of Qiu Hanjie landed at Sakata, Oue, Urasoe, and Mutumura in a large-scale assault on Senria. The SEA contained the Second Army under Lu Keqian; the Fourth Army under Liao Yinzhai and the Seventh Army under Qing Qishuo organised into 16 divisions. The SEA soon took control over much of northern Senria, setting up their operational headquarters in Sakata. Xiaodong had been able to capture the city due to it being weakly defended under the forces of Lu Keqian. Within the month, larges areas of the Sakata and Misaki prefectures, as well as much of Mutumura prefecture and some areas of Sueoka and Sekiguti prefectures were occupied by Xiaodongese troops.

During the invasion, monarchist members of the Reimeisa and supporters of Otuzi attempted to plot a coup in Keisi that would replace the Council of the Senrian State with a government that would expel Euclean forces from Senria and attempt to negotiate a peace with Xiaodong. This conspiracy was soon discovered, with Otuzi and leading Reimeisa figure Iehiro Tokudome fleeing to the Xiaodongese occupied zone on the 24th of February.

Between the 5 February when the city of Sakata fell to the 30 March when SEA Commander Qiu Hanjie, quartermaster general Ren Xilian and Peace Preservation Brigade commander Shen Jinping arrived in Senria the occupied zone was effectively controlled by general Lu Keqian. Lu instantly began preparations to create a puppet government to administrate Senrian territory, anticipating a long war with Senria and therefore aiming to more easily manage the occupation by allowing the SEA to focus on combat activities and letting civilians govern the territory.

Shen Jinping, Qiu Hanjie, Liao Yinzhi and Ren Xilian arriving in Sakata in April 1930.

Xiaodong at this point had framed the invasion in its propaganda as a measure to impose order over Senria in the aftermath of the Senrian Revolution, and had attempted to incorporate ethnic Senrians into the regime by promising them a "strong Senria in a Greater Xiaodongese Order", warning against the dangers of Senria descending further into republicanism, liberalism and socialism.

A series of pro-Xiaodongese municipal councils were organised in Oue, Urasoe and Mutumura whilst Lu issued the "Charter on the Development of Senria" on the 3rd March 1927 which promised to create an independent Senrian state under Xiaodongese protection. On the 14 March 1937 Lu appointed Yosito Otuzi to head a provisional government that would consist of pro-collaboration forces - monarchists from the Genyoukai, Reimeisa members loyal to Tokudome (having formed a splinter party they termed the True Reimeisa after being expelled from Reimeisa), and functionalists in the Party of National Reconstruction - who would be under the umbrella of the pro-Xiaodongese Sintaiseikai (New Order Society). The new government would be based in the city of Oue, although, as it had to report to the SEA HQ in Sakata, a large amount of its operations took place in Sakata rather than in Oue.

On the 30 March 1927 Qiu and Ren arrived in Senria where they supported Lu's creation of a puppet government and formally petitioned the Shanrong Emperor to approve of a client state. The Shanrong Emperor approved on the 5 April and on the 7 April Otuzi formally declared the creation of the Reformed Government of Senria (千龙国維新政府; Senryuukoku Isin Seihu). Otuzi claimed the government was rather then a new entity the successor of the pre-1926 republican government, and as such the legitimate government of Senria; Otuzi stated that the unification of Isiyama's Ukyou government and the Gang of Six's Keisi government in 1926 had been illegitimate, and that the Keisi government therefore constituted an illegal regime.

The same day the Reformed Government was created it signed a Friendship and Cooperation Pact with Xiaodong, recognising the Xiaodongese Emperor as the provisional head of state, relinquishing all claims to Sakata, mandating the SEA provide oversight for all governmental, judicial and military functions, ban anti-Xiaodongese propaganda, allowing the SEA extraterritorial rights over territory controlled by the Reformed Government, allow the SEA total control over political appointments and allow the SEA veto power over "decisions relating to the anti-banditry campaign" (the Xiaodongese name for the war with Senria). In effect these moves made the Reformed Government a puppet state - all vice-ministers in the Reformed Government's cabinet were Xiaodongese whilst the ambassador to the government was Qiu Hanjie, who in his capacity as SEA chief held de facto veto power over all government operations.

Development of the Reformed Government

The founding conference of the Sintaiseikai in 1931.

Ukyou Uprising

Senrian guerrillas marching through Ukyou during the uprising.

Exile and dissolution

Itio Fuziwara inspecting remaining Reformed Government troops in Baiqiao in 1934.

