Nortish religious houses

Camevole Abbey in Bissex is a Cistercian foundation in the Camuvalian tradition.

A religious house in the Church of Nortend is any legal corporation where members take religious vows and live in common.

Great Nortend has a long and unbroken history of religious houses which dates back to Sulthey Abbey founded in the 8th century by St. Laurence in 751, two years after the foundation of Sulthey Cathedral. There are currently as of 2020, 623 religious houses in Great Nortend under the auspices of the Church of Nortend, with a total of approximately 13,000 professed religious.

History

Alexander I severed the Church of Nortend from papal authority.

After the promulgation of the Statute of Limmes and Statute of Supremacy which formally severed the Church of Nortend from the papal authority and placed Alexander I as head of the Church, the religious houses went into a period of decline, although there was no intention of their dissolution at the time.

As with secular clergy, members of religious houses were required to renounce allegiance to the Pope by taking the Oath of Supremacy. Those foundations who refused to take the oath forfeited their lands to the Crown, who appointed a Steward to administer them, though the members were usually allowed to stay on. Despite the threat of loss of income, many houses refused to take the oath and recognise Alexander as head of the Church. This led to the confiscation of nearly 100 houses before 1670.

In 1668, the 12th Duke of Cardenbridge, a well-known reformer, was captured and hanged by the Abbot and monks of Staithway Abbey on Cardoby. Alexander I had opposed the criminalisation of papal allegiance but upon his death at the end of 1668, William III acceded to the throne with a far stricter policy. Statutes were quickly passed which resulted in the immediately criminalisation of Roman papal allegiance and thenceforth, the penalty for such recusancy was to be death.

After the suppression and execution of the Six Heretics in 1670, numerous houses very quickly 'voluntarily' chose to recognise William and take the Oath.

Suppression

The gatehouse at the Benedictine Rundelset Priory which was dissolved after being confiscated in 1664. The house was re-established at the same site during the reign of Edmund VI.

Even so, the perceived excesses of religious houses continued to cause controversy, especially between peasants and their monastic landlords. For centuries, the strict rules of the houses had been often ignored. The 13th Duke of Cardenbridge, now King's Clerk, aggresively advocated for the suppression and dissolution of the monasteries as he believed they would always bear allegiance to the Pope despite their recognition of William's supremacy. It is likely that his father's hanging by the monks of Staithway influenced this zeal in this matter, despite his otherwise via media theology. Several smaller and indebted houses were indeed voluntarily dissolved starting in 1675; however, increasing Exponential Catholic influence in Court meant that the Duke lost favour with William, halting the dissolutions.

Quia solliciti

Even so, reform was urgently needed and as Exponential influence at Court declined, the canon Quia solliciti was enacted by Edmund VI in 1711 which, inter alia, provided for reform of the religious orders. New rules, amended by Cardinal Mier, Archbishop of Sulthey, granted increased freedoms, yet reaffirmed regular principles and obligations. Rules of enclosure and communication were relaxed to allow for annual excursions and visits by family. The primary duties of canons, monks and friars were also refocussed towards priestly, contemplative and pastoral duties respectively, whilst that of nuns, minchens and sisters were teaching, contemplative and caring respectively.

Furthermore, all religious houses were required to bring their liturgies into general conformity with the 1709 Book of Masses and 1710 Book of Offices, although minor variations were permitted. The new books cut the number of daily offices to four, combining Mattins and Lauds, and combining Prime, Tierce, Sext and Nones with a single daytime minor office. Each office was also simplified, reducing the number of psalms sung to three, which would be mostly fixed depending on the date in the month. The offices were to be said at “convenient times according to their nature” and not at “stubborn hours in the night time”, and together with the offices of the parochial communities.

De mendicis ordinibus

The mendicant orders did not escape reformation either. In 1729, Edmund further promulgated De mendicis ordinibus to reform the friars, culling their numbers to three orders. Owing to the ease with which superstitious people were fooled by the preaching of unlearned friars, it commanded that friars would be required to gain a degree in divinity before they would be permitted to preach.

The continual financial pressure on most religious houses was mostly abated by carving out new parishes around friary churches and thus allowing friars to collect tithes, with the proviso that the vicar be provided by the house. Furthermore, friars were forbidden from wandering from town to town, begging, but rather enjoined to stay and reside at their convents and friaries unless ordered to move.

Later history

From the 18th century there was a marked decline in the number of monastic religious. Mary had acceded to the throne in an atmosphere of increased Protestantism. Convinced by the Lord High Treasurer, she issued the canon In reformatione which suspended initiations and professions into religious life. However, after her wedding to the more traditional Earl of Scode, this was revoked.

In the 19th century, with the increased education of the masses in the numerous schools owned by the religious houses, religious houses began to increase in number and size, stabilising in the 20th century to the current level.

