Qian Xingwen: Difference between revisions
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|native_name_lang = | |native_name_lang = | ||
|honorific-suffix = | |honorific-suffix = | ||
|image = | |image = ChiangChingkuo photo.jpg | ||
|imagesize = 250px | |imagesize = 250px | ||
|smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.--> | |smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.--> | ||
|caption = Qian Xingwen in 1984 | |caption = Qian Xingwen in 1984 | ||
|office = [[ | |office = [[State Chairman of Shangea]] | ||
|term_start = 17<sup>th</sup> January 1984 | |term_start = 17<sup>th</sup> January 1984 | ||
|term_end = 9<sup>th</sup> June 1988 | |term_end = 9<sup>th</sup> June 1988 | ||
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|predecessor2 = [[Shao Yuzhang]] | |predecessor2 = [[Shao Yuzhang]] | ||
|successor2 = Liao Congwu | |successor2 = Liao Congwu | ||
| | |office3 = [[Ministry of International Affairs|Minister of International Affairs]] | ||
| | |term_start3 = 20<sup>th</sup> March 1954 | ||
|birth_date = {{Birth date | |term_end3 = 17<sup>th</sup> April 1962 | ||
|birth_place = [[File:Imperial flag of Xiaodong.png|22x20px]] Baiqiao, Huayuan | |premier3 = [[Chen Xuechang]] | ||
|death_date = | |predecessor3 = [[Chen Xuechang]] | ||
|death_place = | |successor3 = Luo Jinhai | ||
|office4 = Member of the [[State Presidium of Xiaodong]] | |||
|term_start4 = 20<sup>th</sup> March 1954 | |||
|term_end4 = 17<sup>th</sup> April 1962 | |||
|term_start5 = 24<sup>th</sup> April 1977 | |||
|term_end5 = 9<sup>th</sup> June 1988 | |||
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1910|05|14}} | |||
|birth_place = [[File:Imperial flag of Xiaodong.png|22x20px]] Baiqiao, Huayuan Province, [[Heavenly Shangean Empire|Shangea]] | |||
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|10|22|1910|05|14}} | |||
|death_place =[[File:Flag of Xiaodong.png|22x20px]] Xianmin, Luoyuan Province, [[Xiaodong]] | |||
|restingplace = | |restingplace = | ||
|restingplacecoordinates = | |restingplacecoordinates = | ||
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|relations = | |relations = | ||
|children = 4 | |children = 4 | ||
| branch = [[File:Flag of Xiaodong.png|22x20px]] [[Shangean Army]] <small>(1928-1956)</small> | |||
| allegiance = [[File:Flag of Xiaodong.png|22x20px]] [[Shangea]] | |||
| branch = [[File:Flag of Xiaodong.png|22x20px]] [[ | |||
| allegiance = [[File:Flag of Xiaodong.png|22x20px]] [[ | |||
| rank = {{wp|Lieutenant colonel}} | | rank = {{wp|Lieutenant colonel}} | ||
| battles = | | battles = [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]]<br>[[Shangean civil war]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
:''This is a Xiaodongese name; the family name is Qian (钱).'' | :''This is a Xiaodongese name; the family name is Qian (钱).'' | ||
'''Qian Xingwen''' (''Xiaodongese'': '''钱兴文''', ''Qián Xìngwén''; born 14 | '''Qian Xingwen''' (''Xiaodongese'': '''钱兴文''', ''Qián Xìngwén''; born May 14, 1910-October 22, 2001, aged 91) was a [[Shangea]]n military officer who served as [[State Chairman of Shangea|State Chairman]] from 1984 to 1988 and [[Premier of Shangea|Premier]] from 1977 to 1984. | ||
Born in a peasant family in | Born in a peasant family in 1910, Qian joined the Xiaodongese Army in 1928 at the age of 17 serving in [[Satria]] during the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]]. Following the war Qian became a part of the Army of National Salvation led by [[Lu Keqian]] during the [[Shangean Civil War]] where he presided over military intelligence. Following the war he was tasked with purging the military of socialist influence. In 1954 Qian became Minister of International Relations where he worked with premier [[Chen Xuechang]] to promote decolonisation. He resigned from the post in 1962 due to the influence of [[Li Zhaozheng]]. Qian was soon aligned with the radical [[National Principlism|National Principlist]] faction in the army that opposed the governing [[Xiaodong Regeneration Society]] on the grounds of "''bureaucratising the [[Corrective Revolution (Xiaodong)|Corrective Revolution]]''". Qian supported the [[1970 Xiaodongese coup d'état]] that led to [[Sun Yuting]]'s assumption of power, being appointed in charge of internal security. | ||
In 1977 Qian's loyalty in the internal security portfolio led to Chairman Sun to appoint Qian as premier. As premier Qian was viewed as weak compared to Chairman Sun and mainly continued to expand the [[Shujichu]] and other security organs. Qian was seen as one of the key organisers of the 1977 [[Kuoqing massacre]] that led to 500,000 people were sent to re-education camps or sentenced to death by the regime whilst a further 800,000 were stripped of their jobs. | In 1977 Qian's loyalty in the internal security portfolio led to Chairman Sun to appoint Qian as premier. As premier Qian was viewed as weak compared to Chairman Sun and mainly continued to expand the [[Shujichu]] and other security organs. Qian was seen as one of the key organisers of the 1977 [[Kuoqing massacre]] that led to 500,000 people were sent to re-education camps or sentenced to death by the regime whilst a further 800,000 were stripped of their jobs. | ||
