Marirana: Difference between revisions
old>Xiaodong |
m (1 revision imported) |
(No difference)
| |
Revision as of 16:20, 11 March 2019
 | This article is incomplete because it is pending further input from participants, or it is a work-in-progress by one author. Please comment on this article's talk page to share your input, comments and questions. Note: To contribute to this article, you may need to seek help from the author(s) of this page. |
Federative Republic of Marirana | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Coat of Arms
| |
| Motto: La fede in nostro dovere alla Vergine Faith in our duty to the Virgin | |
Anthem: L'Marirano chiamò | |
 Marirana (dark green) in Asteria and in the Joint Defense Force (light green). | |
| Capital | Aquinas |
| Largest largest city | Santa Maria |
| Official languages | Etrurian |
| Recognised regional languages | Zapoyan |
| Ethnic groups (2016) | 56.9% Meticcio 20.7% White 14.6% Zapoyan 7.8% other |
| Religion | Solarian Catholic Church |
| Demonym(s) | Mariranan |
| Government | Federal semi-presidential republic |
| Lorenzo Occhetto | |
| Amadeo Tajani | |
| César Romani Elisabetta Moro Armando Xocoyotzin | |
| Legislature | Parliamentary Assembly |
| House of Senators | |
| House of Councillors | |
| Independence from Poveglia | |
• Declared | 24 October 1714 |
• Recognised | TBA |
• 17 April 1992 | Current constitution |
| Population | |
• 2016 census | 55,455,700 |
| GDP (PPP) | estimate |
• Total | $746,433 million |
• Per capita | $13,460 |
| GDP (nominal) | estimate |
• Total | $354,528 million |
• Per capita | $6,393 |
| Gini | 51.6 high |
| HDI | 0.660 medium |
| Currency | Lira (LR) |
| Date format | dd-mm-yyy |
| Driving side | left |
| Calling code | +77 |
| Internet TLD | .ma |
The Federative Republic of Marirana (Etrurian: Repubblica Federativa del Marirano; Zapoyan: Xochicualla Nenahuatiliztlacatlahtohcayotl) is a country in Asteria Superior. It is bordered by Roeselle to the west, the Federation of Asteria to the northwest, Duquesne to the northeast, Moreira to the east and sharing maritime borders with Satucin and Eisenkuste to the south. It has a total population of 55,455,700 people with its capital city being Aquinas and largest city Santa Marira. Marirana's population is split between those of Euclean (primarily Etrurian) descent, Zapoyan native and those of mixed Euclean-Zapoyan descent.
Marirana has housed human life for thousands of years, being the home of the ancient Tetuolmec and Oaexicun civilisations, with the latter being renown for its hegemony in the region. During the 1500's explorers from Poveglia subsequently colonised the territory as Nuovo Poveglia, introducing Catholicism into the region as well as seeing large waves of immigration to the territories. More rigid social and political institutions in the colony were introduced under Poveglian rule. During the Pereramonic Wars republican ideals spread to Nuovo Poveglia, beginning a six year war of independence from Poveglia, albeit mostly fought be loyalists and republicans within the colony. The Aquanis Compromise was signed in 1719 by loyalists and monarchists creating the First Federative Republic of Marirana, an oligarchal republic led by a dictator. The new state was unstable with several civil wars, coup d'état's and political upheavals. The Mariranan Civil War from 1800-1811 led to the collapse of the oligarchial system and the ushering in of a radical dictatorship that suppressed political dissent, including more monarchists and moderate republicans as well as inciting conflict with Roeselle in 1827, leading to Roessan leader Pierre Rousseau to lead an invasion of Marirana and replacement of the radicals with of the Grand Duchy of Marirana, a puppet state of Roeselle. During the Roessan-Asterian War military officers led a coup against the Grand Duchy creating the unitary Centralist Republic of Marirana. Although in theory a constitutional republic, the Centralist Republic was in actuality a conservative oligarchy dominated by coffee merchants concentrated in the southwest of the country. During this time, Marirana recovered from recession thanks to coffee and sugar exports.
In 1884 the conservative elite was overthrown with by liberal military officers creating the Fourth Federative Republic of Marirana leading to greater political polarisation. Fearing the rise of the left-wing forces, in 1905 general Ottaviano Castello was elected president where he instituted a proto-fascist military dictatorship known as the Sotirian State of Marirana. In 1929 Castello joined the Great War on the side of the Entente, with Marirana coming under military occupation from 1935-1938 under which a democratic government, the Fifth Federative Republic of Marirana, was created. However increased political polarisation under Romano Emanuele Orlando led to a military coup in 1972 which instituted a civic-military dictatorship that came to be dominated by Vincenzo Rustichelli which triggered an insurgency started by leftist insurgent groups to erupt in the country which soon also saw a rise in drug cartels and right-wing death squads. In 1985 Marirana began a transition to democracy with the sixth Federative Republic being created in 1986, although the leftist insurgency and drug war continues despite peace efforts being launched.
Marirana is a federal semi-presidential constitutional republic with significant devolution to its eight provinces. Mariana is a newly industrialised country with its main economic sectors being industry, logging, mining (especially of uranium, silver and gold), sugar and coffee. Recently the country has attempted to capitalise on tourism as well as lead conservation projects in the rainforest that covers much of its territory. Marirana is a member of the Community of Nations, the JDF, ITO and GIFA.
Etymology
History
Ancient Marirana
The history of Marirana dates back to around 10,000 BCE when Native Asterians settled in the area as nomads. The first of these settlers were the Zapoya tribes, which possessed a hunter-gatherer society within the Vale of Tetoulmec's. Around 5,000 BCE
.jpg)
these tribes settled into agricultural societies based around the river Quextoctical with agriculture focused around beans and tomato's. During the period between 4,500 BCE - 3,000 BCE the Zapoya tribes began to codify a writing and numerical system, as well as congregate around religions creating recognisable stratified societies often led by priests or tribal leaders.
Around 3,000 BCE the Tetuolmec civilisation, based around the powerful city state of Tetuolmec, began to absorb many smaller city states. The Tetuolmec's were known for their religious system based upon the seven gods, and their hierarchical society where the Emperor was considered the seventh of the gods. During the period of the Tetuolmec's large citadels and advanced water systems which enabled the city of Tetuolmec to be one of the largest of the ancient world, and eventually spanning a large part of the modern day territory of Marirana. The Tetuolmec's were also infamous for their practice of human sacrifice were people were ritually skinned and their heads boiled in an offering of skulls to the gods to ensure the gods favour.
The Tetuolmec Empire collapsed around 100 CE when they were conquered by the rival Zapoyan people from what is today the Umbertide province. However, much of the cultural traditions including the Tetuolmec religion, society and customs were absorbed in the numerous city states that emerged as part of the Zapoyan Confederation, a loose tribal confederation that began to pay tithes to an Emperor recognised as a God as had been done under Tetuolmec's.
Oaexicun Empire
Around 1113 CE the nominal Emperor of Imacaxco Azcanloyan declared a new capital in Oaexicun and started to centralise power in the hands of the royal court and religious authorities. Azcanloyan begun a series of conquests that saw the creation of the Oaexicun Empire that spanned across much of central and eastern Marirana. The new empire was hegemonic in character, although Oaexicun rulers mandated that conquered people worship the seven gods, in particular their Sun God and the Emperor considered to be the God of Man. The Oaexicun rulers also brought back the practice of ritual sacrifice of skulls, but emphasised a new form of warfare that extolled the capturing of enemies with slaughter seen as a sign of poor ability.
Over time, Oaexicun rulers expanded the empire whilst espousing a well developed culture. Emperor Moctezuma in 1315 conquered the city states of Cutharmuoic, Aztocheletynal and Quauthuezin dramatically expanding the size of the empire. Moctezuma also instituted the first unified legal system of the empire, which emphasised subservience to local priests with all laws coming from the gods as well as the creation of a unified taxation system. A school system was also created which emphasised the need of military training for both boys and girls as well as the creation of a new capital, Moctezumpan.
During the 1300's-1400's the Oaexicun Empire entered a state of decline as rebellions in outlying territories led to the Oaexicun elite to centralise power further in Moctezuma. This had the unintended effect of somewhat modernising the Oaexicun Empire as taxes became more unified, the military less regional and bureaucrats in Moctezuma having more power than regional governors. Although this led to more centralised government, it did lead to elites in the area surrounding Moctezuma possessing more power in economic, social, political and cultural terms, which alienated many in outlying parts of the Empire. Centralisation whilst creating a more modern, efficient state also cocurrently led to more agitation from outer regions.
