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[[File:Pluscarden_Abbey.jpg|thumb|right|Camevole Abbey in Bissex is a Cistercian foundation in the Camuvalian tradition.]]
{{GNCN|Colleges in the Church of Nortend|Kloster_Maulbronn_2344.jpg|Camevole Abbey in Bissex is a Royal College.}}
A '''religious house''' in the [[Church of Nortend]] is any legal corporation where members take {{wp|religious vows}} and live in common.  
'''Colleges in the [[Church of Nortend]]''' are ecclesiastical corporate foundations where clerks<ref>The term „clerk” is used in this article to refer both to men and women.</ref> either in holy orders or lay, maintain a common life for the purpose ''inter alia'' of [[Nortish Rite|divine service]]. [[Great Nortend]] has a long and unbroken history of ecclesiastical common life which dates back to Sulthey Abbey founded in the 8th century by St. Laurence in 751.  


[[Great Nortend]] has a long and unbroken history of religious houses which dates back to Sulthey Abbey founded in the 8th century by St. Laurence in 751, two years after the foundation of Sulthey Cathedral. There are currently as of 2020 623 religious houses in [[Great Nortend]] under the auspices of the Church of Nortend, with a total of approximately 13,000 professed religious.
Historically, common life was classified into religious or secular life, the former encompassing the houses of the various religious orders—monasteries, friaries and regular canonries—and the latter being independent colleges. During the Reformation, religious life in particular was attacked by some reformers as being corrupt and their vows vain and elevated into a supererogatory good or good ''in se''. Over a period of several decades, the secularisation of religious houses slowly occurred piecemeal until the reformed body of canon law issued in 1597 by the Great Convocation significantly reformed common life, establishing all houses as colleges of secular clerks.


==History==
There are currently as of 2020, 623 colleges in [[Great Nortend]] under the auspices of the Church of Nortend, with a total of approximately 10,000 clerks living in community, excluding in these numbers the numerous other members „living out”.<ref>''Telling Roll'', ''His Majesty's Exchequery'', 17 Alex. II.</ref> Many colleges have hospitals, almshouses or schools attached to them, including the collegiate houses of the [[University of Lendert]].
[[File:Kurfürst_Friedrich_V._von_der_Pfalz_als_König_von_Böhmen.jpg|thumb|Alexander I severed the Church of Nortend from papal authority.]]
After the promulgation of the ''Statute of Limmes'' and ''Statute of Supremacy'' which formally severed the [[Church of Nortend]] from the papal authority and placed Alexander I as head of the Church, the religious houses went into a period of decline, although there was no intention of their dissolution at the time.


As with secular clergy, members of religious houses were required to renounce allegiance to the Pope by taking the [[Subjectship of Great Nortend|Oath of Supremacy]]. Those foundations who refused to take the oath forfeited their lands to the Crown, who appointed a Steward to administer them, though the members were allowed to stay on. Despite the threat of loss of income, many houses refused to take the oath and recognise Alexander as head of the Church. This led to the confiscation of nearly 100 houses before 1670.
==To-day==
[[File:Abbey_School,_Battle_(2030).jpg|thumb|250px|right|Cireford School is run by the canons of Cireford College.]]


In 1668, the 12th Duke of Cardenbridge, a well-known reformer, was captured and hanged by the Abbot and monks of Staithway Abbey on Cardoby. Alexander I had opposed the criminalisation of papal allegiance but upon his death at the end of 1668, William I acceded to the throne with a far stricter view. Statutes were quickly passed which resulted in the immediately criminalisation of Roman papal allegiance and thenceforth, the penalty for such recusancy was to be death.  
Common, corporate life in the Church of Nortend continues to be characterised by modesty, piety, chastity, canonical obedience and above all, divine service in common, as well as, to a varying extent, common residence and common dining. Under the ''Canons-General'',<Ref>Canon LVII, ''Canons General'' of 1597.</ref> colleges are „secular houses” living under Statutes where there is maintained a corporate life with a purpose of maintaining daily Divine Service ''for the corporation''.


