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'''Cassier''', officially the Republic of Cassier ({{wp|French language|Gaullican}}: ''République de Cassier''), is a country in northern [[Asteria Superior]]. Extending over an area of 9, | '''Cassier''', officially the Republic of Cassier ({{wp|French language|Gaullican}}: ''République de Cassier''), is a country in northern [[Asteria Superior]]. Extending over an area of 9,351,991 square kilometres (3,610,823.93 sq mi), it is the largest country in [[Kylaris]] in terms of geographical area, divided amongst its eight provinces and two territories. Cassier is situated between the Vehemens and Florian Oceans to the west, the Lumine Ocean in the east, and the Boreal Ocean to the north. It borders two countries in Asteria Superior; [[Rizealand]] and [[Chistovodia]]. The majority of Cassier’s 39,889,032 inhabitants live south of the 45th parallel north, generally within large and medium-sized urban areas. Cassier's capital is [[Nouvelle-Rayenne|New Rayenne]] and its largest metropolitan areas are Andade, Sainte-Marie, and Bellevue. | ||
Indigenous cultures inhabited Cassier for thousands of years before Euclean discovery and colonization. The first confirmed explorer from the Old World was [[Rahelia|Rahelian]] navigator [[Assim Asteris]], who landed on Île-du-Édouard, [[Terre-Belle]] in 1488. [[Gaullica]] came to to control much of western Cassier during the 16th century, establishing colonies in a region they named “New Gaullica" (Gaullican: ''Nouvelle-Gaullice''). In 1757, the Continental Decree unified the colonies of New Gaullica into a single dominion within the Gaullican Empire known as the Domain of Cassier. Beginning in the 18th century, Cassier began expanding eastward across Asteria Superior and eventually reaching its present-day size. As its politics and culture increasingly diverged from Gaullica's, Cassier obtained increasing amounts of autonomy and authority to govern itself. These developments eventually culminated in Cassier's declaration of independence from Gaullica on October 14, 1936 and the establishment of its current republican government. | Indigenous cultures inhabited Cassier for thousands of years before Euclean discovery and colonization. The first confirmed explorer from the Old World was [[Rahelia|Rahelian]] navigator [[Assim Asteris]], who landed on Île-du-Édouard, [[Terre-Belle]] in 1488. [[Gaullica]] came to to control much of western Cassier during the 16th century, establishing colonies in a region they named “New Gaullica" (Gaullican: ''Nouvelle-Gaullice''). In 1757, the Continental Decree unified the colonies of New Gaullica into a single dominion within the Gaullican Empire known as the Domain of Cassier. Beginning in the 18th century, Cassier began expanding eastward across Asteria Superior and eventually reaching its present-day size. As its politics and culture increasingly diverged from Gaullica's, Cassier obtained increasing amounts of autonomy and authority to govern itself. These developments eventually culminated in Cassier's declaration of independence from Gaullica on October 14, 1936 and the establishment of its current republican government. | ||
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==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
Cassier is generally accepted to be derived from the {{wp|St. Lawrence Iroquoians|St. Marcus Ganonsyoni}} word ''Kaska''; a borrowing for the Casca-Dena people from the Dene Zágé language. The indigenous inhabitants near what is now Sainte-Marie used it while directing explorer [[Rogerin Dumont]], who interpretted it as ''Cassia'' in order to describe the eastern interior of New Gaullica. Cartographers gradually altered its location towards the St. Marcus River, as well as adjusting its modern orthography to "Cassier". | Cassier is generally accepted to be derived from the {{wp|St. Lawrence Iroquoians|St. Marcus Ganonsyoni}} word ''Kaska''; a borrowing for the Casca-Dena people from the Dene Zágé language. The indigenous inhabitants near what is now Sainte-Marie used it while directing explorer [[Rogerin Dumont]], who interpretted it as ''Cassia'' in order to describe the eastern interior of New Gaullica. Cartographers gradually altered its location towards the St. Marcus River, as well as adjusting its modern orthography to "Cassier". | ||
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===Indigenous peoples=== | ===Indigenous peoples=== | ||
[[File:Cassier indigenous.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Linguistic areas of Cassien Indigenous peoples at the time of Euclean contact]] | [[File:Cassier indigenous.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Linguistic areas of Cassien Indigenous peoples at the time of Euclean contact.]] | ||
The original inhabitants of Cassier encompass a broad assortment of different groups and cultures. Several nouns are commonly used in Cassien legal documents or in popular speech such as “aboriginal”, “indigenous”, and “native” which describe Cassier’s original inhabitants collectively and are used interchangeably. Meanwhile, First Nation, Borealian, and Metis refer to a specific group of indigenous peoples and are not used interchangeably. | The original inhabitants of Cassier encompass a broad assortment of different groups and cultures. Several nouns are commonly used in Cassien legal documents or in popular speech such as “aboriginal”, “indigenous”, and “native” which describe Cassier’s original inhabitants collectively and are used interchangeably. Meanwhile, First Nation, Borealian, and Metis refer to a specific group of indigenous peoples and are not used interchangeably. | ||
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===Euclean colonization=== | ===Euclean colonization=== | ||
The first Eucleans to settle in Cassier were [[Ghailles|Ghaillish]] mariners from [[Caldia]] who established seasonal outposts along the west coast in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. These settlers were confined to short lived seasonal settlements and forts along the coast due to Cassier’s harsher environment and geography compared to other lands further south. The first major Euclean settlements were be established shortly after Gaullican explorer Rogerin Dumont’s first expedition to Cassier. Upon discovering the St. Marcus River in 1534, Dumont would erect a 10 meter cross bearing the words “Long Live the Queen of Gaullica” and claiming the land he named New Gaullica for [[List_of_Gaullican_Monarchs#Odeseaux_Dynasty|Queen Anne the Financer]]. | The first Eucleans to settle in Cassier were [[Ghailles|Ghaillish]] mariners from [[Caldia]] who established seasonal outposts along the west coast in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. These settlers were confined to short lived seasonal settlements and forts along the coast due to Cassier’s harsher environment and geography compared to other lands further south. The first major Euclean settlements were be established shortly after Gaullican explorer Rogerin Dumont’s first expedition to Cassier. Upon discovering the St. Marcus River in 1534, Dumont would erect a 10 meter cross bearing the words “Long Live the Queen of Gaullica” and claiming the land he named New Gaullica for [[List_of_Gaullican_Monarchs#Odeseaux_Dynasty|Queen Anne the Financer]]. | ||
Dumont returned to Cassier in 1535 and founded a fort near present-day [[Monbec City]]. Other forts and settlements were established throughout New Gaullica during this period such as Bellevue and Sainte-Marie. Geographical barriers and differences in lifestyle led to the development of three distinct Gaullican groups in the latter half of the 16th century; Cassiens near the St. Marcus River, Chicadians throughout the Gulf of Chicadia and Terre-Belle, and a third group comprising mostly of fur traders and missionaries on the fringes of New Gaullica. Euclean activity of New Gaullica intensified following [[Nathan de Beaumont]]’s attempt to cross the continent in 1603. While unsuccessful, Beaumont’s discoveries of gold deposits and of Lake Beaumont increased the number of settlers arriving to New Gaullica. As the Euclean population grew colonial governments such as the St. Marcus colony were founded. In 1640, many indigenous groups were embroiled in a myriad of conflicts collectively known as the Fur Wars, resulting in the further decimation of indigenous populations. The Great Settlement of Sainte-Marie brought an end to the Fur Wars in 1699, however fighting between and against indigenous peoples would continue until as late as the early 20th century. | Dumont returned to Cassier in 1535 and founded a fort near present-day [[Monbec City]]. Other forts and settlements were established throughout New Gaullica during this period such as Bellevue and Sainte-Marie. Geographical barriers and differences in lifestyle led to the development of three distinct Gaullican groups in the latter half of the 16th century; Cassiens near the St. Marcus River, Chicadians throughout the Gulf of Chicadia and Terre-Belle, and a third group comprising mostly of fur traders and missionaries on the fringes of New Gaullica. Euclean activity of New Gaullica intensified following [[Nathan de Beaumont]]’s attempt to cross the continent in 1603. While unsuccessful, Beaumont’s discoveries of gold deposits and of Lake Beaumont increased the number of settlers arriving to New Gaullica. As the Euclean population grew colonial governments such as the St. Marcus colony were founded. In 1640, many indigenous groups were embroiled in a myriad of conflicts collectively known as the Fur Wars, resulting in the further decimation of indigenous populations. The Great Settlement of Sainte-Marie brought an end to the Fur Wars in 1699, however fighting between and against indigenous peoples would continue until as late as the early 20th century. | ||