Nuovo Poveglia
In 1522 the explorer Raffaele de Mariran was ordered by the Doge of the Exalted Republic of Poveglia to chart the southern coast of the northern Asterian continent with the intention to establish a trading post along the southern coast that would enable Poveglia to gain a foothold in the Asteria's. The southern coast of Asteria had not been seriously explored with the exception of the islands of Sanslumière at this point, but the rulers of Poveglia believed that further east of Sanslumière lay a "kingdom of gold" of which Poveglia could claim for its own.
Eucleans first arrived in Marirana under the command of de Mariran in March 1523 at the southern tip of the Zaklohitlan peninsula (located in modern day Vittico province) where they started to trade sugar with the natives. After a month the Oaexicun Emperor Xiuhtlatuahu requested the explorers pay fealty to him in the imperial capital Moctezumpan. Relations between the two groups were tense from the offset - de Mariran demanded that the Oaexicun's swear loyalty to the Doge of Poveglia, a request that earned the Oaexicun's order to expel the Eucleans from their land. de Mariran as a sign of respect initially conceded to the Emperor's demand, but before leaving to Zaklohitlan ordered the sacking of Moctezumpan. The 2,000 man strong army of Eucleans caught the Oaexicun's unaware resulting in a large amount of the city's populace to be massacred in the sacking and de Mariran renaming Moctezumpan Santa Maria. Emperor Xiuhtlatuahu fled Moctezumpan to the city of Aztocheletynal where he rallied Oaexicun forces, starting the Poveglian conquest of the Oaexicun Empire.
The loss of the capital led to uprisings across the empire which inadvertently led to its disintegration to become more rapid; by 1524 de Mariran's forces had conquered the entirety of the eastern Oaexicun Empire and had sponsored an uprising in the city of Cutharmuoic to install a pro-Poveglian leader. The Oaexicun's however were permanently crippled when a smallpox plague (which the Poveglian's were largely immune to) broke out amongst the Oaexicuns. The condition affected the Emperor's close courtiers meaning that when the Eucleans entered Aztocheletynal in 1525 they faced an Oaexicun leadership mostly dead from plague. Emperor Xiuhtlatuahu was executed on the orders of de Mariran, and with his death ended the Oaexicun empire. de Mariran was declared the Captain-General of Nuovo Poveglia which became a colony under the sovereignty of Poveglia.
The conquest of the Oaexicun gave the Poveglian's vast swathes of territory often inhabited with hostile natives that opposed Euclean rule. The area around the city of Quauthuezin, never fully conquered by de Mariran, was particularly hostile with several uprisings against the new government recorded between 1525-7. In response de Mariran actively encouraged the spread of smallpox and used rudimentary biological warfare to suppress the native population, sending prisoners infected by the disease back into Oaexicun cities and distributing blankets and clothing with the disease. This resulted in a dramatic population decline of native people over the next 100 years - in the early 1500's it was estimated over 8 million natives lived within modern day Marirana, but by the end of the 1700's the population had declined to around 900,000 people.
Garrison towns were set up around the colony to impose order after another rebellion in 1530. In the early years of Euclean rule the most serious revolt was the Tecocoatzin Rebellion, started by the former Tlatoani of Aztocheletynal Tecocoatzin, who led 3,000 warriors in opposition to colonial rule mainly around the former city of Aztocheletynal. The rebellion lasted from 1529-1534 when Tecocoatzin was killed with his forces slowly dissipating thereafter.
Under Carthan rule Nuovo Poveglia was mainly used for the extraction of resources, primarily gold and sugar. 300,000 labourers from Euclea (predominantly from Poveglia itself) emigrated to the colony to work as labourers alongside 100,000 black slaves to work in sugar plantations. The colonial government encouraged the growth of mining and agriculture in order to enrich Poveglia but did not create more than a basic administration and colonial army to maintain control. A system of racial segregation was imposed; only pure blooded Poveglians were allowed to enter the civil service or nascent clergy, with mixed race, blacks and natives being discriminated against.
Under the initial Poveglian rule there was little social development whilst economically the colony was utilised for its resources alone. Gold, silver and sugar production were the main sources of income for the colonial government which imposed taxes especially on silver which soon became a bedrock for the finances of Poveglia. This enabled Poveglia itself to become incredibly wealthy but did not see wealth trickle down to the colony itself which was a backwater in terms of social development.
During the late 1500's the colonial government launched several measures to rationalise the social hierarchy and administration of the colony. This included a program of fiscal centralisation, reforming the tax code (including the introduction of an income tax), encouraging large scale immigration, merging the garrisons into a single unified armed force, overhauling the legal system, creating a rudimentary schooling system and most importantly beginning large scale evangelisation. Since their conquest by Poveglia many natives had come to believe that the victory of the conquistadors proved the superiority of the Sotirian God, but the evangelisation campaign resulted in the Solarian Catholic Church hierarchy being firmly in control over Nuovo Poveglia. The evangelisation campaign however produced unrest, especially during the 1606-7 Central Plains Rebellion. This was put down by colonial authorities who subsequently put in place a forced labour program for natives where all non-Sotirian native people's were placed into de facto slavery.
As part of his modernisation programme the colonial government also ordered for a new capital to be built on the coast. This was partly done to better facilitate trade between the straits but also so rival colonial administrators could build a political base beyond Santa Maria. As the city was being built the colonial government preemptively named it Aquinas in honour of the Etrurian saint of the same name.
Further reforms under an autocratic system such as the creation of a university in Santa Maria were steadily pursued over the following centuries. During this time a more distinct Marianan culture started to develop including the creation of Mariranan cuisine and a sense of identity distinct from Solaria. In particular the evangelisation campaign led to more white immigrants to marry native people's and thus lose their social status as "pure" white, leading to a growing class of non-white peoples who were increasingly at odds with the white elite landowners and clergy.
War of Independence
The conquest of Exalted Republic of Poveglia by the Floren Empire during the Pereramonic Wars exacerbated social divisions within Nuovo Poveglia as the peasantry and creolo classes started to agitate against the conservative landowning elite. The previous moves against the Etrurian elite had however failed to arouse widespread political support for the endeavour with many still supporting de jure rule from Poveglia. However, the conquest of Poveglia changed political attitudes within Nuovo Poveglia - the defeat of Poveglia to Florena resulted in much of the lower upper classes to abandon support for their colonial master and support the growing nationalist movement backed by creolo's and the peasantry.
In October 1714 general's Cosimo Leopolda and Giosuè Balsamo-Crivelli alongside the Governor of Santa Maria Ciriaco Salandra declared the independence of the Republic of San Marco in the far east of the country, beginning the Mariranan War for Independence. Leopolda's nationalist forces were mainly opposed by loyalists within the colony that backed the Archbishop Giovanni d'Merdci in Aquinas who continued to pledge loyalty to the defeated Poveglian republic. Leopolda was quickly was recognised as the pre-eminent nationalist military leader against loyalists after winning the Battle of Venanzo in 1715.
Nationalist forces took over Aquinas in 1718, leaving loyalist forces largely concentrated around the city of Soriano. A northern campaign led by general Umberto di Francesco in the summer of 1718 saw much of the modern day Mederio and Catacosi provinces come under nationalist control. With the majority of Nuovo Poveglia under nationalist control in early 1719 a constitutional convention was established which exhibited the deep divisions between nationalist leaders - Salandra and his supporters known as the Riformisti favoured a republic with a strong senate whilst loyalist defectors - most prominently di Francesco and known as the Moderati - called for an oligarchal republic with strong clerical backing. Eventually the riformisti prevailed creating a republic with an elected dictator, parliament and federal states. On the 12>sup>th July the Federative Republic of Marirana was declared with the state named after the explorer who discovered it and Leopolda was named as the dictator of Marirana.
Early independence
Following the independence of Marirana saw a brief period of stability due to the unity between the Moderati and Riformisti leaders. Under the leadership of Cosimo Leopolda several centralising reforms were made including the creation of a national tax system, the merging of the provincial revolutionary armies and pursuing an economic policy of free trade. Leopolda also supported radical republican movements (albeit with little success) across the Asteria's, especially in the Gaullican colonies during the second Pereramonic War.
