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The judiciary power is made by the Justice Court of Castelonovo, which deals with both legal and criminal cases, together with the city's {{wp|parquet}}. | The judiciary power is made by the Justice Court of Castelonovo, which deals with both legal and criminal cases, together with the city's {{wp|parquet}}. | ||
===Subdivisions=== | ===Subdivisions=== | ||
Castelonovo is divided into 30 boroughs | Castelonovo is divided into 30 boroughs which are part of five different regions: North, South, East, West and Centre. The Centre is composed by the {{wp|City centre|historical district}} and {{wp|financial zone}}, being home of the city's oldest neighbourhoods; the North and West regions are the most populated areas with the majority of {{wp|Lower class|low}} and {{wp|middle-class}} {{wp|Suburb|suburbs}} being located there; while the East and North regions are known for their {{wp|upper-class}} population. | ||
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Revision as of 17:30, 15 February 2021
Castelonovo | |
|---|---|
| Capital Federal de Castelonovo Federal Capital of Castelonovo | |
 From the top, clockwise: Castelonovo Cathedral; night overview of the city downtown; Monument to the Bandeiras at Ibibepa Park; Museum of Art of Castelonovo; Mascarenhas Palace; and the Magalhães Bridge over the Veracruz River. | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
| Etymology: New Castle | |
| Nickname(s): Terra de Oportunidades (Land of Opportunities); Selva de Pedra (Stone Jungle) | |
| Motto(s): Semper Invicta "Always undefeated" | |
| Country |  Belmonte |
| Province |  Federal Capital |
| Foundation | 19 May 1544 |
| Founded by | Magalhães Cunha |
| Boroughs | 16 boroughs
|
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor-council |
| • Body | Municipal Chamber |
| • Mayor | Júlio Passos (UCN) |
| Area | |
| • Urban | 293,905 km2 (113,477 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 907,307 km2 (350,313 sq mi) |
| Population (2020) | |
| • Urban | 4,388,284 |
| • Metro | 11,371,228 |
| Demonym | Castelan |
| Time zone | UTC+13 |
| Area code | +57 010 |
Castelonovo (/kɑːstɪlɒˈnɒˈvoʊ/; Iustian pronunciation: [kɐstʃelɔnovo]), officially the Federal Capital of Castelonovo (Iustian: Capital Federal de Castelonovo), is the capital and largest city of Belmonte. Castelonovo is the primate political, administrative, financial and cultural centre of Belmonte, with its name being often used as a synecdoche to refer to the government as a whole. Its metropolitan population is the second largest of Asteria Inferior and the tenth-largest of the world, being the most populous Iustian-speaking city as well. Together with Riachuelo, the city is undergoing a major conurbation process and is part of the Central Metropolitan Axis, which is the most inhabited and urbanized area of the country.
Castelonovo was founded by bandeirante Magalhães Cunha as an outpost for future expeditions further inland, however, its central strategic location and rough terrain that served as a natural defence towards hostile attacks led to exponential growth. By the late 18th century, before Belmontese independence, the city was already the biggest in the colony. After independence, Castelonovo became the centre for liberal and federalist thought and was chosen as the country's capital after the establishment of the First Republic.
Throughout the 19th century, Castelonovo became the major industrial hub of Belmonte and was the city that most received immigrants from that time. Together with a massive rural exodus, the city was affected by a variety of problems combined with the political instability of the era, with the majority of protests, riots, battles and revolts happening there. Castelonovo was severely destroyed during the Great War and the consequent Entente occupation and liberation, suffering a major renovation process in the upcoming decades.
Today, Castelonovo is the wealthiest and most developed city of Belmonte, being a diverse and cosmopolitan city home to regional and international diasporas of different ethnicities around the globe. The city is also known for its religious diversity and its LGBTQ+ population, and has its official motto Semper Invicta, which means "Always Undefeated", whilst having the nicknames Terra de Oportunidades (Land of Opportunities) and Selva de Pedra (Stone Jungle). Castelonovo is the seat of several museums, shows and festivals, and have been the host city of numerous world events of significant importance.