After the suppression and execution of the Six Heretics in 1670, numerous houses very quickly 'voluntarily' chose to recognise William and take the Oath.
Cathedral churches are notable instances of a college formed by the chapter. Other collegiate churches include the great abbeys, priories and minsters as well as the university colleges and chauntry colleges. The head of a college may be accorded the prelatial titles of „abbot” or „prior”  (or the female equivalent, „abbess” or „prioress”), elevating the college to an abbey or priory respectively.<ref>Most abbeys and priories were originally monastic foundations or houses of Austin canons or canonesses.</ref> Lesser „minster” or „chauntry” colleges are typically headed by a „dean”, „provost”, „master”, „warden”, „archpriest” or „rector” (in the case of appropriated parochial churches).


===Suppression===
The daily life of a college varies according to its particular statutes. Most require that the resident clerks, or their vicars, sing daily Mattins and Vespers, as well as a daily service of Holy Communion. Colleges generally provide rooms for their members and require that they dine together regularly, although accommodation differs between individual houses for prebendaries to dormitories shared by multiple clerks. While nearly all colleges employ  servants for the upkeep and sustenance of the college, colleges also usually require their members to attend to non-religious duties for the support of the community, such as gardening, light farming and the like, as well as the production of manuscripts, paintings, candles and other ornaments for religious purposes, depending on the particular traditions of the college.
Even so, the perceived excesses of religious houses continued to cause controversy, especially between peasants and their monastic landlords. For centuries, the strict rules of the houses had been often ignored. The 13th Duke of Cardenbridge, now [[Ministry of Great Nortend|King's Clerk]], aggresively advocated for the suppression and dissolution of the monasteries as he believed they would always bear allegiance to the Pope despite their recognition of William's supremacy. It is likely that his father's hanging by the monks of Staithway influenced this zeal in this matter, despite his otherwise ''via media'' theology. Several smaller and indebted houses were indeed voluntarily dissolved starting in 1675; however, increasing Exponential Catholic influence in Court meant that the Duke lost favour with William, halting the dissolutions.


===''Quia solliciti''===
Colleges use the Latin Services but where a parish church has been appropriated, English services must be said for the parish. Larger colleges often have various chapels with dedicated daily or weekly services, e.g. in honour of the Virgin Mary or in memory of the dead. Choral music forms an important part of worship in most colleges, and the corpus of Nortish collegiate music is significant, being composed in Latin for a reformed liturgy. As part of their works of Christian charity, colleges also play an important pastoral role for the local population, often including almshouses or hospitals associated with its foundation. Colleges often have schools for the education of the youth. A large number of the common schools of Great Nortend are part of collegiate foundations, in addition to the university colleges of the [[University of Lendert]].  
Even so, reform was urgently needed and as [[Empire of Exponent|Exponential]] influence at Court declined, the canon ''Quia solliciti'' was enacted by [[Monarchy of Great Nortend#House_of_Anthord_pre.E2.80.93Oln|Edmund VI]] in 1710 which, ''inter alia'', provided for reform of the religious orders. New rules, amended by Cardinal Mier, Archbishop of Sulthey, granted increased freedoms, yet reaffirmed regular principles and obligations. Rules of enclosure and communication were relaxed to allow for annual excursions and visits by family. The primary duties of canons, monks and friars were also refocussed towards priestly, contemplative and pastoral duties respectively, whilst that of nuns, minchens and sisters were teaching, contemplative and caring respectively.


Furthermore, ''all'' religious houses were required to bring their liturgies into general conformity with the 1709 Book of Masses and 1710 Book of Offices, although minor variations were permitted. The new [[Cardican Rite|books]] cut the number of [[Daily Office (Cardican)|daily offices]] to four, combining Mattins and Lauds, and combining Prime, Tierce, Sext and Nones with a single daytime minor office. Each office was also simplified, reducing the number of psalms sung to three, which would be mostly fixed depending on the date in the month. The offices were to be said at “convenient times according to their nature” and not at “stubborn hours in the night time”, and together with the offices of the parochial communities.<ref>''Quia solliciti'', 7 Edm. VI.</ref>
===Endowments===
[[File:Bassum_Die_Stiftsmühle_in_Bassum.jpg|thumb|250px|The abbey mill at Bassham Abbey.]]
Colleges are endowed with land, called the „stight”, to produce a sufficient income for the sustenance of the house through tithes and rents or the sale of produce. An average abbey holds a stight of 15,000 acres of land, roughly equivalent to around 8 to 9 medium-sized manors. Stights usually include mills, cornhouses and tithe barns. The colleges in total own roughly 15% of the land of Great Nortend. Colleges rely on a stight in addition to alms and government funding for their public services. It also relatively common for testators to bequeath money to houses for the endowment of a chauntry or for regular services for a certain number of years, although new perpetual chauntries or endowment with land in frankalmoign is forbidden by law without a licence.<ref>''Endowments and Chantries Act'', 10 Edm. VI.</ref>