In 1723 Marirana purchased the Floren territory of Augustanya from the Floren Empire dramatically expanding its borders. The purchase was supported by the Riformisti but opposed by the Moderati as Augustanya was organised into a single province. Tensions increased in the country following the passing of several laïcité laws by Leopolda, alienating conservative landlords particularly in Augustanya and Vittico leading to several localised rebellions beginning the "Secessionist Wars" which would last from 1724 to 1760. During this 35 year period Marirana was plunged into civil war as local warlords and provincial governments, primarily in the Augustanya and Vittico provinces, rebelled against the central government in Santa Maria.
_(d%C3%A9tail).jpg)
The Secessionist Wars were primarily fought between conservative Moderati in Augustanya and Vittico who desired a more centralist, conservative state and liberal Riformisti in San Marco who supported the more secular federalism of Leopolda. The secessionists supported Moderati general di Francesco who created the Western Army to fight against federal troops loyal to the central government. Leopolda was killed during the battle of Venanzo in 1826 and in 1838 Moderati forces occupied the city of Santa Maria, deposing dictator Sergio Violante and installing di Francesco as dictator.
di Francesco attempted to stabilise the country, creating a police state in his base in Monticello and enforcing his power through state terrorism. However, he exercised only tenuous control in the east of the country where Riformisti forces were strong. As well as this di Francesco alienated his support in Augustanya by splitting the province into three new ones (Ritaldi, Umbertide and Cittadella) and attempting to culturally assimilate it into Marirana abolishing the Floren language and confiscating land from Floren nobles. This meant despite the initial stability di Francesco had achieved over Violante violence continued to plague the country with Riformisti forces occupying the San Marco province in 1848. di Francesco died of malaria in 1755, with Renato Melucci becoming his successor. Melucci attempted to retake the San Marco province in 1788 but was defeated by Riformisti forces led by Onofrio Moretti at the battle of Milarin. Political support for Melucci and the Moderati collapsed as a result and in 1760 he was ousted from power as Moretti's forces took over the country in a coup d'état known as the 26 May Revolution.
The Riformisti's victory led to the creation of the 1760 constitution which departed radically from the dictatorial document promulgated in 1719. Moretti abolished the office of dictator replacing it with the post of president, an elected post with a single five year term as well as creating a bicameral legislative assembly split into a House of Senators and a House of Councillors. Moretti stepped down from the presidency at the conclusion of his term in 1767, leading to a then unprecedented period of stability for the country with a series of Riformisti presidents serving a single term. However during this time Riformisti presidents oversaw a period of increasing debt especially during the Asterian War for Independence when the Mariranan government heavily supported separatist forces, quickly recognising the newly independent Federation of Asteria.
Increasing debt led to a coup d'état in 1786 by Moderati general Maurizio la Russa. Under la Russa's the government moved into a more conservative direction with the constitution being amended to allow for presidential re-election, limiting the powers of the provinces and raising new taxes in order to pay off Marirana's then monumental debt. la Russa also controversially attempted to increase the role of the clergy in politics leading to opposition by Riformisti and Radicali figures. la Russa was forced from office in 1797 over his support for pro-clerical policies but was able to ensure fellow general Luciano Rosato ascended to the presidency. To quell the increasing opposition to the central government Rosato moved the capital to Aquinas and passed a decree in 1799 that suspended the parliamentary assembly, effectively enshrining himself as a de facto dictator. Rosato's actions led to Radicali sections of the armed forces led by general Salvatore Renzi to launch an uprising in Santa Marira, starting the Mariranan Civil War.
The Mariranan Civil War reopened the political divisions that had emerged in the secessionist wars with Santa Maria and the northern provinces pitted against the predominantly coastal provinces of Ritaldi and Vittico. The war saw the use of scorched earth tactics by president Rosato and his successor Giuseppe Bartolozzi leading to Renzi's forces to adopt guerrilla tactics. Following the successful Radicali siege of Aquinas in 1809 the government was forced to be headquartered in Monticello which was occupied by Radicali forces in 1811, with Renzi declaring himself president of the Third Federative Republic of Marirana.
Following the Radicali's victory in the civil war and Renzi's ascent to the presidency there was a beginning of a " reign of terror" within Marirana as Renzi attempted to create a radical dictatorship. Renzi created the Revolutionary Council to supersede the parliamentary assembly in matters of governance unilaterally passing a new constitution that attempted to solidify a proto-socialist and dirgist system of government wherein power was centralised in the hands of the Revolutionary Council headed by the president. The new constitution also abolished slavery for the first time in Mariranan history.
Upon coming to power Renzi ordered a wave of purges against "counter-revolutionaries" suppressing conservative politicians, rival generals, the clergy and landowners opposed to the government's radical policies. Renzi also implemented a strict anti-clerical policy closing the Metropolitan Cathedral of Santa Maria, banning clerics from holding political posts, censoring religious meetings and executing dissident clerics. The harsh methods used by Renzi led to a short period of political stability from 1814-1825.
The civil war had led the economy to become unstable. As a result Renzi carried out a series of nationalisations as well as abolishing state supported higher education, redirecting money to the military instead. More contentiously however Renzi launched a massive land reform programme that occurred in several stages - first confiscating land from "counter-revolutionaries" before doing the same to clerics and finally unused land.
Renzi's land reform programme elicited fear from Mariranan coffee and cocoa oligarchs who believed the land reform programme would be extended to them as well. As a result political dissent to Renzi increased with there being periodic uprisings in anti-Radicali strongholds across the country, causing political instability. As instability increased in Marirana Renzi believed such destabilisation was the result of Roessen agents, and began to use increasingly jingoistic policies towards Roeselle, which Renzi saw as a bastion of reactionary politics in the region. Tensions flared between the two states as border conflicts became common, with Renzi's government attempting to spur a revolution in the country and the rise of a similar radical regime to that that existed in Marirana. In 1825 one of the border skirmishes resulted in the battle of Florentinville which saw Roeselle defeat Marirana's unprepared army, starting the Mariranan-Roessen War.
During the Mariranan-Roessen war the authority of Renzi's government collapsed with anti-Renzi forces declining to support his regime - Ritaldi, Citadella, Umbertide and Vittico did not send troops to the war effort. As such despite the Mariranan army being both better trained and better equipped than Roeselle's army it suffered from factional infighting amongst its leadership, little to no reinforcements and poor supply lines. In 1827 Renzi fled Marirana as Roessen forces advanced into Marirana, with Mariranan forces surrendering on the 22 September 1827.
19th Century
Following the surrender of Marirana in 1827 Roeselle carried out several policies to reduce Marirana to a client state. The Treaty of Lépeaux-Micheletti saw the province of Cittadella ceded to Roeselle, whilst the federative republic was dissolved to be replaced by the Grand Duchy of Marirana, a centralised monarchy with a collaborationist Umberto d'Azzoni being appointed Grand Duke of Marirana. The new government was heavily dependent on Roessen military assistance and suffered a series of attempted coups and localised rebellions throughout the 1830's, especially as its reactionary government under the Restaurazionisti faction began to increasingly use heavy handed methods to suppress dissent.
The new government's dependence on Roeselle led to Grand Duke Umberto to begin to centralise the army to prevent the proliferation of localised uprisings. However with the destruction of the Radicali movement the bulk of the new military came from conservative nationalists who opposed subservience to Roeselle resulting in friction between the military and royal court. In 1840 the military engineered the removal of Prime Minister Cesare Bruschetta following Bruschetta's failed attempt to purge the military of anti-Roessen officers.
Tensions with Roeselle became an issue when Riformisti prime minister Oreste Steffenone attempted to liberalise the Roessen imposed tariff regime, resulting in his dismissal from office in 1843. Relations further deteriorated when the parliamentary assembly vetoed the Roessen backed candidate for Steffenone's successor instead appointing Guido De Michelis. The fragile relations between Roeselle and Marirana led to the the military to become more assertive in Mariranan politics, eroding the authority and power of Umberto and promoting their own policies effectively running provincial governments.
The worsening Roessan military situation arising from the Roessan-Asterian War meant that in 1846 the military under Italo Agostino Saragat felt confident enough to launch a coup d'état against Grand Duke Umberto, ousting him from office and declaring the creation of the Centralist Republic of Marirana, a unitary republic with a strong presidency, with the new constitution being a hybrid of the 1719 and 1762 variants. The new regime was soon called the "aristocratic republic" due to the domination of the landowning elite and military establishment within its politics.
