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{{Infobox university
{{Infobox university
| name              = The University of Aldesey
| name              = The University of Lendert
| native_name      = ''Universitas Aldesiensis''
| native_name_lang  =
| image            = SealAldesey.png
| image            = SealAldesey.png
| image_size = 100px
| image_size       = 100px
| image_upright    =
| caption          = Seal of the University of Lendert
| image_alt        =
| latin_name        = Universitas Lendartiensis apud Aldesiam
| caption          = Seal of the University of Aldesey
| type              = Public
| latin_name        = Cancellarius Magistri et Scholares Universitatis Aldesiensis
| established      = 1256
| other_name        = The Chancellour, Masters and Scholars of the University at Aldesey
| former_name      =
| motto            = Omnia pro Domino
| motto_lang        =
| mottoeng          = All for the Lord
| top_free_label    =
| top_free          =
| type              = Corporation by prescription
| established      = c. 8th century as a monastic school<br>c. 1256 as a university
| founder          =
| parent            =
| affiliation      =
| religious_affiliation = [[Church of Nortend]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Church of Nortend]]
| academic_affiliation  =
| endowment        = [[Pound marten|£]]100 million
| endowment        = ~ [[Pound marten|£]]101,200,000
| chancellor        = Lord Bishop of Chepingstow
| budget            =
| vice_chancellor  = Martin de Hazels
| officer_in_charge =
| students          = 9,000
| chairman          =
| city              = [[Lendert-with-Cadell]]
| chairperson      =
| chancellor        = Cardinal Dr. William Laseby,<br>Lord Bishop of Chepingstow
| president        =
| vice-president    =
| superintendent    =
| vice_chancellor  = Rt. Rev'd. Dr. Martin Hazel,<br>Vicar-General of Chepingstow
| provost          =
| rector            = Rt. W'shipful Dr Thomas Matthew
| principal        =
| dean              =
| director          =
| head_label        =
| head              =
| academic_staff    =
| administrative_staff =
| students          = ~ 9,000
| undergrad        =  
| postgrad          =
| doctoral          =
| other            =
| address          = <!-- Please discuss before using -->
| city              = Aldesey
| state            = Narland
| province          =
| country          = [[Great Nortend]]
| country          = [[Great Nortend]]
| postcode          =
| free_label2      = Colours
| coordinates      =
| free2            = {{color box|#6ec8da}} {{color box|#ffffff}}
| campus            =
| free_label        = Languages
| language          = English, Latin, Greek
| free              = English, Latin, Greek
| free_label        =
| free              =
| free_label2      =  
| free2            =  
| colors            = Light blue {{color box|#6ec8da}} and white {{color box|#ffffff}}
| athletics        =  
| sports            = Boating and fencing
| athletics_nickname = <!--or, sports_nickname= -->
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot            = <!--or, mascots= -->
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free      =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2      =
| website          = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->
| logo              =
| logo_size        =
| logo_alt          =
| footnotes        =
}}
}}
The '''University of Aldesey''', formally the Chancellour, Masters and Scholars of the University at Aldesey, is the only university in [[Great Nortend]]. It is located in the town of Aldesey in [[Great Nortend|Narland]]. The university was founded as a monastic school in the 8th or 9th centuries, and developed into a collegiate university during the 12th and 13th centuries.


It has maintained a traditional curriculum founded upon the liberal arts and the Classics since the middle ages, and all undergraduates must still study traditional classical and mediaeval texts and be fluent in Latin and Greek. Since the 19th century reforms, however, the university has broadened its academic focus, and now has well-developed scientific and humanities departments, in addition to the traditional law, medicine and theological faculties. In 1924, in a plan to improve the standard of female schoolmistresses, the University admitted its first lady students, the first woman receiving the title of Lady of Arts in 1927.
The '''University of Lendert''', formally the '''Chancellour, Masters and Scholars of the University of Lendert upon the Aldesey''' (Latin: ''Universitas Aldesiensis'' or ''Chancellarius, Magistri et Scholares Universitatis Lendartiensis apud Aldesiam'') is an ancient collegiate university in [[Great Nortend]] located in [[Lendert-with-Cadell]] in the area known as the „Aldesey”, hence its common appellation of „the Aldesey”. To-day, the University consists of four faculties, eight schools and twenty four halls with a broad academic focus on the liberal arts. In 2018, there were around 9,000 students studying at the University. Graduates of the University occupy an exclusive place in Erbonian society and form the majority of lawyers, physicians, churchmen, academics, politicians, nobility, research scientists, military officers, senior civil servants and school-masters.


The University is mainly built upon two large natural islands in the River Lither, the Upper and Lower Eyotes, which have over the centuries has been nearly fully covered by the buildings of the university colleges, with the town of Aldesey developing on the outer banks of the river. In 2018, there were around 9,000 students studying at the University of Aldesey, divided between twenty-one houses with around 430 students each.
The University is located to the west of [[Lendert-with-Cadell]] in a precinct known as the Aldesey. The main University sites form a generally cohesive district centred on the two Upper and Lower Eyotes on the Wessert, marked by physical boundary walls and gates. The Church of St. Peter is the main church on Upper Eyote and serves as the site of most smaller University ceremonies. Coggeshall, Ladyhall, Canonshall, Gosthall and Middlehall have their main house on the Eyotes, as well as the Old Arts School, the Old Laws School and the Divinity School. The rest of the Eyotes are made up of sundry housing and shops and the church The rest of the halls, colleges and University buildings are located on the outer banks of the Wessert. Along the Lither, where rowing is practised, is a large swathe of open pasture, meadow and parkland owned by the various academical and religious houses. The precincts of the University, within which University statutes, proctors and constables have jurisdiction and which form the Aldesey, are the parishes of St. Mary the Virgin, St. Peter ''ad Vincula'', All Hallows and All Souls, Holy Ghost and St. Andrew.


==Governance==
==History==
[[File:Cmglee_Cambridge_St_Johns_Kitchen_Bridge.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Punts on the River Lither at Dumcourt Bridge. ]]The University as a body is divided into three nations, to which each student belongs, which determines (to an extent) which colleges or halls, collectively known as houses, are open to him. The twenty-one constituent houses are independent and responsible for the lodging, education and nourishment of its students. Students are admitted to a house associated with the nation of their hometown through the process of Matriculation, when they formally become members of the University. Henceforth, they are bound by the University's statutes and regulations. The University's statutes, regulations and ordinances are enforced by the University's proctors, policemen and beadles, who have the power to fine and confine, and in extreme cases, to rusticate or ban (expel).
The University developed out of the monastic school of the then [[Lendert Cathedrall|Lendert Abbey]] in the 10th and 11th centuries. In 1256, Edmund IV granted a charter to establish a university in Lendert to the Lord Bishop of Chepingstow, who held ordinary jurisdiction over the city until the creation of the see of Lendert in 1284, at the same time granting the Aldesey Forest to the Abbey. Non-monastic scholars were prevented from living with the scholars of St. Peter (which formed the modern Coggeshall), and instead attached themselves to the parish church of St. Mary the Virgin, whose rector obtained a charter in 1264 to found Ladyhall. As the City and University grew, the latter soon formed a enclave in the expanding urban area, delineated by a physical boundary marking „the Aldesey”. Canonshall was founded by the Dominicans (Black Friars) in 1273.