Rules and Orders

The Church of Nortend refers to both rules and orders to classify forms of religious life. Cardican religious houses are split between eight different forms of life, which include the monastic rules, canonical rules, and mendicant orders.

Of those who follow monastic rules, there are Benedictines, Cistercians and Carthusians, the men known as monks and women minchens. Those who follow the two canonical rules are the Augustinians and the Norbertines, known as canons and nuns. Lastly, the three mendicant order are the Dominicans, Franciscans and Carmelites, whose members are known as friars and sisters.

Monastic houses

The Black Minchen of Hedghew Priory.

Great Nortend has a large number of monastic houses scattered across the country. All of the 433 cloistered monastic foundations follow the rules of the Benedictine, Cistercian or Carthusians. The Benedictines, or Black Monks and Minchens, wear black habits, the Cistercians, or Pied Monks and Minchens, wear "pied” black and white habits, and the Carthusians, or White Monks and Minchens, wear white habits.

Of special interest are the two Camuvalian abbeys of Camevole and Crothery-Saint-Adams. They both follow the rule of the Cistercians since the promulgation of Quia solliciti; however, they retain their history as being founded as uniquely Erbonian religious houses. They uniquely wear a red mantle in choir and are renowed for their hospitality.

Structure

Each of the three orders of Benedictines, Cistericans and Carthusians have a simple hierarchy of dependent daughter priories under the control of a mother abbey. Benedictine and Cistercian priories may be elevated to abbatial status and become independent by the Crown once the canonical requirement of twelve choir monks or nuns has been reached. An abbey which has declind in size may also fall back into a priory by scire facias. The Carthusian order only has one abbey, which took the place of the Grande Chartreuse after the Schism.

Within a monastery, there are two types of religious—lay and choir. Choir monks and minchens are devoted to study and often crafts. Choir monks are usually ordained and receive the honorific 'Dom'. Choir minchens, whilst not ordained, receive the title 'Dame'. Lay brothers or sisters support the choir monks and minchens in their duties through manual labour as well as study. Since the 18th century reforms, unordained monks and minchen generally start as lay brothers and sisters, and may progress to choir over time and with seniority.

Canonical houses

The cloister garth at the Norbertine Handingham Priory.

The canonical houses follow the Rule of St. Augustine and are separated into the Austins and the Norbertines, known as the Black Canons and Nuns, and White Canons and Nuns respectively for the colour of their habits. The principal difference between the two are that the Norbertines are stricter in rule than the Austins.

Mendicant houses

St. Martin's School is run by the friars of the Dominican Cireford Priory.

The Dominicans, Franciscans and Carmelites are the three authorised mendicant orders of the Church of Nortend since 1726, the other orders having been absorbed thereinto. Each order has its own apostolic ministry, adopted by the Prior General and hierarchy of each order.

The Dominicans are dedicated to preaching. Thus, they tend to mainly engage in endeavours such as education. Though historically the convents of the mendicant orders were cloistered as monastic foundations, in the 19th centuries the lay sisters of the Dominicans began to undertake apostolic works in the community like the friars mainly in the care and education of young children. The Augustinians were merged with the Dominicans with the canon De mendicis ordinibus. Dominicans wear a cream habit with a black cloak, whence the name, 'Black Friars'.

The Franciscans emphasise service to the poor. They take vows of personal poverty and commonly engage in ministerial and pastoral work in areas of poverty, such as caring for the indigent or homeless. Their female counterpart, the Minoresses, are active in nursing and pastoral work, often running orphanages, hospitals and providing community nursing services. Franciscans wear a grey habit, whence their name of Grey Friars or Sisters.

The Carmelites are a contemplative order, providing spiritual support. They wear a white and brown habit, and are known as White Friars or Sisters.

Unlike the monastic foundations, all of the mendicant orders have a national hierarchy, headed by a Prior General and Custodian General respectively. The friars and sisters do not take vows of stability, and often move between individual convents.

Sufficiency

Religious foundations are generally expected to be self-sufficient. Monastic foundations are normally endowed with enough land to have a sufficient income for the sustenance of the abbey or priory. An average abbey holds approximately 15,000 acres of land, roughly equivalent to around 8 to 9 medium-sized manors. The monasteries in total own 3,845 manors which make up roughly 15% of the total land-mass of Erbonia, although around half are owned by the fifty largest abbeys in the country.

Although mendicant houses traditionally relied upon begging, nowadays actual begging for subsistence is no longer common. Mendicant houses nowadays rely on tithes from their parish in addition to charitable donations and government funding for their public services.

Legal status

Under the law of Great Nortend, religious houses have the legal status of corporations aggregate with their own common seal in the traditional almond shape for religious bodies. Religious houses are exempt from taxes and tithes.