The new regime quickly became dominated by Saragat who as leader of the Conservative Party quickly purged his political rivals and ensured he remained de facto power - despite the presidency disallowing consecutive re-election Saragat ensured to install puppet presidents that followed his orders, Saragat ensured the government followed a conservative course explicating promoting clericalism within politics as well as investing in ambitious railroad infrastructural projects and economically investing in Marirana's nascent industries, beginning rudimentary industrialisation. When Saragat came to power the country was deeply in debt, resulting in Saragat to order a programme of austerity and the passing of several protectionist policies in order for the government to repay outstanding loans.
Despite economic development and raising literacy rates the Saragat government soon relied on authoritarian means to maintain power censoring the press, rigging elections and jailing political opponents. As well as this the economy and society remained primarily agricultural outside limited industrial development in urban centres in Santa Maria and Aquinas. As well as this Saragat was accused of utilising forced labour primarily from the native population to complete infrastructure projects, an act seen to preclude ethnic cleansing to native groups.
In 1864 at Roeselle descended into civil war the President Saragat ordered the army to intervene in Roeselle. The Mariranan military occupied sections of eastern Roeselle, installing the House de Soleil Couchant as the rulers of Roeselle where they signed the Treaty of Poincaré-Sant'Agata which officially ceded the province of Cittadella back to Marirana and cancel several debts Marirana owed to Roeselle. Although the House de Soleil Couchant was eventually ousted Marirana was able to maintain the territorial and economic gains gained in the Treaty of Poincaré-Sant'Agata.
Saragat was assassinated in 1870 by the liberal opposition. Despite political repression, none of Saragat's successors were able to maintain the fragile conservative consensus he had maintained, leading to an increase in disquiet within the military and the bourgeois middle class. The political instability led to the October Crisis in which the liberal opposition attempted to impeach the conservative president Fortunato Pacifico in 1880. Despite support for impeachment in the legislature Pacifico ordered a self-coup that dissolved parliament, ruling by decree.
In 1883 a border skirmish on the Roessen-Mariranan border led president Buscarello d'Ormea to order federal troops to reinforce the border, leading to the start of the Frontier War. The Frontier War saw initial Mariranan victories until the battle of Couchant when liberal elements of the army refused to back the occupying army there. d'Ormea was force to cede Citadella to Roeselle leading to increasing criticism from liberal elements. The failure of the government in winning the Frontier War brought anti-conservative sentiments to a head with military officer Joaquim Durão de Azevedo with support of the Liberal Party overthrow the government in 1885 and create a federal republic, the Fourth Federative Republic of Marirana, modelled on the second federative republic,
Following the coup the business class started to dominate public life as tepid industrialisation was sponsored by the political and economic elite in order to increase the powers of the business class over the landowning class as the value of silver began to decline. The liberal government also began a policy of low taxes and economic deregulation, especially to foreign investment that enabled the Asterian Southern Coffee Company to soon acquire a monopoly via economic imperialism. This increasing domination over Marirana's economy and eventually its public affairs led to the increasingly reactionary army to start to agitate against Asterian influence.
In 1895 de Azevedo took office again with heavy backing from his allies in the military despite opposition from pro-Asterian lawmakers due to de Azevedo's newfound progressive support for breaking economic monopolies and ensuring a "national-liberal economy". In 1896 de Azevedo with military backing attempted to shut down the Southern Coffee Company resulting in the Federation to intervene in Marirana to restore the companies and collect debts owed to the Federation by Aquinas. The so-called "Cocoa War" saw the larger Asterian army advance into Marirana - despite a few Mariranan victories such as the defence of Fort di Maria by Ottaviano Castello following the battle and Asterian occupation of Ospeletto the liberal legislature voted to oust de Azevedo from the presidency with the president of the Senators Serafino Minuto-Rizzo signing the Treaty of Rice-Minuto-Rizzo which saw Marirana burdened with massive debts and the restoration of the Southern Coffee Company. This led to an upsurge of anti-Asterian sentiment amongst both the conservative elite and the general population, with liberal president Luigi Balsamo being assassinated by a conservative activist in 1903. Balsamo's death saw liberal influence in the military collapse with his successor Giovanni Lombardi appointing Ottaviano Castello, a right-wing officer, as commander of the army.
Political polarisation reached its height in 1906 during Red December when activists from the National Confederation of Syndicalist Trade Unions clashed with right-wing forces from the Front for the Defence of Marirana. President Giovanni Lombardi imposed martial law over many of the provinces, but Red December had cemented Marirana's deep political divisions as the nation was regarded as being on the brink of civil war.
Castello regime
Following Red December Marirana held presidential elections in which the military as in 1895 forced parliament to give victory to Ottaviano Castello of the Integrated Union of the Traditionalist Right. Castello soon began to undermine Mariranan democracy, creating a secret police force known as the Uditria, reforming the judiciary to undermine its independence and rigging the 1905 parliamentary election to give the Unione a supermajority.Castello subsequently abolished the Federative Republic, instead declaring the creation of the Sotirian State of Marirana, a single-party military dictatorship with Castello named Il Duce della Stato.
Castello's regime was proto-National Functionalist in nature - its promoted national Catholicism, corporatism and authoritarianism with Castello stating the principles of the state lay in Dio, Patria, Tradizione ("God, Fatherland, Tradition"). Castello subsequently began massive industrialisation to modernise the Mariranan military as well as launch a policy of economic autarky to undermine the economic influence of the Federation in Marirana. The policy of autarky however led to between 1908-1913 a famine to break out across the Mederio, Umbertide and Catacosi provinces. Castello refused to allow food relief on the grounds the majority of those affected were indigenous people's, resulting in the deaths of between 500,000-1 million people.
Castello also on the pretext on preventing another Red December launched the White Terror in 1903, where over 300,000 left-wing and liberal activists were detained or killed by the regime. This coincided in the growth of a cult of personality centred around Castello, who was cast as the "savoir of Marirana" taking up many titles formally assumed by the Mariranan royalty such as Defender of the Faith.
Following the rise of Gaullica's National Functionalist regime in 1920 Castello re-orientated Marirana to become pro-Gaullican, coveting the Cittadella province lost to Roeselle in the Roessen-Mariranan war of the 1820's. As such when the Great War started Castello launched an attack on the Asteria, weakened by depression which Marirana's autarkic policies had shielded it from. Whilst initially seeing military success occupying southern Asteria, by the 1930's Marirana was on the defensive, with Roeselle and Asteria attacking the country from the northwest supported by partisan forces led by Niccolò Pellegrini and Palmiro Lanza (the nom de gurre of Ettore Togliatti). By 1936 Castello had fled the country to Satucin with Asterian-Roessen forces led by General Stephen Watters occupying the country. The Unione was dismantled, senior officials arrested (later being tried) and the army being purged of far-right elements. Overall of the 3.4 million men who served in the Mariranan National Army around 300,000 were killed and 400,000 wounded during the war.
Post-war period
Following the war Marirana was occupied by Federation forces, who created an interim government from Pellegrini's and Lanza's resistance forces to lead the country to a post-war democratic government. However the contentious issue of land reform and growing suspicions from Lanza's left-wing allies that the Federation was backing the more conservative Pellegrini to take power led to the start of the Lanzastra Rebellion when partisans led by Lanza attempted to oust occupation forces and create an agrarian socialist state.
Marirana officially became independent from the occupation forces in 1940 when a new constitution was promulgated by the occupation authorities. The new constitution banned the Unione and created a presidential government with a separation of powers, democratic governance and a federal system. The occupation authorities also liberalised the economy reforming the corporatist system put in place by Castello. The first post-war president Niccolò Pellegrini attempted to crush the Lanzastra uprising through military means enlisting the help of the Federation forces still stationed in Marirana. The Lanzastra movement dissipated on 1940 after the death of Lanza, but this did not stop Pellegrini being assassinated by a former Lanzastra in 1944.