Xiaodongese intentions regarding the territory

Pre-war plans

Prior to the Senrian Revolution Xiaodong aimed to align Senria as a vassal state of the Xiaodongese monarchy. Senria's strategic location and the memories of Euclean imperialism in Xiaodong meant that Xiaodong saw Senria as a vital buffer state. The signing of an alliance with Gaullica did not completely allay Xiaodongese concerns, who feared Gaullica would take advantage of the alliance to annex Senria into the Gaullican Empire and thus maintain Xiaodong as a powerful but truncated ally. Following the seizure of Sakata in 1909 the first governor-general of the new territory, Jiang Dongbiao, stated that the seizure was the "first and most decisive step" into "economically, politically and military penetrating Senria and as such giving Xiaodong an early advantage in aligning Senria into our sphere".

During the Senrian revolution Xiaodong alongside Gaullica supported the Senrian monarchy, with Xiaodongese leaders seeing the monarchy as more amenable to Xiaodongese influence. Support was limited under the Jiayin Restoration in 1922 saw the Shanrong Emperor cement himself as an absolute monarchy and promote the militaristic Great Harmony Association to power. The Shanrong Emperor approved of a 70,000 men expeditionary force to be sent to Senria in order to prop up the monarchy, led by Zhang Haodong. Zhang's forces however refused to be put under the authority of the Senrian monarchy and operated largely autonomously on the island of Tousuu, hampering their effectiveness. In 1925 the expeditionary force was withdrawn, with Zhang stating to the government that the Senrian republican forces were likely to win but that Senria would be militarily "incapable for the foreseeable future" and recommended a policy of maximum pressure to cause the collapse of new government that would allow Xiaodong to extract considerable concessions from the collapsed Senrian state.

Yao Fuzhang (left) promoted the creation of a Senrian satellite state whilst Ren Xilian (right) proposed annexing Senria into Xiaodong.

During the revolution an influential Xiaodongese figure writing about Senria became Chen Guanbiao, a radical socialist theorist who called for a new society in a Xiaodongese dominated Senria that would be pan-Coian in character, with harmony between the people of Senria and Xiaodong. Chen originally a supporter of the Senrian Revolution became disillusioned with what he saw as the chaos it had unleashed - Chen blamed the revolution's failure to achieve social reform in real terms on the fact that it embraced liberal and nationalist ideology. Chen called on the Coian nations to reject barbaric nationalism and to submit to Xiaodong which would liberate the Coian world of reactionary practice and promote peace between people's. These ideas were later adapted by right-wing theorists. These rightists promoted Chen's analysis that liberalism and "barbaric nationalism" had destroyed Senria and that a new society in Senria needed to be built, but rather than promote an anti-nationalist, utopian pan-Coianism instead called for Xiaodong to subjugate and destroy Senrian society in its entirety.

Radical socialist followers of Chen advocated for Xiaodong to intervene in Senria and influenced war planners. Yao Fuzhang, the Chief of Staff of the Xiaodongese military, was convinced that a war with Senria to contain the "republican experiment" was imminent but that a pro-Xiaodongese, monarchist Senria was still possible to restore. Yao submitted to the Emperor a proposal that in the event hostilities with Senria broke out Xiaodong would not push for concessions with Senria but instead aim for full blown regime change and the re-orientation of Senrian politics and its economy to Xiaodong. Yao's plan was opposed by those of the extreme right of the government such as Ren Xilian, who called for "the orderly and complete dismantlement of Senria and the elimination of is people's" but was widely accepted by most political factions, despite concerns that regime change would be a costly endeavour doe Xiaodong. The Emperor was also friendly with the exiled Senrian Prince Teruhito who heavily advocated for a Xiaodongese invasion that would restore his family to the throne. Following the annexation of Sakata by Senria, Xiaodongese officials crafted an ultimatum to be given to Senria or face. The ultimatum was designed to be politically unacceptable to Senria to they would reject it and as such its six points were designed to move Senria into the direction of a vassal state, with these being -

1. Senria will recognise the authority of the Son of Heaven and pay tribute.
2. Senria will relinquish all claims to Sakata and return the territory to Xiaodong.
3. Senria will halt all anti-Xiaodongese agitation and cease all anti-Xiaodongese propaganda.
4. Senria will remove all officials who express views demeaning and insulting the Xiaodongese nation.
5. Senria will allow representatives of Xiaodong to supervise the affairs of the Senrian state in the interests of collective security and mutual friendship.
6. Senria will present all those with civil and military posts in Senria to be examined and approved by representatives of the Xiaodongese state.

The final push for Xiaodong to adopt a strategy of regime change came after Senria rejected Xiaodong's ultimatum - with this rejection the Shanrong Emperor labelled the Senrian government as being "completely impossible to reason or negotiate with" and that a "responsible government is needed to end the anarchy on these islands".

Proposals for a monarchy

Senrian Prince Teruhito lobbied for his family to be returned to throne, but the idea faded from prominence after he was killed by Senrian guerrillas in 1928.