[[File:Cassier 1710.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Map of Gaullican territorial claims in Asteria Superior in 1710. Possessions of New Gaullica (blue), Estmere (red), disputed territory (purple)]] | [[File:Cassier 1710.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Map of Gaullican territorial claims in Asteria Superior in 1710. Possessions of New Gaullica (blue), Estmere (red), disputed territory (purple).]] | ||
With a climate unsuitable for growing cash crops, New Gaullica's economy was dominated by mining, timber, agriculture, the fur trade, and other related industries. Although its population was steadily increasing a census conducted by Gaullican officials in 1675 reported a population of roughly 30,000; far smaller compared to the other Euclean colonies in the Asterias. In response Gaullica implemented the Land Act of 1680 which encouraged colonists to have larger families and granted land to aspiring settlers. While successful in increasing New Gallica’s population and economic growth the colonies still lagged behind, leading to other Euclean powers to contest Gaullica's holdings. Gaullica's victories in [[Gilded Wars]] and the [[Pereramonic Wars]] greatly benefitted the New Gaullican colonies as Gaullican asserted its hegemony over much of the continent. | With a climate unsuitable for growing cash crops, New Gaullica's economy was dominated by mining, timber, agriculture, the fur trade, and other related industries. Although its population was steadily increasing a census conducted by Gaullican officials in 1675 reported a population of roughly 30,000; far smaller compared to the other Euclean colonies in the Asterias. In response Gaullica implemented the Land Act of 1680 which encouraged colonists to have larger families and granted land to aspiring settlers. While successful in increasing New Gallica’s population and economic growth the colonies still lagged behind, leading to other Euclean powers to contest Gaullica's holdings. Gaullica's victories in [[Gilded Wars]] and the [[Pereramonic Wars]] greatly benefitted the New Gaullican colonies as Gaullican asserted its hegemony over much of the continent. | ||
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The Patriotes were a coalition of Chicadians and other rebel groups [[Asterian War of Secession]] that were unified under the belief that the Gaullica and the government of the Domain of Cassier had irreparably violated their rights. The original extent of the Patriotes' goals differed among its supporters until eventually coalescing under the idea that the colonists of Chicadia and Cassier should separate from Gaullica as independent republics. Unlike the other revolutionary movements taking place to the south however the Patriotes critically lacked widespread public support. Although disgruntled with the policies and legislation imposed by the Domain of Cassier, most Cassiens vehemently opposed independence and viewed the Patriotes as a Chicadian movement. The central figure of the Patriote rebellion was general [[Vivien Gérin-Lajoie]], a notable military commander and politician. Under his leadership the Patriotes were able to make significant gains by successfully capturing important cities and forts throughout Chicadia. The climax of the war took place at the Battle of Louiseville in 1769 which saw Lajoie’s Patriote Army engage a hastily assembled force of loyalists led by [[Michel Rousselle]]. Though numerically superior, the Patriotes were decisively defeated following Lajoie’s sudden death during the battle. The defeat at Louiseville marked the turning point of the war in Cassier. The arrival of Gaullican reinforcements at Monbec and the capture of Bellevue forced most Patriotes to flee Cassier. The Patriotes continued to struggle against Gaullica throughout Asteria Superior, but by late 1770 the Patriotes no longer posed any credible threat to Gaullican rule in Cassier. | The Patriotes were a coalition of Chicadians and other rebel groups [[Asterian War of Secession]] that were unified under the belief that the Gaullica and the government of the Domain of Cassier had irreparably violated their rights. The original extent of the Patriotes' goals differed among its supporters until eventually coalescing under the idea that the colonists of Chicadia and Cassier should separate from Gaullica as independent republics. Unlike the other revolutionary movements taking place to the south however the Patriotes critically lacked widespread public support. Although disgruntled with the policies and legislation imposed by the Domain of Cassier, most Cassiens vehemently opposed independence and viewed the Patriotes as a Chicadian movement. The central figure of the Patriote rebellion was general [[Vivien Gérin-Lajoie]], a notable military commander and politician. Under his leadership the Patriotes were able to make significant gains by successfully capturing important cities and forts throughout Chicadia. The climax of the war took place at the Battle of Louiseville in 1769 which saw Lajoie’s Patriote Army engage a hastily assembled force of loyalists led by [[Michel Rousselle]]. Though numerically superior, the Patriotes were decisively defeated following Lajoie’s sudden death during the battle. The defeat at Louiseville marked the turning point of the war in Cassier. The arrival of Gaullican reinforcements at Monbec and the capture of Bellevue forced most Patriotes to flee Cassier. The Patriotes continued to struggle against Gaullica throughout Asteria Superior, but by late 1770 the Patriotes no longer posed any credible threat to Gaullican rule in Cassier. | ||
[[File:Julia Belle warns Phillipe 1809.png|thumb|right|300px|Painting of Julia Belle warning Cassien officers of [name] movements during the Second Beaver War]] | [[File:Julia Belle warns Phillipe 1809.png|thumb|right|300px|Painting of Julia Belle warning Cassien officers of [name] movements during the Second Beaver War.]] | ||
Cassier would ultimately be retained by Gaullica following a secessionist victory in 1771, however the period Gaullican hegemony in Asteria Superior was over. In 1783 the newly independent nation Rizealand launched a succesful invasion of Cassier in the [[Beaver Wars|First Beaver War]] which brought a large portion of Upper Cassier under their control. Alarmed by a second Rizean victory and the outrage it generated Gaullica assented to major reforms to the domain's political and economic systems, most notably the restoration of the rights revoked following the Continental Decree and the establishment of responsible government. A second Rizean invasion in 1810 was successfully repulsed by Gaullo-Cassien forces, and the several treaties signed between after began an era of peace between Cassier and Rizealand that extends to the present. | Cassier would ultimately be retained by Gaullica following a secessionist victory in 1771, however the period Gaullican hegemony in Asteria Superior was over. In 1783 the newly independent nation Rizealand launched a succesful invasion of Cassier in the [[Beaver Wars|First Beaver War]] which brought a large portion of Upper Cassier under their control. Alarmed by a second Rizean victory and the outrage it generated Gaullica assented to major reforms to the domain's political and economic systems, most notably the restoration of the rights revoked following the Continental Decree and the establishment of responsible government. A second Rizean invasion in 1810 was successfully repulsed by Gaullo-Cassien forces, and the several treaties signed between after began an era of peace between Cassier and Rizealand that extends to the present. | ||
===Expansion and industrialization=== | ===Expansion and industrialization=== | ||
An influx of roughly 70,000 to 95,000 Gaullican Asterians known as Exiles (Gaullican: ''Exils'') fled to Cassier in the wake of the Asterian War of Seccession. The arrival of the Exils caused a significant demographic shift in Cassier, with the Exils coming to supplant Chicadians as the second largest Gaullican group in Cassier. Most chose to settle on plots of land offered by the Gaullican government in the eastern interior in Upper Cassier and Beaumont. Settlement in the eastern interior created a need for an alternate domestic route to Lake Beaumont, culminating in construction of the Rousselle Canal in 1811. The canal provided a navigable route to Cassier’s frontier and connected the population centres of the St. Marcus River to Lake Beaumont. The canal’s completion caused a major spike in Euclean immigration to Cassier and caused the domain’s population to increase by over 1.5 million by 1850. Settlement of the interior expanded its territory across the breath of the continent until reaching its greatest current territorial extent upon Gaullica’s relinquishment of the Dummont Bay Company to Cassier in 1870. | An influx of roughly 70,000 to 95,000 Gaullican Asterians known as Exiles (Gaullican: ''Exils'') fled to Cassier in the wake of the Asterian War of Seccession. The arrival of the Exils caused a significant demographic shift in Cassier, with the Exils coming to supplant Chicadians as the second largest Gaullican group in Cassier. Most chose to settle on plots of land offered by the Gaullican government in the eastern interior in Upper Cassier and Beaumont. Settlement in the eastern interior created a need for an alternate domestic route to Lake Beaumont, culminating in construction of the Rousselle Canal in 1811. The canal provided a navigable route to Cassier’s frontier and connected the population centres of the St. Marcus River to Lake Beaumont. The canal’s completion caused a major spike in Euclean immigration to Cassier and caused the domain’s population to increase by over 1.5 million by 1850. Settlement of the interior expanded its territory across the breath of the continent until reaching its greatest current territorial extent upon Gaullica’s relinquishment of the Dummont Bay Company to Cassier in 1870. | ||
