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'''[[Great Nortend|Erbonian]] subjectship''', or liegeance, is founded upon a mixture of [[Law of Great Nortend|customary law]] principles of liegeance based on {{wp|jus sanguinis|''jus sanguinis''}} and {{wp|jus soli|''jus soli''}}, and that of [[Law of Great Nortend|regular law]] and [[Law of Great Nortend|statute law]]. It arose in the 18th and 19th centuries, altering the mostly mediaeval principles of liegeance that had hitherto been applied.
'''Erbonian nationality law''' is the mixture of [[Law of Great Nortend|customary law]] principles of liegeance based on {{wp|jus sanguinis|''jus sanguinis''}} and {{wp|jus soli|''jus soli''}}, [[Law of Great Nortend|regular law]] and [[Law of Great Nortend|statute law]] which govern nationality in [[Great Nortend]]. It formalised in the 19th and 20th centuries with international recognition of modern statehood. A Nortish national is known as either a Nortish subject or a Nortish citizen.


==Grades of liegeance==
==Subjects==
There are five formal grades of liegeance established by the chamber courts of Great Nortend, split into 'full subjects' and 'petit subjects'.
A Nortish subject is a full member of the Erbonian body politic.<ref>''Joffer'' v. R., Mich. 18 Edm. IX, ''King's Chamber Rpts.'' p. 221, per Stanton, ''J.''</ref> The bond of fealty between King and subject along with language, culture and religion, are the four marks of „Nortishness”. By statute, only a subject over the age of majority may be enfranchised to vote. Most Crown appointments are also only open to Nortish subjects, as are most [[Public Alms]].


===Full subjects===
A natural-born subject is any subject born within the King's dominions to a father who is a subject or a citizen. The majority of Erbonian subjects are considered natural-born subjects. As a result of historical insecurity in the throne, explicit confirmation of the bond fealty is required even for natural-born subjects before they turn 21. This involves the swearing of the oath of fealty to the [[Monarchy of Great Nortend|King]], which is traditionally a part of the [[Cardican Rite#Confirmation|confirmation]] rite of the [[Church of Nortend]]. Such a subject ''dummodo'' (provided that [he takes the oath before majority]) automatically loses subjecthood on turning 21 if this has not occurred.
Full subjectship requires the swearing of a formal oath of liegeance to the King, a rite which is traditionally a part of the confirmation ceremony of the Church of Nortend. No full subject may hold a dual nationality or be a subject, citizen or national of any other country, princely state, nation or foreign power, except by declaration of the Privy Council. A full subject (except a natural-born subject ''usque'') is unable to renounce his status as a full subject, except by petition to the Privy Council.


A limited list of friendly powers has been issued by the Privy Council for which dual nationality is permitted.
No subject may hold a dual nationality or be a subject, citizen or national of any other country, princely state, nation or foreign power, except by special permission of the [[Privy Council of Great Nortend|Privy Council]]. A limited list of friendly states for which dual nationality is permitted has been issued by the Privy Council. Attempting to obtain another nationality as a subject without licence may result in prosecution for treachery.


====Natural-born subject====
===Declared subjects===
A '''natural-born subject''' is any subject born within the King's dominions to father who is either a natural-born subject or a naturalised subject. The majority of Erbonian subjects are considered natural-born subjects.  
A citizen by birth or an alien who has lost subjectship by denying fealty may gain or regain subjectship by declaration. This involves renouncing all other allegiances and taking the oath of fealty. A person who has previously sworn allegiance to another prince must seek permission to release himself from the oath, to avoid perjury.


=====Natural-born subject ''usque''=====
===Naturalised subjects===
A natural-born subject under the age of majority holds the differentiated status of a '''natural-born subject ''usque'''''. This status lasts until either the person takes the oath of liegeance, in which case he becomes a standard natural-born subject, or he attains his age of majority, in which case he loses this status and becomes a petit subject in totali.
A naturalised subject is a subject who has taken the oath of fealty and Subjectship Test as a citizen, and is the only type of subjectship available to those who were not a natural-born subject at birth and ineligible for subjectship by declaration.