===''De mendicis ordinibus''===
==Reformation==
The mendicant orders did not escape reformation either. In 1729, Edmund further promulgated ''De mendicis ordinibus'' to reform the friars, culling their numbers to three orders. Owing to the ease with which superstitious people were fooled by the preaching of unlearned friars, it commanded that friars would be required to gain a degree in divinity before they would be permitted to preach.  
[[File:Cleeve_gate.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The gatehouse at Rundelset Priory which was a daughter house of Staithway Abbey. It was dissolved in 1668. The house was refounded at the same site in 1822 by Edmund VII, the first new foundation in centuries.]]At the time of the promulgation of the ''Statute of Supremacy'' in 1569 which formally severed the [[Church of Nortend]] from the papal authority and placed [[Monarchy_of_Great_Nortend#House_of_Anthord_pre.E2.80.93Oln|Alexander I]] as head of the Church,<ref>''Statute of Supremacy'', 3 Alex. I.</ref> the religious houses were in a general period of decline and corruption in life, morals and faith.<ref name="Layland">E. T. Layland, vol. 3, Historia Ecclesiæ in Erbonica, 1942, Aldes., ad c. VI. p. 344.</ref>


The continual financial pressure on most religious houses was mostly abated by carving out new parishes around friary churches and thus allowing friars to collect tithes, with the proviso that the vicar be provided by the house. Furthermore, friars were forbidden from wandering from town to town, begging, but rather enjoined to stay and reside at their convents and friaries unless ordered to move.
Under the 1572 ''Statute for the Obedience of Clerks'', as with other clerks, members of colleges, priories and abbeys were required to renounce allegiance to the Pope by taking the [[Subjectship of Great Nortend|Oath of Obedience]]. Those foundations whose members refused to take the oath forfeited their lands to the Crown, who appointed an official to administer them, although the members were usually allowed to stay. Despite the threat of loss of income, many houses refused to take the oath and recognise Alexander as head of the Church. This led to the confiscation of nearly 100 houses before 1670.<ref>Id. c. VIII. p. 493.</ref>


===Later history===
After the suppression and execution of the Six Heretics in 1575, numerous houses very quickly „voluntarily” chose to recognise William and take the Oath of Obedience.<ref>Id.</ref> The same year, the first step was taken in reform with the dissolution of the order of Franciscans, and the secularisation of their friaries. Even so, the corruption of the remaining religious houses continued to cause controversy, especially between peasants and their monastic landlords.<ref>C. A. Smithowe, ''Gulielmian Politics of Dissolution'', vol. 4 in 1973, ''Journal of Ecclesiastical History''.</ref> In 1582, the Dominicans were ordered to reform their preaching, secured by a requirement that friars take degrees at the reformed Faculty of Divinity at the [[University of Lendert]], while choir monks were similarly ordered to be examined in their learning.  
From 18th centuries there was a marked decline in the number of monastic religious. Mary had acceded to the throne in an atmosphere of increased Protestantism. Convinced by the Lord High Treasurer, she issued the canon ''In reformatione'' which suspended initiations and professions into religious life. However, after her wedding to the more traditional Earl of Scode, this was revoked.


In the 19th century, with the increased education of the masses in the numerous schools owned by the religious houses, religious houses began to increase in number and size, stabilising in the 20th century to the current level.
In 1585, the Great Annulment was issued by the Archbishop of Lendert, which annulled all religious vows, although this did not generally result in significant change in daily life in the religious houses. That same year, the Visitation of the houses was completed and the King beaun dissolutions of houses in significant debt. The entire order of Carmelites were dissolved the next year with their friaries completely dispersed on account of the theological objection taken to their „mystical” spirituality. Several religious houses saw that continuation as monastic or mendicant houses would soon not be possible under the reforms of Cardinal Frympell and Alexander I. Several houses had already secularised after the forced secularisations of the Greyfriars in 1575, seeing it as a way of maintaining their communities with the least disruption.