The formal corporate body of the University is known as the Great Congregation, comprised of all masters of the University, who are those students with a Master of Arts or were otherwise a Doctor of Science, Letters, Music, Physic, Laws or Divinity. It has a role in passing University's statutes and regulations, subject to the Chancellour, as well as having control over academic matters such as examinations, rustication, matriculation, the curriculum and lectures, as well as granting graces, dispensations and degrees.
In 1382, the metropolitan see moved to Lendert, from Sulthey, and the Cathedral and University gained importance as the centre of religious and political life. Clerical education increasingly was centred on the Aldesey and the „New Halls” were established in the early 15th century of Limmes Hall (1388), Tow Hall (1390), Alhallowhall (1405), Echester Hall (1421), Jesus-Hall (1422), Maudlynhall (1422) and Rhighton Hall (1432). The see of Sulthey refused to send students to Lendert until the Reformation. Tow Hall and Echester Hall soon merged into Middlehall in 1460. Lucyhall was founded in 1487. West Hall iwass founded in 1493, Godchristhall was founded in 1500 and Andershall in 1511.


The Congregation, with its large size, normally meets every three years, and delegates its powers to the smaller Lesser Congregation, or Convocation of Regent Masters, who have power over academic matters though it cannot pass statutes. Statutes are deliberated upon by the Convocation, and if agreed to, referred back to the entire Congregation, which can accept it or reject it at the triennial meetings or by postal ballot.
===Reformation===
The Reformation was a turbulent period for the University and Church. Shortly after the accession of Alexander I, in 1568, William Reed was appointed Rector of the University. He was ordered to instigate reforms and to preach against the errors of the Council of Trent which Alexander had rejected the previous year in the Proclamation of Manfarham. Reed himself was removed from the Rectorship in 1670 for continual refusal to publish the Statute of Supremacy or to assent to its provisions. Cainmare, then the Archbishop of Lendert and Chancellour of the University, caused the appointment of his deputy, George Miers, as Rector later in 1670. Miers took a strongly reformist approach to governing the University and began a reform of the curriculum to conform to the prevailing religious views of the Court establishment. Almost the entire Faculty of Divinity was slowly replaced by those aligned with Miers, while numerous fellows, chaplains, masters, deans and canons were expelled from their halls and colleges on account of their refusal to submit. Upon the death of Cainmare in 1590, Miers continued as Rector under Henry Frympell, who tasked scholars with the compiling and translation of the Frympell Bible, finally published in 1589.


==Students==
===Sampser Reforms===
It is necessary to matriculate at an academic college or hall to be a student. The [[Education in Great Nortend#Exhibition Examinations|''Exhibitiones'']] are examinations taken at the end of the [[Education in Great Nortend#Senior|Sixth Form]] to prove scholastic competence and potential entitlement to an exhibition. This is also the examination which forms the principal basis for admission to matriculation. As only independent schools offer the ''Exhibitiones'', state school pupils are unable to enter university by this route. However, as it is not a prerequisite to matriculation, colleges and halls may admit students at their discretion. For example, many matriculate international students, although not all, on the basis of a separate Matriculation Examination. This examination may also be taken by state school pupils, and older candidates, in theory, but it is quite rare.
In the 19th century, it was increasingly recognised that the University was struggling to advance learning and science, especially in the arts. In particular, the lack of further formal courses of study in the arts resulted in the University's declining importance in the burgeoning fields of natural philosophy and history. Lord Sampser was appointed in 1878 by Parliament to undertake a wholesale reform of the University, leading to the publication of the Sampser Report which recommended the establishment of the degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of Science and of Letters within the Faculty of Arts which occured in 1883 with the passage of the ''University Act''. Furthermore, the practice of termly written examinations was formalised, among other sundry reforms.


Undergraduates are graded into seven ranks — noblemen, gentlemen, exhibitioners, commoners, battelers and servitors. Most colleges and halls have abolished servitors; however some still retain the rank. Different ranks of undergraduates are entitled to different styles of gowns and headdress which mark their status. Students are required to wear the gown of their status whenever they are in public, unless otherwise dispensed with or engaging in exempted activities (such as physical exercise). Undergraduates and their different ranks are subordinate to Bachelors and Masters of Arts, who theoretically rank as equals to bachelors and doctors of higher faculties.
===Lady students===
Women had been permitted to attend lectures on an informal basis since the late 19th century, with earlier precedents including the mediaeval education of nuns and abbesses. However, being unable to take examinations or degrees, this arrangement was widely seen as insufficient for a formal education system. In 1923, in a plan to improve the standard of female education and schoolmistresses, the Crown enacted the ''Ladies’ University Halls Act'' which allowed for the establishment of houses of residence for lady students at the University. The next year, St. Elisabeth’s Hall was founded with a Governess and twenty ladies. Despite the admission of women, it was still thought that degrees and membership of the University ought to remain exclusively for men, and therefore the first woman to complete the Arts course received the title of Lady of Arts in 1927. The first Mistress of Arts was created in 1932.


Women are only admitted to Saint Elisabeth Hall, which was established in 1915 as the only provision for ladies when the ''Ladies’ University Halls Act'' was passed in 1923. Not being formally an academic house, its female students study for the titles of Lady of Arts and Mistress of Arts &c. Lady students are admitted to the University, rather than matriculate; however, they enjoy much the same status otherwise as male students.
==Organisation==
[[File:JesusCollegeChapelCourt.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The new Physic School and Teaching Hospital at the University.]]
The governing body of the University is the Congregation, comprising all Masters and Doctors of the University. The Congregation votes on the University's statutes and exercises control over academic matters such as examinations, rustication, matriculation, curricula and teaching, as well as graces and degrees conferred ''gratiosi''. Changes to statutes are deliberated upon by Congregation.


==Faculties==
The University also consists of the four faculties, being those of Arts, Laws, Physic and Divinity. Within the Faculty of Arts are the sub-faculties of Letters and Science, the former consisting of the schools of Languages, Music, Philosophy and History, and the latter the schools of Mathematics, Astronomy, Natural Philosophy (Physics and Chemistry) and Natural History (Biology and Geology). Unusually, the Faculty of Laws includes the schools of Economics and Politics, as well as the schools of Civil Law and Canon Law. The faculties are responsible for the lecturing, research and examination of students.
The University of Aldesey has four faculties in the mediaeval university tradition, being the Faculties of Arts, Physic, Laws and Divinity. Other than monks and friars, students enter the university in the Faculty of Arts, and read for their Master of Arts, which allows them to pursue further degrees.


===Faculty of Arts===
Parallel to the faculties are the twenty four halls of scholars which are collegiate institutions independent of the University and responsible for the lodging, tutelage and nourishment of their students. The student body are also divided into three nations, although these are of little importance. Students are admitted to a hall and the University through the process of matriculation and become members ''in statu pupillari''. Henceforth, they are bound by the University's statutes which are enforced by the University's proctors, constables and beadles, who have the power to fine and confine, and in extreme cases, to rusticate or ban (expel).
[[File:GNMaster.jpg|thumb|200px|The academic dress of a Master of Arts.]]
 
