Nortish Railways

His Majesty's Board of Railways

Trading name	Nortish Railways
Type	Crown office
Industry	Railway transport and logistics
Founded	24 June 1919 (1919-06-24)
Headquarters	Lendert-with-Cadell , Great Nortend
Key people	Sir William Gouldon
Parent	H.M. Trade Office
Subsidiaries	City and Counties Railway Eastern Railway Southern Railway Medden Railway North Central Railway North Western Railway Cardish Railway Hambrian Railway

His Majesty's Board of Railways is a department of the Government of Great Nortend which has jurisdiction over public and private railways, established by the Railways Act 17 Edm. IX p. 230. It also is the department in charge of Nortish Railways, the public railway service. The Board began formal operations on Midsummer's Day, June 24th, 1919, after the Railways Acquisition Act was enacted which provided for the consolidation of the existing 87 standard gauge railway companies into eight new regional railways as divisions of Nortish Railways. On Michaelmas of 1920, the former companies, having been stripped of most of their assets, were ,acquired’ by the Crown, vested in the Board.

As of 2019, the public standard gauge (5′) railway network spans nearly 22,000 miles of track and 7,358 stations and halts. The Board controls this network in Great Nortend through the eight regional railways which collectively form Nortish Railways. These operate as independent departments of the Board of Railways. The chairman of the Board is the Master of the Board of Railways, presently the Rt. Hon. Sir William Gouldon, Second Lord of Trade. The position is a Cabinet level ministerial post.

History

Before Collation

Before the Collation in 1919, the railway network was operated by nearly a hundred railway companies in competition with each other. This was highly inefficient and wasteful. In 1913, the Government realised that the railways were an integral public utility necessary for the maintenance of Erbonian society which had become highly dependent on the railways. Royal acquisition was the standard method for securing such public services, as had occurred with the constabularies and fire brigades of the 18th and 19th centuries.

The „Corkton Report” was published in 1915 outlining a plan to completely nationalise the railways which the Sowerton Drougher government took it to the 1916 elections. The elections were won by the Scodeliers, which instead proposed an alternative form of acquisition which collated the companies into eight amalgamated railways, to form independent divisions of the new Nortish Railways ,Company’. Collation as the process was known, was popular with the smaller railway companies, and they were facing bankruptcy with numerous small stations, dense bureaucracy and inefficient staffing. The larger railway companies, however, were opposed to the plans until the Government agreed to grant shareholders immediate compensation to the value of 1·25 times their share price. Subsequently in 1919, the Railways Acquisition Act was enacted.

Collation

Railway map of Lesser Erbonia.

In accordance with the Act, the Board of Railways was established by Order in Council on the 1st of July, 1919, taking over the assets of the 87 existing standard gauge railway companies. Senior directors of their component railway companies were mostly all invited to take similar positions within each of the eight new regional railway divisions, which corresponded of the former eight major railway companies. After a transition period of five terms, all assets of the former companies by operation of the Act on September 28th, 1920, Michaelmas, were transferred to the Board of Railways.

Remarkably, the process went quite smoothly as stations, locomotives and rolling stock had already been repainted in their new operating colours as . ,Brand’ unification under Nortish Railways failed, however, to bring about any practical changes to the operation of the railway system until 1933, when the Board of Railways introduced a unified national through-ticketing scheme, known as the Board of Railways Ticketing System, or „B.O.R.T.S.”

Thitherto, although goods could be sent across companies by a single consignment, passengers wishing to change between trains which were operated by different railways needed to buy separate tickets for each separate leg of the journey. Under the Clearing system, a single, standardised ticket could be used across all services on a single fare, and could be purchased at any booking office under the Clearing system.

Renewal

A railway poster issued to promote travel to the Fillet Welds on the City and Counties Railway.

By the 1970s, the Nortish Railways network had fallen far behind much of the rest of the world in terms of technology. Steam remained the main form of tractive power on the railways, supplanted by electricity on some suburban lines. Furthermore, infrastructure was deteriorating with a lack of funds for maintenance or replacement.

A proposal was tabled by the eight joint railway companies to the Board of Railways in 1972 which proposed the introduction of diesel power to replace steam, which was inefficient and ,dirty’. The cost of the programme was expected to run to the millions of pounds and was rejected by the Bokewell government as being against the national interest.