When Xiaodong declared war on Senria in 1927 there was still debate within the government over the future setup of the new Senrian state. Although the initial propaganda highlighted that the main aim would be the implementation of the Six Points in full - which Gaullica believed to be the only aim of Xiaodongese forces - the Shanrong Emperor had informed the military almost immediately that the main priority was regime change and the destruction of republicanism in Senria.

Following the invasion various collaborationist parties emerged - these included the monarchist Black Ocean Association, the ultranationalist, anti-Euclean True New Dawn Society and the functionalist Party of National Reconstruction. All those whose supported the new Xiaodongese regime were based in the traditionalist, anti-republican right of Senrian politics albeit not all of them - particularly the Party of National Reconstruction - supported monarchism. An important collaborationist early on, influential former republican Yosito Otuzi, was particularly vocal in his opposition to a monarchical restoration supporting instead the creation of a new state based on national functionalism. This contrasted to prince Teruhito who despised modernisation and wished to restore Senria to a semi-feudal, authoritarian monarchy that would restore the "samurai spirit".

Following the invasion general Lu Keqian announced the creation of a provisional government in Sakata choosing Otuzi as Chief Minister of the Reformed Government. Lu was a republican and personally despised Prince Teruhito who he saw as a "epitome of the gutless character of the Senrian people, whose deception is not even marked by any finesse" and worked to prevent a restoration of the Senrian monarchy to the islands. Lu's appointment of Otuzi was approved by his superior Qiu Hanjie who whilst not being a republican distrusted the Black Ocean Association as being comprised of opportunists, instead promoting Otuzi loyalists in the Party of National Reconstruction to lead the collaborationist government. Qiu sponsored the creation of the Sintaiseikai, an alliance of the three collaborationist parties and other independent collaborationists with the hope it could form the nucleus of a single-party state.

Shortly after the appointment of Otuzi as Chief Minister Teruhito returned to Senria and declared his regal name to be Kyuuan, increasingly adopting the title of Dragon King is official parlance. Teruhito's move alienated his supporters in the Xiaodongese government, who had not yet secured the exact terms of his return to the throne and vindicated the reports of people like Lu and Qiu who saw Teruhito as an untrustworthy ally to Xiaodong at best. Teruhito's move also was a propaganda gift to the Senrian government who began to more readily associate monarchism with collaborationism, increasing support for the Senrian republican government, a fact bemoaned by Xiaodongese generals. Shortly before Teruhito's death the Shanrong Emperor wrote to the prince urging him to cooperate with the occupation officials or risk losing support for his restoration.

The Shanrong Emperor remained supportive of the restoration of some form of Senrian monarchy, but had become increasingly drawn to annexing sections of northern Senria in order to ensure Keisi was "always in range of our artillery" as well as being a "fine prize for the men we have lost". Prince Teruhito increasingly came to oppose the annexation of such large swathes of northern Senria and the Black Ocean Association became far more marginalised as the Shanrong Emperor became far less supportive of a Senrian monarchist restoration, although was still opposed to the radical functionalists in Senria supported by occupation authorities. The Shanrong Emperor tapped his sister, Princess Wenzhuang who spoke Senrian, as a potential candidate for ruling over a southern Senrian state.

Princess Wenzhuang was considered as the Xiaodongese candidate for the Senrian throne, but was vetoed by Qiu Hanjie.

In January 1928 Senrian guerrillas were able to assassinate prince Teruhito which led to Senrian monarchist collaborationists to lose their primary advocate - the Shanrong Emperor however was still unsure of a non-monarchist government. Princess Wenzhuang soon became the Xiaodongese government's choice for a Senrian monarch and in March 1928 she was sent to Sakata ostensibly as the imperial representative to the reformed government. Princess Wenzhuang was chosen partly due to her fluency in the Senrian language but also due to her lack of political ties with established Xiaodongese or Senrian political factions.

Princess Wenzhuang's proposal to become monarch was opposed by Qiu Hanjie and other military leaders in the occupation authorities after Wenzhuang criticised some of the conditions Senrians faced in the occupation zones. At a meeting with Qiu in June 1928 Qiu was reported to continually shout at Wenzhuang that Senrians were "dogs" and that she would become a traitor to the country if she continued to argue with the occupation authorities over the status of Senrians in the occupation zones.

By 1929 as the Senrian genocide started in full the Shanrong Emperor delayed the plan coronation of Wenzhuang until after the war. In 1931 Wenzhuang was found to be passing information to the Senrian resistance, some of which was blamed for helping the Ukyou uprising; as a result of this but to avoid embarrassment for the imperial family the Shanrong Emperor demanded she return to Baiqiao where she placed under house arrest, dying shortly afterwards of what was suspected to be a poisoning. With Wenzhuang's withdrawal the Shanrong Emperor lost interest in restoring a monarchy for Senria with the idea rarely being proposed afterwards.