An degree in the Arts is the only initial, or undergraduate, degree offered by the University of Aldesey.<ref>It is still possible to take a Bachelor of Physic, Laws or Divinity without having any other degree; however, this is not common.</ref>
==Academic profile==
===Admission===
Prospective students apply to matriculate by application to the halls of scholars, generally on the basis of good results in the [[Education in Great Nortend#Exhibition Examinations|Exhibition Examinations]]. These are public examinations taken at the end of the [[Education in Great Nortend#Senior|Sixth Form]] to prove scholastic competence and potential entitlement to a Crown Exhibition. However, as passing the ''Exhibitiones'' is not a prerequisite to admission, houses may admit students at their discretion. Several houses restrict admission either partially or fully to students from particular schools. Furthermore, many matriculate international students, although not all, on the basis of a separate Matriculation Examination. This examination may also be taken by state school pupils, and older candidates, in theory, but it is quite rare.
 
===Arts degrees===
[[File:Christ's College Chapel, Cambridge, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|200px|right|View inside St. Michael’s Chapel, at Middlehall.]]
An degree in the Arts is the only initial, or undergraduate, degree offered by the University of Aldesey. The curriculum for the Arts involves attendance at school lectures, along with repetitions in college. Collections are college examinations taken at the beginning of a term to assess previous term learning. They do not contribute to one’s final degree. Lectures typically involve exposition and instruction of the subject matter, as well as questions and discussion. „Ordinary” lectures are given in the schools in the morning and involve formal presentation of a lecture on a paper. Cursories are given in school in the afternoons as less formal, class-room style seminars with opportunity for questions and discussion. Extraordinary lectures do not correspond to a particular paper. Repetitions are weekly tutorials or supervisions undertaken in groups of two or three, usually with a college fellow or regent master, for which students are usually expected to write a short disputation and discuss questions. A disputation was originally a kind of formal debate. It is nowadays often delivered in written form, either short or long, although a ''viva voce'' element remains in the defence of one's disputation. A short disputation is akin to an ordinary academic essay, while a long disputation is similar to an academic thesis. For both, students are required to write an abstract in Latin. For both Responsions and Moderations, students are required to „hear” ordinary lectures, which are said to be given on certain books or „papers”. However, while attendance is still taken, the main academic exercise has long since become the examination of students by disputation.
 
After Matriculation, a student is known as a Freshman in his first year and a Sophister in his second. At the end of his first and second years, he „responds” by undertaking his First and Second Responsions (also known as the „Little” and „Great” Responsions), in which he disputes on eight compulsory papers on „Science” and „Letters”, the former grouping covering Logic, Philosophy and Mathematics and the latter Literature, Theology and History. At the end of the second year, the Sophister supplicates to be admitted to “answer the question” (''ad respondendum questioni''). In his third and fourth years, the student (known respectively as a Questionist and Determiner) takes his First and Second Moderations and disputes on eight moderation papers of his choice offered in any of the various moderation schools of the University. Some moderation papers may allow the option of producing a long disputation in lieu of timed examination.<ref>Historically, Sophists first took the Moderations before being admitted ''ad respondendum questioni,'' and as Questionists answered a formal “Question", before being created actual Bachelors of Art. Thereafter, they were bound to determine. This old scheme was abolished in 1730. Thereafter, Moderations were merged with the Question, albeit the Question remained a distinct part of the Moderation. It continued, however, that one was formally created a B.A. after completing the Question on Commencement Day, and then required to determine within a year as a Bachelor. In 1752 this changed such that one was required to determine before commencing as B.A. In 1883, under the Sampser Report and the University Act, the Moderation was further merged with the Determination exercises to form the First and Second Moderations.</ref> 
 
In his final, determining year, the Determiner supplicates again for final admission to his Bachelor of Arts degree. Although students must pass Responsions, degrees are classed solely based on results in the Moderations — ''satis,'' ''bene,'' ''melius'' or ''optime'' — having moderated satisfactorily, well, better or best, the equivalent of honours. The best student in the year of each moderation is titled the Senior Optimas. Bachelors wishing to incept later as Master of Arts must keep a further four years and then supplicate for inception. At the end of Easter term, the Bachelor is licensed to incept as Master of Arts at Commencement (''Comitia'') during Whitsun term. Alternatively, the Bachelor may wish to read for a higher degree.
====Moderations====
Each school offers a set of moderation papers, called Moderations, examined by moderators. These form the basis for study and examination by questionists in their third and fourth years. The following Moderations were offered in the 2023/24 academic year :—
 
'''Faculty of Arts'''
* Classics
* Philosophy
* History
* Literature
* Music
* Mathematics
* Astronomy
* Natural Philosophy
* Natural History


After Matriculation, the student becomes a sophister at the end of his first year. The sophister „responds” at the end of his second year. This includes the practical papers written ''in camera'' as well as the formal oral ''viva voce'' examination ''de quaestione respondens'' called the ''Responsiones''. The sophister thus becomes a questionist. The questionist having responded then „determines” at the end of his third year which again consists of substantial papers ''in camera'' and a formal oral ''viva voce'' disputation called the ''Determinatio'', becoming a bachelor.
'''Faculty of Physic'''
* Medicine


The bachelor then dedicates himself to one field of his choice, attending lectures and disputations, and giving repetitions to the undergraduates. At the end of fourth year, he undertakes his ''Quodlibetica'', after which he is admitted to incept as Master of Arts. Inceptors usually take the next year off to complete the year of compulsory military [[Muster Service (Great Nortend)|service]], before returning to incept. On a certain day, they are required to attend a formal disputation called ''Vesperies''. The next day they attend ''Comitia'' where they are presented to the Chancellour of the University, the Lord High Chancellour, who gives the inceptor the master’s hood. To be admitted to the Great Congregation, the new Master of Arts must take the Oath, and then give a first lecture known as his ''Principium'', dispute for a month and lecture as a regent master for one year after inception. However, these acts, other than the Oath, are commonly dispensed with by grace.
'''Faculty of Laws'''
* Civil Law
* Canon Law
* Politics
* Economics


The curriculum for the Arts involves attendance at lectures, supplemented with repetitions (tutorials), disputations (debates) and declamations (formal submissions or readings of essays). Lectures for undergraduates are given by regent masters and involve exposition and instruction of the subject matter, as well as questions and discussion. The lectures are divided broadly into Philosophy (Ethics, Metaphysics, Logic<ref>Including Mathematics</ref> and Natural) and History (Ancient, Biblical, Modern and Natural). Students must choose which lectures they attend, provided they attend the minimum number of lectures in each field.
'''Faculty of Divinity'''
* Divinity
An undergraduate may theoretically be allowed to take multiple Moderations, either in sequence or at the same time, with the consent of his prelector. It is also common to take one or two additional papers from another Moderation as only three out of four papers in each of First and Second Moderations are necessary to pass.


====Mistress of Arts====
==== Non-moderated degrees ====
The title of Mistress of Arts are given to lady students who complete a four year course in the Arts, as for a Master of Arts. The principal difference is that there is a greater focus on „softer” academic topics, such as text analysis, music and visual arts, Biblical history and ethics, and less emphasis on formal logic, natural philosophy, modern history and politics. Nonetheless, lady students still receive a solid grounding in the humanities of all kinds, including Latin and some Greek.
Taking moderations is not necessary to obtain a pass degree. Students may also choose to not take Moderations, and obtain a non-moderated degree. Such a degree is the direct historical ancestor of the mediaeval B.A. degree, which had no specialised courses, and lasted only three years, although the mediaeval course of study is now contained in the Classics Moderation. A „non-mod” student need only complete Responsions and Determinations. Non-moderated degrees are common for less-academic noblemen and heirs for whom university life is a mere rite of passage, rather than a relevant academic qualification. A student who fails his Moderations but passes his Responsions also will obtain a non-moderated degree.  


