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Sohar was one of the first areas in Rahelia to be inhabited by humans, with the earliest human settlements in the region dating back to the {{wp|Neolithic}}. The earliest inhabitants of the region were {{wp|Berbers|Amazighs}} who settled in the interior, while {{wp|Phonecia|Demiscians}} began to establish city-states on the coast of Sohar in the 1100s BCE. The most powerful of these city-states was Ahiram, which emerged as a major mercantile and naval power, dominating trade in the Gulf of Assonaire. Beginning in the third century BCE, [[Irfan]] began to spread into the region, culminating in the destruction of Ahiram by the Second Heavenly Dominion in 103 CE. As the Second Heavenly Dominion's influence in Sohar began to wane in the 10th century, Amazigh leaders in the interior began to increase theirs. By the 1000s, Sohar was dominated by two large Amazigh states: the Ammarid Dynasty in the north and the Muharamite Confederation in the south. During the Middle Ages, northern Sohar saw the rise and fall of several notable Irfanic dynasties, the most notable being the Basharids, Rahamids, and Awanites. Meanwhile, southern Sohar was dominated by [[Behera|Beheran]] states, notably the Amassinids and Usemids. | Sohar was one of the first areas in Rahelia to be inhabited by humans, with the earliest human settlements in the region dating back to the {{wp|Neolithic}}. The earliest inhabitants of the region were {{wp|Berbers|Amazighs}} who settled in the interior, while {{wp|Phonecia|Demiscians}} began to establish city-states on the coast of Sohar in the 1100s BCE. The most powerful of these city-states was Ahiram, which emerged as a major mercantile and naval power, dominating trade in the Gulf of Assonaire. Beginning in the third century BCE, [[Irfan]] began to spread into the region, culminating in the destruction of Ahiram by the Second Heavenly Dominion in 103 CE. As the Second Heavenly Dominion's influence in Sohar began to wane in the 10th century, Amazigh leaders in the interior began to increase theirs. By the 1000s, Sohar was dominated by two large Amazigh states: the Ammarid Dynasty in the north and the Muharamite Confederation in the south. During the Middle Ages, northern Sohar saw the rise and fall of several notable Irfanic dynasties, the most notable being the Basharids, Rahamids, and Awanites. Meanwhile, southern Sohar was dominated by [[Behera|Beheran]] states, notably the Amassinids and Usemids. | ||
[[Piracy on the Erythraean coast|Piracy]] became a major problem during this time, and rampant attacks on [[Euclea|Euclean]] merchant vessels and even raids on Euclean ports, culminating in the [[Sacking of TBA]] in 1803, led to the [[Erythraean War]] of 1805-1809 between the Erythrean states and an alliance of Euclean nations. This marked the beginning of [[Estmere|Estmerish]] expansion into northern Rahelia, culminating in the establishment of the Protectorate of Sohar in 1903, after a failed anti-Estmere uprising resulted in Sohar being placed under direct Estmerish rule. Nationalist sentiment led Estmere to grant Sohar independence as the Sultanate of Sohar in 1948. Opposition to continued Estmerish influence in Sohar manifested itself in the form of [[1951 Soharan Revolution|a communist revolution in 1951]]. The communist government's inability to maintain stability led to a [[1954 Soharan coup d'état|military coup]] led by General [[Mazeed el-Farran]]. Discontent with Farran's authoritarian rule began to grow following Sohar's defeat by [[Nise]] in the [[Anniserian War]] of 1963-1967, resulting in the | [[Piracy on the Erythraean coast|Piracy]] became a major problem during this time, and rampant attacks on [[Euclea|Euclean]] merchant vessels and even raids on Euclean ports, culminating in the [[Sacking of TBA]] in 1803, led to the [[Erythraean War]] of 1805-1809 between the Erythrean states and an alliance of Euclean nations. This marked the beginning of [[Estmere|Estmerish]] expansion into northern Rahelia, culminating in the establishment of the Protectorate of Sohar in 1903, after a failed anti-Estmere uprising resulted in Sohar being placed under direct Estmerish rule. Nationalist sentiment led Estmere to grant Sohar independence as the Sultanate of Sohar in 1948. Opposition to continued Estmerish influence in Sohar manifested itself in the form of [[1951 Soharan Revolution|a communist revolution in 1951]]. The communist government's inability to maintain stability led to a [[1954 Soharan coup d'état|military coup]] led by General [[Mazeed el-Farran]]. Discontent with Farran's authoritarian rule began to grow following Sohar's defeat by [[Nise]] in the [[Anniserian War]] of 1963-1967, resulting in the [[1976 Soharan coup d'état|1976 coup]] led by the anticommunist [[Free Officers Movement (Sohar)|Free Officers movement]] and the establishment of a military junta headed by [[Umar al-Abadi]] that lasted until [[1984-85 Soharan transition to democracy|1985]] and the holding of the first multi-party elections in Sohar's history. | ||