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===Early 20th century=== | ===Early 20th century=== | ||
The first half of the 20th century would decisively alter Cassien politics and culture. The era of optimism would come to an abrupt end following the Weisstadt Stock Exchange and the onset of the [[Great Collapse]]. Cassier was hit especially hard by the 1913 depression due to its export-driven economy., experiencing a downturn in gross national product and employment worse than its neighbours in Asteria Superior. In a demoralizing turn of events the westernmost province of Terre-Belle formally left the domain and returned to direct Gaullican control in 1915, with its departure increasing public fears that the domain may collapse entirely. A landslide victory in the 1916 general election would see the Liberal Party led by [[Wilfrid Édouard]] implement sweeping domestic programs and reforms that led to Cassier’s economic recovery. The worst of the depression would finally pass in Cassier by late 1919, just as a new rift between Cassier and Gaullica quickly took its place as the foremost issue for Édouard’s government. | The first half of the 20th century would decisively alter Cassien politics and culture. The era of optimism would come to an abrupt end following the Weisstadt Stock Exchange and the onset of the [[Great Collapse]]. Cassier was hit especially hard by the 1913 depression due to its export-driven economy., experiencing a downturn in gross national product and employment worse than its neighbours in Asteria Superior. In a demoralizing turn of events the westernmost province of Terre-Belle formally left the domain and returned to direct Gaullican control in 1915, with its departure increasing public fears that the domain may collapse entirely. A landslide victory in the 1916 general election would see the Liberal Party led by [[Wilfrid Édouard]] implement sweeping domestic programs and reforms that led to Cassier’s economic recovery. The worst of the depression would finally pass in Cassier by late 1919, just as a new rift between Cassier and Gaullica quickly took its place as the foremost issue for Édouard’s government. | ||
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==Geography and climate== | ==Geography and climate== | ||
[[File:Cassienclimate.png|thumb|right|350px|Köppen climate classification types of Cassier.]] | |||
At 9. | At 9.35 million square kilometres, Cassier is the largest country in [[Kylaris|the world]] by total area. Cassier also possesses the world's largest quantity of freshwater lakes at over 3 million, the world's longest coastline, as well as longest land border which it shares with [[Rizealand]]. Its geographical boundaries are defined by the Vehemens and Florian Oceans in the west; to the Lumine Ocean in the east; and to the Florian Ocean to the north. In addition to its land borders, Cassier also has maritime boundaries with the [[Sorovia|Sorovian]] territory of [[George Ruset Land]] and [[Marchenia]]. Cassier also possesses one of the Asteria Superior's northernmost settlements, Cassien Defense Forces Station Balise, located near the northern tip of Daucourt Island – the second closest landmass to the North Pole. | ||
Cassier's physical geography is highly diverse. A majority of Cassier's land acreage lies within its forested regions, including {{wp|Taiga|boreal}}, {{wp|Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests|temperate broadleaf}}, and {{wp|Temperate coniferous forest|coniferous}} forests. The northernmost areas of Cassier's provinces and territores are characterized by {{wp|Tundra|polar regions}} and ice caps, with much of the Cassien arctic being widely covered by ice and permafrost due to cold ocean and air currents. Glaciated areas can also be found in the Imperial Mountains of Terre-Belle, and the Snowy Mountains of Montagne. The Cassien interior is characterized by large, relatively flat areas of {{wp|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|grassland}} which hosts the majority of Cassien agricultural activities. Large freshwater lakes are also common throughout most of Cassier, several hundred of which have a surface area 100 square kilometers (39 sq mi) or greater. The largest of Cassier's lakes is Lake Beaumont, which is the largest body of freshwater in the world. | Cassier's physical geography is highly diverse. A majority of Cassier's land acreage lies within its forested regions, including {{wp|Taiga|boreal}}, {{wp|Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests|temperate broadleaf}}, and {{wp|Temperate coniferous forest|coniferous}} forests. The northernmost areas of Cassier's provinces and territores are characterized by {{wp|Tundra|polar regions}} and ice caps, with much of the Cassien arctic being widely covered by ice and permafrost due to cold ocean and air currents. Glaciated areas can also be found in the Imperial Mountains of Terre-Belle, and the Snowy Mountains of Montagne. The Cassien interior is characterized by large, relatively flat areas of {{wp|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|grassland}} which hosts the majority of Cassien agricultural activities. Large freshwater lakes are also common throughout most of Cassier, several hundred of which have a surface area 100 square kilometers (39 sq mi) or greater. The largest of Cassier's lakes is Lake Beaumont, which is the largest body of freshwater in the world. | ||
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===Climate=== | ===Climate=== | ||
Average temperatures across Cassier vary significantly from region to region. Winters in most of Cassier are generally cold and snowy, while its summers are normally mild and humid. Most of Cassier experiences either a {{wp|subarctic climate|subarctic}} or {{wp|continental climate}}, where daily average temperatures during the winter are near −15 °C (5 °F), but can drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) with severe wind chills. Snow has been known to cover the ground for most of the year northern or high altitude areas. Cassier's coastal regions in general experience moderately high temperatures; generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while areas further inland see summer highs from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F). Average summer temperatures rarely exceed 40 °C (104 °F). | Average temperatures across Cassier vary significantly from region to region. Winters in most of Cassier are generally cold and snowy, while its summers are normally mild and humid. Most of Cassier experiences either a {{wp|subarctic climate|subarctic}} or {{wp|continental climate}}, where daily average temperatures during the winter are near −15 °C (5 °F), but can drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) with severe wind chills. Snow has been known to cover the ground for most of the year northern or high altitude areas. Cassier's coastal regions in general experience moderately high temperatures; generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while areas further inland see summer highs from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F). Average summer temperatures rarely exceed 40 °C (104 °F). | ||
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==Politics and Government== | ==Politics and Government== | ||
Cassier is described as a "{{wp|full democracy}}", that has traditionally followed a {{wp|liberalism|moderate liberal}} and {{wp|egalitarianism|egalitarian}} political ideology. The government is responsible in upholding the laws and rights outlined within the [[Consitution of Cassier]]. An emphasis on {{wp|social justice}} and the promotion of public welfare has been a distinguishing element of Cassier's political culture originating from the 1757 Continental Decree which created the Domain of Cassier. Cassier is a {{wp|Federal parliamentary republic|parliamentary republic}}, with its government divided between {{wp|Legislature|legislative}}, {{wp|Executive (government)|executive}}, and {{wp|Judiciary|judicial}} branches that are each accountable to each other. | Cassier is described as a "{{wp|full democracy}}", that has traditionally followed a {{wp|liberalism|moderate liberal}} and {{wp|egalitarianism|egalitarian}} political ideology. The government is responsible in upholding the laws and rights outlined within the [[Consitution of Cassier]]. An emphasis on {{wp|social justice}} and the promotion of public welfare has been a distinguishing element of Cassier's political culture originating from the 1757 Continental Decree which created the Domain of Cassier. Cassier is a {{wp|Federal parliamentary republic|parliamentary republic}}, with its government divided between {{wp|Legislature|legislative}}, {{wp|Executive (government)|executive}}, and {{wp|Judiciary|judicial}} branches that are each accountable to each other. | ||