==Legal status==
In  1597, the Great Convocation issued the new, reformed ''Canons-General'' which effectively put an end to the piecemeal reforms of houses by immediately secularising all existing religious houses, monastic or mendicant, and founding them as colleges of secular canons, ordering that new, reformed statutes be issued for each foundation by the Chancery and that they adopt the reformed books of Divine Service.
Under the [[law of Great Nortend]], religious houses have the legal status of [[Erbonian company law|corporations]] aggregate with their own common seal in the traditional almond shape for religious bodies. Religious houses are exempt from taxes and tithes.  


==Types==
==See also==
[[File:Cleeve_gate.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The gatehouse at Rundelset Priory.]]
* [[Lendert Cathedral|Lendert Cathedral Priory]], a cathedral college in [[Lendert-with-Cadell]]
[[File:Pandhof_Utrecht_Cathedral.JPG|thumb|right|250px|The cloister garth at Handingham Abbey.]]
* [[Allord School]], a school attached to Allord Abbey.
Religious houses are split between cloistered or eremitical monastic houses, mendicant houses and houses of canons regular.


Of the first category of cloistered or eremitical monastics, houses are only either {{wp|Benedictines}} and {{wp|Cistercians}} commonly known as the Black Monks and White Monks respectively.
==References==
{{Reflist}}


Of mendicant orders, there are three since 1726, being the {{wp|Dominicans}} and {{wp|Franciscans}}, commonly known as the Black Friars and White or Grey Friars respectively.
{{GNC}}[[Category:Religion in Astyria]]
 
===Monastic houses===
Great Nortend has a large number of monastic houses scattered across the country. Though there are three types, there are no formal orders ''per se''. Rather, there are two canonical rules which a house may adhere to. All of the 433 cloistered monastic foundations are in the {{wp|Benedictines|Benedictine}} or {{wp|Cistercians|Cistercian}} tradition, following the Rule of St Benedict as amended by Cardinal Miers in 1711, the Carthusians and other orders being suppressed. The Benedictines, or Black Monks, wear black habits whereas Cistercians, or White Monks, wear white habits.
 
Of special interest are the two Camuvalian abbeys of Camevole and Crothery-Saint-Adams. They both follow the rule of the Cistercians; however, they retain their history as being founded as uniquely Erbonian religious houses. They wear a red mantle in choir and are renowed for their hospitality.
 
There are no national hierarchies of monasteries. Benedictines and Cistercians have a localised hierarchy of dependent daughter ''priories'' under the control of a mother ''abbey''. These priories may in time be elevated to abbatial status and becoming independent once the canonical requirement of twelve choir monks or nuns has been reached.
 
There is a biennial General Convocation, where the abbots, abbesses, priors and prioresses of all houses meet to discuss matters.
 
====Grades====
Within a monastery, there are two types of religious—lay and choir.
 
Choir monks and nuns have are devoted to prayer in choir and study. Choir monks are usually ordained and receive the honorific 'Dom'. Choir nuns, whilst not ordained, receive the title 'Dame'. Lay brothers or sisters support the choir monks and nuns in their duties through labour as well as study. Since the reforms, monks and nuns generally start as lay brothers and sisters, and progress to choir over time, and all participate in labour.
 
===Mendicant houses===
[[File:Abbey_School,_Battle_(2030).jpg|thumb|250px|right|St. Martin's School is run by the brothers of the Dominican Cireford Priory.]]The Dominicans and Franciscans are the two authorised mendicant orders of Great Nortend since 1726, the other orders of Carmelites, Augustinians &c., having been absorbed into these two authorised orders. Each order has its own apostolic ministry, adopted by the the Prior General and hierarchy of each order.
 
The Dominicans are dedicated to preaching. Thus, they tend to mainly engage in scholastic endeavours, such as education. Though historically the convents of the mendicant orders were cloistered as monastic foundations, in the 19th centuries the lay sisters of the Dominicans began to undertake apostolic works in the community like the friars in the education of especially young children. The Augustinians were merged with the Dominicans with the canon ''De mendicis ordinibus''. Dominicans wear a cream habit with a black cloak, whence the name, 'Black Friars'.
 