In 1945 political instability and the unpopularity of the government's secular reforms led to president Piero Galimberti to be overthrown in a coup by former Castello-era general Jordi i Teixidor. Supported by the Federation i Teixidor liberalised the economy and opened Marirana to foreign investment. He also tightly repressed political dissidents and muzzled the press, leading to a growth of anti-government sentiment especially following a land reform law that resulted in many peasants to lose land. In 1952 popular discontent, rioting and a lack of support from the military led to i Teixidor to flee the country with the two pro-democratic parties - the Anti-Revolutionary Party and the Rally for the Republic - taking power.
From the early 1950's to the mid-1960's under the dominance of populist Antonio Michelozzi Marirana underwent economic prosperity and a social revival. The government pursued import-substitution industrialisation and inflationary based growth resulting in the "Mariranan miracle" with national incomes doubling in a period of a decade as growth averaged 4-8% annually. During this time uranium was discovered which became one of Marirana's main exports. Considerable foreign investment led to manufacturing to become the main aspect of the economy. The massive economic growth and political stability helped lead to the growth of Mariranan cultural aspects, such as Mariranan cinema entering its Golden Age. Political stability was established after the two main parties - the RPR and PAR - signed the "pact of democracy" (patto di democrazia) wherein both parties agreed not to replicate the hyper-polarisation of previous Mariranan political systems and respect democratic norms.
Despite the economic prosperity of this period social inequality especially in indigenous communities remained as did widespread corruption. By the mid-1960's the growth rate had started to slow leading to the high inflation rate to start to exert serious damage over the economy. This coincided with increased political instability following the death of Michelozzi in 1965 at the hands of leftists, with political polarisation between the right and left becoming more pronounced. In 1968 Romano Emanuele Orlando, a populist with strong left-wing tendencies, was elected. Orlando's presidency was marked by an attempt to shift Marirana towards social democracy with the government starting to nationalise state assets, promote workers' rights and expand welfare policies. However Orlando's government encountered strong opposition from the Mariranan business class leading to capital flight, very high inflation and rocketing unemployment. Political polarisation also became more serious as armed clashes between right and left wing groups became more common. Orlando attempted to change the constitution in 1972 but was blocked by the PAR who ended the pact of democracy; the political deadlock that followed alongside the economic crisis and political polarisation resulted in far-right elements in the military led by Umbert D'Aloia to launch a coup d'état against Orlando, ending the Federative Republic.
Civic-military dictatorship
The new military government, known as the Standing Committee for Armed Forces Command (SCAFC), upon coming to power dissolved the Federative Republic passing several decrees repealing the constitution and severely limited human rights. The new government within three months of coming to power banned all political parties, imposed formal censorship, restored the Castello era national symbols, arrested over 25,000 leftist activists and created a secret police, the Federal Counterintelligence Agency. In 1973 the government created the military-backed Party of National Reconstruction and passed a new constitution with a unicameral legislature, the Assembly of Experts. A civilian, Luciano Pella, was elected president but real power continued to lie in the hands of SCAFC, leading the regime to adopt a dual "civic-military" identity.
Upon ascending to power D'Aloia advocated a third way between liberal capitalism and leftist communism, instead proposing a form of authoritarian corporatism on the principle of autarky. This led to economic dislocation, with D'Aloia forced from power by air marshal Xavier Borràs in 1977. Borràs led to the most repressive phase of the junta creating a network of labour camps and using death flights to eliminate opponents; his harsh anti-native policies led to some to accusse him of genocide whilst his general policies led to a backlash from civil society, especially after government paramilitaries murdered Bishop Giuliano Tabacci in May 1978. This led to leftist activists to form the 26th May Movement which began a left-wing insurgency in the country which sought to overthrow the Rustichelli government. This led to massive destabilisation across the country as it devolved into a de facto civil war with the government creating death squads to combat the leftists and increasingly resorting to human rights abuses.
Borràs continued D'Aloia's economic policies which led the economy into a complete collapse in 1980 with poverty rising over 60% and Marirana forced to default on its debt. As a result Borràs was removed from power and replaced with Vincenzo Rustichelli who negotiated an Economic Restructuring Policy from the Global Institute for Fiscal Affairs on the condition of liberalising both the economy and the political system. The Rusticelli government subsequently implemented fiscal retrenchment, privatisation, devaluation of the lira, the elimination of food subsidies, deregulating most industry especially the financial industry and liberalising Marirana's tariff regime. These measures led to a small economic recovery but also a rise in poverty and inequality. On the political front the regime promised to hold a free election in 1983 - despite allowing the opposition Coalition for Democratic Action to contest in the election the 1980 election was marked by electoral fraud on a massive scale, with the government backed candidate Ignazio Antoniotto being elected by over 60% of voters. Despite being criticised as a result of this, the government's continued push for economic reform meant that it continued to receive bailout loans from GIFA.
In order to better crush the leftist forces Rustichelli in 1982 ordered the merging of several drug cartels with right-wing paramilitaries - this led to an increase in drug production in the country as both the government and leftist insurgents increasingly used cocaine and cannabis profits to fund their military activities. Rustichelli himself was implicated in the trade of cocaine and cooperating extensively with criminal organisations to utilise their networks to further crush left-wing forces.
The economic and military failures of the Rustichelli government led to massive opposition from civil society. As human right abuses such as the murder of schoolchildren in Santa Maria by the government backed Catholic Volunteer Corps increased the regime came under greater international pressure to reform, with GIFA cancelling its bailout agreement with Marirana leading the economic to enter recession again. As a result in 1986 Rustichelli was ousted by SCAFC with the government promising to hold free elections in 1987 in a highly controlled path to democratisation. The democratic opposition organised itself into the Coalition for Democratic Action led by Stefano Uccello who faced off the military backed candidate Francesco Boselli in a presidential election - Uccello got 82.7% of the vote to Boselli's 17.3%. The defeat of Boselli by such a massive margin resulted in the SCAFC to dissolve itself, ending the military regime.
Modern history
Following his election to power, Uccello began the Mariranan transition to democracy. Whilst Uccello was president the government and legislature was still dominated by military officials whilst left-wing parties remained banned. As a result, Uccello passed a presidential decree giving amnesty to regime officials and appointing Rustichelli senator for life, before using his power as president to appoint several new members of the Assembly. Uccello then presented to the Assembly a proposal to hold elections for a constituent assembly; the Assembly passed this proposal by a handful of votes. An election for a constituent assembly occurred in 1988 which saw the Concentrazione get a supermajority, and in 1992 a referendum on a new constitution that enshrined a new, democratic government passed overwhelmingly. Uccello continued the neoliberal economic reforms, but the economy continued to suffer from hyperinflation and high unemployment. In 1992 the semi-presidential system came into effect with Oliviero Michelozzi, son of former president Antonio Michellozzi, being elected president.
In the initial transition to democracy the violence from insurgents died down as civil society attempted to undergo the "national reconciliation" of the Uccello and Michelozzi governments. However by the 1990's drug violence had escalated to very high levels, with the Ospeletto Cartel led by Matteo Scalfaro by 1993 supplying over 80% of the total cocaine consumed in Asteria.
The escalation of the conflict led to President Michelozzi to in 1995 to approve of a Joint Defense Force intervention, with Asterian troops being sent into Marirana to combat the insurgents. The assassination of Scalfaro in 1998 led to the drug violence to dissipate whilst by 1999 leftist groups such as the 26th May Movement and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Indigenous Peoples retreated into the Umbertide and Mederio provinces. The downward spiral in violence led to President Alessandra Michelozzi in 2000 to begin the process of withdrawing JDF troops from Marirana.
In 1995 the government pegged the lira to the Federation Dollar and implemented monetarist policies which reduced Marirana's very high inflation rate, whilst the political stability that occurred after 2000 led to the economy to get back to sustained (if uneven) growth for the first time since the 1960's. During the 2000's, there was increased political and economic stability with Marirana becoming a newly industrialised country whilst the government implemented moderate social reform policies. This resulted in a massive reduction of poverty as the government also paid more attention to environmental issues such as conservationism and global warming. In 2006 president Alfonso Hatoyama was impeached following a corruption scandal, leading to an increased discussion on corruption in Marirana.
From 2007 onwards the government encountered massive political, economic and social crises, starting in 2010 when a currency crisis which combined with external economic shocks, as well as a dependency on volatile short-term capital and debt to maintain the overvalued fixed exchange rate caused the economy to collapse with poverty increasing to over 50%. The government also defaulted on its debt and devalued the lira increasing Marirana's economic woes. The economic crisis led to insurgent and drug trafficking groups to increase their activities with Ritaldi, Mederio and Umbertide provinces. This led to President Giorgio Macciocchi to approve of a JDF intervention in 2016. In 2016 Marirana had the worst earthquake in its history, and in 2017 it underwent a political crisis when parliament almost impeached Macciocchi in November 2017.