History
Kingdom of Iustia 1544-1683
Poveglian Republic 1683-1721
Gaullican Empire 1721-1764 Belmonte 1764-presentPre-Ashtarite Castelonovo
Before the arrival of Euclean colonists in what is modern-day Belmonte, the area that today corresponds to Castelonovo was populated by a myriad of native chiefdoms, the majority being from Macro-Jê origin. There are few archaeological vestiges about the original native population that lived in the area, with the few descriptions about them mentioning their hostility towards bandeirantes or any white Euclean at all. Although the majority of them were either killed, fled or assimilated into colonial society, native names are still present on names and places throughout the city.
Foundation and colonial era
Castelonovo was founded on May 19th 1544 as Castelo Alto (High Castle) by an expedition led by bandeirante Magalhães Cunha, which departed from Pinheiros a few months before. Initially a small outpost that served as a resting point to other expeditions and bandeiras, the village suffered a massive fire which destroyed the majority of its buildings in 1553, being rebuilt as Castelonovo (New Castle) years later, in 1558. Its location, away from the coast in the middle of the jungle, was known for its rough terrain, making the place safe from indigenous attacks and further increasing the interest of Catholic and Jesuit groups, who wanted to expand their conversion work deep inland.
Thanks to the effort of priests João Paes and Augusto Linhares, the village was further expanded with the construction of a new convent, intensifying conversion activities in the area whilst attracting more priests and new inhabitants. Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, the city drastically grew as the majority of trade routes crossed there, becoming a regional centre for neighbouring villages and towns. Together with its natural defences, many colonial institutions started to be built or transferred to there, consequently leading to the migration of most of the regional elites to areas close to its location. By the end of the 17th century, the city had become the largest of the colony and was the capital of the Anchieta captaincy since 1668.
At the end of the colonial era, Castelonovo already was an important social, economic and cultural centre of Belmonte, being the home for several academic and political thought. Unlike previous colonial administrations, the Gaullican Empire, against the high-level of autonomy that the captaincies had, abolished the former's autonomy and established harsh taxes over the colony itself, instilling rejection of the local population towards the new metropolis. During the 1740s and 1750s, the city became the stage of the first manifestations against colonial rule whilst new nationalist and liberal ideologies arose and, in 1761, the declaration of independence was signed and declared there.
During the Asterian War of Secession, Castelonovo was the seat of the revolutionary forces, headed by Sebastião Mascarenhas, throughout the entire conflict.
Confederation and Republic
After Belmontese independence, the Confederation of Belmonte was established, being an oligarchic confederation in which all rule was concentrated towards the rural slave-owning elite. Castelonovo, despite already being the biggest city in the newly-established country and being the seat of various public institutions, didn't receive the title of capital, alienating many against such rural elites. Furthermore, the city, known for being an academic centre, a centre which had liberal, federal and enlightenment ideas, became opposed towards the new regime. The city would be the seat of the federalist and republican Liberal Party and would endorse liberal thought consistently over the years. With those ideas starting to become more repressed, various high-ranking officials mutinied and rebelled against the confederation, thus starting the Federalist Revolt.
With the federalist victory years afterwards, the First Belmontese Republic was established, making Castelonovo the official capital of Belmonte. This entailed the centralization of more services and the transference of remaining public institutions to the city, helping in its expansion. The arrival of more servicemen and bureaucrats, combined with the government's reformist nature, led to a massive urban renovation, with new, wider roads connecting the city with coastal towns while the architecture shifted from its colonial baroque to more neoclassical trends inspired by the Euclean capitals of the time.