===National Assembly=== | ===National Assembly=== | ||
Cassier's | [[File:British Columbia Parliament Buildings - Pano - HDR.jpg|thumb|right|320px|The Citizens' House, meeting place of the Chamber of Representatives.]] | ||
Cassier's legislature, called the National Assembly (Gaullican: Assemblée nationale), is responsible for the creation, proposition, and enactment of legislation. It is divided bicamerally into upper and lower houses. The {{wp|lower house}} is the Chamber of Representatives (Gaullican: Chambre des représentants) and is made up of 400 representatives from single-member electorates of roughly equal population (one for every 100,000 people as of 2018). The {{wp|upper house}} is the Chamber of Deputies (Gaullican: Chambre des députés), comprising of 39 representatives whom represent the governments of Cassier's provinces and territories, sending a predetermined amount based on their populations. Deputies are not directly elected by the citizenry but are instead appointed once every six years by the province or territory's legislative body. | |||
The | The Chamber of Representatives is generally the dominant branch of the National Assembly and is only opposed by the Chamber of Deputies and President on rare occassions. Its members are elected once every four years in a general election and may serve for a maximum of three, four-year terms. Representatives are elected by their constituents via a preferential {{wp|Instant-runoff voting|instant-runoff voting}} system. After the conclusion of a general election the party that obtains a majority (200 seats) or forms a coalition with one or more other parties will be selected by the President to form a new government, with the party or coalition's leader ascending to the position of Executive Minister. As of the most recent general election, the Chamber of Representatives is governed by the Liberal, Reformist, and Green parties, together with liberal-indepedents and Indigenous party, form a coalition government. The opposition consists of the Conservative and Libertarian parties, along with conservative-indepedents. | ||
[[File:Ontario Legislative Building, Toronto, South view 20170417 1.jpg|thumb|right|320px|The Senate House, meeting place of the Chamber of Deputies.]] | |||
The Chamber of Deputies consists of members appointed by the provincial and territorial legislatures who are tasked with representing their respective governments. The number of members a province is entitled to is determined using a {{wp|Degressive proportionality|degressive proportionality}} method, based upon a province's population. Each is entitled to a minimum of four and a maximum of six Deputies, while territories are granted a maximum of two. The total number and allocation of seats within the Chamber of Deputies is reevaluated once every six years, with the most recent change occuring in 2008 resulting in an increase from 35 to 39 members and population milestones set to the following schema: | |||
Territories | * Territories will be granted 2 Deputies. | ||
* Provinces with 2 million inhabitants or fewer will be granted 4 Deputies. | |||
* Provinces with 5 million inhabitants will be granted 5 Deputies. | |||
* Provinces with 7 million inhabitants or more will be granted 6 Deputies. | |||
[WIP] | |||
Cassier is dominated by three parties at the federal level; the far left Labour Party, the centre-left Liberal Party, and the centre-right Conservative Party. The historically dominant Liberal Party positions itself at the centre of the Cassien political spectrum, whilst the Conservative and Labour parties are oriented to the right and left respectively. A total of six political parties had Representatives elected in the 2018 election; the Liberal Party; who currently hold a majority; the Conservative Party who are the official opposition; and the Labour, Libraterian, Green, and First Nations parties. Additionally, independents also comprise a noticible minority within Cassien politics, holding 3 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 11 in the Chamber of Representatives. Extreme political parties have rarely played a prominent role in Cassien politics, with {{wp|Facism|functionalist}} or {{wp|Socialism|socialist}} parties historically recieving only minor support within the National Assembly. | Cassier is dominated by three parties at the federal level; the far left Labour Party, the centre-left Liberal Party, and the centre-right Conservative Party. The historically dominant Liberal Party positions itself at the centre of the Cassien political spectrum, whilst the Conservative and Labour parties are oriented to the right and left respectively. A total of six political parties had Representatives elected in the 2018 election; the Liberal Party; who currently hold a majority; the Conservative Party who are the official opposition; and the Labour, Libraterian, Green, and First Nations parties. Additionally, independents also comprise a noticible minority within Cassien politics, holding 3 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 11 in the Chamber of Representatives. Extreme political parties have rarely played a prominent role in Cassien politics, with {{wp|Facism|functionalist}} or {{wp|Socialism|socialist}} parties historically recieving only minor support within the National Assembly. | ||
===Executive=== | ===Executive=== | ||
[[File:Langevin Block (2013)(cropped).jpg|thumb|right|320px|Front view of the Executive Offices.]] | |||
The [[President of Cassier]] is the {{wp|head of state}}, who serves as the main representative of the Republic both domestically and internationally. The President is elected once every 6 years in a popular election and may serve a maximum of two terms (12 years). The office is theoretically open to any Cassien citizen over the age of 40. The powers invested in the president are largely representative or ceremonial; serving as Cassier’s first ambassador during state or foreign visits, verifing the decisions made by the National Assembly; such as the appointment of the[[Executive Minister of Cassier]] and members of the [[Cabinet of Cassier|Cabinet]], and calling elections. The President traditionally follows the advice given to them by the Executive Minister and the Cabinet, however they retain the right to act politically, though historically Cassien Presidents will avoid directly involving themselves in political matters. | The [[President of Cassier]] is the {{wp|head of state}}, who serves as the main representative of the Republic both domestically and internationally. The President is elected once every 6 years in a popular election and may serve a maximum of two terms (12 years). The office is theoretically open to any Cassien citizen over the age of 40. The powers invested in the president are largely representative or ceremonial; serving as Cassier’s first ambassador during state or foreign visits, verifing the decisions made by the National Assembly; such as the appointment of the[[Executive Minister of Cassier]] and members of the [[Cabinet of Cassier|Cabinet]], and calling elections. The President traditionally follows the advice given to them by the Executive Minister and the Cabinet, however they retain the right to act politically, though historically Cassien Presidents will avoid directly involving themselves in political matters. | ||
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===Constitution and Law=== | ===Constitution and Law=== | ||
[[File:WACapitolTempleOfJustice.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Frontal view of the Supreme Court Building.]] | |||
The Constitution of Cassier outlines its system of government and the rights of its citizens or inhabitants. It is the {{wp|Constitution|supreme law}} of Cassier, meaning that federal legislation outweighs those of its provinces or territories, though these entities themselves must also abide by the constitution. The Cassien constitution incorporates many of the principles found within the constitutions of other [[Asteria Superior|Asterian]] and [[Euclea|Euclean]] republics, such as the {{wp|Rule of law|rule of law}}, the {{wp|Separation of powers|separation of powers}}, and extensive protections of civil and human rights. | The Constitution of Cassier outlines its system of government and the rights of its citizens or inhabitants. It is the {{wp|Constitution|supreme law}} of Cassier, meaning that federal legislation outweighs those of its provinces or territories, though these entities themselves must also abide by the constitution. The Cassien constitution incorporates many of the principles found within the constitutions of other [[Asteria Superior|Asterian]] and [[Euclea|Euclean]] republics, such as the {{wp|Rule of law|rule of law}}, the {{wp|Separation of powers|separation of powers}}, and extensive protections of civil and human rights. | ||
