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|image1 = Guilherme Gaensly - Estação da Luz, c. 1900.jpg | |image1 = Guilherme Gaensly - Estação da Luz, c. 1900.jpg | ||
|caption1 = Central Castelonovo in | |caption1 = Central Castelonovo in 1883 | ||
|image2 = Protesto na Praça da Sé em 25 de janeiro de 1932.jpg | |image2 = Protesto na Praça da Sé em 25 de janeiro de 1932.jpg | ||
|caption2 = A protest against Berquó's rule in 1917. Castelonovo suffered with political instability during most of the 20th century. | |caption2 = A protest against Berquó's rule in 1917. Castelonovo suffered with political instability during most of the 20th century. | ||
|image3 = Soldados_Paulistas_no_Túnel_da_Mantiqueira_1932.jpg | |image3 = Soldados_Paulistas_no_Túnel_da_Mantiqueira_1932.jpg | ||
|caption3 = Belmontese soldiers retaking the city during the Spring Offensive | |caption3 = Belmontese soldiers retaking the city during the [[Spring Offensive]] | ||
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With the federalist victory years afterwards, the [[First Belmontese Republic]] was established, making Castelonovo the official capital of Belmonte. This entailed the centralization of more services and the transference of remaining public institutions to the city, helping in its expansion. The arrival of more servicemen and bureaucrats, combined with the government's reformist nature, led to a massive urban renovation, with new, wider roads connecting the city with coastal towns while the architecture shifted from its {{wp|Baroque|colonial baroque}} to more {{wp|Neoclassicism|neoclassical}} trends inspired by the [[Euclea|Euclean capitals]] of the time. | With the federalist victory years afterwards, the [[First Belmontese Republic]] was established, making Castelonovo the official capital of Belmonte. This entailed the centralization of more services and the transference of remaining public institutions to the city, helping in its expansion. The arrival of more servicemen and bureaucrats, combined with the government's reformist nature, led to a massive urban renovation, with new, wider roads connecting the city with coastal towns while the architecture shifted from its {{wp|Baroque|colonial baroque}} to more {{wp|Neoclassicism|neoclassical}} trends inspired by the [[Euclea|Euclean capitals]] of the time. | ||
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Amid the [[Spring Offensive]], Castelonovo would become the centre of various battles between the functionalist government, the resistance and the national redoubt government, all of them expanding ever more the city's destruction. The city would be finally [[Spring Offensive|liberated]] on November 1933, while the [[Great War (Kylaris)|capitulation of Entente forces in Belmontese territory]] happened at the beginning of 1934. | Amid the [[Spring Offensive]], Castelonovo would become the centre of various battles between the functionalist government, the resistance and the national redoubt government, all of them expanding ever more the city's destruction. The city would be finally [[Spring Offensive|liberated]] on November 1933, while the [[Great War (Kylaris)|capitulation of Entente forces in Belmontese territory]] happened at the beginning of 1934. | ||
===Contemporary era=== | ===Contemporary era=== | ||
[[File:São_Paulo_-_Center.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The city in 1969.]] | [[File:São_Paulo_-_Center.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The city in 1969.]] | ||
Revision as of 16:15, 2 February 2021
Castelonovo | |
|---|---|
| Capital Federal de Castelonovo Federal Capital of Castelonovo | |
 From the top, clockwise: Castelonovo Cathedral; night overview of the city downtown; Monument to the Bandeiras at Ibibepa Park; Museum of Art of Castelonovo; Mascarenhas Palace; and the Magalhães Bridge over the Veracruz River. | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
| Etymology: New Castle | |
| Nickname(s): Terra de Oportunidades (Land of Opportunities); Selva de Pedra (Stone Jungle) | |
| Motto(s): Semper Invicta "Always undefeated" | |
| Country |  Belmonte |
| Province |  Federal Capital |
| Foundation | 19 May 1544 |
| Founded by | Magalhães Cunha |
| Boroughs | 16 boroughs
|
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor-council |
| • Body | Municipal Chamber |
| • Mayor | Júlio Passos (UCN) |
| Area | |
| • Urban | 293,905 km2 (113,477 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 907,307 km2 (350,313 sq mi) |
| Population (2020) | |
| • Urban | 4,388,284 |
| • Metro | 11,371,228 |
| Demonym | Castelan |
| Time zone | UTC+13 |
| Area code | +57 010 |
Castelonovo ([kɐstʃelɔnovo]), officially the Federal Capital of Castelonovo (Iustian: Capital Federal de Castelonovo), is the capital and largest city of Belmonte. Castelonovo is the primate political, administrative, financial and cultural centre of Belmonte, with its name being often used as a synecdoche to refer to the government as a whole. Its metropolitan population is the second largest of Asteria Inferior and the tenth-largest of the world, being the most populous Iustian-speaking city as well. Together with Riachuelo, the city is undergoing a major conurbation process and is part of the Central Metropolitan Axis, which is the most inhabited and urbanized area of the country.