After Sun's assassination in January 1984 Qian as premier became State Chairman. Facing a situation of near economic collapse Qian allowed Premier [[Liao Congwu]] and finance minister [[Mao Zhukang]] to spearhead the [[Economic Reorganising Programme]], implementing {{wp|shock therapy economics}} either {{wp|Corporatization|corpratising}} or {{wp|privatisation|privatising}} public assets creating industrial conglomerates known as Caihongs, deregulating several industries and liberalising foreign trade. The shock therapy policies were controversial as they resulted in economic modernisation but also massive unemployment and a rise in poverty. Qian also undertook political reorganisation, restoring the "party state" by creating the [[Consistutional Protection Party]]. Under Qian two intergovernmental organisations - the [[International Forum for Developing States]] and the [[Rongzhuo Strategic Protocol Organisation]] - were created, which were considered major steps in | After Sun's assassination in January 1984 Qian as premier became State Chairman. Facing a situation of near economic collapse Qian allowed Premier [[Liao Congwu]] and finance minister [[Mao Zhukang]] to spearhead the [[Economic Reorganising Programme]], implementing {{wp|shock therapy economics}} either {{wp|Corporatization|corpratising}} or {{wp|privatisation|privatising}} public assets creating industrial conglomerates known as Caihongs, deregulating several industries and liberalising foreign trade. The shock therapy policies were controversial as they resulted in economic modernisation but also massive unemployment and a rise in poverty. Qian also undertook political reorganisation, restoring the "party state" by creating the [[Consistutional Protection Party]]. Under Qian two intergovernmental organisations - the [[International Forum for Developing States]] and the [[Rongzhuo Strategic Protocol Organisation]] - were created, which were considered major steps in Shangean foreign policy and signalled a more multilateral approach particularly with [[Zorasan]] and [[Ajahadya]]. | ||
In 1985 the | In 1985 the Shangean leadership met with [[Senria]]n [[Prime Minister of Senria|prime minister]] [[Kiyosi Haruna]] in the first [[Nuclear Arms Limitation and Non-proliferation Talks]]. However shortly after the talks relations deteriorated due to Qian approving [[Operation Calm Waters]], sinking Senrian ships with limpet mines, which led to the [[1987 Lu Mausoleum bombing|Senrian bombing]] of the mausoleum of Lu Keqian by Senria. | ||
In 1988 the Yuxiang nuclear disaster led to a series of protests against the {{wp|one-party state}} known as the [[Orchid Revolution]]. As a result of the protests Qian and Liao resigned with Rongzhuo mayor [[Yang Zhengming]] and foreign minister [[Li Jingyao]] taking their places. Qian attempted to continue political influence behind the scenes but was rebuffed - reformists continued to see him as a fundamentally conservative figure whilst hardliners saw Qian as having led to too many concessions. Qian subsequently worked as an envoy to the IFDS until the mid-1990's when he retired into obscurity. | In 1988 the Yuxiang nuclear disaster led to a series of protests against the {{wp|one-party state}} known as the [[Orchid Revolution]]. As a result of the protests Qian and Liao resigned with Rongzhuo mayor [[Yang Zhengming]] and foreign minister [[Li Jingyao]] taking their places. Qian attempted to continue political influence behind the scenes but was rebuffed - reformists continued to see him as a fundamentally conservative figure whilst hardliners saw Qian as having led to too many concessions. Qian subsequently worked as an envoy to the IFDS until the mid-1990's when he retired into obscurity. | ||
Qian's legacy as State Chairman remains controversial in modern | Qian's legacy as State Chairman remains controversial in modern Shangea, particularly his role in the [[Kuoqing Massacre]]. His economic reforms also remain contested with supporters praising them for encouraging economic growth and development and detractors stating they led to social collapse. Critics also say Qian's foreign policy escalated tensions with Senria and led to an worsening of Shangean-Senrian relations, although his supporters state that it Senrian prime minister Haruka who escalated such tensions. The creation of ROSPO and the IFDS are considered two of Qian's more important and successful legacies. | ||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
==Military career== | ==Military career== | ||
| Line 78: | Line 75: | ||
===Orchid Revolution=== | ===Orchid Revolution=== | ||
===Foreign policy=== | ===Foreign policy=== | ||
===Senrian- | ===Senrian-Shangean relations=== | ||
==Death== | ==Death== | ||
===Corruption allegations=== | ===Corruption allegations=== | ||
Revision as of 14:48, 28 December 2021
Qián Xìngwén | |
|---|---|
| 钱兴文 | |
 Qian Xingwen in 1984 | |
| State Chairman of Shangea | |
| In office 17th January 1984 – 9th June 1988 | |
| Premier | Liao Congwu |
| Preceded by | Sun Yuting |
| Succeeded by | Yang Zhengming |
| Premier of Xiaodong | |
| In office 24th April 1977 – 17th January 1984 | |
| President | Sun Yuting |
| Preceded by | Shao Yuzhang |
| Succeeded by | Liao Congwu |
| Minister of International Affairs | |
| In office 20th March 1954 – 17th April 1962 | |
| Premier | Chen Xuechang |
| Preceded by | Chen Xuechang |
| Succeeded by | Luo Jinhai |
| Member of the State Presidium of Xiaodong | |
| In office 20th March 1954 – 17th April 1962 | |
| In office 24th April 1977 – 9th June 1988 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | May 14, 1910 Baiqiao, Huayuan Province, Shangea |
| Died | October 22, 2001 (aged 91) Xianmin, Luoyuan Province, Xiaodong |
| Spouse | Peng Meiwei |
| Children | 4 |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Shangea |
| Branch/service | Shangean Army (1928-1956) |
| Rank | Lieutenant colonel |
| Battles/wars | Great War Shangean civil war |
- This is a Xiaodongese name; the family name is Qian (钱).