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Cassier has one of the highest immigration rates per-capita in the world, spurred by economic policies. The general public, as well as the major political parties, have been supportive of the current level of immigration. Immigrants to Cassier have originate from a variety of different regions and countries, with most arriving from Coius and Asteria Inferior. The recent waves of immigrants settled mostly in major urban areas such as Andade, Sainte-Marie and Barnier. | Cassier has one of the highest immigration rates per-capita in the world, spurred by economic policies. The general public, as well as the major political parties, have been supportive of the current level of immigration. Immigrants to Cassier have originate from a variety of different regions and countries, with most arriving from Coius and Asteria Inferior. The recent waves of immigrants settled mostly in major urban areas such as Andade, Sainte-Marie and Barnier. | ||
Cassier's population density, at 4. | Cassier's population density, at 4.2 inhabitants per square kilometre, the lowest in the world. About four-fifths of the population lives within 200 kilometres either Cassier's southern borders or coastlines. The most densely populated part of the country is the Saint Marcus Corridor in the provinces of Monbec and Breloux, residing mostly within the Saint Marcus river basin. | ||
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Revision as of 21:25, 6 March 2022
 | This article is incomplete because it is pending further input from participants, or it is a work-in-progress by one author. Please comment on this article's talk page to share your input, comments and questions. Note: To contribute to this article, you may need to seek help from the author(s) of this page. |
Republic of Cassier République de Cassier | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Coat of Arms
| |
| Motto: "A Mari Usque Ad Mare" (Solarian) "From Sea to Sea" | |
Anthem: Ô Cassier | |
 | |
| Capital | New Rayenne |
| Largest city | Andade |
| Official languages | Gaullican |
| Demonym(s) | Cassien |
| Government | Federal parliamentary republic |
• President | Jean Tremblay |
• Executive Minister | Samuel Cloutier |
| Legislature | National Assembly |
| Chamber of Deputies | |
| Chamber of Representatives | |
| Independence from Gaullica | |
• Confederation | July 1, 1757 |
• Declaration of Independence | October 14, 1936 |
| Area | |
• | 9,351,991.04 km2 (3,610,823.93 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 2018 census |  39,889,032 |
• Density | 4.24/km2 (11.0/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2021 estimate |
• Total | $1.952 trillion |
• Per capita | $48,946 |
| GDP (nominal) | 2021 estimate |
• Total | $1.627 trillion |
• Per capita | $40,788 |
| Gini (2021) |  33.8medium |
| HDI (2021) | 0.929 very high |
| Currency | Cassien denier (Ð) (CAD) |
| Time zone | UTC+7 to +12 |
| Date format | yyyy-mm-dd |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +3 |
| ISO 3166 code | CA |
| Internet TLD | .ca |
Cassier, officially the Republic of Cassier (Gaullican: République de Cassier), is a country in northern Asteria Superior. Extending over an area of 9,351,991 square kilometres (3,610,823.93 sq mi), it is the largest country in Kylaris in terms of geographical area, divided amongst its eight provinces and two territories. Cassier is situated between the Vehemens and Florian Oceans to the west, the Lumine Ocean in the east, and the Boreal Ocean to the north. It borders two countries in Asteria Superior; Rizealand and Chistovodia. The majority of Cassier’s 39,889,032 inhabitants live south of the 45th parallel north, generally within large and medium-sized urban areas. Cassier's capital is New Rayenne and its largest metropolitan areas are Andade, Sainte-Marie, and Bellevue.
Indigenous cultures inhabited Cassier for thousands of years before Euclean discovery and colonization. The first confirmed explorer from the Old World was Rahelian navigator Assim Asteris, who landed on Île-du-Édouard, Terre-Belle in 1488. Gaullica came to to control much of western Cassier during the 16th century, establishing colonies in a region they named “New Gaullica" (Gaullican: Nouvelle-Gaullice). In 1757, the Continental Decree unified the colonies of New Gaullica into a single dominion within the Gaullican Empire known as the Domain of Cassier. Beginning in the 18th century, Cassier began expanding eastward across Asteria Superior and eventually reaching its present-day size. As its politics and culture increasingly diverged from Gaullica's, Cassier obtained increasing amounts of autonomy and authority to govern itself. These developments eventually culminated in Cassier's declaration of independence from Gaullica on October 14, 1936 and the establishment of its current republican government.
Cassier is a parliamentary republic and a liberal democracy, with three branches of government and a president who acts as head of state and an executive minister who serves as the head of government. It is a leader in global metrics such as education, economic freedom, personal and civil liberties, quality of life, and human development. Cassier’s complex history with other nations has had a significant impact on its economy, politics, and culture. Immigration from many other countries and a resurgence of indigenous influences has made Cassier one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations.
Cassier is a highly developed country with an advanced economy. It ranks above average economically, having the fifteenth-largest economy by gross domestic product, and the seventeenth-largest by purchasing power parity. Cassier is highly reliant upon the exportation of natural resources, its scientific and technological sectors, and commerce over well-developed international trade networks. A founding member or supporter many intergovernmental institutions such as the Community of Nations and the International Federation of the Blue Crystal Movement, Cassier has historically been a major contributor for international peacekeeping, humanitarian efforts, and sustainable development. Cassier is a member several international organizations such as the Gaullophonie, OAN, and NVO, amongst others, and has recently pursued closer ties with other Asterian and democratic nations.
Etymology
Cassier is generally accepted to be derived from the St. Marcus Ganonsyoni word Kaska; a borrowing for the Casca-Dena people from the Dene Zágé language. The indigenous inhabitants near what is now Sainte-Marie used it while directing explorer Rogerin Dumont, who interpretted it as Cassia in order to describe the eastern interior of New Gaullica. Cartographers gradually altered its location towards the St. Marcus River, as well as adjusting its modern orthography to "Cassier".
Cassier entered official use after the partition of the St. Marcus colony into Upper Cassier and Lower Cassier in 1671, collectively known as the Cassiers. During this period "Cassier" exclusively referred to the area surrounding the St. Marcus River and did not include others such as Chicadia. The Continental Decree of 1757 formalized Cassier as the official name for the confederation of New Gaullican colonies and conferred the word "domain" as its title. After its independence from Gaullica in 1936 the nation would adopt the Republic of Cassier as its official legal title.
History
Indigenous peoples
The original inhabitants of Cassier encompass a broad assortment of different groups and cultures. Several nouns are commonly used in Cassien legal documents or in popular speech such as “aboriginal”, “indigenous”, and “native” which describe Cassier’s original inhabitants collectively and are used interchangeably. Meanwhile, First Nation, Borealian, and Metis refer to a specific group of indigenous peoples and are not used interchangeably.
The indigineous population at the time of Euclean discovery is estimated to have been between one and four million. Colonization directly contributed to a dramatic decline of Cassier’s indigenous population by as much as eighty percent. This is attributed to several factors including the transfer of diseases, conflicts with Euclean settlers or other indigenous groups, and a loss of self-sufficiency due to land seizures by the colonial and later Cassien governments.
Euclean interactions with indigenous peoples were relatively peaceful during the initial period of colonization. Indigenous aid and assistance was highly sought after by Eucleans, particularly among fur traders during the 16th and 17th centuries. Unions between Eucleans and indigenous women resulted in the first Metis; individuals with mixed-race heritage. Borealian groups were isolated from early Euclean settlement due to geographic distance and the harsher enviroment they inhabited. In what is widely considered to be a genocide colonial and Cassien authorities actively sought the assimilation or elimination of Cassier's indigenous peoples. First Nations, Metis, and Borealians were subjected to widespread sterilization, mass relocations to reservations, and cultural suppression which continued until as recently as 1988. Though indigenous languages and cultures have seen a resurgence in the 21st century widespread discrimination continues to be an issue into the contemporary.