Since the end of | Since the end of military rule in 1985, Sohar has generally been one of the more stable nations in [[Rahelia]], despite an insurgency by the communist [[Soharan Democratic Liberation Front]] in the south of the country that has been ongoing since 1977. It is generally considered a regional power and wields considerable influence in northern Coius. The relative stability of Sohar compared to its neighbors has made it one of the most attractive destinations in Rahelia for migrants, and the 2005-2015 civil war in [[Nise]] and the ongoing [[Tsabaran Civil War]] have led to a considerable influx of refugees. While one-pary rule officially ended with the adoption of the [[Constitution of Sohar|1995 constitution]], which permitted multi-party elections, the government remains overwhelmingly dominated by the SRF and the military, leading many to describe Sohar as a [[southern democracy]]. Sohar is strongly allied with [[Zorasan]] and [[Shangea]], and has held observer status in [[ROSPO]] since 2007. Since the discovery of oil and gas reserves in the 1920s, the [[Economy of Sohar|Soharan economy]] has largely been dominated by oil and gas exports, though there have been efforts at diversification in recent years. Like all internationally recognized states, Sohar holds membership in the [[Community of Nations]], as well as the [[Bank for United Development]], and the [[Irfanic Cooperative Conference]]. | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
Revision as of 22:39, 5 July 2021
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Republic of Sohar Rahelian: جمهورية صحار | |
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 Flag
 Emblem
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Motto:
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Anthem:
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 Location of Sohar (dark blue) in Coius (light blue) | |
| Capital and largest city | Tarihi |
| Official languages | Rahelian |
| Ethnic groups (2019) | Rahelian (60%) Amazigh (26%) Anniserian (8%) Atudite (5%) Other (1%) |
| Religion (2019) | Irfan (95%) Atudism (4%) Other (1%) |
| Demonym(s) | Soharan |
| Government | Unitary dominant-party semi-presidential republic |
| Hamid el-Bari | |
• Premier | Asmar al-Kaba |
| Legislature | Parliament |
| People's Council | |
| National Assembly | |
| Establishment | |
• Independence from Estmere | 9 September 1948 |
• Admission to the Community of Nations | 14 October 1953 |
• Current Constitution | 15 June 1985 |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,534,132.2 km2 (592,331.8 sq mi) |
• Water (%) | 1.2% |
| Population | |
• 2021 estimate | 40,159,042 |
• 2019 census | 38,753,475 |
• Density | 26.2/km2 (67.9/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2021 estimate |
• Total | $596 billion |
• Per capita | $14,864 |
| GDP (nominal) | 2020 estimate |
• Total | $164 billion |
• Per capita | $4,103 |
| Gini (2018) | 32.4 medium |
| HDI (2019) | 0.728 high |
| Currency | Soharan Dinar (SHD) |
| Date format | dd-mm-yyyy (AD) |
| Driving side | left |
| Calling code | +103 |
| Internet TLD | .sh |
Sohar (Rahelian: صحار), officially the Republic of Sohar (Rahelian: جمهورية صحار), is a country on the Erythrean Coast of northern Rahelia With a population of over 40 million as of 2021, it is the 15th most populous nation in Coius. Located close to the border between Rahelia and Bahia, it is the northernmost nation on the Coian mainland, and is bordered by the Gulf of Assonaire to the north, Nise and Tsabara to the southwest, Behera to the south, and xx to the east.
Sohar was one of the first areas in Rahelia to be inhabited by humans, with the earliest human settlements in the region dating back to the Neolithic. The earliest inhabitants of the region were Amazighs who settled in the interior, while Demiscians began to establish city-states on the coast of Sohar in the 1100s BCE. The most powerful of these city-states was Ahiram, which emerged as a major mercantile and naval power, dominating trade in the Gulf of Assonaire. Beginning in the third century BCE, Irfan began to spread into the region, culminating in the destruction of Ahiram by the Second Heavenly Dominion in 103 CE. As the Second Heavenly Dominion's influence in Sohar began to wane in the 10th century, Amazigh leaders in the interior began to increase theirs. By the 1000s, Sohar was dominated by two large Amazigh states: the Ammarid Dynasty in the north and the Muharamite Confederation in the south. During the Middle Ages, northern Sohar saw the rise and fall of several notable Irfanic dynasties, the most notable being the Basharids, Rahamids, and Awanites. Meanwhile, southern Sohar was dominated by Beheran states, notably the Amassinids and Usemids.