Castelonovo was founded by bandeirante Magalhães Cunha as an outpost for future expeditions further inland, however, its central strategic location and rough terrain that served as a natural defence towards hostile attacks led to exponential growth. By the late 18th century, before Belmontese independence, the city was already the biggest in the colony. After independence, Castelonovo became the centre for liberal and federalist thought and was chosen as the country's capital after the establishment of the First Republic.
Throughout the 19th century, Castelonovo became the major industrial hub of Belmonte and was the city that most received immigrants from that time. Together with a massive rural exodus, the city was affected by a variety of problems combined with the political instability of the era, with the majority of protests, riots, battles and revolts happening there. Castelonovo was severely destroyed during the Great War and the consequent Entente occupation and liberation, suffering a major renovation process in the upcoming decades.
Today, Castelonovo is the wealthiest and most developed city of Belmonte, being a diverse and cosmopolitan city home to regional and international diasporas of different ethnicities around the globe. The city is also known for its religious diversity and its LGBTQ+ population, and has its official motto Semper Invicta, which means "Always Undefeated", whilst having the nicknames Terra de Oportunidades (Land of Opportunities) and Selva de Pedra (Stone Jungle). Castelonovo is the seat of several museums, shows and festivals, and have been the host city of numerous world events of significant importance.
History
Kingdom of Iustia 1544-1683
Poveglian Republic 1683-1721
Gaullican Empire 1721-1764 Belmonte 1764-presentPre-Ashtarite Castelonovo
Before the arrival of Euclean colonists in what is modern-day Belmonte, the area that today corresponds to Castelonovo was populated by a myriad of native chiefdoms, the majority being from Macro-Jê origin. There are few archaeological vestiges about the original native population that lived in the area, with the few descriptions about them mentioning their hostility towards bandeirantes or any white Euclean at all. Although the majority of them were either killed, fled or assimilated into colonial society, native names are still present on names and places throughout the city.
Foundation and colonial era
Castelonovo was founded on May 19th 1544 as Castelo Alto (High Castle) by an expedition led by bandeirante Magalhães Cunha, which departed from Pinheiros a few months before. Initially a small outpost that served as a resting point to other expeditions and bandeiras, the village suffered a massive fire which destroyed the majority of its buildings in 1553, being rebuilt as Castelonovo (New Castle) years later, in 1558. Its location, away from the coast in the middle of the jungle, was known for its rough terrain, making the place safe from indigenous attacks and further increasing the interest of Catholic and Jesuit groups, who wanted to expand their conversion work deep inland.
Thanks to the effort of priests João Paes and Augusto Linhares, the village was further expanded with the construction of a new convent, intensifying conversion activities in the area whilst attracting more priests and new inhabitants. Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, the city drastically grew as the majority of trade routes crossed there, becoming a regional centre for neighbouring villages and towns. Together with its natural defences, many colonial institutions started to be built or transferred to there, consequently leading to the migration of most of the regional elites to areas close to its location. By the end of the 17th century, the city had become the largest of the colony and was the capital of the Anchieta captaincy since 1668.
At the end of the colonial era, Castelonovo already was an important social, economic and cultural centre of Belmonte, being the home for several academic and political thought. Unlike previous colonial administrations, the Gaullican Empire, against the high-level of autonomy that the captaincies had, abolished the former's autonomy and established harsh taxes over the colony itself, instilling rejection of the local population towards the new metropolis. During the 1740s and 1750s, the city became the stage of the first manifestations against colonial rule whilst new nationalist and liberal ideologies arose and, in 1761, the declaration of independence was signed and declared there.
During the Asterian War of Secession, Castelonovo was the seat of the revolutionary forces, headed by Sebastião Mascarenhas, throughout the entire conflict.
Confederation and Republic
After Belmontese independence, the Confederation of Belmonte was established, being an oligarchic confederation in which all rule was concentrated towards the rural slave-owning elite. Castelonovo, despite already being the biggest city in the newly-established country and being the seat of various public institutions, didn't receive the title of capital, alienating many against such rural elites. Furthermore, the city, known for being an academic centre, a centre which had liberal, federal and enlightenment ideas, became opposed towards the new regime. The city would be the seat of the federalist and republican Liberal Party and would endorse liberal thought consistently over the years. With those ideas starting to become more repressed, various high-ranking officials mutinied and rebelled against the confederation, thus starting the Federalist Revolt.
With the federalist victory years afterwards, the First Belmontese Republic was established, making Castelonovo the official capital of Belmonte. This entailed the centralization of more services and the transference of remaining public institutions to the city, helping in its expansion. The arrival of more servicemen and bureaucrats, combined with the government's reformist nature, led to a massive urban renovation, with new, wider roads connecting the city with coastal towns while the architecture shifted from its colonial baroque to more neoclassical trends inspired by the Euclean capitals of the time.