Euclean colonization
The first Eucleans to settle in Cassier were Ghaillish mariners from Caldia who established seasonal outposts along the west coast in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. These settlers were confined to short lived seasonal settlements and forts along the coast due to Cassier’s harsher environment and geography compared to other lands further south. The first major Euclean settlements were be established shortly after Gaullican explorer Rogerin Dumont’s first expedition to Cassier. Upon discovering the St. Marcus River in 1534, Dumont would erect a 10 meter cross bearing the words “Long Live the Queen of Gaullica” and claiming the land he named New Gaullica for Queen Anne the Financer.
Dumont returned to Cassier in 1535 and founded a fort near present-day Monbec City. Other forts and settlements were established throughout New Gaullica during this period such as Bellevue and Sainte-Marie. Geographical barriers and differences in lifestyle led to the development of three distinct Gaullican groups in the latter half of the 16th century; Cassiens near the St. Marcus River, Chicadians throughout the Gulf of Chicadia and Terre-Belle, and a third group comprising mostly of fur traders and missionaries on the fringes of New Gaullica. Euclean activity of New Gaullica intensified following Nathan de Beaumont’s attempt to cross the continent in 1603. While unsuccessful, Beaumont’s discoveries of gold deposits and of Lake Beaumont increased the number of settlers arriving to New Gaullica. As the Euclean population grew colonial governments such as the St. Marcus colony were founded. In 1640, many indigenous groups were embroiled in a myriad of conflicts collectively known as the Fur Wars, resulting in the further decimation of indigenous populations. The Great Settlement of Sainte-Marie brought an end to the Fur Wars in 1699, however fighting between and against indigenous peoples would continue until as late as the early 20th century.
With a climate unsuitable for growing cash crops, New Gaullica's economy was dominated by mining, timber, agriculture, the fur trade, and other related industries. Although its population was steadily increasing a census conducted by Gaullican officials in 1675 reported a population of roughly 30,000; far smaller compared to the other Euclean colonies in the Asterias. In response Gaullica implemented the Land Act of 1680 which encouraged colonists to have larger families and granted land to aspiring settlers. While successful in increasing New Gallica’s population and economic growth the colonies still lagged behind, leading to other Euclean powers to contest Gaullica's holdings. Gaullica's victories in Gilded Wars and the Pereramonic Wars greatly benefitted the New Gaullican colonies as Gaullican asserted its hegemony over much of the continent.
In 1753 King Louis VI summoned representatives from New Gaullica to Verlois with the goal of reorganizing the colonies into a single political subject that could be better controlled by the crown. A final meeting known as the Verlois Conference culminated in the Continental Decree in 1757 which confederated the colonies of New Gaullica into the Domain of Cassier. The confederation of the New Gaullican colonies into Cassier was viewed as both a practical measure and as a logical step in the progression of Gaullican imperialism in the region. It allowed Gaullica to focus more resources elsewhere while creating a subject government capable of resolving disputes and deadlocks between the former colonial governments without Gaullican intervention. Amongst the colonists of New Gaullica, particularly Cassiens, there was widespread support for a state that would be a bulwark of Gaullican language and culture in Asteria Superior.
Although the decree was initially celebrated many quickly grew dissatisfied with the domain. The replacement of the colonial system by provincial legislatures that were modelled after those in Gaullica severely curtailed citizen involvement and fostered a common belief that the new government was inherently corrupt and infringed on their rights. This mentality was especially pervasive among Chicadians who feared having their political and economic interests relegated within the majority-Cassien nation. Unrest continued to build as colonists resisted new taxes and legislation until culimating in local uprisings such as the Maraux Rebellion that openly challenged Gaullican authority. The failure of Cassien and Gaullican officials to address the situtation in Cassier finally resulted in the overthrow of the provincial government of New Sylvagne when republican militias seized the city of Bellevue and marking the beginning of the Patriote Rebellion.
The Patriotes were a coalition of Chicadians and other rebel groups Asterian War of Secession that were unified under the belief that the Gaullica and the government of the Domain of Cassier had irreparably violated their rights. The original extent of the Patriotes' goals differed among its supporters until eventually coalescing under the idea that the colonists of Chicadia and Cassier should separate from Gaullica as independent republics. Unlike the other revolutionary movements taking place to the south however the Patriotes critically lacked widespread public support. Although disgruntled with the policies and legislation imposed by the Domain of Cassier, most Cassiens vehemently opposed independence and viewed the Patriotes as a Chicadian movement. The central figure of the Patriote rebellion was general Vivien Gérin-Lajoie, a notable military commander and politician. Under his leadership the Patriotes were able to make significant gains by successfully capturing important cities and forts throughout Chicadia. The climax of the war took place at the Battle of Louiseville in 1769 which saw Lajoie’s Patriote Army engage a hastily assembled force of loyalists led by Michel Rousselle. Though numerically superior, the Patriotes were decisively defeated following Lajoie’s sudden death during the battle. The defeat at Louiseville marked the turning point of the war in Cassier. The arrival of Gaullican reinforcements at Monbec and the capture of Bellevue forced most Patriotes to flee Cassier. The Patriotes continued to struggle against Gaullica throughout Asteria Superior, but by late 1770 the Patriotes no longer posed any credible threat to Gaullican rule in Cassier.
Cassier would ultimately be retained by Gaullica following a secessionist victory in 1771, however the period Gaullican hegemony in Asteria Superior was over. In 1783 the newly independent nation Rizealand launched a succesful invasion of Cassier in the First Beaver War which brought a large portion of Upper Cassier under their control. Alarmed by a second Rizean victory and the outrage it generated Gaullica assented to major reforms to the domain's political and economic systems, most notably the restoration of the rights revoked following the Continental Decree and the establishment of responsible government. A second Rizean invasion in 1810 was successfully repulsed by Gaullo-Cassien forces, and the several treaties signed between after began an era of peace between Cassier and Rizealand that extends to the present.
Expansion and industrialization
An influx of roughly 70,000 to 95,000 Gaullican Asterians known as Exiles (Gaullican: Exils) fled to Cassier in the wake of the Asterian War of Seccession. The arrival of the Exils caused a significant demographic shift in Cassier, with the Exils coming to supplant Chicadians as the second largest Gaullican group in Cassier. Most chose to settle on plots of land offered by the Gaullican government in the eastern interior in Upper Cassier and Beaumont. Settlement in the eastern interior created a need for an alternate domestic route to Lake Beaumont, culminating in construction of the Rousselle Canal in 1811. The canal provided a navigable route to Cassier’s frontier and connected the population centres of the St. Marcus River to Lake Beaumont. The canal’s completion caused a major spike in Euclean immigration to Cassier and caused the domain’s population to increase by over 1.5 million by 1850. Settlement of the interior expanded its territory across the breath of the continent until reaching its greatest current territorial extent upon Gaullica’s relinquishment of the Dummont Bay Company to Cassier in 1870.
Asteria Superior’s first transcontinental railway was completed in 1873 which further opened more of the Cassien interior for settlement and eased Cassier’s industrializing cities’ access to the east’s vast natural resources. Settlement in the prairies during this era drastically altered the landscape Cassier’s interior as large farms came to dominate the region. The decimation of the wild Asterian Bison and Old World diseases devastated the indigenous population, forcing their relocation to reservations with relief efforts set up by the Cassien government. The Native Peoples Act was put into place during this time, beginning a period of intense political and cultural oppression that would last until its complete rescendment in 1992. The completion of the transcontinental railway would be the beginning of the era of optimism (Gaullican: L'ère de l'optimisme); a period of prosperity and loyalist sentiment which characterized Cassien culture, economics, and politics for the next three decades.
A majority of Gaullo-Cassiens actively supported the continuation of their status as subjects, viewing themselves as a natural part of the Gaullican empire. King Albert III granted Cassier new privileges, increases in autonomy, as well as the formalization of its liberal-democratic institutions throughout his reign. Though legally tied to Gaullica, by 1899 Cassier handled a majority of its domestic affairs with little Gaullican interference. Externally Cassier also began to create its own semi-official relationships internationally by utilizing Gaullica’s extensive diplomatic network to promote its political and commercial interests abroad.