Instead, the Board of Railways published its own report in 1974. The „Renewal Report” proposed a number of changes which aimed to renew and rejuvenate the Nortish Railways network. These included :—

• Full centralisation replacing semi-independent regional divisions
• More unified national identity and stronger travel advertising.
• Investment in new steam locomotive designs with greater efficiency.
• A new standard design of coaches and rolling stock.
• Electrification of more suburban lines.
• New sleeper and cross-country express services.
• Renewal of track and infrastructure, removal of level crossings, and duplication of track.
• Closure of several lines which duplicated existing lines.
• Opening of new regional marshalling yards for goods.

The Renewal Report was accepted by the Cabinet, with the exception of the abolition of the historic regional railways. Instead, greater inter-region harmonisation and co-operation was ordered, starting with a greater prominence placed on the Nortish Railways brand. The traditional „Bramley badge” of Nortish Railways, with the oval, crown and lion, was to be used in conjunction thenceforth with the operating railway's name and badges. Greater livery, stationery, signage and design harmonisation was also implemented, along with a renewed national advertising campaign, headed by the Board of Information.

A significant change was the introduction of the Board of Railways standard designs for railway coaches and rolling stock in 1977, to replace old, worn-out and potentially unsafe stock which mostly dated back to the early and mid 20th century. The new carriage designs accommodated three classes of travel and were available in compartment, corridor and open designs.

Operations

Tickets issued under B.O.R.T.S.

Nortish Railways is controlled on a national level by the Board of Railways, at Railways House in Lendert-with-Cadell. The Board determines national railway transport planning, sets general policies on routes and fares, and coordinates local operations. The head of the Board of Railways is the Master of the Board of Railways, usually a Cabinet-level ministerial position. The actual running of the Nortish Railways network is undertaken by eight regional railways, which form independent subsidiary divisions of the Board. These are the :—

• City and Counties Railway
• Eastern Railway
• Southern Railway
• Medden Railway
• North Central Railway
• North Western Railway
• Cardish Railway
• Hambrian Railway

Each railway, despite being divisions of the Board of Railways, has a certain discretion as to how non-core elements of their operations are undertaken. All railways are, however, subject to the orders, policies and control of the Board, such as the uniform ticketing system (B.O.R.T.S.). In practice, most of the divisions provide comparable services.

Technology

A Board of Railways Standard No. 2 locomotive.

Nortish Railways predominantly uses steam locomotive traction for its railway services. The furthering of hot-boiler steam technology has led to improvements in the efficiency and cleanliness of steam engines. Most locomotives run on cleaner anthracite coal or biocoal, which is formed from torrified biomass into lump-sized pellets which have much of the same characteristics as anthracite coal. Some lines, especially the suburban lines, use electric locomotive traction through a third rail, to reduce smoke and noise in densely populated cities. This is only possible in cities where there is a reliable source of electricity.

The main line gauge used is common 5 foot gauge, as this in Catherinian units corresponds to the international 4′ 8½″ standard gauge. There are also some narrow gauge lines, of various gauges. Buffer and chain couplings are universal on the Nortish Railways network. Passenger and fitted goods stock are fitted with vacuum brakes, air brakes being banned since 1932. They also have screw link couplings, whilst unfitted goods use ,loose’ three link couplings, tensioned by a brakevan at the rear of the train.

The signalling system used by Nortish Railways is based on two aspect semaphore route absolute block signalling. Stop signals have a red-white-red striped arm, and red and green lenses. Fore signals have a yellow-black-yellow striped fish-tailed arm, and clear (yellow) and green lenses. Only upper quadrant signals are used, lit at night with paraffin lamps. Signals are operated by two wires from manned signalboxes. The interlocking mechanism is rod interlocking, whereby signal and point levers are mechanically interlocked to prevent opposing movements.