Plans for partition

Although some plans early on had envisioned maintaining Senria as a united state, following the invasion quickly it became popular within Xiaodongese government circles to eventually partition Senria following the war's end and the annexation of Senrian territory into Xiaodong directly. The reasoning for a partition was coached in various ways; military planners saw control of the strait between Xiaodong and Senria as vital for Xiaodong to maintain naval supremacy and that by moving the Xiaodongese border to be near Keisi that they would be able to permanently be in a position to strike at the Senrian capital at a moments notice. Demographers also wanted to move a large amount of rural unemployed Xiaodongese into new areas to create settler colonies, with a transfer of parts of the population into Senria being similar to moves into Duljun and Tinza. Ideologues also believed that Xiaodong had a natural right to expand its borders and that Senria as a nation that had defied the more powerful Xiaodong deserved punishment through loss of land.

General Li Yongjin formulated the Yasuoka Plan that called for the complete partition of Senria.

Partition plans from the very start saw to divide Senria into areas designated for Xiaodong to be depopulated of Senrians, repopulated with ethnic Xiaodongese and absorbed as integral provinces of Xiaodong and areas to make up a rump Senrian state. Usually these plans roughly saw northern Senria including the island of Tousuu absorbed into Xiaodong and southern provinces remaining an independent Senrian state. A minority, mainly based around Ren Xilian, wanted to annex the entirety of Senria but this idea was rejected by the Shanrong Emperor after Chief of Staff Yao Fuzhang called such a move logistically impossible.

In April 1927 the Shanrong Emperor appointed General Li Yongjin, based in the newly-created Yasuoka military district, to devise a series of recommendations regarding the future territorial boundaries of Senria. Li was a protégé of Qiu Hanjie and believed that Xiaodong had an inalienable right to expand into and annex large sections of Senria. Li observed that as a bastion of republicanism northern Senria should be depopulated as its citizens were already less likely to accept Xiaodongese rule and thus the most surefire way to pacify them would be to remove them completely; Li also stated that by moving such a large amount of Senrians that it was inevitable that their population would enter rapid decline and thus reverse the increasing tend of Senria's population "catching up" to Xiaodong, thereby allowing Xiaodong to retain an overwhelming demographic advantage over Senria.

Li recommended that the Ontoudou, Tousandou, Ongokudou, Tintoudou, Toukokudou, Hokkaidou, Hokusandou, Kennandou, Toukaidou, Tuukaidou, and Sanyoudou regions of Senria should be annexed into Xiaodong and depopulated of their Senrian inhabitants to be replaced with Xiaodongese. Depopulation was either to be done via Senrians to be imported into Xiaodong as slave labour and to force the remaining Senrians to undergo cultural "Xiaodongisation" or for the physical removal and genocide of the Senrian people as a whole. Although Li was a staunch advocate for the latter substantial parts of the military advocated the former who feared more radical measures would redirect vital supplies from the front lines.

The Li proposals were named the Yasuoka Plan and were enthusiastically adopted by Qiu Hanjie. Qiu presented the plan for partition to Otuzi as a fait accompli, stating that the imperial house had already approved it and that Xiaodongese forces would dissolve the reformed government if Otuzi did not agree to the proposal. Otuzi attempted to negotiate the retention of Sanyoudou and Hokusandou but this proposal was vetoed by Qiu. As a result Otuzi accepted, leading to the Yasuoka Plan to become the official policy of the Reformed Government. Although the central government approved of the plan, it is unclear if they did so prior or after Otuzi was presented with the proposal.

Administration

Otuzi Yosito and Fuziwara Itio, Chief Ministers of the Reformed Government from 1927 to 1932 and 1932 to 1934 respectively.

The Decree for the governance of Senria laid out the basic administrative structure of the Reformed Government. The head of state was left vacant whilst the Emperor of Xiaodong was designated as being "above the government" and the Senrian Expeditionary Army afforded extra-territorial rights. An executive known as the State Council was created headed by a Chief Minister, whilst a legislature was due to be created at an undefined date. Three political parties existed - the Black Ocean Association, True New Dawn Society and the Party of National Reconstruction who were organised into a single alliance, the Sintaiseikai (New Order Society). After 1931 the parties were formally merged into the Sintaiseikai as the Reformed Government became a single-party state.

There was great debate over whether to restore the Senrian monarchy under Prince Teruhito or a Xiaodongese one under Princess Wenzhuang, but these proposals both never came to be implemented. The chief minister, Otuzi Yosito, was seen to be the highest ranking Senrian official in the regime and its main representative abroad in lieu of a head of state.

The centre of political power however was in the hands of the Commanding Officer of the Senrian Expeditionary Army. The State Council and Chief Minister were little more than rubber stamping bodies as the military appointed ministers and ran local government. The Sintaiseikai and its associated militias served only as a conduit for the mass mobilisation of the Senrian population in Xiaodongese occupied territory rather than as genuine political entities. This meant that effectively the Reformed Government was a military dictatorship ruled by the SEA Commanding Officer Qiu Hanjie.