In the 2017-18 election saw Lorenzo Occhetto of the Democratic Party of Socialists becoming the first left-wing president in Mariranan history, with the resulted legislative election seeing the Anti-Revolutionary Party losing its place as the largest party in the elected legislature since 1938.
Geography
Marirana borders the Arucian Sea to the west and the Alexandria Gulf to the east. Marirana is predominantly a tropical country with patches of sand dunes, deserts and a rainforest in the interior. The country has three mountain chains, which divide the country into five regions; the arid semi-deserts in the west of the country, the rainforest in the centre, a sub-tropical coastal region, lowlands in the south-east and highlands in the north-east. The western regions are hotter and less humid than the coastal and the central regions.
The largest mountain chain, the Niardo chain, straddles the Umbertide and Ritaldi regions. The highest peak in Marirana is the Erbusco mountain.
Biodiversity
.jpg)
Marirana has a wide array of biodiversity with over 100,000 different animal species, mainly located in the central and eastern tropics and rainforest whilst having over 20,000 plant species. Since 1996 the government has protected over 88 areas including 14 biosphere reserves, 46 national parks, 21 areas of protected flora and fauna and 7 wildlife sanctuaries. In total 11% of Marirana is defined as protected wildlife areas. Marirana's rainforest and the biodiversity within it is considered one of the most biodiverse regions in the Asteria Superior.
The majority of Marirana's central rainforest is considered to be tropical and subtropical coniferous forests with the majority of forests in the country seen as laurel forests, spanning much of northeast Marirana with the forests being within the central Asterian montane forests region.
There have been several threats to Marirana's biodiversity. Most prominently deforestation has been seen as the most serious threat to Marirana's biodiversity, alongside over 75% of Marirana's vegetation as been converted to agriculture. The government's Agency for Environmental Preservation has listed 105 species as being threatened and 34 being critically endangered.
Climate
Natural disasters
Marirana lies across the central Asterian tectonic plate resulting in semi-frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The most recent earthquake in 2016 was recorded to be of 7.8 magnitude and resulted in the deaths of over 957 people and injuring over 1,000, the most destructive earthquake in Marirana since 1885. The most destructive earthquake in Marirnanan history was in 1765 when a 8.4 magnitude earthquake led to the destruction of the city of Amatrice.
Volcanic eruptions have also been a very serious issue for Marirana. The move of the capital of the Oaexicun Empire from Oaexicun to Moctezumpan was partly done due to the eruption of Mount Iztaccíhuatl in 1324 which devastated much of the former capital. The most recent large volcanic eruption was by Mount Tariácuri, the largest active volcano in Marirana, in 2009.
Since 2016 the government has invested more money and resources in ensuring rural communities have earthquake protection.
Politics
.jpg)
Marirana is a semi-presidential constitutional republic with a representative democracy. The President of Marirana (Presidente) is the head of state and the Prime Minister (Primo Ministro) the head of the government (Governo della Marirano) comprised of senior ministers and junior ministers; the senior ministers comprise of the Council of Ministers (Consiglio dei Ministri). The bicameral legislature is the Parliamentary Assembly (Assemblea Parlamentare) with the upper house being the House of Senators and the lower house the House of Councillors. Marirana uses a system of civil law with a four tier judiciary, with the Constitution of Marirana serving as the supreme law in the country. Marirana is divided into six provinces with have a high degree of regional autonomy.
Marirana's current system of government was adopted in 1994 after the fall of the military junta in 1986 and a successful referendum in 1992. Prior to 1992 Marirana had a presidential system with a unicameral legislature. A successful referendum in 1992 saw a new constitution adopted that created the post of Prime Minister as well as create the Senate and reform the electoral law, being intended to produce more consensus-based government. The new constitution also reduced the presidential term from seven to five years. The constitution can only be amended with a "qualified majority" of 140 Councillors, 54 Senators and a referendum approved by 50%+ of valid votes and a majority of provinces.
The current president is Lorenzo Occhetto, the first left-wing president in Mariranan history and the current prime minister Amadeo Tajani.
Government
Marirana's government is a semi-presidential republic. The president, elected directly every five years, is considered to be the most powerful figure within the Mariranan government, appointing the Prime Minister from the Parliamentary Assembly provided the Prime Minister commands the confidence of the Parliamentary Assembly. The Prime Minister then is responsible for appointing a government. Ministers cannot pass legalisation without parliamentary approval.
The government consists of six ministers and nine junior ministers, known as secretaries of state. The entire fifteen member government is chaired by the Prime Minister. A smaller and more powerful executive body, called the Council of Ministers is composed only of the senior ministers, though some Secretaries of State may attend Council meetings and is chaired by the president rather than the prime minister.
The President appoints the Prime Minister, approves legalisation (and reserves the right to veto it), is commander-in-chief, ratifies treaties, nominates members of the Supreme Court, can pass executive orders and grant pardons. The President is much more powerful when they are from the same political faction controlling the Parliamentary Assembly, effectively being able to dismiss ministers and control domestic policy. However, if the presidents political rivals control the parliamentary assembly there exists a state of cohabitation in which the president is confined mainly to managing international relations as the prime minister and cabinet are made up of his political rivals (the president still has the ability to choose who is prime minister, however).
Legislature
 |
|
Government Avanti Marirana! 55 S/145 C Opposition Popular Force 2018 20 S/51 C Coalition for Democratic Action 15 S/36 C |
The bicameral legislature of Marirana is known as the Parliamentary Assembly which is divided between an upper house (the House of Senators) and a lower house (the House of Councillors). The House of Senators has 90 members whilst the House of Councillors has 232 members - both houses serve five year terms. The Parliamentary Assembly is the main legislative body and retains partial parliamentary supremacy on all but foreign and defence affairs (which the executive retains complete control over).
The House of Senators seats is elected every five years alongside the Councillors. The senate can veto or delay most legalisation, but cannot veto or block government formations, budgets or constitutional changes proposed by the House of Councillors. The House of Senators can however vote down a motion of no confidence. The House of Councillors is the more powerful house and is elected every five years. The House of Councillors officially lends support for the government, but it can only dissolve the government if it has the support of the House of Senators. It has control over most areas of governance such as finances, regional administration, education ad health.
Political Parties and Elections
Marirana has a multi-party system with three major electoral coalitions. These are the left-wing Avanti Marirana!, the right-wing Popular Force 2018 and the centre-right Coalition for Democratic Action.
Avanti Marirana consists of four parties - the Democratic Part of Socialists (PDS) which supports a wide range of socialist ideologies but is predominantly left-populist, the liberal anti-clerical Positive Marirana (MP), the green liberal Union of Green Democrats - Ecological Action (UDV-AE) and the Party of Social Justice which supports indigenismo. Avanti Marirana is dominated by incumbent president Lorenzo Occhetto supporting his political agenda. Popular Force 2018 consists of three parties - the the United National Party (PNU) which supports national conservatism, the liberal conservative Union of Centrists and Democrats (UdCdD) and the Sotirian right Family First Party (PFF) which is closely associated with evangelical movements in Marirana. The Coalition for Democratic Action also consists of three parties - the Anti-Revolutionary Party (PAR) that supports Sotirian democracy, social conservatism and is dominated by the political family known as the Michelozzi dynasty; the Democratic Alternative which is seen as a more centrist incarnation of the PAR and Forza Marirana an economically liberal party.
Elections for both the president and the parliamentary assembly are held every five years in Marirana, with voting being compulsory. Presidents are elected by a two-round system and are restricted to serving a single five year term. The House of Councillors elected every five years under a additional members system with 125 seats elected via single-member districts, 75 using the D'Hondt method with a 4% electoral threshold and 32 "top-up" seats to make the result more proportional with members of parliament given the right to stand for unlimited terms. The 90 members of the House of Senators are elected via a single non-transferable vote with every province being allocated 15 senators to elect. The current president, Lorenzo Occhetto of the Democratic Party of Socialists was elected in 2018 replacing the then-incumbent Anti-Revolutionary president Giorgio Macciocchi. The last legislative election was in 2018, which saw the Avanti Marirana coalition gain a supermajority in both chambers of the parliamentary assembly.