===Higher Degrees===
===Higher degrees===
The higher faculties are those of Laws, Physic and Divinity, in which the University admits students to bachelor's degrees and doctorates. By ancient statute all students in higher faculties must have incepted as Master of Arts first before graduating with their higher degree. A Master of Arts to incept may choose to matriculate in one of the higher faculties. Study for the bachelor's degree involves ''Collationes'', ''Generales'' and ''Particulares'' examinations.
The higher faculties are those of Laws, Physic and Divinity, in which the University admits students to bachelor's degrees and doctorates. Furthermore, higher study in the Faculty of Arts is possible in either Science or Letters. By ancient statute all students in higher faculties must have incepted as Master of Arts first before graduating with their higher degree. Study for a taught higher bachelor's degree involves attending lectures and taking the ''Generales'' and ''Particulares'' examinations at the end of the second and fourth years respectively, while a degree by research involves a ''Quodlibetica'' thesis and dissertation.


After attaining bachelorhood, the bachelor may seek to obtain a doctorate after up to another four years of study or research. He then takes his ''Sollempnes'' examinations with a thesis and public ''viva voce'' disputation. Thereafter, the doctors vote ''de scientia et moribus'' to present him to the Chancellour to receive his ''licentia docendi'' in order to allow him to incept as a doctor after several years following his ''Vesperies'' and ''Magisterium'' disputations.<ref>Regent doctors must also make a ''Resumptiva'' disputation after incepting.</ref>
After attaining bachelorhood, the bachelor may seek to obtain a doctorate after up to another period of study or research. Like for a Master of Arts' ''Quodlibetica'', the Bachelor produces a formal thesis and dissertation known as the ''Sollempnes''. Thereafter he may incept as a Doctor.


====Arts====
===University Press===
Further study in the Faculty of Arts is also possible in the various branches thereof, split between „[natural] philosophy” (sciences) and „letters” (humanities). This proceeds as a three-year course culminating in a Bachelor of Philosophy or Bachelor of Letters, followed by up to four years study to become a Doctor of Philosophy or Doctor of Letters. Doctorates are also given in music, but these are only awarded ''honoris causa'' for composition. Students generally choose a similar field as they studied for in the Master of Arts degree, although study is narrower and may include more by research than instruction.
The University is one of the oldest publishers in Great Nortend, having held the right to produce and print books and publications since the 16th century. As the official printer of the [[Church of Nortend]], it has the sole right to print (as opposed to engross) copies of the Holy Bible in the country in Cardinal Frympell’s translation and other liturgical and books such as the [[Nortish_Rite#Hours|Book of Hours]] and the [[Nortish_Rite#Mass|Book of Masses]] according to the use of the Church of Nortend, and official catechisms, sermons, homilies, commentaries, patristic works and the like. In addition to its ecclesiastical publications, the University publishes academic and scholarly works including dictionaries of English, Latin and Greek, and histories, companions, compendia, textbooks and academic books for the University and broader use. A highly comprehensive set of classical and mediaeval texts are published by the University, both in original language and in facing translation.


==Houses==
==Student life==
[[File:Mühlberg_-_Zum_ersten_Mal_in_Wichs.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A student in college fencing colours.]]
===Houses===
The University has twenty-one colleges or halls, which are permanent independent corporate bodies. House traditions form the distinct university culture at the University of Aldersey. Each student and master is a member of a college or hall, and lives „in college” or „in hall” during his entire time at university. Furthermore, he attends repetitions, disputations and declamations in college or hall, only going elsewhere for lectures. With only around 120 students each, the college or hall becomes the student's „university family”.
[[File:Cmglee_Cambridge_St_Johns_Kitchen_Bridge.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Punts on the Lither at Jesus Bridge. ]]
Outside of lectures, students generally spend the majority of their time in their houses, of which the University has twenty four. House traditions form the distinct university culture at the University as each student is a member of a hall and is required to live within the University precincts during the academical terms of residence, most usually in rooms in halls. Furthermore, students attend weekly repetitions and disputations in their houses, in addition to eating communally in hall. Attending daily prayers in each house’s chapel or church is a requirement under Statute, and a requirement in order to „keep term” in residence for the purpose of qualifying for degrees.


Each college or hall has its own college or hall colours, songs, celebrations and sporting teams. The main sports are {{wp|academic fencing}} and boating (rowing), although the school games including [[stinning]] and cricket continue to be popular recreations. Daily activities of collegemen or students including compulsory attendance at chapel at [[Nortish Rite#Mattins|Mattins]] and [[Nortish Rite#Vespers|Vespers]].<ref>On holy-days surplices are worn.</ref> After Mattins and breakfast in college, students attend lectures in the morning. Then after luncheon, they may have repetitions, disputations and declamations in college. After Vespers students are forbidden to leave college. On Saturdays there are no academic activities, whilst on Sundays, students, depending on the college or hall, are expected to attend [[Nortish Rite#Tierce|Tierce]], High Mass and [[Nortish Rite#Compline|Compline]] in chapel as well. Each college and hall also has its own Officer Cadet company, for students completing their [[Muster Service (Great Nortend)|muster service]].
Each house has its own hall colours, songs, celebrations and sporting teams. The main sports are {{wp|academic fencing}} and boating (rowing), although school games such as [[stinning]], fives and cricket continue to be popular recreations. Punting is also a popular pastime on the Lither. Each hall also has its own Officer Cadet company, for students completing [[Muster Service (Great Nortend)|muster service]].  


Students usually wear their colours in college or hall. The colours, which form a uniform of sorts, include at its minimum the student cap and gown. There are special tunics and breeches for fencing and blazers and shorts for rowing. When otherwise in casual dress, the college or hall tie and scarf may also be worn. At lectures and university examinations and ceremonies, academic dress must be worn instead, including black tailcoat, bands, academic square cap and gown.
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
! House name !! Date of founding !! Affiliation !! Founded by !! Admits
|-
| Coggeshall || 1256 || Benedictine<ref>Lendert Priory</ref> || Edward de Groive || St. Peter’s School
|-
| Ladyhall || 1264 || Secular || Bernard de Aldesey || Open
|-
| Canonshall || 1273 || Dominican || Henry de Ledden || Open
|-
| Gosthall || 1280 || Secular || Hartmold III || Open
|-
| Old Hall<ref>Originally Chepingstow Hall</ref> || 1388 || Secular || Lord Bishop of Chepingstow || Chepingstow School
|-
| Middlehall <ref>Originally Tow Hall (1390) and Echester Hall (1421)</ref> || 1390 || Secular || || Echester School
|-
| Allhallowhall || 1405 || Benedictine || Charles I || [[Allord School]]
|-
| Jesus Hall || 1422 || Cistercian || Prior of Chepingstow Minor || Open
|-
| Maudlynhall || 1422 || Secular <ref>Originally a Franciscan foundation</ref> || || Open
|-
| Rhighton Hall || 1432 || Secular || Walther, Lord Bishop of Rhighton || Rhighton School
|-
| Lucy Hall || 1487 || Dominican || John, Count of Siel || Siel School
|-
| West Hall || 1493 || Benedictine || || Open
|-
| Godchristhall || 1500 || Secular || Thomas de Radley, Count of Northannering ||Open
|-
| Andershall || 1511 || Secular || Bishop of Keys ||Open
|-
| Trinity Hall || 1585 || Secular || Henry de Frympell ||Open
|-
| Mancourt Hall || 1585 || Secular || Elisabeth, Duchess of Caune ||Open
|-
| Clairiddel Hall || 1589 || Secular || William de Cleariddle || Sulthey School
|-
| Wistfin Hall || 1610 || Secular || Henry de Wistfin, Lord Bishop of Scode ||Open
|-
| Polchard Hall || 1623 || Secular ||  John de Polchard, Lord Bishop of Chepingstow || Limmes School
|-
| Cardey Hall || 1629 || Secular || Richard de Cardey, Lord Bishop of Rhise ||Open
|-
| New Hall || 1685 || Secular || George de Walecester ||Open
|-
| Flemey Hall || 1793 || Secular || Nicholas, Duke of Flemey ||Open
|-
| Prince's Hall || 1827 || Secular || Prince Henry of Anthord ||Open
|-
| King's Hall || 1945 || Secular || Edmund IX ||Open
|}