The Franciscan friars emphasise service to the poor and needy. They take vows of personal poverty and commonly engage in ministerial and pastoral work in areas of poverty, such as caring for the indigent or homeless. Their female counterpart, the Minoresses, are active in nursing and pastoral work, often running orphanages, hospitals and providing community nursing services. The Carmelites were merged with the Franciscans with the canon ''De mendicis ordinibus''. Franciscans wear a grey habit with a white cloak, whence the name, 'White Friars'. Before the aforesaid canon, the Franciscans did not wear cloaks, which were adopted from the Carmelites, and were known as 'Grey Friars'.
 
Unlike the monastic foundations, all of the mendicant orders have a national hierarchy, headed by a Prior General and Custodian General respectively. The friars and sisters do not take vows of stability, and may move between individual convents
 
==Sufficiency==
Religious foundations are generally expected to be self-sufficient. Monastic foundations are normally endowed with enough land to have a sufficient income for the sustenance of the abbey or priory. An average abbey holds approximately 15,000 acres of land, roughly equivalent to around 8 to 9 medium-sized manors. The monasteries in total own 3,845 manors which make up roughly 15% of the total land-mass of Erbonia, although around half are owned by the fifty largest abbeys in the country.
 
Although mendicant houses traditionally relied upon begging, nowadays actual begging for subsistence is no longer common. Mendicant houses nowadays rely on tithes from their parish in addition to charitable donations and government funding for their public services.
 
{{GNC}}

Latest revision as of 12:23, 25 October 2024

Colleges in the Church of Nortend
Kloster Maulbronn 2344.jpg
Camevole Abbey in Bissex is a Royal College.
Part of a series on the
Church of Nortend
LiturgyNortish Rite
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Places
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Colleges in the Church of Nortend are ecclesiastical corporate foundations where clerks[1] either in holy orders or lay, maintain a common life for the purpose inter alia of divine service. Great Nortend has a long and unbroken history of ecclesiastical common life which dates back to Sulthey Abbey founded in the 8th century by St. Laurence in 751.

Historically, common life was classified into religious or secular life, the former encompassing the houses of the various religious orders—monasteries, friaries and regular canonries—and the latter being independent colleges. During the Reformation, religious life in particular was attacked by some reformers as being corrupt and their vows vain and elevated into a supererogatory good or good in se. Over a period of several decades, the secularisation of religious houses slowly occurred piecemeal until the reformed body of canon law issued in 1597 by the Great Convocation significantly reformed common life, establishing all houses as colleges of secular clerks.

There are currently as of 2020, 623 colleges in Great Nortend under the auspices of the Church of Nortend, with a total of approximately 10,000 clerks living in community, excluding in these numbers the numerous other members „living out”.[2] Many colleges have hospitals, almshouses or schools attached to them, including the collegiate houses of the University of Lendert.

To-day

Cireford School is run by the canons of Cireford College.

Common, corporate life in the Church of Nortend continues to be characterised by modesty, piety, chastity, canonical obedience and above all, divine service in common, as well as, to a varying extent, common residence and common dining. Under the Canons-General,[3] colleges are „secular houses” living under Statutes where there is maintained a corporate life with a purpose of maintaining daily Divine Service for the corporation.

Cathedral churches are notable instances of a college formed by the chapter. Other collegiate churches include the great abbeys, priories and minsters as well as the university colleges and chauntry colleges. The head of a college may be accorded the prelatial titles of „abbot” or „prior” (or the female equivalent, „abbess” or „prioress”), elevating the college to an abbey or priory respectively.[4] Lesser „minster” or „chauntry” colleges are typically headed by a „dean”, „provost”, „master”, „warden”, „archpriest” or „rector” (in the case of appropriated parochial churches).

The daily life of a college varies according to its particular statutes. Most require that the resident clerks, or their vicars, sing daily Mattins and Vespers, as well as a daily service of Holy Communion. Colleges generally provide rooms for their members and require that they dine together regularly, although accommodation differs between individual houses for prebendaries to dormitories shared by multiple clerks. While nearly all colleges employ servants for the upkeep and sustenance of the college, colleges also usually require their members to attend to non-religious duties for the support of the community, such as gardening, light farming and the like, as well as the production of manuscripts, paintings, candles and other ornaments for religious purposes, depending on the particular traditions of the college.