Judiciary
Marirana has a four-tier court system with a system of civil law inspired by Garipoleonic Code. The highest courts are the Constitutional Court which deals exclusively deals with constitutional issues, the High Court which deals with other legal matters and the Court of Appeal which addresses appeals and if they are forwarded to the High Court. Both the Constitutional and High Courts can subject the executive to judicial review. Below the High Courts sits in decreasing importance Provincial, County and local courts which refer upwards depending on the case.
Marirana in 1992 abolished the death penalty with a moratorium on the issue enforced between 1986-1992. The last execution was held in 1985.
Administrative Divisions
According to the 1992 constitution, Marirana is a federative republic with six provinces (provincia) that are furthered divided into 530 counties (contea) and further into over 3,000 wards (reparto) or boroughs (borgo).
Under the federal system, all six provinces are given powers over various policy areas such as agriculture, economic development, the environment, health, transport, local government and social welfare amongst others. Each province has its own provincial assembly which appoints a provincial governor - however the central government reserves the right to veto or overturn policy made in the provinces.
|
Foreign Relations
Marirana's foreign affairs are directed by the President and managed through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, currently headed by César Romani. Marirana has since 1987 professed the following principles in its foreign relations; support for the principle of non-intervention, the collective security of nations, the supremacy of international law and human rights and the practice of non-alignment in the interests of supporting state sovereignty.
Marirana's foreign relations have tended to hinge on their relationship with their neighbours, the Federation of Asteria and Roeselle. In terms of Asteria Marirana has traditionally maintained close relations despite friction between the two occurring in the 1896 with the Cocoa War. Currently the Federation is leading a JDF intervention in Marirana albeit there remains contention on immigration and trade policy. Marirana's historical relationship with Roeselle is more contentious with the two countries having fought four wars between each other in the last 250 years. Until 1992 Marirana constitutionally recognised the eastern portions of Roeselle as being the former Mariranan province of Cittadella, with some politicians continuing to claim Cittadella which has traditionally soured relations. In real terms however there is cordial economic ties and deepening political relations.
During the 1990's the administration of Stefano Uccello placed more importance on relations with other Asterian nations such as Senouillac and Satucin especially in the realms of economic and social partnerships. Marirana also maintains close economic and social relations with its former colonial master Etruria with Etruria being the second largest investor in Marirana after Asteria. Since the Etrurian election of the Tribune Movement and the Mariranan election of Lorenzo Occhetto relations between the two have improved.
Marirana is an active member of several international organisations such as the Community of Nations, International Trade Organisation, Global Institute for Fiscal Affairs and Joint Defense Force, the latter of which is considered a polarising issue within Marirana. Marirana has been a vocal supporter of the creation of a single market in the Asteria's for economic cooperation, development and growth. Generally speaking Marirana is a strong supporter of multilateral organisations over national hegemony.
Law Enforcement and crime
.jpg)
Marirana's law enforcement is under the authority of the National Police Force and the National Border Guard. Crimes committed within the military are handled by the Military Police. The National Police Force is directed by the Ministry of Interior and the Public Prosecutors Office. The National Police Force has specialised in recent years to deal with drug trafficking.
The National Police Force has been accused of human right abuses and corruption, with trust in the police force being 12% in 2015. An investigation by the Community of Nations found that there are cases of serious abuses of power by the police force with widespread corruption especially in the Mederio and the Umbertide provinces.
Marirana has a very high murder rate with 30.88 per 100,000 inhabitants being murdered annually. Marirana has a serious problem with drug crime with drug cartels such as the Ospeletto Cartel and Freedom Association holding a large sway over various parts of Mariranan society. Since 2008 the government has increased anti-drug trafficking operations with former president Giorgio Macciocchi approving of the military to be deployed in urban areas to combat drug crime in 2016. According to the Ministry of the Interior one out of four Mariranan citizens are a victim of crime in some form.
Military
The national military of Marirana, the Federal Armed Forces of Marirana, currently consisting of about 300,000 active personnel (discounting those in paramilitary units). Marirana's military is split into three branches - the army, navy and air force. There also exists the National Civic Guard, comparable to a gendarmerie force which is seen as the fourth arm of the military. The President acts as Commander-in-Chief with oversight provided by the Ministry of Defence.
The Mariranan military has undergone technological modernisation in recent years as the military has been more involved in counter-insurgency operations since the start of the Mariranan insurgency. To this extent the military has developed its urban and jungle warfare, digital warfare technology, aircraft, helicopters and rapid troop transport capabilities. Marirana spends 3.7% of its GDP on the military. Since 1972 Marirana has retained conscription which lasts for 12 months for all males between the ages of 18-22, with university students exempted until they graduate. Currently no other form of service exists, but the government has signalled it intends to amend this status i the future.
Marirana has three intelligence services - Inter-Provincial Security Agency (ASIP), the National Security Agency (ASN) and Military Security Agency (ASM). These three branches deal in domestic, foreign and military intelligence respectively. The ASIP and ASN report to the Ministry of the Interior whilst the the ASM reports to the Ministry of Defence.
The Mariranan military has often occupied a controversial political role, having taken power in coup d'état's several times most recently in 1972. The Mariranan military has been accused of corruption with many officers being involved in drug trafficking; it has also been accused of financing, training and encouraging the use of death squads and of committing human right abuses such as war crimes.
Demographics
As of 2017 Marirana has a population of 55 million people, the fourth most populous country in Asteria Superior. Since the 1900's Marirana has experienced large population growth, having 5 million people in 1900 but by 1930 having over 30 million people. Population growth since than has been steady albeit fertility rates have in recent years seen a decline. Marirana is projected to have a population of 60 million by 2030. Marirana's population is overwhelmingly concentrated on its coast with the northern rainforest regions being largely uninhibited. There has been an increasing movement to urban areas in what has traditionally been an overwhelmingly rural country - as of 2015 around 59% of the population now live in urban areas. Marirana's birthrate is 18.2 per 1,000 population.
Education
Ethnic groups
Marirana is an ethnically diverse country. Classifications for the ethnic makeup of Marirana is controversial, as ethnic groups have over time come to be defined as much by social grouping (especially meticcio's, whites and natives) as by their genetic origins, especially as the traditional racial caste system has been undermined by a process of a synthesis between Euclean and native cultures.
According to the 2015 census Marirana's ethnic makeup had 46.9% meticcio (mixed Euclean-native people's), 18.8% white, 16.5% Zapoyan, 10.2% Maya, 4.6% black, 1.3% Coians and 1.7% of other ethnicities primarily smaller native groups and immigrants from other parts of the world.
Marirana during both its colonial period and after independence had a strict racial caste system, wherein white Eucleans were placed at the top of the social hierarchy whilst black slaves and native people's were considered an underclass with creolo or meticcio peoples of mixed native-Euclean descent straddling between the two classes. As a result of this racial hierarchy Mariranan census data up until the 1990's was often considered unreliable in regards to ethnic identification. The first national census in 1754 purported 47% of the population was native whilst 8% was white and 45% was meticcio - however the 1922 national census purported that 62% of Marirana was meticcio, 18% white and 10% native, a seemingly massive reduction of native people. Whilst native people were subject to high mortality rates and attempted genocides against them (most notably the Great Hardship under Ottaviano Castello) it was commonly accepted that the government continually manipulated census figures and forcibly assimilated native people's into identifying as meticcio in order to promote a unified Mariranan identity and quash native ethnic identity. Changes in how the census system was carried out and the re-classification of what constitutes an ethnic group have meant modern Mariranan censuses allow a much larger scope in defining what constitutes a native person within Marirana.
In terms of social roles, ethnicity still plays a large part in Mariranan public life. Despite making up only 18.8% of the population whites have traditionally been dominant in both the economic and political spheres, with all but three of Marirana's presidents being white and the top ten richest families in Marirana being of white descent. Whites in Marirana predominantly are of Etrurian descent either constituting the original settlers of Marirana or later emigrating to the country in the 19th century, whilst there are others of Floren descent coming from the settlers who inhabited the Augustanya colony and smaller descendants of Gaullican, Ruttish, Vredlandian and Estmerish immigrants.