Saint Elisabeth Hall for women functions effectively as a college or hall. Naturally there are different recreations, and lady students do not fence or row, or participate in armed service. They still are bound to attend chapel multiple times daily. It has no colours; however, a sort of academic dress consisting of a robe and type of veil is worn.
===Clubs===
There are also a number of private social and sporting clubs associated with the University. Most have secretive admissions criteria and provide a clubhouse for the use of students.


===List===
===Academical dress===
The twenty-one colleges and halls are listed below by nation. The difference between a college and a hall is that a college is a corporation governed by the master and fellows, whereas a hall is a corporation sole governed by a rector. All halls in existence were established prior to 1411. Since then Canons Hall was refounded as Staithey College in 1540 and Martinhall as Old College in 1593. Saint Elisabeth Hall is not part of any nation.  
[[File:GNMaster.jpg|thumb|200px|The academic dress of a Master of Arts.]]
Students in residence and within the precincts of the University are required to wear academical dress whenever in public, as well as at lectures, in hall and at chapel. For most students, this means wearing the academical square cap and the academical gown. Academical dress is not required when on hall premises. At formal university ceremonies such as examinations, ceremonies and graduation, academical dress is worn with ''subfuscus'' dress, meaning a black tailcoat, white waistcoat and white tie (with bands). Hoods are worn on certain occasions, such as in chapel with the surplice and at some ceremonies. The hood of a Bachelor of Arts is in winter black stuff lined in white budge (lambswool) or rabbit and in summer black stuff lined in white stuff. The hood of a Master of Arts is in winter black corded silk lined in white miniver, lettice or ermine and in summer black corded silk lined in white corded silk. Higher bachelors and doctors have festal and ordinary hoods (and gowns) winter lined as for the Master of Arts except that Bachelors and Doctors of Divinity have hoods lined in black budge, grys or sable respectively. In summer, the silks are deep violet, deep grey, crimson, cherry-pink and black respectively for Science, Letters, Physic, Laws and Divinity.


====Chepingstow (''Locumforiensis'')====
===Ceremonies===
Students from Middle Erbonia and [[Lorecia]].
The major university ceremonies are that of Matriculation, Admission and Commencement. Matriculation occurs at the beginning of one's studies, and involves signing one’s name „on the register” of the University. The ceremony confers membership of the University on students admitted to halls. A matriculated undergraduate is bound to the University statutes by virtue of his matriculation.


* 1256, Ladyhall<ref>Attached to the Church of St. Mary the Virgin.</ref>
Admission is a Congregation whereat a Sophister is admitted ''ad respondendum questioni'' and thus becomes a member of the University. Each Sophister is first required to swear an Oath and subscribe to the confession of the [[Church of Nortend]]. Students who refuse to take the oath and subscribe cannot be admitted, although in special cases, such as foreign students, they can still be „admitted to read”, similar to lady students. Admission nowadays usually occurs ''in absentia''.  
* 1540 (1264 original), Staithway College<ref>Originally Canons Hall, associated with the Black Canons in Aldesey, but refounded in 1540 after an endowment by the Priory of Staithway. After the Priory's dissolution in 1669 it became known as King's College, before reverting back to Staithway when the Priory was refounded in 1715 It is principal house for Dominicans.</ref>
* 1643 (1320 original), Old College<ref>Attached to the Priory of St. Martin, Chepingstow. In 1542 established Martinhall School in Polton. Refounded as Martin's College in 1543 (commonly known as New College) and became known as Old College in 1693 upon the foundation of New College. Old College is only open to men from Martinhall School, and Cistercians.</ref>
* 1371, Middlehall<ref>Takes in mainly men from Chepingstow School. Originally known as Michaelhall and changed to Middlehall by corruption.</ref>
* 1400, Godchrist College<ref>Merger of the older Godchrist Hall and Sulthey College. Principal Benedictine college for Locumforiensis.</ref>
* 1432, Tilley College
* 1433, Trinity College<ref>Takes in mainly men from Fawnslaughter School, founded by a bequest from the Duchess of Caune.</ref>
* 1576, Polchard's College<ref>Founded as Saint James House c. 1378 and incorporated by charter by a bequest from John Polchard, Lord Mayor of Chepingstow.</ref>
* 1793, New College<ref>Founded by [[Monarchy of Great Nortend#House of Anthord ante–Oln|Edmund VI]] executing a bequest of William III. Dedicated to Christ and St. Crispin</ref>


====Ostrey (''Australis'')====
Admission is the ceremony at which a graduand is admitted to the degree supplicated for. At the beginning of his last Lent term, a Determiner supplicates for his B.A. degree in the form :—
Students from Lesser Erbonia and [[Teudallum]].
<blockquote>Supplicat reverentiis vestris A. B. ut gradus assequatur Baccalaurei in Artibus. C. D. Praelector.<br>
A.B. prayeth your reverences that he may proceed to the degree of Bachelor in Arts. C. D. Praelector.</blockquote>


* c. 1270, Gosthall<ref>Hall of the Blackfriars, dedicated to the Holy Ghost as the inspiration of the faithful.</ref>
In the end of the Easter term after passing his final Second Moderations, Congregations are held whereat a graduand is presented to the Rector. After taking an Oath, the graduand kneels and gives his clasped hands to the Rector, who says :—
* 1343, Allhallowhall<ref>Attached to the small Church of All Hallows and All Souls.</ref>
<blockquote>Authoritate mea ego admitto te ad gradum Baccalaurei in Artibus; in nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti. Amen.</blockquote>
* 1393, West College<ref>Named for its location on (what were) the western banks of the River Lither, founded by the Benedictine [[St_Peter's_Cathedral,_Lendert|St. Peter's Priory]].</ref>
At Congregations, names of those to become Master of Arts or doctors are read out in order to receive licence to incept. Commencement then is an annual ceremony at which all Masters of Arts and higher doctors actually incept and obtain their degrees. It is a festive occasion held in Whitsun term at [[St Peter's Cathedral, Lendert|Lendert Priory]] in the presence of the Lord Chancellour, being the Lord Bishop of Chepingstow, the ''ex officio'' Chancellour of the University. It begins with Vespers on the Saturday evening beforehand, whereat a Sermon is preached. On Monday, after Mattins and several ceremonies, the Chancellour says to the kneeling inceptor :—
* 1510, Wistfin College<ref>Takes in mainly men from Limmes School, founded by Henry de Wistfin, Lord Bishop of Scode.</ref>
<blockquote>Authoritate mea admitto te ad gradum Magistris in Artibus; in nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti. Amen.</blockquote>
* 1529, Echester College<ref>Founded by the Lord Bishop of Echester.</ref>
Subsequently, he is required to give his ''Principium'' during the next Michaelmas term. However, for non-regent masters, this is dispensed with by grace.
* 1561, Cholstave College<ref>Founded by George I for men of [[Allord College]] after they complained of the conditions at Allhallowhall and West College.</ref>