In 1932 Otuzi was removed as Chief Minister and replaced with Itio Fuziwara, the chief of staff of the New Army who had already relocated to Xiaodong. After Xiaodongese forces were removed from mainland Senria in 1932 the Reformed Government continued to function as a government-in-exile in Baiqiao until 1934 when Fuziwara signed a decree dissolving the government after Xiaodongese officials pressured him to do so, hoping to come to a negotiated peace with Senria. The Fuziwara cabinet was captured by Senrian forces during the invasion of Xiaodong with the majority being tried and executed for treason.

Ideology and political parties

Up until their merger in 1931, the Reformed Government included three political parties - the Party of National Reconstruction, the True Reimeisa (New Dawn Society) and the Genyoukai (Black Ocean Society). The three parties reflected competing ideologies on the Senrian far-right - functionalism, anti-Euclean nationalism and monarchism. The three parties officially worked under the loose coalition of the Sintaiseikai (New Order Society) that generally promote close relations with Xiaodong.

The friendship of the peoples of Xiaodong and the Senria is everlasting a poster promoting collaborationism.

The three parties in common espoused traditionalism and an idolisation of peasant life. All parties saw the westernisation of Senria as responsible for moral and political decline seeing a return to a pre-industrialised society. Corrupt bureaucrats, opportunistic politicians and greedy industrialists had to be purged from Senrian society with Senria being best served under an all-powerful leader backed by a military that enforced the bushido code in society. Democracy and republicanism being absent from Senrian society for millennia was to be rejected as a creed alien to Senria and its traditions. Capitalism also was routinely condemned in propaganda as was modernisation in general. Many within the Reformed Government saw superior will - the so-called "samurai-spirit" - was sufficient in absence of technological developments. As such the Reformed Government in much of its propaganda appeared as intensely anti-modernist.

Although created as a puppet state of Xiaodong the ideology of the Reformed Government had an ambivalent stance towards its benefactor and overlord. Xiaodong had since the 1880's loyally adopted westernisation and technological progress, adopting ethnic nationalism as necessary for the modernisation of the state. As much of the Reformed Government consisted of intense nationalists the Xiaodongese plans to partition Senria elicited alarm amongst some of the less loyal collaborationists. In general, attitudes to Xiaodong in state ideology could be divided into three groups. The first supported an elimination of the republican regime and hoped that following its fall Senria would be revive the samurai-spirit and unite the kokutai to restore Senria to greatness, essentially biding time for a later victory over Xiaodong. The second saw cooperation with Xiaodong in idealistic terms, seeing Xiaodong - as the main Coian power - as being destined to destroy Euclean colonialism and that as a similar civilisation to Xiaodong Senria would become a "brother nation" to Xiaodong, equal in status with a relationship built of anti-Eucleanism. This group saw Xiaodong's rise from a nation colonised by Eucleans to being equal to them as something to emulate for Senria, usually through the same combination of rapid industrialisation and political authoritarianism. The third group were both opportunistic and pessimistic in nature, seeing a Xiaodongese victory over Senria as nigh-inevitable and that Senria would be best suited managing its place in a Xiaodongese-led order in Coius rather then resisting.

The regime placed the Great War as a confrontation between Coian nations and the forces of international bankers and colonialists from Euclean powers such as Estmere, Werania and to a lesser extent Etruria. As the Reformed Government was allied nominally with Gaullica it refrained from presenting the conflict as one between Coians and white people, instead emphasising Estmere and Werania. In the occupation zones state propaganda encouraged Senrians to boycott Euclean goods and anti-Euclean campaigns in the media was extremely common. Functionalists such as Otuzi deeply admired Gaullica's Popular Party and wished to create a single-party state - possibly one even with a puppet monarchy - similar to Gaullica. Nevertheless the Reformed Government above all else spoke against the "materialism, individualism, liberalism and socialism of Euclean society" instead promoting traditionalist, collectivist and spiritualist themes.

After the death of Teruhito the monarchists within the regime faded from relevance. More nationalist members also were purged as Xiaodong increased the intensity of the Senrian genocide and started plans to fully partition Senria. When the three parties were formally merged into the Sintaiseikai in 1931 the state ideology was formalised as being based on restoring the bushido spirit, rejecting Euclean influence in Senria, returning to a pre-industrialised state, becoming a homogeneous society and affirming friendship with Xiaodong. This generally reflected Xiaodongese desires of a weak Senrian state that would effectively be run in a semi-feudal manner.

International recognition

As the Reformed Government claimed sovereignty over the entirety of Senria it attempted to portray itself as the legitimate government of Senria and as such tried to secure international recognition from other countries. At the declaration of war with Senria Xiaodong had already withdrawn its diplomats from Keisi and following the creation of the Reformed Government immediately recognised it. Tributary states such as Tinza and Lainan also extended diplomatic recognition.