====Naturalised subject====
==Citizens==
A '''naturalised subject''' is a full subject who has taken the oath of liegeance and Subjectship Examination as a petit subject ''cum altero'', and is the only type of full subjectship available to those who were not a natural-born subject at birth.
Nortish citizenship, also sometimes known as petit subjectship, is a lower grade of nationality than subjectship similar to a permanent residency. Citizens are still required to bear allegiance towards the King; however, they are permitted to hold dual nationality. A citizen may renounce his status as a citizen.


===Petit subjects===
Citizenship may be obtained by alien who have dwelt in Great Nortend for a „sufficiently long time”, considered to be over eight years.<ref>''Nationality Act''.</ref> A citizen holds indefinite leave to dwell in Great Nortend; however, such a citizen may lose his citizenship and be deported upon the conviction of any felony (or more than one misdemeanour within six years), provided that he has another nationality. A citizen may also lose his status if he dwells in another country for more than a year and a day consecutively.
Petit subjectship of Great Nortend is a lower grade of nationality. Petit subjects are still required to bear allegiance towards His Majesty however are permitted to hold dual nationality with certain favourable states. A petit subject may renounce their status as a petit subject by legal instrument.


====Petit subject ''cum altero''====
A citizen also may be someone who was erstwhile a natural-born subject ''dummodo'' but failed to swear the required oath of fealty by the age of majority. A person also may become a citizen if he is born to a subject mother within of the King's dominions.
A '''petit subject ''cum altero''''' is the equivalent in Great Nortend of a permanent resident. The status is obtained by any alien holding the nationality of a favoured country resident in Great Nortend for a 'long enough time', considered to be over four years, and who applies for the status. A petit subject ''cum altero'' holds leave to reside in Great Nortend indefinitely; however, such a subject may lose his subjectship and be deported after conviction of any crime. A petit subject ''cum altero'' also loses his status as a subject if he resides in another country for more than a year and a day.


====Petit subject ''in totali''====
==Aliens==
A '''petit subject ''in totali''''' is a subject who was erstwhile a full subject ''usque'' but failed to swear the required oath of lieageance by the age of majority, and has not since  acquired any other nationality. A person also becomes a petit subject ''in totali'' if he is born to a full subject outside of the King's dominions and holds no other nationality. If a petit subject ''in totali'' does aquire any other nationality, he either becomes a petit subject ''cum altero'' if the said nationality is that of a favoured country, or loses his status as a subject entirely and becomes an alien.
An alien is any non-subject or non-citizen under bond of allegiance to a foreign power. Aliens require a charta visa for leave to enter in order to enter the country, and a charta visa for leave to dwell in order to reside in Great Nortend. An alien may be deported upon the conviction for any misdemeanour or felony.  


==Oath of Liegeance==
==Outlaws==
The oath of liegeance must be sworn to entitle a person to the status of full subject. The oath is, as follows:
Outlaws, or stateless persons, are persons who are under no bond of liegance to any power. Outlawry as a legal process akin to exile is mostly obsolete; however, with the growth of refugees and asylum seekers, the term is once again in use. Under customary law, an outlaw had no protection under Erbonian law. By statute, outlawry no longer results in loss of all protection from the state. For example, it is manslaughter to kill an outlaw (but not murder or forstal). However, outlaws still may not hold real property.
<blockquote>I, A. B., shall faith and troth bear unto our Sovereign Lord the King, his heirs and successours. So help me {{Smallcaps|God}}.</blockquote>
 
==Passports==
[[File:GNPassport.png|thumb|Two typical Nortish passports.]]
Passports are issued by the Passport Office for subjects and citizens. Passports traditionally have a semi-hard [[Erbonian English|swart]] cover with the [[Coat of Arms of Great Nortend|Coat of Arms]] and the words “Subject (or Citizen) of His Erbonian Majesty” and “Passport” stamped in gold. Additionally, there are cutouts in the cover with the passport holder's name and the passport number are written. The passport is printed throughout in dual English and French, with German and Latin in certain sections. The latest model of passport is machine readable, albeit presently still lacks biometric data.
 