====Hoebride (''Hambriensis'')====
==Alumni==
Students of Hambria and elsewhere.
The alumni of the University include a significant number of major Nortish politicians, judges, senior officials, bankers, gentlemen, noblemen and other men of note. Particular alumni include :— (year of matriculation given in brackets)


* 1288, Rhighton College<ref>College for Benedictines founded by the Abbot of Rhighton</ref>
* [[Alexander II of Great Nortend|King Alexander II]] (Allhallowhall, 2001)<ref>Did not take a degree.</ref>
* 1411, Coggeshall<ref>Attached to the Church of St. Peter, and named for the Cockerel as a symbol of St. Peter (Cocks Hall).</ref>
* Miles Spenser-White, noted [[stinning]] player (Prince’s, 1999)
* 1433, Mancourt College<ref>Founded alongside Tilley College and Wistfin College.</ref>
* [[George Drachington]], Foreign Clerk (Wistfin, 1980)
* 1473, Clairiddel College
* [[Sebastian Williams]], Lord Bishop of Sulthey (Allhallowhall, 1964)
* 1487, Lucy College<ref>Takes in men mainly from Siel College.</ref>
* [[Henry de Foide]], Lord High Treasurer (Polchard, 1917)
* 1523, Flemey College<ref>Founded by the Duke of Flemey. Only admits men from Rhise or Rhise School.</ref>
* [[Frederic de Clercy]], Lord High Treasurer (Wistfin, 1879)


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 12:14, 1 October 2024

The University of Lendert
SealAldesey.png
Seal of the University of Lendert
Latin: Universitas Lendartiensis apud Aldesiam
TypePublic
Established1256
Religious affiliation
Church of Nortend
Endowment£100 million
ChancellorLord Bishop of Chepingstow
Vice-ChancellorMartin de Hazels
Students9,000
Location
Lendert-with-Cadell
,
Great Nortend
LanguagesEnglish, Latin, Greek
Colours   

The University of Lendert, formally the Chancellour, Masters and Scholars of the University of Lendert upon the Aldesey (Latin: Universitas Aldesiensis or Chancellarius, Magistri et Scholares Universitatis Lendartiensis apud Aldesiam) is an ancient collegiate university in Great Nortend located in Lendert-with-Cadell in the area known as the „Aldesey”, hence its common appellation of „the Aldesey”. To-day, the University consists of four faculties, eight schools and twenty four halls with a broad academic focus on the liberal arts. In 2018, there were around 9,000 students studying at the University. Graduates of the University occupy an exclusive place in Erbonian society and form the majority of lawyers, physicians, churchmen, academics, politicians, nobility, research scientists, military officers, senior civil servants and school-masters.

The University is located to the west of Lendert-with-Cadell in a precinct known as the Aldesey. The main University sites form a generally cohesive district centred on the two Upper and Lower Eyotes on the Wessert, marked by physical boundary walls and gates. The Church of St. Peter is the main church on Upper Eyote and serves as the site of most smaller University ceremonies. Coggeshall, Ladyhall, Canonshall, Gosthall and Middlehall have their main house on the Eyotes, as well as the Old Arts School, the Old Laws School and the Divinity School. The rest of the Eyotes are made up of sundry housing and shops and the church The rest of the halls, colleges and University buildings are located on the outer banks of the Wessert. Along the Lither, where rowing is practised, is a large swathe of open pasture, meadow and parkland owned by the various academical and religious houses. The precincts of the University, within which University statutes, proctors and constables have jurisdiction and which form the Aldesey, are the parishes of St. Mary the Virgin, St. Peter ad Vincula, All Hallows and All Souls, Holy Ghost and St. Andrew.

History

The University developed out of the monastic school of the then Lendert Abbey in the 10th and 11th centuries. In 1256, Edmund IV granted a charter to establish a university in Lendert to the Lord Bishop of Chepingstow, who held ordinary jurisdiction over the city until the creation of the see of Lendert in 1284, at the same time granting the Aldesey Forest to the Abbey. Non-monastic scholars were prevented from living with the scholars of St. Peter (which formed the modern Coggeshall), and instead attached themselves to the parish church of St. Mary the Virgin, whose rector obtained a charter in 1264 to found Ladyhall. As the City and University grew, the latter soon formed a enclave in the expanding urban area, delineated by a physical boundary marking „the Aldesey”. Canonshall was founded by the Dominicans (Black Friars) in 1273.

In 1382, the metropolitan see moved to Lendert, from Sulthey, and the Cathedral and University gained importance as the centre of religious and political life. Clerical education increasingly was centred on the Aldesey and the „New Halls” were established in the early 15th century of Limmes Hall (1388), Tow Hall (1390), Alhallowhall (1405), Echester Hall (1421), Jesus-Hall (1422), Maudlynhall (1422) and Rhighton Hall (1432). The see of Sulthey refused to send students to Lendert until the Reformation. Tow Hall and Echester Hall soon merged into Middlehall in 1460. Lucyhall was founded in 1487. West Hall iwass founded in 1493, Godchristhall was founded in 1500 and Andershall in 1511.

Reformation

The Reformation was a turbulent period for the University and Church. Shortly after the accession of Alexander I, in 1568, William Reed was appointed Rector of the University. He was ordered to instigate reforms and to preach against the errors of the Council of Trent which Alexander had rejected the previous year in the Proclamation of Manfarham. Reed himself was removed from the Rectorship in 1670 for continual refusal to publish the Statute of Supremacy or to assent to its provisions. Cainmare, then the Archbishop of Lendert and Chancellour of the University, caused the appointment of his deputy, George Miers, as Rector later in 1670. Miers took a strongly reformist approach to governing the University and began a reform of the curriculum to conform to the prevailing religious views of the Court establishment. Almost the entire Faculty of Divinity was slowly replaced by those aligned with Miers, while numerous fellows, chaplains, masters, deans and canons were expelled from their halls and colleges on account of their refusal to submit. Upon the death of Cainmare in 1590, Miers continued as Rector under Henry Frympell, who tasked scholars with the compiling and translation of the Frympell Bible, finally published in 1589.

Sampser Reforms

In the 19th century, it was increasingly recognised that the University was struggling to advance learning and science, especially in the arts. In particular, the lack of further formal courses of study in the arts resulted in the University's declining importance in the burgeoning fields of natural philosophy and history. Lord Sampser was appointed in 1878 by Parliament to undertake a wholesale reform of the University, leading to the publication of the Sampser Report which recommended the establishment of the degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of Science and of Letters within the Faculty of Arts which occured in 1883 with the passage of the University Act. Furthermore, the practice of termly written examinations was formalised, among other sundry reforms.