Gaullican Admiral Léonard Bertillon with military officials from the Reformed Government.

The creation of the Reformed Government was almost instantly was denounced by members of the Grand Alliance including Senria, Estmere and Werania. Katurou Imahara called the Reformed Government a "parody of a country... fabricated by traitors to destroy the sovereignty of the Senrian nation", and called for the "free nations of the world to reject this Xiaodongese imperialist creation"; Isao Isiyama, a longtime rival of Yosito Otuzi, referred to it as "a gaggle of traitors led by a vulture". Countries like Etruria and Nuxica continued to recognise the Keisi-based government.

Xiaodong invested heavily in convincing other members of the Entente to recognise the Reformed Government, particularly Gaullica so Gaullica would not pressure Xiaodong into signing a separate peace with Senria and support Baiqiao's aim of complete regime change in Keisi. In 1928 the Commander of the Flotte de l'Austral (Gaullica's Coian-based fleet) Léonard Bertillon met with members of the Reformed Government where he confirmed that the Gaullican government would formally recognise the Reformed Government.

Other Entente states such as Marirana, Amathia and Poliania followed Gaullica's recognition of the Reformed Government. Despite intense lobbying from Otuzi for other neutral nations to extend recognition to the new government no government outside the Entente and their puppet states recognised the Reformed Government over Imahara's government. By the time the government was dissolved in 1934 the state held no diplomatic recognition outside Xiaodong and its client states.

Judicial system

The Reformed Government was under a state of martial law throughout its existence, meaning military courts determined the justice of those within the regimes borders.

Military forces

Members of the New Senria Army.

The Reformed Government was only afforded a limited military of 80,000 men, known as the New Senria Army. The army was mainly comprised of monarchist soldiers from the civil war who had been marginalised by the new republican government and followers of Otuzi, as well as various far-right elements of the Senrian army who saw the Imahara government as to reliant on Euclea. Xiaodong's reasoning for maintaining a small Senrian army was twofold; on the one hand it wished for post-war Senria to be a weak state that could not militarily threaten Xiaodong. On the other Xiaodongese officials saw Senrians as being unlikely to join the New Senrian Army in large numbers and so instead wanted a smaller, more elite force that would actually be useful in prosecuting the war against Senria. The Reformed Government possessed a small airforce and a navy containing a handful of patrol boats and a destroyer, but neither of these were seen as a serious force. The army was also subject to the Xiaodongese army command, making it a de facto part of the Heavenly Army.

The New Senria Army was mainly equipped with surplus Xiaodongese and captured Senrian equipment; despite possessing a small amount of armoured cars and a cavalry division, it was mainly an infantry force. The New Senria Army was mainly deployed playing a supporting role for Xiaodongese units in battle as well as controlling the cities to officially "restore order". Unlike the militia forces that Xiaodong also set up, the New Senria Army was generally loyal to the regime until the 1931 Ukyou uprising saw it decimated and its members defect in large numbers. According to Senrian historian Kuroda Hayasi the New Senrian Army's loyalty to the regime came from the fact they tended to be recruited from the most ideologically extreme right-wing forces that were pro-Xiaodong, received extensive ideological training and tended to experience better living conditions then even some of their Xiaodongese counterparts. Despite this the New Senria Army never reached its assigned 80,000 manpower capacity as set out by Xiaodong despite attempts to increase conscription measures.

After the Ukyou uprising however the New Senria Army was increasingly hollowed out by Xiaodong; the majority of its equipment was transferred to the Xiaodongese army, its officers reassigned to commanding paramilitary forces tasked with stamping out resistance groups and members suspected of treason deported to extermination zones. By 1932 the New Senria Army was beset by defections and many of its members committing suicide.  

Militias

To encourage local support for the new regime, volunteer militias were created by occupation authorities that aimed to incorporate Senrians into the new regime and defend against resistance groups. The largest of these was the Anti-Banditry Corps which was created to root out anti-Xiaodongese Senrian resistance groups. Other militia's included the All-Women's Defence Battalion and the Youth Brigades, both of which were the military arms of the Senrian Women's League and the Youth for the Restoration of Senria, mass organisations created by occupation forces to shore up support for the regime from all sectors of society.

All militia groups were nominally voluntary, but in reality Senrian citizens were pressured into joining them; Xiaodongese commanders frequently used kidnapping and impressment to recruit. Milita members were deemed more expendable than Xiaodongese troops and as a result were frequently denied supplies and intentionally sent on suicide missions by Xiaodongese commanders. The vast majority were not loyal to occupation forces, with many aiding and abetting guerrilla forces and Senrian espionage activities, and large numbers of Senrian milita members defected or surrendered to Senrian troops when given the opportunity.