After the Belmontese Revolution, industrialization started to be slowly introduced in Belmonte, with Castelonovo overseeing the construction of the first factories in the 1850s and 1860s. At first limited in size and production, industrialization would be intensified in the upcoming decades, leading to the massive immigration of primarily Euclean peoples. Out of almost two million people that went to Belmonte between the 1870s and 1910s, the overwhelming majority went to work and live on Castelonovo or its neighbouring regions, leading to the construction of various working-class neighbourhoods, the most famous of them being Vila Galisteu and Vila Aurora. Still, this wasn't enough to accommodate the demand for public housing, causing the creation of the first slums in the 1890s and 1900s.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the situation became worse as the city couldn’t sustain anymore the huge influx of new inhabitants, leading to a huge increase in poverty and criminality, earning the nickname of "most decadent city of the Asterias." Tensions among the working class and the police, fueled by poverty and other social problems, led to violent clashes in the following years, the most violent of them being the General Strike of 1906 which resulted in 17 deaths. More violence would appear after the Great Collapse in 1913, ceasing temporarily after the National Renovation Coup when the city was put under military control.
Castelonovo would found itself under more turmoil during the Berquó dictatorship, with the city itself being the location of various revolts and battles against his rule. Although the city underwent some remarkable renovations, its expansion was halted considerably during the remainder of the 10s and the entirety of the 20s.
During Operation Palmier, the Entente invasion of Belmonte, in 1932, the city was bombarded several times by both Nuvania and Satucin to curb any Belmontese military response, however, it still resulted in large destruction of civilian portions as well as a significant loss of life. When the situation became hopeless, Castelonovo was declared an open city weeks later, falling on joint Nuvanian-Satucin hands on March 3rd of the same year. Immediately, a puppet functionalist regime led by Inácio Cohen would set its capital on the city, arresting and executing resistance pockets still left. The occupation years were worst for the capital, with many describing it as a ghost town due to the mass escape of civilians combined with the destruction of large sections of the city.
Amid the Spring Offensive, Castelonovo would become the centre of various battles between the functionalist government, the resistance and the national redoubt government, all of them expanding ever more the city's destruction. The city would be finally liberated on November 1933, while the capitulation of Entente forces in Belmontese territory happened at the beginning of 1934.
Contemporary era
With the establishment of the New Republic, Castelonovo would undergo a massive restructuration and reconstruction of its historical centre, while the remaining parts were started to be influenced by the nascent modernist movement. During the tenure of its first post-war mayor, Cédrico Alvim, a public welfare system and a new highway system would be established together with a metropolitan system as well - the first of the country. Reconstruction works would last until the 50s, when its pre-war population and overall infrastructure was restored, with some works being completed insofar as the 60s and 70s.
During the Sword's Republic and the Mauá's War, Castelonovo would be hit with several terrorist attacks, the worst of them happening in 1963, in which the far-left Belmontese Free Army tried to kill most high-ranking political officers. The city would be the central place of the 1969 and 1979 protests and would suffer even more during the economic crisis of the following decade.
It was only in the 80s that Castelonovo would recover from the past two decade's economic and political foes. Industries would be closed in favour of tertiary services such as finances and retail. Today, Castelonovo is the biggest, wealthiest and most developed city of Belmonte, but still contains various social problems ranging from social inequality, criminality, pollution and traffic congestion.
Geography
Castelonovo is the located on central Belmonte, sharing borders with the province of Anchieta on all sides, being the largest and most populous city of the country according to the last demographic census, having an urban population of 4,388,284 inhabitants in 2020 together with an area of 293,905 km2 (113,477 sq mi).
One of the main reasons for the choice of the city's current location was due to its rough and irregular terrain, in the middle of the Central Highlands, which served as a natural defence against hostile native attacks at the time, with the entirety of the city being above 200m (656 ft) of altitude. However, certain points surpass 600m (1968 ft), most of them located on the northeastern region of the metropolis. As such, the average height is about 450m (1476 ft), with its highest point being the Linhares Pike, also located on the same spot, with 1,288 metres (4,225 ft), while the city itself being surrounded with other mountains of smaller altitude.