Qian Xingwen (Xiaodongese: 钱兴文, Qián Xìngwén; born May 14, 1910-October 22, 2001, aged 91) was a Shangean military officer who served as State Chairman from 1984 to 1988 and Premier from 1977 to 1984.
Born in a peasant family in 1910, Qian joined the Xiaodongese Army in 1928 at the age of 17 serving in Satria during the Great War. Following the war Qian became a part of the Army of National Salvation led by Lu Keqian during the Shangean Civil War where he presided over military intelligence. Following the war he was tasked with purging the military of socialist influence. In 1954 Qian became Minister of International Relations where he worked with premier Chen Xuechang to promote decolonisation. He resigned from the post in 1962 due to the influence of Li Zhaozheng. Qian was soon aligned with the radical National Principlist faction in the army that opposed the governing Xiaodong Regeneration Society on the grounds of "bureaucratising the Corrective Revolution". Qian supported the 1970 Xiaodongese coup d'état that led to Sun Yuting's assumption of power, being appointed in charge of internal security.
In 1977 Qian's loyalty in the internal security portfolio led to Chairman Sun to appoint Qian as premier. As premier Qian was viewed as weak compared to Chairman Sun and mainly continued to expand the Shujichu and other security organs. Qian was seen as one of the key organisers of the 1977 Kuoqing massacre that led to 500,000 people were sent to re-education camps or sentenced to death by the regime whilst a further 800,000 were stripped of their jobs.
After Sun's assassination in January 1984 Qian as premier became State Chairman. Facing a situation of near economic collapse Qian allowed Premier Liao Congwu and finance minister Mao Zhukang to spearhead the Economic Reorganising Programme, implementing shock therapy economics either corpratising or privatising public assets creating industrial conglomerates known as Caihongs, deregulating several industries and liberalising foreign trade. The shock therapy policies were controversial as they resulted in economic modernisation but also massive unemployment and a rise in poverty. Qian also undertook political reorganisation, restoring the "party state" by creating the Consistutional Protection Party. Under Qian two intergovernmental organisations - the International Forum for Developing States and the Rongzhuo Strategic Protocol Organisation - were created, which were considered major steps in Shangean foreign policy and signalled a more multilateral approach particularly with Zorasan and Ajahadya.
In 1985 the Shangean leadership met with Senrian prime minister Kiyosi Haruna in the first Nuclear Arms Limitation and Non-proliferation Talks. However shortly after the talks relations deteriorated due to Qian approving Operation Calm Waters, sinking Senrian ships with limpet mines, which led to the Senrian bombing of the mausoleum of Lu Keqian by Senria.
In 1988 the Yuxiang nuclear disaster led to a series of protests against the one-party state known as the Orchid Revolution. As a result of the protests Qian and Liao resigned with Rongzhuo mayor Yang Zhengming and foreign minister Li Jingyao taking their places. Qian attempted to continue political influence behind the scenes but was rebuffed - reformists continued to see him as a fundamentally conservative figure whilst hardliners saw Qian as having led to too many concessions. Qian subsequently worked as an envoy to the IFDS until the mid-1990's when he retired into obscurity.
Qian's legacy as State Chairman remains controversial in modern Shangea, particularly his role in the Kuoqing Massacre. His economic reforms also remain contested with supporters praising them for encouraging economic growth and development and detractors stating they led to social collapse. Critics also say Qian's foreign policy escalated tensions with Senria and led to an worsening of Shangean-Senrian relations, although his supporters state that it Senrian prime minister Haruka who escalated such tensions. The creation of ROSPO and the IFDS are considered two of Qian's more important and successful legacies.