Lady students

Women had been permitted to attend lectures on an informal basis since the late 19th century, with earlier precedents including the mediaeval education of nuns and abbesses. However, being unable to take examinations or degrees, this arrangement was widely seen as insufficient for a formal education system. In 1923, in a plan to improve the standard of female education and schoolmistresses, the Crown enacted the Ladies’ University Halls Act which allowed for the establishment of houses of residence for lady students at the University. The next year, St. Elisabeth’s Hall was founded with a Governess and twenty ladies. Despite the admission of women, it was still thought that degrees and membership of the University ought to remain exclusively for men, and therefore the first woman to complete the Arts course received the title of Lady of Arts in 1927. The first Mistress of Arts was created in 1932.

Organisation

The new Physic School and Teaching Hospital at the University.

The governing body of the University is the Congregation, comprising all Masters and Doctors of the University. The Congregation votes on the University's statutes and exercises control over academic matters such as examinations, rustication, matriculation, curricula and teaching, as well as graces and degrees conferred gratiosi. Changes to statutes are deliberated upon by Congregation.

The University also consists of the four faculties, being those of Arts, Laws, Physic and Divinity. Within the Faculty of Arts are the sub-faculties of Letters and Science, the former consisting of the schools of Languages, Music, Philosophy and History, and the latter the schools of Mathematics, Astronomy, Natural Philosophy (Physics and Chemistry) and Natural History (Biology and Geology). Unusually, the Faculty of Laws includes the schools of Economics and Politics, as well as the schools of Civil Law and Canon Law. The faculties are responsible for the lecturing, research and examination of students.

Parallel to the faculties are the twenty four halls of scholars which are collegiate institutions independent of the University and responsible for the lodging, tutelage and nourishment of their students. The student body are also divided into three nations, although these are of little importance. Students are admitted to a hall and the University through the process of matriculation and become members in statu pupillari. Henceforth, they are bound by the University's statutes which are enforced by the University's proctors, constables and beadles, who have the power to fine and confine, and in extreme cases, to rusticate or ban (expel).

Academic profile

Admission

Prospective students apply to matriculate by application to the halls of scholars, generally on the basis of good results in the Exhibition Examinations. These are public examinations taken at the end of the Sixth Form to prove scholastic competence and potential entitlement to a Crown Exhibition. However, as passing the Exhibitiones is not a prerequisite to admission, houses may admit students at their discretion. Several houses restrict admission either partially or fully to students from particular schools. Furthermore, many matriculate international students, although not all, on the basis of a separate Matriculation Examination. This examination may also be taken by state school pupils, and older candidates, in theory, but it is quite rare.

Arts degrees

View inside St. Michael’s Chapel, at Middlehall.

An degree in the Arts is the only initial, or undergraduate, degree offered by the University of Aldesey. The curriculum for the Arts involves attendance at school lectures, along with repetitions in college. Collections are college examinations taken at the beginning of a term to assess previous term learning. They do not contribute to one’s final degree. Lectures typically involve exposition and instruction of the subject matter, as well as questions and discussion. „Ordinary” lectures are given in the schools in the morning and involve formal presentation of a lecture on a paper. Cursories are given in school in the afternoons as less formal, class-room style seminars with opportunity for questions and discussion. Extraordinary lectures do not correspond to a particular paper. Repetitions are weekly tutorials or supervisions undertaken in groups of two or three, usually with a college fellow or regent master, for which students are usually expected to write a short disputation and discuss questions. A disputation was originally a kind of formal debate. It is nowadays often delivered in written form, either short or long, although a viva voce element remains in the defence of one's disputation. A short disputation is akin to an ordinary academic essay, while a long disputation is similar to an academic thesis. For both, students are required to write an abstract in Latin. For both Responsions and Moderations, students are required to „hear” ordinary lectures, which are said to be given on certain books or „papers”. However, while attendance is still taken, the main academic exercise has long since become the examination of students by disputation.

After Matriculation, a student is known as a Freshman in his first year and a Sophister in his second. At the end of his first and second years, he „responds” by undertaking his First and Second Responsions (also known as the „Little” and „Great” Responsions), in which he disputes on eight compulsory papers on „Science” and „Letters”, the former grouping covering Logic, Philosophy and Mathematics and the latter Literature, Theology and History. At the end of the second year, the Sophister supplicates to be admitted to “answer the question” (ad respondendum questioni). In his third and fourth years, the student (known respectively as a Questionist and Determiner) takes his First and Second Moderations and disputes on eight moderation papers of his choice offered in any of the various moderation schools of the University. Some moderation papers may allow the option of producing a long disputation in lieu of timed examination.[1]

In his final, determining year, the Determiner supplicates again for final admission to his Bachelor of Arts degree. Although students must pass Responsions, degrees are classed solely based on results in the Moderations — satis, bene, melius or optime — having moderated satisfactorily, well, better or best, the equivalent of honours. The best student in the year of each moderation is titled the Senior Optimas. Bachelors wishing to incept later as Master of Arts must keep a further four years and then supplicate for inception. At the end of Easter term, the Bachelor is licensed to incept as Master of Arts at Commencement (Comitia) during Whitsun term. Alternatively, the Bachelor may wish to read for a higher degree.

Moderations

Each school offers a set of moderation papers, called Moderations, examined by moderators. These form the basis for study and examination by questionists in their third and fourth years. The following Moderations were offered in the 2023/24 academic year :—

Faculty of Arts

  • Classics
  • Philosophy
  • History
  • Literature
  • Music
  • Mathematics
  • Astronomy
  • Natural Philosophy
  • Natural History

Faculty of Physic

  • Medicine

Faculty of Laws

  • Civil Law
  • Canon Law
  • Politics
  • Economics

Faculty of Divinity

  • Divinity

An undergraduate may theoretically be allowed to take multiple Moderations, either in sequence or at the same time, with the consent of his prelector. It is also common to take one or two additional papers from another Moderation as only three out of four papers in each of First and Second Moderations are necessary to pass.

Non-moderated degrees

Taking moderations is not necessary to obtain a pass degree. Students may also choose to not take Moderations, and obtain a non-moderated degree. Such a degree is the direct historical ancestor of the mediaeval B.A. degree, which had no specialised courses, and lasted only three years, although the mediaeval course of study is now contained in the Classics Moderation. A „non-mod” student need only complete Responsions and Determinations. Non-moderated degrees are common for less-academic noblemen and heirs for whom university life is a mere rite of passage, rather than a relevant academic qualification. A student who fails his Moderations but passes his Responsions also will obtain a non-moderated degree.

Higher degrees

The higher faculties are those of Laws, Physic and Divinity, in which the University admits students to bachelor's degrees and doctorates. Furthermore, higher study in the Faculty of Arts is possible in either Science or Letters. By ancient statute all students in higher faculties must have incepted as Master of Arts first before graduating with their higher degree. Study for a taught higher bachelor's degree involves attending lectures and taking the Generales and Particulares examinations at the end of the second and fourth years respectively, while a degree by research involves a Quodlibetica thesis and dissertation.

After attaining bachelorhood, the bachelor may seek to obtain a doctorate after up to another period of study or research. Like for a Master of Arts' Quodlibetica, the Bachelor produces a formal thesis and dissertation known as the Sollempnes. Thereafter he may incept as a Doctor.