Early 20th century
The first half of the 20th century would decisively alter Cassien politics and culture. The era of optimism would come to an abrupt end following the Weisstadt Stock Exchange and the onset of the Great Collapse. Cassier was hit especially hard by the 1913 depression due to its export-driven economy., experiencing a downturn in gross national product and employment worse than its neighbours in Asteria Superior. In a demoralizing turn of events the westernmost province of Terre-Belle formally left the domain and returned to direct Gaullican control in 1915, with its departure increasing public fears that the domain may collapse entirely. A landslide victory in the 1916 general election would see the Liberal Party led by Wilfrid Édouard implement sweeping domestic programs and reforms that led to Cassier’s economic recovery. The worst of the depression would finally pass in Cassier by late 1919, just as a new rift between Cassier and Gaullica quickly took its place as the foremost issue for Édouard’s government.
The rise of Rafael Duclerque and the functionalist Parti Populaire in Gaullica was viewed with concern in Cassier. A majority of Cassiens were strongly opposed to Duclerque and functionalism, viewing it as incompatible with Cassier’s liberal ideology. Cassier briefly sheltered Albert III and other politicians following the functionalist seizure of power in October 1920, though most would flee for Caldia before the start of the Great War. Although Albert III was warmly welcomed in Cassier, his imperial decree which proclaimed Cassier's independence shortly before his abdication became a major source of controversy and placed Cassier in a difficult position. Trending a fine line, the Cassien government would acknowledge Albert’s decree in a non-literal sense, viewing it as an affirmation of Cassier’s highly autonomous and unique political status rather than a declaration of total sovereignty.
Contemporary period
Geography and climate
At 9.35 million square kilometres, Cassier is the largest country in the world by total area. Cassier also possesses the world's largest quantity of freshwater lakes at over 3 million, the world's longest coastline, as well as longest land border which it shares with Rizealand. Its geographical boundaries are defined by the Vehemens and Florian Oceans in the west; to the Lumine Ocean in the east; and to the Florian Ocean to the north. In addition to its land borders, Cassier also has maritime boundaries with the Sorovian territory of George Ruset Land and Marchenia. Cassier also possesses one of the Asteria Superior's northernmost settlements, Cassien Defense Forces Station Balise, located near the northern tip of Daucourt Island – the second closest landmass to the North Pole.
Cassier's physical geography is highly diverse. A majority of Cassier's land acreage lies within its forested regions, including boreal, temperate broadleaf, and coniferous forests. The northernmost areas of Cassier's provinces and territores are characterized by polar regions and ice caps, with much of the Cassien arctic being widely covered by ice and permafrost due to cold ocean and air currents. Glaciated areas can also be found in the Imperial Mountains of Terre-Belle, and the Snowy Mountains of Montagne. The Cassien interior is characterized by large, relatively flat areas of grassland which hosts the majority of Cassien agricultural activities. Large freshwater lakes are also common throughout most of Cassier, several hundred of which have a surface area 100 square kilometers (39 sq mi) or greater. The largest of Cassier's lakes is Lake Beaumont, which is the largest body of freshwater in the world.
Cassier's position at the boundary of major tectonic plates makes it geologically active. Signs of volcanic activity is particularly prevelent in eastern Cassier, as seen from volcanoes such as Mount Carpentier, Mount Bérengère, the Mount Brunelle massif, and the Mount Constance volcanic complex. The last major eruption in Cassier occured when Mount Rousselle erupted in 1980, which caused a major economic and ecological disruption that was felt across Asteria Superior. Other signs of geological activity include frequent earthquakes and notable rift valleys.
Climate
Average temperatures across Cassier vary significantly from region to region. Winters in most of Cassier are generally cold and snowy, while its summers are normally mild and humid. Most of Cassier experiences either a subarctic or continental climate, where daily average temperatures during the winter are near −15 °C (5 °F), but can drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) with severe wind chills. Snow has been known to cover the ground for most of the year northern or high altitude areas. Cassier's coastal regions in general experience moderately high temperatures; generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while areas further inland see summer highs from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F). Average summer temperatures rarely exceed 40 °C (104 °F).
Recent climate trends such as global warming have resulted in a noticeable reduction in permafrost and icy areas in Cassier. Average temperatures have steadily warmed between 1.7 °C (3.1 °F) to 2.3 °C (2.0 to 4.1 °F), with northern and central Cassier seeing the fastest rates of warming. Air and water pollution, and resource extraction, have severely impacted Cassier's waterways and forests.
Politics and Government
Cassier is described as a "full democracy", that has traditionally followed a moderate liberal and egalitarian political ideology. The government is responsible in upholding the laws and rights outlined within the Consitution of Cassier. An emphasis on social justice and the promotion of public welfare has been a distinguishing element of Cassier's political culture originating from the 1757 Continental Decree which created the Domain of Cassier. Cassier is a parliamentary republic, with its government divided between legislative, executive, and judicial branches that are each accountable to each other.
National Assembly
Cassier's legislature, called the National Assembly (Gaullican: Assemblée nationale), is responsible for the creation, proposition, and enactment of legislation. It is divided bicamerally into upper and lower houses. The lower house is the Chamber of Representatives (Gaullican: Chambre des représentants) and is made up of 400 representatives from single-member electorates of roughly equal population (one for every 100,000 people as of 2018). The upper house is the Chamber of Deputies (Gaullican: Chambre des députés), comprising of 39 representatives whom represent the governments of Cassier's provinces and territories, sending a predetermined amount based on their populations. Deputies are not directly elected by the citizenry but are instead appointed once every six years by the province or territory's legislative body.
The Chamber of Representatives is generally the dominant branch of the National Assembly and is only opposed by the Chamber of Deputies and President on rare occassions. Its members are elected once every four years in a general election and may serve for a maximum of three, four-year terms. Representatives are elected by their constituents via a preferential instant-runoff voting system. After the conclusion of a general election the party that obtains a majority (200 seats) or forms a coalition with one or more other parties will be selected by the President to form a new government, with the party or coalition's leader ascending to the position of Executive Minister. As of the most recent general election, the Chamber of Representatives is governed by the Liberal, Reformist, and Green parties, together with liberal-indepedents and Indigenous party, form a coalition government. The opposition consists of the Conservative and Libertarian parties, along with conservative-indepedents.
The Chamber of Deputies consists of members appointed by the provincial and territorial legislatures who are tasked with representing their respective governments. The number of members a province is entitled to is determined using a degressive proportionality method, based upon a province's population. Each is entitled to a minimum of four and a maximum of six Deputies, while territories are granted a maximum of two. The total number and allocation of seats within the Chamber of Deputies is reevaluated once every six years, with the most recent change occuring in 2008 resulting in an increase from 35 to 39 members and population milestones set to the following schema:
- Territories will be granted 2 Deputies.
- Provinces with 2 million inhabitants or fewer will be granted 4 Deputies.
- Provinces with 5 million inhabitants will be granted 5 Deputies.
- Provinces with 7 million inhabitants or more will be granted 6 Deputies.
[WIP]
Cassier is dominated by three parties at the federal level; the far left Labour Party, the centre-left Liberal Party, and the centre-right Conservative Party. The historically dominant Liberal Party positions itself at the centre of the Cassien political spectrum, whilst the Conservative and Labour parties are oriented to the right and left respectively. A total of six political parties had Representatives elected in the 2018 election; the Liberal Party; who currently hold a majority; the Conservative Party who are the official opposition; and the Labour, Libraterian, Green, and First Nations parties. Additionally, independents also comprise a noticible minority within Cassien politics, holding 3 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 11 in the Chamber of Representatives. Extreme political parties have rarely played a prominent role in Cassien politics, with functionalist or socialist parties historically recieving only minor support within the National Assembly.