Piracy became a major problem during this time, and rampant attacks on Euclean merchant vessels and even raids on Euclean ports, culminating in the Sacking of TBA in 1803, led to the Erythraean War of 1805-1809 between the Erythrean states and an alliance of Euclean nations. This marked the beginning of Estmerish expansion into northern Rahelia, culminating in the establishment of the Protectorate of Sohar in 1903, after a failed anti-Estmere uprising resulted in Sohar being placed under direct Estmerish rule. Nationalist sentiment led Estmere to grant Sohar independence as the Sultanate of Sohar in 1948. Opposition to continued Estmerish influence in Sohar manifested itself in the form of a communist revolution in 1951. The communist government's inability to maintain stability led to a military coup led by General Mazeed el-Farran. Discontent with Farran's authoritarian rule began to grow following Sohar's defeat by Nise in the Anniserian War of 1963-1967, resulting in the 1976 coup led by the anticommunist Free Officers movement and the establishment of a military junta headed by Umar al-Abadi that lasted until 1985 and the holding of the first multi-party elections in Sohar's history.
Since the end of military rule in 1985, Sohar has generally been one of the more stable nations in Rahelia, despite an insurgency by the communist Soharan Democratic Liberation Front in the south of the country that has been ongoing since 1977. It is generally considered a regional power and wields considerable influence in northern Coius. The relative stability of Sohar compared to its neighbors has made it one of the most attractive destinations in Rahelia for migrants, and the 2005-2015 civil war in Nise and the ongoing Tsabaran Civil War have led to a considerable influx of refugees. While one-pary rule officially ended with the adoption of the 1995 constitution, which permitted multi-party elections, the government remains overwhelmingly dominated by the SRF and the military, leading many to describe Sohar as a southern democracy. Sohar is strongly allied with Zorasan and Shangea, and has held observer status in ROSPO since 2007. Since the discovery of oil and gas reserves in the 1920s, the Soharan economy has largely been dominated by oil and gas exports, though there have been efforts at diversification in recent years. Like all internationally recognized states, Sohar holds membership in the Community of Nations, as well as the Bank for United Development, and the Irfanic Cooperative Conference.
Etymology
History
Prehistory
Antiquity
===Middle Ages (10th century-
Geography
Climate
Biodiversity
Government and politics
Sohar's 1985 constitution defines it as a unitary democratic republic under a semi-presidential system. In practice however, voters and elected politicians hold little to no sway over national affairs, with the vast majority of actual political power resting with a small group of business and military leaders. In particular, the chiefs of staff of the Soharan Defense Forces are widely seen as the de facto leaders of the country. (TBA, various generals jockeying for power)
The President of Sohar is the official head of state, who is elected every five years, most recently in 2016. Since 2009, the position has been occupied by Hamid el-Bari. Until 1998, the president was limited to a single six-year term, but Amendment X of the Soharan Constitution abolished this. The President is commander-in-chief of the Soharan Defense Forces and the cabinet, and appoints the Premier, who serves as head of government. The members of the cabinet are appointed by the President on the Premier's advice, and can be dismissed either by the president or by a motion of no confidence from the National Assembly, as can the Premier. Until 1998, executive power was roughly evenly divided between the president and premier, with the latter being elected by and serving at the pleasure of the National Assembly. In addition, cabinet members were nominated by the premier and approved by the National Assembly. However, the constitutional reforms in the aftermath of the 1997-98 Soharan constitutional crisis stripped the office of premier of much of its powers, most of which were transferred to the president. As a result, the premier has since 1998 acted as little more as head of the cabinet and adviser to the president.
The Parliament of Sohar is bicameral, being divided between the National Assembly and the People's Council. The National Assembly is the lower house, and has 300 seats, elected every five years through a parallel voting system in which 200 members are elected in single-member districts through plurality voting, and the remaining 100 are elected through party-list proportional representation on a single nationwide list. Prior to 1998, the National Assembly acted as a unicameral legislature, but Amendment X of the Soharan Constitution established an upper house, the People's Council. Of the 72 seats of the People's Council, 48 are directly elected by the voters of each province through the single non-transferable vote, with each province and the Capital Administrative Region electing three members. The remaining 24 members are appointed by the chiefs of staff of the Soharan Defense Forces and serve at their pleasure. Proposed amendments to the constitution must be passed by a two-thirds supermajority in both houses of parliament before being submitted to a nationwide referendum, which effectively gives the military a veto over any proposed changes to the constitution.
(TBA: courts)