Ticketing

One of the main achievements of the Board of Railways is the introduction of the unified nation-wide ticketing system, known as the Board of Railways Ticketing Scheme, or „B.O.R.T.S.”. Nortish Railways uses a fixed price ticketing system, where ticket prices are not subject to demand or date fluctuations. Instead, ticket price is based on distance and class, such that a booking clerk anywhere on the network is able to issue a ticket for any feasible journey. The base „fare ticket”, however, only generally entitles travel aboard stopping, through and limited trains. Travel aboard an express or farren train requires an additional surcharge „train ticket”. For example, an ordinary off-peak second class fare between Eamsford and Chepingstow costs 9¼d. Travelling aboard the Blue Flighter express train, without seat reservation, between Eamsford and Chepingstow is an additional 6d.

The B.O.R.T.S. ticket is a standardised design made of pasteboard with coloured or patterned paper laminated on either side. The tickets are cut to dimensions of 1⅛″ by 2¼″. Each ticket is numbered sequentially. Apart from pre-printed tickets for common journeys, booking clerks may hand-write tickets for rarer journeys on blank ticket stock with only the fare printed. Concession tickets are created by overstamping.

Services

Nortish Railways is required by law to carry passengers, post, livestock and most goods, depending on station accomodation. Railway stations on the Nortish Railways network are classified as either high stations, middle stations, stations or halts. High stations are the largest, located in main cities and the largest junction towns. These include the city termini stations. Middle stations and stations are generally located in towns and villages respectively. All stations are fully staffed with a stationmaster, station buildings and sundry amenities, except for halts, which are served by the closest station, and often only have very simple shelters. Most stations have a goods yard or sidings, with facilities for the loading and unloading of goods and livestock.

Passengers

Older style of railway carriage.

Passenger services are available at most railway stations on the network, save for a small number of industrial and goods stations. Under the Railways Act, Nortish Railways (through the regional railways) is obliged to provide at least a twice-weekly service at all passenger stations. Passenger trains are of four main sorts :—

• Stopping trains (stop at halts, stations, middle stations, high stations)
• Through trains (stop at some stations, and all middle stations and high stations)
• Express trains (stop at middle stations and high stations)
• Farren trains (stop at high stations only)

Other trains include specials and excursion trains which run for special occasions. Most sleeper services are farren trains. Express and farren trains are named trains, and require the purchase of a surcharge train ticket over the ordinary fare.

Passenger services are available on most lines in three general classes : first class, second class and third class. By law, a station must be served at least twice-weekly by a train with least one compartment in each class. Other trains may or may not have every class of travel; however, most trains excepting labourers', luxury and special trains, have all three classes of travel, sometimes with combined first and second class compartments on rural routes.

Most trains run with compartment coaches, where seating is provided in enclosed compartments with a connecting side corridor. Stopping trains, such as rural branch line trains or surburban trains, do not have a corridor, and hence are not „through”. Open carriages are generally only used on very busy services, to maximise capacity. A ticket will not guarantee a seat unless the passenger pays for the reservation of a seat on a particular train. Reservation, when available, must occur at least an hour before the train is due to begin its journey, to ensure that it can be processed in time.

Mail

The interior of a Nortish Railways travelling post office.

Mail is an important item carried by the railways on behalf of the Board of Mails. Both letters and parcels are carried. Mail is carried on ordinary stopping or express passenger services for speedy pickup and delivery. Special post trains allow for the collection, sorting and delivery of mail at high speed, allowing for over-night delivery across most of the country.

Livestock

Livestock is normally carried by the railways in special cattle vans, livestock vans and horse boxes. Not all stations handle livestock traffic, and most suburban stations have limited facilities for anything other than horses. Pets and other small animals such as chickens, fish or birds, may be carried in the guard's compartment on most trains.

Goods

Goods form a large part of the carriage load of Nortish Railways. As common carriers, railway companies are obliged to carry „all manner of reasonable goods”. Most goods traffic is waggon-load which comprises nearly two thirds of all goods traffic revenue. Container traffic is very limited owing to the loading gauge, and containers generally are unpacked and unpacked manually at ports, rather than being transported as-is. Around a third of all goods is part waggon-load goods, such as items of merchandise, fresh produce and sundry goods. The rest is bulk ballast, ore, coal, sand, gravel &c.

International

There are regularly scheduled railway services to Nikolia. Passengers must change to a ship at Scode to cross the Duke of Yarron's Sea, before reboarding the train on Nikolian soil.