The details page of the passport is orientated in portrait form<ref>And thus not compliant with ICAO requirements.</ref> and gives the :—
* Photograph in black and white
* Passport number (first letter indicates type of passport)
* Country code, GND
* Name with titles, and surname capitalised
* Nationality
* Date of birth
* Place of birth
* Date of issue
* Date of expiry
* Authority issuing passport
* Height in [[Catherinian units|Nortish feet]] and [[Catherinian units|inches]]
* Sex
* Eye colour
* Signature
 
On the observations page, the passport also gives the bearer’s religion, place of residence, previous legal names and marital status with any spouse and children. While spouses and children are still able to be recorded for the single document to be used as a family passport when travelling with the principal bearer, this is no longer accepted by most countries. The Passport Office has been accused of discriminatory language as the most common terms used for recording the religion of the bearer are “Christian”, “Roman”, “Faithless” and “Jew”, referring to persons in communion with the [[Church of Nortend]], members of the {{wp|Roman Catholic Church}}, atheists or agnostics, and Jews respectively. This use has been criticised as perpetuating the belief that Roman Catholics are not Christians.
 
Great Nortend does not have any visa-free travel arrangements with any country except [[Nikolia]]. Great Nortend additionally requires most travellers to obtain an exit visa, with proof of a visa or authority for entry to the destination country.
 
==Oaths==
The oath of fealty is an essential element to subjectship. It is often sworn before a Nortish child’s confirmation, on [[King's Day]] or during the week of Whitsun. The oath is, as follows :
<blockquote>I A. B. swear that I will faith and troth bear unto my Sovereign Lord King Alexander the Second and his heirs. So help me {{Smallcaps|God}}.</blockquote>
 
Homage to the King is also required in addition to an oath of liegeance for the King's tenants in chief, and must be accepted by the King.
<blockquote>I A. B. from this day forth become your liege man of life and limb and of earthly worship against all manner of folk to live and die and will do and truly knowledge the service of the lands that I hold of you.</blockquote>
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{GNC}}
{{GNC}}

Latest revision as of 15:21, 15 May 2023

Erbonian nationality law is the mixture of customary law principles of liegeance based on jus sanguinis and jus soli, regular law and statute law which govern nationality in Great Nortend. It formalised in the 19th and 20th centuries with international recognition of modern statehood. A Nortish national is known as either a Nortish subject or a Nortish citizen.

Subjects

A Nortish subject is a full member of the Erbonian body politic.[1] The bond of fealty between King and subject along with language, culture and religion, are the four marks of „Nortishness”. By statute, only a subject over the age of majority may be enfranchised to vote. Most Crown appointments are also only open to Nortish subjects, as are most Public Alms.

A natural-born subject is any subject born within the King's dominions to a father who is a subject or a citizen. The majority of Erbonian subjects are considered natural-born subjects. As a result of historical insecurity in the throne, explicit confirmation of the bond fealty is required even for natural-born subjects before they turn 21. This involves the swearing of the oath of fealty to the King, which is traditionally a part of the confirmation rite of the Church of Nortend. Such a subject dummodo (provided that [he takes the oath before majority]) automatically loses subjecthood on turning 21 if this has not occurred.

No subject may hold a dual nationality or be a subject, citizen or national of any other country, princely state, nation or foreign power, except by special permission of the Privy Council. A limited list of friendly states for which dual nationality is permitted has been issued by the Privy Council. Attempting to obtain another nationality as a subject without licence may result in prosecution for treachery.

Declared subjects

A citizen by birth or an alien who has lost subjectship by denying fealty may gain or regain subjectship by declaration. This involves renouncing all other allegiances and taking the oath of fealty. A person who has previously sworn allegiance to another prince must seek permission to release himself from the oath, to avoid perjury.

Naturalised subjects

A naturalised subject is a subject who has taken the oath of fealty and Subjectship Test as a citizen, and is the only type of subjectship available to those who were not a natural-born subject at birth and ineligible for subjectship by declaration.