After the Belmontese Revolution, industrialization started to be slowly introduced in Belmonte, with Castelonovo overseeing the construction of the first factories in the 1850s and 1860s. At first limited in size and production, industrialization would be intensified in the upcoming decades, leading to the massive immigration of primarily Euclean peoples. Out of almost two million people that went to Belmonte between the 1870s and 1910s, the overwhelming majority went to work and live on Castelonovo or its neighbouring regions, leading to the construction of various working-class neighbourhoods, the most famous of them being Vila Galisteu and Vila Aurora. Still, this wasn't enough to accommodate the demand for public housing, causing the creation of the first slums in the 1890s and 1900s.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the situation became worse as the city couldn’t sustain anymore the huge influx of new inhabitants, leading to a huge increase in poverty and criminality, earning the nickname of "most decadent city of the Asterias." Tensions among the working class and the police, fueled by poverty and other social problems, led to violent clashes in the following years, the most violent of them being the General Strike of 1906 which resulted in 17 deaths. More violence would appear after the Great Collapse in 1913, ceasing temporarily after the National Renovation Coup when the city was put under military control.
Castelonovo would found itself under more turmoil during the Berquó dictatorship, with the city itself being the location of various revolts and battles against his rule. Although the city underwent some remarkable renovations, its expansion was halted considerably during the remainder of the 10s and the entirety of the 20s.
During Operation Palmier, the Entente invasion of Belmonte, in 1932, the city was bombarded several times by both Nuvania and Satucin to curb any Belmontese military response, however, it still resulted in large destruction of civilian portions as well as a significant loss of life. When the situation became hopeless, Castelonovo was declared an open city weeks later, falling on joint Nuvanian-Satucin hands on March 3rd of the same year. Immediately, a puppet functionalist regime led by Inácio Cohen would set its capital on the city, arresting and executing resistance pockets still left. The occupation years were worst for the capital, with many describing it as a ghost town due to the mass escape of civilians combined with the destruction of large sections of the city.
Amid the Spring Offensive, Castelonovo would become the centre of various battles between the functionalist government, the resistance and the national redoubt government, all of them expanding ever more the city's destruction. The city would be finally liberated on November 1933, while the capitulation of Entente forces in Belmontese territory happened at the beginning of 1934.
Contemporary era
With the establishment of the New Republic, Castelonovo would undergo a massive restructuration and reconstruction of its historical centre, while the remaining parts were started to be influenced by the nascent modernist movement. During the tenure of its first post-war mayor, Cédrico Alvim, a public welfare system and a new highway system would be established together with a metropolitan system as well - the first of the country. Reconstruction works would last until the 50s, when its pre-war population and overall infrastructure was restored, with some works being completed insofar as the 60s and 70s.
During the Sword's Republic and the Mauá's War, Castelonovo would be hit with several terrorist attacks, the worst of them happening in 1963, in which the far-left Belmontese Free Army tried to kill most high-ranking political officers. The city would be the central place of the 1969 and 1979 protests and would suffer even more during the economic crisis of the following decade.
It was only in the 80s that Castelonovo would recover from the past two decade's economic and political foes. Industries would be closed in favour of tertiary services such as finances and retail. Today, Castelonovo is the biggest, wealthiest and most developed city of Belmonte, but still contains various social problems ranging from social inequality, criminality, pollution and traffic congestion.
Geography
Metropolitan area
Hydrography
Climate
| Climate data for Castelonovo, Belmonte | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 30.3 (86.5) |
29.9 (85.8) |
29.8 (85.6) |
29.5 (85.1) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.7 (83.7) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.6 (81.7) |
28.9 (84.0) |
29.1 (84.4) |
29.5 (85.1) |
29.7 (85.5) |
29.2 (84.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.7 (81.9) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.3 (81.1) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.8 (76.6) |
25.7 (78.3) |
26.5 (79.7) |
27.1 (80.8) |
27.2 (81.0) |
26.4 (79.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 24.9 (76.8) |
24.8 (76.6) |
24.3 (75.7) |
23.7 (74.7) |
22.9 (73.2) |
20.4 (68.7) |
19.7 (67.5) |
20.5 (68.9) |
21.6 (70.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
24.1 (75.4) |
22.7 (72.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 293 (11.5) |
278 (10.9) |
211 (8.3) |
184 (7.2) |
131 (5.2) |
98 (3.9) |
76 (3.0) |
83 (3.3) |
107 (4.2) |
134 (5.3) |
196 (7.7) |
237 (9.3) |
2,028 (79.8) |
| Average precipitation days | 19 | 18 | 18 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 07 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 17 | 18 | 168 |
| Source: Belmontese Meteorological Service | |||||||||||||
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