The militia groups were dissolved in November 1930 when all Senrian citizens in occupied territory were designated to be deported into extermination zones, although militia groups had been used in the genocide prior to their dissolution.

Demographics

A burakumin women in a ghetto in Mutumura.

Over the course of the war, the Xiaodongese state aimed to fundamentally reconfigure the entire ethnic makeup of Senria, beginning its conversion from a homogeneous Senrian to a homogeneous Xiaodongese state. At the eve of the invasion the vast majority of the population within what would become the Reformed Government where ethnic Senrians, with a small population of Xiaodongese people mainly in Sakata where under Xiaodongese rule the city had begun to have a ethnic majority of Xiaodongese.

Under the occupation Xiaodong divided the population along socio-ethnic lines. Ethnic Xiaodongese were afforded the highest privileges, followed by honorary Xiaodongese (Senrians who cooperated with Xiaodongese authorities), Senrians and burakumin. All aspects of life were segregated on these grounds within the Imperial Authority - the best housing was redistributed to ethnic Xiaodongese whilst burakumin and later Senrians were deported to ghettos to eventually be shipped off to Extermination Zones.

Economy

At the time of the invasion in 1927, northern Senria had an agricultural economy with the vast majority of people working as peasants. Land reform which had been started during the Senrian Revolution had only been haphazardly implemented; as such most farms in northern Senrian was small and family owned. The major industrial centres were the cities of Ukyou and Sakata, the latter having been built into a major hub for shipbuilding and as a conduit of Xiaodongese investment in the region under Xiaodongese rule.

When Xiaodong invaded, the economy of the occupied regions was restructured to benefit the Xiaodongese war machine. Large sections of the economy were nationalised with the SEA planning to operate a planned economy that would be integrated into Xiaodong's economy. Ideologically the Xiaodongese justified this expansion of state power in the economy by publicly extolling corpratism where the unity of the kokutai was placed above individual rights. Trade unions were merged into a single organisation, the Council of Labour Unions of Senria (Hyougikai) that was subordinate to the Sintaiseikai. State rhetoric decried both socialist trade unions and plutocratic industrialists, advocating a "return to the land" and idolising rural life.

Senrian slave labour growing wheat for noodles in 1930.

Initially during the occupation agricultural and industrial productivity increased as Xiaodong set up new industrial centres to create munitions for the Xiaodongese army. In 1928 the first three year plan was drafted for Senria. In effect, the plan called for all Senrian males over the age of 13 to be conscripted for forced labour in fields and industrial plants. All land was also nationalised by the government. The Senrian Yen was replaced by a new currency which was pegged to silver. The new currency, the Senrian Silver Yen, was abandoned by 1931 as hyperinflation had rendered it completely useless with the Xiaodongese yuan being the sole currency used in occupied areas.

Production quotas outlined in the Three Year Plan were seen as impossibly high and needlessly harsh, leading to economic productivity to slow by 1929. Continual destruction of railway lines by resistance members and the massive expansion of extermination zones also placed greater pressure on the economy. The extermination zones also under the direction of Shen Jinping underwent a transition from producing war goods to forced labour for the simple sake of crushing the morale of inmates, which meant more goods had to be imported from Xiaodong proper.

Economic exploitation of the land led to a de facto famine in 1930 and severe water shortages leading to a collapse in the northern Senrian economy. A decree was issued which mandated non-Xiaodongese women over the age of 13 also had to participate in forced labour and in 1931 the age for all those required to go into forced labour was lowered to 11. During the famine northern Senria - a breadbasket for the region - was still exporting food to Xiaodong, especially the regional speciality of udon noodles despite massive food shortages. Coal, the primary way families heated their homes, was also distributed exclusively to the Xiaodongese army. Price controls intended to restrain the impact of inflation were lifted in 1932 after it became clear that Xiaodongese forces were to lose the island leading many to be unable to buy basic necessities; as well as this a campaign of mass bombing saw much of the industry Xiaodong had built up in the beginning of the war destroyed. The razing of Sakata by retreating Xiaodongese forces also saw the industry of that city almost completely destroyed.

By the time the Reformed Government was driven from the Senrian islands the economy of northern Senria had completely collapsed; fields had been burnt by retreating Xiaodongese forces whilst most industry had been destroyed. The genocide also saw a large section of the labour force killed and those who remained were often overworked and malnourished. Some parts of northern Senria never recovered from the economic damage done from 1930-1932.

Resistance

Main article: Senrian Resistance

During the initial months of Xiaodongese occupation of Senria, resistance movements were weak and in the minority. The majority of the population consisted of politically apathetic peasants who had only loose loyalty to the government in Keisi, whilst under the orders of Lu Keqian the Xiaodongese occupation forces emphasised stability and "maintaining order" in the occupied territories, refraining from large punitive actions over the majority of the population.