There are few seismological reports on the region, with the few earthquakes happening there being from low-intensity nature.
Metropolitan area
The Castelonovo Metropolitan Area was established in 1963 and is the second largest of Asteria Inferior - only behind Passau in Satucin - and the tenth-largest of the world, having 11,371,228 inhabitants in 2020. The metropolitan area is composed by eleven cities, with all of them under a major conurbation process as many people who work in Castelonovo are settling there due to their cheaper cost of living, followed by the expansion of various Castelan business to said neighbouring areas.
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Since the end of the Mauás' War in the late-70s, this conurbation process has become intensified, resulting in the integration with the Riachuelo Metropolitan Area thus forming the Central Metropolitan Axis, also known as the Castelonovo-Riachuelo Metropolitan Axis or Cachuelo, one of the largest megalopolis of the Asterian continent and the most populated and urbanized area of Belmonte, having 18,784,141 inhabitants, more than half of the Belmontese population, living there.
Hydrography
Belmonte's largest river, the Veracruz River, flows through Castelonovo, cutting the city in half. Initially an important source of freshwater, the river became heavily polluted on the 20th century due to massive industrial activity on its surroundings, being the place for industrial and chemical effluents, and also channelled, avoiding water transport on the region. Since the beginning of the 21st century, however, several legislations prohibited the continuation of this practice, and there have been numerous projects to revitalize it for public use.
There are no major lakes on the region, so two large reservoirs were constructed during the city's reconstruction in the 40s and 50s to supply the city's demands: the Guararapes Reservoir is responsible for power generation while the Alvim Reservoir is responsible for maintaining the metropolitan water supply. Both places are located on state-protected parks, being public attractions as well. There were various droughts during Castelonovo's history, leading to water rationing for years.
Climate
Given its location, Castelonovo has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) known for its dry winters and rainy summers. The summer, which reaches its height in January, has an average precipitation of 270mm (10.62 inches) and an average temperature which varies from 25°C (77°F) to 35°C (95°F). During the season, it's common to have frequent storms whilst rainfall is very abundant, happening on almost all days during most of the afternoons. The winter, on the other hand, is drastically different: not only the temperature average is smaller, ranging from 15°C (59°F) to 25°C, but it's also the driest period of the year although frosts happen sporadically. Besides, there also other two seasons: autumn and spring, although they are seen as transition periods. Unlike Guanabara, there is no cyclone activity in the area.
Castelonovo has an alarming pollution problem, leading to an intensification of the greenhouse effect thus creating an urban climate which is considerably warner than its surroundings.
Generally, the hottest month of the year is January, while the coldest one is July. The highest temperature ever registered was 38,1°C (100,58°F) on January 23th 2017, while the coldest one was -2,7°C (27,14°F) on June 18th 1903.
| Climate data for Castelonovo, Belmonte | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 30.3 (86.5) |
29.9 (85.8) |
29.8 (85.6) |
29.5 (85.1) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.7 (83.7) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.6 (81.7) |
28.9 (84.0) |
29.1 (84.4) |
29.5 (85.1) |
29.7 (85.5) |
29.2 (84.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.7 (81.9) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.3 (81.1) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.8 (76.6) |
25.7 (78.3) |
26.5 (79.7) |
27.1 (80.8) |
27.2 (81.0) |
26.4 (79.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 24.9 (76.8) |
24.8 (76.6) |
24.3 (75.7) |
23.7 (74.7) |
22.9 (73.2) |
20.4 (68.7) |
19.7 (67.5) |
20.5 (68.9) |
21.6 (70.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
24.1 (75.4) |
22.7 (72.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 293 (11.5) |
278 (10.9) |
211 (8.3) |
184 (7.2) |
131 (5.2) |
98 (3.9) |
76 (3.0) |
83 (3.3) |
107 (4.2) |
134 (5.3) |
196 (7.7) |
237 (9.3) |
2,028 (79.8) |
| Average precipitation days | 19 | 18 | 18 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 07 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 17 | 18 | 168 |
| Source: Belmontese Meteorological Service | |||||||||||||
Government
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Given its condition as federal capital, Castelonovo has a different political and administrative framework when compared to other entities of the federation. Although being categorized as a proper province, the city acts as a municipality of its own, having a municipal charter that acts as its Magna Carta and a mayor-council system instead of a provincial constitution and political system.