University Press

The University is one of the oldest publishers in Great Nortend, having held the right to produce and print books and publications since the 16th century. As the official printer of the Church of Nortend, it has the sole right to print (as opposed to engross) copies of the Holy Bible in the country in Cardinal Frympell’s translation and other liturgical and books such as the Book of Hours and the Book of Masses according to the use of the Church of Nortend, and official catechisms, sermons, homilies, commentaries, patristic works and the like. In addition to its ecclesiastical publications, the University publishes academic and scholarly works including dictionaries of English, Latin and Greek, and histories, companions, compendia, textbooks and academic books for the University and broader use. A highly comprehensive set of classical and mediaeval texts are published by the University, both in original language and in facing translation.

Student life

Houses

Punts on the Lither at Jesus Bridge.

Outside of lectures, students generally spend the majority of their time in their houses, of which the University has twenty four. House traditions form the distinct university culture at the University as each student is a member of a hall and is required to live within the University precincts during the academical terms of residence, most usually in rooms in halls. Furthermore, students attend weekly repetitions and disputations in their houses, in addition to eating communally in hall. Attending daily prayers in each house’s chapel or church is a requirement under Statute, and a requirement in order to „keep term” in residence for the purpose of qualifying for degrees.

Each house has its own hall colours, songs, celebrations and sporting teams. The main sports are academic fencing and boating (rowing), although school games such as stinning, fives and cricket continue to be popular recreations. Punting is also a popular pastime on the Lither. Each hall also has its own Officer Cadet company, for students completing muster service.

House name Date of founding Affiliation Founded by Admits
Coggeshall 1256 Benedictine[2] Edward de Groive St. Peter’s School
Ladyhall 1264 Secular Bernard de Aldesey Open
Canonshall 1273 Dominican Henry de Ledden Open
Gosthall 1280 Secular Hartmold III Open
Old Hall[3] 1388 Secular Lord Bishop of Chepingstow Chepingstow School
Middlehall [4] 1390 Secular Echester School
Allhallowhall 1405 Benedictine Charles I Allord School
Jesus Hall 1422 Cistercian Prior of Chepingstow Minor Open
Maudlynhall 1422 Secular [5] Open
Rhighton Hall 1432 Secular Walther, Lord Bishop of Rhighton Rhighton School
Lucy Hall 1487 Dominican John, Count of Siel Siel School
West Hall 1493 Benedictine Open
Godchristhall 1500 Secular Thomas de Radley, Count of Northannering Open
Andershall 1511 Secular Bishop of Keys Open
Trinity Hall 1585 Secular Henry de Frympell Open
Mancourt Hall 1585 Secular Elisabeth, Duchess of Caune Open
Clairiddel Hall 1589 Secular William de Cleariddle Sulthey School
Wistfin Hall 1610 Secular Henry de Wistfin, Lord Bishop of Scode Open
Polchard Hall 1623 Secular John de Polchard, Lord Bishop of Chepingstow Limmes School
Cardey Hall 1629 Secular Richard de Cardey, Lord Bishop of Rhise Open
New Hall 1685 Secular George de Walecester Open
Flemey Hall 1793 Secular Nicholas, Duke of Flemey Open
Prince's Hall 1827 Secular Prince Henry of Anthord Open
King's Hall 1945 Secular Edmund IX Open

Clubs

There are also a number of private social and sporting clubs associated with the University. Most have secretive admissions criteria and provide a clubhouse for the use of students.

Academical dress

The academic dress of a Master of Arts.

Students in residence and within the precincts of the University are required to wear academical dress whenever in public, as well as at lectures, in hall and at chapel. For most students, this means wearing the academical square cap and the academical gown. Academical dress is not required when on hall premises. At formal university ceremonies such as examinations, ceremonies and graduation, academical dress is worn with subfuscus dress, meaning a black tailcoat, white waistcoat and white tie (with bands). Hoods are worn on certain occasions, such as in chapel with the surplice and at some ceremonies. The hood of a Bachelor of Arts is in winter black stuff lined in white budge (lambswool) or rabbit and in summer black stuff lined in white stuff. The hood of a Master of Arts is in winter black corded silk lined in white miniver, lettice or ermine and in summer black corded silk lined in white corded silk. Higher bachelors and doctors have festal and ordinary hoods (and gowns) winter lined as for the Master of Arts except that Bachelors and Doctors of Divinity have hoods lined in black budge, grys or sable respectively. In summer, the silks are deep violet, deep grey, crimson, cherry-pink and black respectively for Science, Letters, Physic, Laws and Divinity.

Ceremonies

The major university ceremonies are that of Matriculation, Admission and Commencement. Matriculation occurs at the beginning of one's studies, and involves signing one’s name „on the register” of the University. The ceremony confers membership of the University on students admitted to halls. A matriculated undergraduate is bound to the University statutes by virtue of his matriculation.

Admission is a Congregation whereat a Sophister is admitted ad respondendum questioni and thus becomes a member of the University. Each Sophister is first required to swear an Oath and subscribe to the confession of the Church of Nortend. Students who refuse to take the oath and subscribe cannot be admitted, although in special cases, such as foreign students, they can still be „admitted to read”, similar to lady students. Admission nowadays usually occurs in absentia.

Admission is the ceremony at which a graduand is admitted to the degree supplicated for. At the beginning of his last Lent term, a Determiner supplicates for his B.A. degree in the form :—

Supplicat reverentiis vestris A. B. ut gradus assequatur Baccalaurei in Artibus. C. D. Praelector.
A.B. prayeth your reverences that he may proceed to the degree of Bachelor in Arts. C. D. Praelector.

In the end of the Easter term after passing his final Second Moderations, Congregations are held whereat a graduand is presented to the Rector. After taking an Oath, the graduand kneels and gives his clasped hands to the Rector, who says :—

Authoritate mea ego admitto te ad gradum Baccalaurei in Artibus; in nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti. Amen.

At Congregations, names of those to become Master of Arts or doctors are read out in order to receive licence to incept. Commencement then is an annual ceremony at which all Masters of Arts and higher doctors actually incept and obtain their degrees. It is a festive occasion held in Whitsun term at Lendert Priory in the presence of the Lord Chancellour, being the Lord Bishop of Chepingstow, the ex officio Chancellour of the University. It begins with Vespers on the Saturday evening beforehand, whereat a Sermon is preached. On Monday, after Mattins and several ceremonies, the Chancellour says to the kneeling inceptor :—

Authoritate mea admitto te ad gradum Magistris in Artibus; in nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti. Amen.

Subsequently, he is required to give his Principium during the next Michaelmas term. However, for non-regent masters, this is dispensed with by grace.

Alumni

The alumni of the University include a significant number of major Nortish politicians, judges, senior officials, bankers, gentlemen, noblemen and other men of note. Particular alumni include :— (year of matriculation given in brackets)

See also

  1. ↑ Historically, Sophists first took the Moderations before being admitted ad respondendum questioni, and as Questionists answered a formal “Question", before being created actual Bachelors of Art. Thereafter, they were bound to determine. This old scheme was abolished in 1730. Thereafter, Moderations were merged with the Question, albeit the Question remained a distinct part of the Moderation. It continued, however, that one was formally created a B.A. after completing the Question on Commencement Day, and then required to determine within a year as a Bachelor. In 1752 this changed such that one was required to determine before commencing as B.A. In 1883, under the Sampser Report and the University Act, the Moderation was further merged with the Determination exercises to form the First and Second Moderations.
  2. ↑ Lendert Priory
  3. ↑ Originally Chepingstow Hall
  4. ↑ Originally Tow Hall (1390) and Echester Hall (1421)
  5. ↑ Originally a Franciscan foundation
  6. ↑ Did not take a degree.
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