Colleges use the Latin Services but where a parish church has been appropriated, English services must be said for the parish. Larger colleges often have various chapels with dedicated daily or weekly services, e.g. in honour of the Virgin Mary or in memory of the dead. Choral music forms an important part of worship in most colleges, and the corpus of Nortish collegiate music is significant, being composed in Latin for a reformed liturgy. As part of their works of Christian charity, colleges also play an important pastoral role for the local population, often including almshouses or hospitals associated with its foundation. Colleges often have schools for the education of the youth. A large number of the common schools of Great Nortend are part of collegiate foundations, in addition to the university colleges of the University of Lendert.

Endowments

The abbey mill at Bassham Abbey.

Colleges are endowed with land, called the „stight”, to produce a sufficient income for the sustenance of the house through tithes and rents or the sale of produce. An average abbey holds a stight of 15,000 acres of land, roughly equivalent to around 8 to 9 medium-sized manors. Stights usually include mills, cornhouses and tithe barns. The colleges in total own roughly 15% of the land of Great Nortend. Colleges rely on a stight in addition to alms and government funding for their public services. It also relatively common for testators to bequeath money to houses for the endowment of a chauntry or for regular services for a certain number of years, although new perpetual chauntries or endowment with land in frankalmoign is forbidden by law without a licence.[5]

Reformation

The gatehouse at Rundelset Priory which was a daughter house of Staithway Abbey. It was dissolved in 1668. The house was refounded at the same site in 1822 by Edmund VII, the first new foundation in centuries.

At the time of the promulgation of the Statute of Supremacy in 1569 which formally severed the Church of Nortend from the papal authority and placed Alexander I as head of the Church,[6] the religious houses were in a general period of decline and corruption in life, morals and faith.[7]

Under the 1572 Statute for the Obedience of Clerks, as with other clerks, members of colleges, priories and abbeys were required to renounce allegiance to the Pope by taking the Oath of Obedience. Those foundations whose members refused to take the oath forfeited their lands to the Crown, who appointed an official to administer them, although the members were usually allowed to stay. Despite the threat of loss of income, many houses refused to take the oath and recognise Alexander as head of the Church. This led to the confiscation of nearly 100 houses before 1670.[8]

After the suppression and execution of the Six Heretics in 1575, numerous houses very quickly „voluntarily” chose to recognise William and take the Oath of Obedience.[9] The same year, the first step was taken in reform with the dissolution of the order of Franciscans, and the secularisation of their friaries. Even so, the corruption of the remaining religious houses continued to cause controversy, especially between peasants and their monastic landlords.[10] In 1582, the Dominicans were ordered to reform their preaching, secured by a requirement that friars take degrees at the reformed Faculty of Divinity at the University of Lendert, while choir monks were similarly ordered to be examined in their learning.

In 1585, the Great Annulment was issued by the Archbishop of Lendert, which annulled all religious vows, although this did not generally result in significant change in daily life in the religious houses. That same year, the Visitation of the houses was completed and the King beaun dissolutions of houses in significant debt. The entire order of Carmelites were dissolved the next year with their friaries completely dispersed on account of the theological objection taken to their „mystical” spirituality. Several religious houses saw that continuation as monastic or mendicant houses would soon not be possible under the reforms of Cardinal Frympell and Alexander I. Several houses had already secularised after the forced secularisations of the Greyfriars in 1575, seeing it as a way of maintaining their communities with the least disruption.

In 1597, the Great Convocation issued the new, reformed Canons-General which effectively put an end to the piecemeal reforms of houses by immediately secularising all existing religious houses, monastic or mendicant, and founding them as colleges of secular canons, ordering that new, reformed statutes be issued for each foundation by the Chancery and that they adopt the reformed books of Divine Service.

See also

References

  1. ↑ The term „clerk” is used in this article to refer both to men and women.
  2. ↑ Telling Roll, His Majesty's Exchequery, 17 Alex. II.
  3. ↑ Canon LVII, Canons General of 1597.
  4. ↑ Most abbeys and priories were originally monastic foundations or houses of Austin canons or canonesses.
  5. ↑ Endowments and Chantries Act, 10 Edm. VI.
  6. ↑ Statute of Supremacy, 3 Alex. I.
  7. ↑ E. T. Layland, vol. 3, Historia Ecclesiæ in Erbonica, 1942, Aldes., ad c. VI. p. 344.
  8. ↑ Id. c. VIII. p. 493.
  9. ↑ Id.
  10. ↑ C. A. Smithowe, Gulielmian Politics of Dissolution, vol. 4 in 1973, Journal of Ecclesiastical History.

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