The executive is led by a mayor, not a governor, which is the leader of the party with the biggest number of seats in the city's municipal chamber. Elections take place every four years, with the mayor being able to stay in office indefinitely as long as it has parliamentary support, whilst having as main responsibilities the leading of the city government to provide and maintain healthcare, education, security, basic sanitation and public transport with the assistance of the Federal Government.
The legislative power is vested in the Municipal Chamber of Castelonovo, which is constituted of 50 councillors, also known as vereadores, for a renewable term of 4 years. As the city’s legislature, it’s the responsability of the chamber to suggest, debate and approve laws and budgets.
The judiciary power is made by the Justice Court of Castelonovo, which deals with both legal and criminal cases, together with the city's parquet.
Subdivisions
Castelonovo is divided into 30 boroughs which are part of five different regions: North, South, East, West and Centre. The Centre is composed by the historical district and financial zone, being home of the city's oldest neighbourhoods; the North and West regions are the most populated areas with the majority of low and middle-class suburbs being located there; while the East and North regions are known for their upper-class population.
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Public security
Castelonovo's main public security force is the Civil Guard, which is administered by the city government together with federal assistance as part of the National Public Security System. According to the last census realized by the government, there is 25,000 police officers on duty in the city. Statistically, Castelonovo has one of the lowest crime rates of Belmonte with 2019 registering 13,8 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants, altough it's a number which is considered high when compared with other capitals.
The Civil Guards faces a tense relationship with the city's most poor communities, suffering harsh criticisms from various social groups due to its brutality, especially towards the black population and other social and ethnic minorities. According to a report released by the International Council for Democracy (ICD) in 2019, the Castelonovo Civil Guard is the "second most repressive" in Belmonte after Guanabara, and ranks as one of the police that most kill in the world.
Economy
Castelonovo is a global city and the financial and economic centre of Belmonte, having the biggest GDP of the country and one of the biggest of Asteria Inferior. According to the last census realized by the Bank of Belmonte in 2019, around a quarter of the national Gross Domestic Product comes from the city’s economic activities, and has situated there the Castelonovo Stock Market, which is one of the biggest and most important stock markets of the region.
The city also is the headquarters of several banks that are both domestic and foreign, multinational companies and monetary agencies that belongs to the municipal and federal government, with most of these institutions being situated at the city’s centre, more specifically at the Augusta Ave. Furthermore, Castelonovo is the city with the biggest number of millionaires and billionaires in Belmonte, and has one of the highest living rates of the country, being followed by Guanabara, Riachuelo and Julianópolis, respectively.
Since the start of the industrial revolution, Castelonovo was the home of the first factories in the 1840s and 1850s, where the majority of them were focused on the production of alimentary goods that had its raw material coming from the local agriculture. With the increase of manpower and consequently of the city, industries started to diversify their productions yet at the end of the 19th century, when they started to produce more varied goods such as clothes and other products.
In the 1900s, a few years before the start of the economic decadence caused by the Great Collapse, the city was the most industrialized of Belmonte, having thousands of new workers and factories every year. With the economic crisis, industrial development started to decrease drastically until being almost completely gone during the Entente occupation of the city in the Great War. After the Spring March, the city’s economy was rebuilt around the tertiary field, with popular commerce as well as retail and the financial sector becoming the most predominant economic activities.
Luxury goods
Tourism
Urban infrastructure
Transport
Demographics
Immigration
Domestic migration
Religion
Languages
Sexual diversity
Health
Education
Science
Culture
Music
Literature
Theatres
Museums
Media
Sports
Sister cities
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