Executive
(cropped).jpg)
The President of Cassier is the head of state, who serves as the main representative of the Republic both domestically and internationally. The President is elected once every 6 years in a popular election and may serve a maximum of two terms (12 years). The office is theoretically open to any Cassien citizen over the age of 40. The powers invested in the president are largely representative or ceremonial; serving as Cassier’s first ambassador during state or foreign visits, verifing the decisions made by the National Assembly; such as the appointment of theExecutive Minister of Cassier and members of the Cabinet, and calling elections. The President traditionally follows the advice given to them by the Executive Minister and the Cabinet, however they retain the right to act politically, though historically Cassien Presidents will avoid directly involving themselves in political matters.
Following general elections, the leader of ruling party within the Chamber of Representatives will be appointed by the President to take on the role of Executive Minister. The Executive Minister of Cassier is the head of government, who, along with the Cabinet, exercises the bulk of executive authority in Cassien politics. The Executive Minister works closely with their Cabinet, which is a council of senior government officials, ministers, or advisors who are appointed under the advice of the Executive Minister. Together, they advise and direct the President and by extension the direction of Cassien politics as a whole. This includes approving legislation made in the National Assembly, dissolving or postponing sessions of the National Assembly, calling for elections, appointing positions in the Cabinet or the Supreme Court, or to make declarations.
As a member of the National Assembly, the Executive Minister also assumes the role, responsibilities, and term limits of one of its members. They are subject to the term limits of their chamber (a maximum of 3, 4-year terms as a Representative, or 2, 6-year terms as a Deputy). Due to the fact that the Executive Minister is an appointed position, voters do not directly elect the Executive Minister in a national election like the President.
Constitution and Law
The Constitution of Cassier outlines its system of government and the rights of its citizens or inhabitants. It is the supreme law of Cassier, meaning that federal legislation outweighs those of its provinces or territories, though these entities themselves must also abide by the constitution. The Cassien constitution incorporates many of the principles found within the constitutions of other Asterian and Euclean republics, such as the rule of law, the separation of powers, and extensive protections of civil and human rights.
Cassier’s judicial system has primarily been influenced by Gaullican civil law, though elements of Estmerish-Rizean common law are also present. Judicial authority at the federal level is vested in the Supreme Court of Cassier, which is composed of nine Judges who interpret and determine the constitutionality of legislation via judicial review. Judges in the Supreme Court are appointed by the President under the advice of the Executive Minister and with the approval of the Chamber of Deputies. After being appointed, Supreme Court Judges serve until they reach the age of 80, when they are required to retire from their position. Below the federal level, each province, territory, and local area also maintain their own court systems which serve as the highest courts of law within their respective divisions.
Provinces and territories
Cassier has eight provinces - Beaumont, Breloux, Chicadia, Katepas, Monbec, Montagne, New Sylvagne, and Terre-Belle - and two territories - Aurora and Borealia. Provinces receive power from the Cassien constitution, and are granted more autonomy than territories. They have the authority to enact their own policies and legislation free of federal scrutiny, so long as it does not violate the Cassien constitution. Provinces are also largely responsible for local tasks such as managing their education, health, and welfare systems. Cassier’s territories are granted a degree of autonomy similar to those of its provinces, but the federal government retains the right to enact or override legislation as they see fit. The federal government rarely exercises this right however, and Cassier’s territories are generally treated as if they were provinces.
| Flag, name, and abbreviation | Cities | Confederated | Population | Area (km2) | Representation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capital | Largest | Land | Water | Total | Representatives | Deputies | ||||
 Breloux
|
BR | Andade | July 1, 1757 | 13,000,000 | 815,371.50 | 130 | 6 | |||
 New Sylvagne
|
NS | Bellevue | July 1, 1757 | 7,543,062 | 147,219.85 | 75 | 6 | |||
 Monbec
|
MC | Monbec City | Sainte-Marie | July 1, 1757 | 6,000,000 | 521,305.13 | 60 | 5 | ||
 Montagne
|
MT | Val Albert | Barnier | September 12, 1861 | 4,600,000 | 1,181,865.56 | 46 | 4 | ||
 Katepas
|
KA | Saint-Élie | Armeins | May 11, 1858 | 4,000,000 | 1,051,197.05 | 40 | 4 | ||
 Beaumont
|
BT | Nanowin | January 24, 1793 | 2,200,000 | 597,466.21 | 22 | 4 | |||
 Chicadia
|
CH | Chiboctoc | July 1, 1757 | 1,983,563 | 105,118.78 | 19 | 3 | |||
 Terre-Belle
|
TB | Porte-Calme | July 1, 1757 | 519,685 | 2,278,492.16 | 6 | 3 | |||
Foreign Relations
Following its independence from Gaullica in 1936, Cassier entered into a period of non-alignment and neutrality. While it sought out ties with nations including Gaullica and Rizealand, and remained a major contributor towards humanitarian and peacekeeping efforts, Cassier did not participate in any major conflicts or interventions for most of the 20th century. Cassier reevaluated and abandoned its neutral foreign policy shortly after the Haillet's Crisis, and has since sought to pursue stronger, multilateral ties with other democratic nations and organizations.
Military
Economy
Energy
Industry
Infrastructure
Transport
Demographics
The 2016 Cassien Census indicated a total population of 39,889,032, an increase of around 5.0 percent over the 2011 figure. The main driver of population growth in Cassier is predominately immigration, with over a million immigrants arriving in Cassier between 2011 and 2016.
Cassier has one of the highest immigration rates per-capita in the world, spurred by economic policies. The general public, as well as the major political parties, have been supportive of the current level of immigration. Immigrants to Cassier have originate from a variety of different regions and countries, with most arriving from Coius and Asteria Inferior. The recent waves of immigrants settled mostly in major urban areas such as Andade, Sainte-Marie and Barnier.
Cassier's population density, at 4.2 inhabitants per square kilometre, the lowest in the world. About four-fifths of the population lives within 200 kilometres either Cassier's southern borders or coastlines. The most densely populated part of the country is the Saint Marcus Corridor in the provinces of Monbec and Breloux, residing mostly within the Saint Marcus river basin.
| Largest urban centers by population | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
# | Settlement | Population | # | Settlement | Population |
|
| 1 | Andade | TBD | 11 | Verlois | TBD | ||
| 2 | Sainte-Marie | TBD | 12 | Saint-Célestin | TBD | ||
| 3 | Bellevue | TBD | 13 | Cheboctoc | TBD | ||
| 4 | Barnier | TBD | 14 | Dummontville | TBD | ||
| 5 | Armeins | TBD | 15 | Kennebago | TBD | ||
| 6 | New Rayenne | TBD | 16 | Lavelle | TBD | ||
| 7 | Bougainville | TBD | 17 | Keeseekoose | TBD | ||
| 8 | Monbec | TBD | 18 | Val Albert | TBD | ||
| 9 | Nanowin | TBD | 19 | Saint-Élie | TBD | ||
| 10 | Rougemont | TBD | 20 | Senneterre | TBD | ||
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Education
Religion
Culture
Music and Art
Cuisine
Sports
The roots of organized sports in Cassier date back to the 1770s. Cassier’s official national sports are ice hockey and lacrosse. Other sports such as golf, soccer, baseball, tennis, skiing, badminton, volleyball, cycling, swimming, bowling, rugby union, canoeing, equestrian, squash and the study of martial arts are widely enjoyed by much of the population recreationally.
Cassier shares several major professional sports leagues with its neighbours. Cassien teams in these leagues include nine franchises in the Asterian Hockey League, as well as several !Major League Soccer teams and the Cassier men's national soccer team, at least one team in !Major League Baseball, and the !National Basketball Association. Other popular professional sports in Cassier include football, which is played in the Cassien Football League, National Lacrosse League lacrosse, and curling.