Officers in the Senrian resistance planning military action against Xiaodongese units.

The Imahara government's "three-point plan" also at this stage did not envision large scale support for an organised resistance movement and still largely relied on conventional warfare to defend against Xiaodong, with guerrilla war not part of official Senrian military planning. Nevertheless resistance groups - mainly comprising of Senrian army units still operating within the occupied zone known as the XXX and members of far-left organisations such as the Senroukaibu - already had formed after the initial invasion, mainly performing small-scale skirmishes and sabotage to Xiaodongese units and collaborationist forces.

The repression of burakumin in Xiaodong led to some of the best organised early resistance groups to come from yakuza groups whose members were often rooted in burakumin groups. The yakuza's established skills in evading legal authorities, smuggling, and use of violence meant they were ideal for carrying out resistance work and soon cooperated with other groups to better manage resistance activities, most of which consisted of sabotaging Xiaodongese supply lines, smuggling food and other goods into occupied areas, and distributing anti-Xiaodongese material.

Resistance activities were usually divided between those that were focused on guerrilla war, those focused on intelligence activities designed to sabotage the Xiaodongese war effort, and those that aimed to increase the standard of living in occupied zones whilst smuggling in anti-Xiaodongese material. Prior to 1929, the latter was the main method of resistance. Resistance groups usually operated in autonomous cells within small clusters of towns and cities.

Although these cells frequently cooperated, there was little overarching structure to them at first, making them easy to eliminate individually but almost impossible to destroy entirely. The concept of busidou was often invoked in resistance propaganda to increase recruitment and protect against double agents within the resistance.

In 1929, Katurou Imahara and the Senrian government - having noticed the efficacy of these comparatively small resistance operations - decided to fully support the Senrian resistance with political, military and logistical support, establishing an umbrella organization known as the Aitekidou (literally, "Patriotic Resistance Alliance") and making resistance to Xiaodongese rule official government policy. As a result of this, the Senrian resistance massively increased, which in turn led to increasing Xiaodongese repression in occupied areas. A key reason for the expansion of the resistance was the 1928 Xiaodongese policy of seizing rice fields forcing peasants into working in them as de facto slaves; this turned the previously apathetic peasantry staunchly anti-Xiaodongese.

The mayor of Ukyou, Okazaki Kawasima, was a key informant for the Senrian resistance.

Following the expansion of the resistance it began to engage more in organised guerrilla warfare. Northern Senria's terrain - which was predominantly mountainous - meant it was ideal for resistance groups to conduct guerrilla warfare from as well as disrupt Xiaodongese supply convoys, which had to rely on narrow mountain passes to effectively transport supplies through. The destruction of railways, the main way Xiaodong was able to mobilise troops and manage supplies, was often employed by resistance groups.

Within cities resistance groups would attempt to assassinate Xiaodongese military officers and collaborators as well as destroy supply warehouses. Prince Teruhito and General Liao Yinzhi were the two highest ranking individuals killed by the Senrian resistance, the latter killed by a prostitute who stabbed him in his sleep. The Senrian resistance also attempted to liberate extermination zones, most successfully doing so in 1930 at Hiraizumi.

Some members of the collaborationist government often acted as double agents for the resistance, passing key information or sabotaging the governance of occupied areas. One of the earliest and most important of these was Okazaki Kawasima, appointed as the Mayor of Ukyou by the Xiaodongese but who following his appointment passed large amounts of information relating to Xiaodongese troop movements to resistance groups. Another high-profile double agent was Princess Wenzhuang who did so after being distraught at the conditions faced by Senrians during the occupation. As Xiaodong increasingly lost ground in Senria and the extermination zone system was expanded more members of the collaborationist government - especially in the lower levels of the administration - began to pass information to the resistance.

The most important act of the Senrian resistance was Ukyou Uprising. Figures like Kawasima and Wenzhuang were known to pass key information to the Army of Tousuu, a collection of resistance groups operating under the Aitekidou umbrella. After the uprising, Xiaodong massively increased the expansion of extermination zones and repression of Senrians which weakened the internal resistance in occupied areas; the failure of the uprising whilst buying time for Senria to begin its final and successful offensive hugely undermined the resistance as many of its top leaders were captured and sent to extermination zones. Nevertheless, by the end of the war the resistance had become highly organised and an integral part of the Senrian army, especially after the Senrian government began to deploy divisions specialising in long-range penetration to bolster guerrilla operations in occupied areas.

Senrian Genocide

Main article: Senrian Genocide

A Senrian officer calls a roll of his men just prior to their boarding trains that will carry them to the Rokkaso prisoner of war camp, which would become the first extermination zone.

The relocation complex at the Hirasawa extermination zone.

Inmates at the Yokogawa extermination zone.