The strictest definitions of meticcio's are people that have mixed native-Euclean ancestry, and have traditionally been the largest ethnic group in the country. However meticcio's have over time came to encompass a social class of people who were culturally seen as Mariranan but were not white - primarily this included native people who had assimilated into Mariranan culture but also coloured people (mulatto's) as well. As such some of these people that fall into those groups still continue to identify as meticcio meaning that identifying those who are meticcio in Marirana is a contentious topic. As such it has been said that numbers pertaining to the amount of meticcio's in Marirana can be considered unreliable due to the fluid nature of meticcio identity.
Native people in Marirana can be divided between the Zapoyan peoples and Maya peoples. Zapoyan's were the dominant ethnic group of the Oaexicun Empire and primarily speak the Zapoyan language. The dominant nature of the Zapoyan's in the Oaexicun empire means the group has since the 1300's been the largest native ethnic group primarily concentrated in the southeast of the country in the San Marco and Vittico provinces. Due to their location in the more populated parts of Mariranan Zapoyan people are more integrated into Mariranan culture then other ethnic groups, albeit high birth rates have meant they have kept a steady population. The Maya people's on the other hand are mainly concentrated in the northwest of the country and suffer wide social discrimination. It is estimated that a small number of Maya peoples in Marirana's central rainforest are uncontacted peoples.
Black Bahians were brought to Marirana as slaves starting in the 1500's with the slave trade in Marirana continuing until 1722 and slavery itself being abolished in 1817. Nevertheless blacks continued to suffer from social discrimination, despite large influxes of them emigrating to Marirana from the Federation until the latters abolition of slavery. The first Dictator of Marirana, Cosimo Leopolda, was half-black. There has also been immigrants from Coius especially from Songguo and Nematsu, predominantly poor agricultural labourers. A Nematsujin Mariranan, ALfonso Hatoyama, served as president from 2003-2006.
Health
Healthcare in Marirana is distributed from a mix of private and public sources, with the latter managed by the Ministry of Public Health. Most healthcare is based on either an insurance system with 75.7% of the population on either public or private health insurance. Most private healthcare payments are made with out-of-pocket expenses. In 1998 the government implemented free health insurance for those in extreme poverty and in 2012 expanded the program to all people in poverty. Since 2006 the government has attempted to build the infrastructure necessary to introduce an universal health care system building over 800 new hospitals from 2006-2012.
Life expectancy in Marirana is 74.6 years old, with women's life expectancy being 77.0 years and men being 72.3 years. In 2009 there were 68 physicians per 100,000 people and over 2,453 hospitals in Marirana. Heart disease, diabetes and lung cancer are some of the most serious health issues in Marirana.
Language
Largest cities
Largest cities or towns in Marirana
2016 Mariranan Census | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Province | Pop. | |||||||
 Santa Maria (City) .jpg) Aquinas |
1 | Santa Maria (City) | San Marco Province | 5,476,354 | Monticello Monticello  Ospeletto | ||||
| 2 | Aquinas | Vittico Province | 3,425,742 | ||||||
| 3 | Monticello | Ritaldi Province | 2,014,587 | ||||||
| 4 | Ospeletto | Umbertide Province | 1,536,323 | ||||||
| 5 | Soriano | Vittico Province | 1,644,836 | ||||||
| 6 | Turania | San Marco Province | 1,246,587 | ||||||
| 7 | Venanzo | Catacosi Province | 1,246,367 | ||||||
| 8 | Montopoli | San Marco Province | 954,782 | ||||||
| 9 | Fonnaia | Mederio Province | 924,636 | ||||||
| 10 | Amatrice | San Marco Province | 853,636 | ||||||
Religion
Whilst constitutionally guaranteeing freedom of religion, the predominant religion of Marirana is the Solarian Catholic Church, which has been identified as the "prevailing faith" within the constitution since 1972. Prior to 1938 one had to be a Solarian Catholic in order to be a Mariranan citizen. Considered to be a very religious country, as of 2016 Marirana is recorded to be made up of 85.8% Solarian Catholics, 8.2% evangelical, 2.2% indigenous beliefs, 2.7% other beliefs and 1.1% Atudaists. In some rural areas, Solarian Catholic and indigenous beliefs are sometimes syncretised.
During the 1970's liberation theology became influential amongst the Mariranan clergy partly as a backlash to the government's human right abuses, especially after the murder of Bishop Giuliano Tabacci in 1977. The rise of liberation theology in Marirana saw the government break many of its traditional ties with the church - however the Solarian Catholic Church still is considered to be the main social actor within Marirana. When Pope Joseph visited the country in December 2016 over 4 million travelled to hear him speak.
Indigenous beliefs traditionally describe forms of Sun worship that was the dominant religion of the Oaexicun Empire. Whilst traditional beliefs of Sun worship have dissipated (including worship for a living god and ritual sacrifice) forms of it still exist, primarily in rural areas of the Mederio and Catacosi provinces.
There are small minorities of Protestants - primarily Evangelicals - and Atudaists, the latter having in recent years seen very high rates of emigration. Marirana is one of the most religious countries in the world with 98.9% of the population believing in "some kind of God or spiritual being".
Economy
Marirana has a mixed economy with a combination of private and public enterprise. A newly industrialised country Marirana has a total nominal GDP of $354,528 million and GDP PPP of $746,433 million. Marirana has an abundance of natural resources and from 1996 maintained a very high rate of economic growth until falling into a serious recession in 2007 following a currency crisis.
Marirana was historically an agrarian economy with coffee and sugar exports being the main industries in the country. A coffee boom during the 1880's-1910's led to growth rates to raise to an average 8% annually - this enabled the government to invest in transportation, infrastructure and manufacturing. Growth ended as the government embraced autarky policies which led to the economy to stagnate performing consistently poorly during the 1920's. The end of the Great War saw much of the Mariranan economy in tatters, but it rebounded during the 1950's due to a combination of political stability, the increasing power of the Asterian and Roessen consumer markets and active industrialisation policies via import-substitution - whilst these policies led to breakneck economic growth it also led to inflation to continue to heighten. By the 1970's Marirana suffered from hyperinflation as the government embarked on protectionist policies - this led to in 1980 the government to undertake the "liberalisation turn" which envisioned two separate policy developments - internal marketisation via privatisation and deregulation and external liberalisation through re-orientation to export-oriented industrialisation and the removal of restrictions on foreign direct investment (FDI). Political instability meant the economy continued to perform poorly after the reforms. In 1995 the government pegged the lira to the Federation Dollar and reduced the money supply which ended much of Marirana's inflation problems, which alongside political stability led to uneven economic growth during the 1990's and 2000's. A dependency on volatile short-term capital to maintain the overvalued fixed exchange rate led to the economy to collapse in 2007 when the poverty rate raising above 50% for the first time since 1986. The economy recorded weak growth in 2011 with a 0.5% growth rate that year with an average 2-4% growth since. Marirana however still has to deal with a large debt of $154,407,753,900 which makes up 35.01% of the nominal GDP.
Marirana's main industries are based on natural resource extraction, with the main resources exported being logging, bauxite, silver and gold. Marirana has also expanded its manufacturing industry, building consumer goods, automobiles and construction attracting foreign investment due to its literate population and low costs. Marirana's rural sector still retains some precedence with its traditional sugar and coffee industries being supplemented by a modern cattle industry.
Culture
Architecture
Cinema
Marirana developed its film industry in the late 1930's following the Great War. Prior to the Great War cinema in Marirana had largely been propaganda films praising the regime of Ottaviano Castello as the development of cinema largely occurred during his rule - the first film made in Marirana was in 1903 titled "The Triumph of Authority". Initially "talkies" were limited to newsreels but were soon used to create propaganda during the Great War.
The first time Mariranan cinema was able to develop with a degree of artistic freedom only occurred after the war. During the 1940's Marirana underwent a "Golden Age" as the Mariranan film industry underwent an economic boom. Films during the Golden Age differentiated between the neorealism of directors such as Luchino Argento and the more romanticist films, such as "spaghetti Easterns which achieved popularity in Asteria.
The Mariranan film industry underwent a sustained decline during the 1970's after the government imposed formal censorship, albeit the advent of affordable television in the 1960's had undermined the industry. Since the 1990's surrealist and romantic cinema has become more popular in Marirana with there being a focus on more expensive production and modern realist acting techniques. Since 2012 there has been a revial in neorealist styles of cinema, often focused around the Mariranan insurgency.