Citizens

Nortish citizenship, also sometimes known as petit subjectship, is a lower grade of nationality than subjectship similar to a permanent residency. Citizens are still required to bear allegiance towards the King; however, they are permitted to hold dual nationality. A citizen may renounce his status as a citizen.

Citizenship may be obtained by alien who have dwelt in Great Nortend for a „sufficiently long time”, considered to be over eight years.[2] A citizen holds indefinite leave to dwell in Great Nortend; however, such a citizen may lose his citizenship and be deported upon the conviction of any felony (or more than one misdemeanour within six years), provided that he has another nationality. A citizen may also lose his status if he dwells in another country for more than a year and a day consecutively.

A citizen also may be someone who was erstwhile a natural-born subject dummodo but failed to swear the required oath of fealty by the age of majority. A person also may become a citizen if he is born to a subject mother within of the King's dominions.

Aliens

An alien is any non-subject or non-citizen under bond of allegiance to a foreign power. Aliens require a charta visa for leave to enter in order to enter the country, and a charta visa for leave to dwell in order to reside in Great Nortend. An alien may be deported upon the conviction for any misdemeanour or felony.

Outlaws

Outlaws, or stateless persons, are persons who are under no bond of liegance to any power. Outlawry as a legal process akin to exile is mostly obsolete; however, with the growth of refugees and asylum seekers, the term is once again in use. Under customary law, an outlaw had no protection under Erbonian law. By statute, outlawry no longer results in loss of all protection from the state. For example, it is manslaughter to kill an outlaw (but not murder or forstal). However, outlaws still may not hold real property.

Passports

Two typical Nortish passports.

Passports are issued by the Passport Office for subjects and citizens. Passports traditionally have a semi-hard swart cover with the Coat of Arms and the words “Subject (or Citizen) of His Erbonian Majesty” and “Passport” stamped in gold. Additionally, there are cutouts in the cover with the passport holder's name and the passport number are written. The passport is printed throughout in dual English and French, with German and Latin in certain sections. The latest model of passport is machine readable, albeit presently still lacks biometric data.

The details page of the passport is orientated in portrait form[3] and gives the :—

  • Photograph in black and white
  • Passport number (first letter indicates type of passport)
  • Country code, GND
  • Name with titles, and surname capitalised
  • Nationality
  • Date of birth
  • Place of birth
  • Date of issue
  • Date of expiry
  • Authority issuing passport
  • Height in Nortish feet and inches
  • Sex
  • Eye colour
  • Signature

On the observations page, the passport also gives the bearer’s religion, place of residence, previous legal names and marital status with any spouse and children. While spouses and children are still able to be recorded for the single document to be used as a family passport when travelling with the principal bearer, this is no longer accepted by most countries. The Passport Office has been accused of discriminatory language as the most common terms used for recording the religion of the bearer are “Christian”, “Roman”, “Faithless” and “Jew”, referring to persons in communion with the Church of Nortend, members of the Roman Catholic Church, atheists or agnostics, and Jews respectively. This use has been criticised as perpetuating the belief that Roman Catholics are not Christians.

Great Nortend does not have any visa-free travel arrangements with any country except Nikolia. Great Nortend additionally requires most travellers to obtain an exit visa, with proof of a visa or authority for entry to the destination country.

Oaths

The oath of fealty is an essential element to subjectship. It is often sworn before a Nortish child’s confirmation, on King's Day or during the week of Whitsun. The oath is, as follows :—

I A. B. swear that I will faith and troth bear unto my Sovereign Lord King Alexander the Second and his heirs. So help me God.

Homage to the King is also required in addition to an oath of liegeance for the King's tenants in chief, and must be accepted by the King.

I A. B. from this day forth become your liege man of life and limb and of earthly worship against all manner of folk to live and die and will do and truly knowledge the service of the lands that I hold of you.

References

  1. Joffer v. R., Mich. 18 Edm. IX, King's Chamber Rpts. p. 221, per Stanton, J.
  2. Nationality Act.
  3. And thus not compliant with ICAO requirements.