2021 Etrurian constitutional referendum
| 2021 Etrurian constitutional referendum | ||
|---|---|---|
 States that backed reform in green, abolition in red | ||
| Location | Etruria | |
| Date | 20 August 2021 | |
| Voting system | Majority voting | |
| Results | ||
The 2021 Etrurian constitutional referendum was a controversial vote on the future of the State Council of the Federation, the upper chamber of the Senate of the Federation, held on 20 August 2021 in which voters were asked whether they supported the proposed reform package of the Etrurian government or supported its abolition and the establishment of a unicameral legislature, also presented by the Etrurian government. The referendum was authorised under the 2021 Law on Constitutional Reform and resulted in 52.27% of voters supporting reform, under the 2021 Law, the result was legally binding. The referendum was marred in controversy over the distinct benefit both options presented to the far-right government, while it also saw the Social Democratic Party and Citizens' Alliance, the two primary opposition parties boycott the campaign and poll. The result was officially recognised in the 2021 Constitutional Amendment, which implemented the proposed reform package, also controversially including pre-produced electoral reforms that were widely accused of gaming the system to the benefit of the Tribune Movement, with gerrymandered constitutiences, malapportionment of seats and a weakening of the Federal Electoral Commission. Owing to the controversy and the boycotts by Etruria's opposition parties, turnout was only 40.30%, the lowest of any electoral event in Etrurian history.
In wake of the referendum's failure to meet the legally mandated threshold, the Etrurian government announced its intention to present the reform package to the Senate, and pass the reforms through legislative means. The defeat also resulted in the sacking of several Tribune Movement officials from positions within the party leadership.
Background
State Council of the Federation
Since the restoration of democracy in 1984 and the adoption of the Fourth Constitution, the State Council of the Federation has served the role of upper-house within the Senate of the Federation. It has 150 members, with each of Etruria's states electing 10 representatives - though the means differs per state, ranging from a PR party list to winner-takes all first past the post system. The upper-house much like its Euclean counter-parts is tasked with scrutinising legislation presented by the lower-house, amending legislation and holding committee hearings on government actions and policies. Owing to Etruria placing sovereignty with its parliament, the Chamber of Representatives is the superior chamber of the two.
Causes of the referendum
In June 2021, a corruption scandal involving the President of the Council, Ettore Mantovano and a number of State Councillors from the Tribune Movement, Citizens' Alliance and Democratic Alternative for Etruria broke in the news, after officers of the Civil Security Service, the federal law-enforcement agency dedicated to fighting organised crime, corruption and terrorism, conducted raids on offices. It was later revealed that the State Councillors had been receiving bribes, kickbacks, gifts and that President Mantovano had requested and secured a regular cut of bribes in exchange for blocking internal investigations into the corrupt practices.
In response, the Tribune government announced plans to radically reform the upper-house, which it claimed had become a "spring of criminality and corruption" and was no longer fit for purpose. The Tribune government over the course of several weeks utilised a Reform Committee chaired by Interior Minister Gianfranco Galizia to explore "viable options for a dramatic overhaul."
Ballot options
In early July, the government revealed its proposals for reforming the State Council. The first proposal was reforming the State Council and how its membership were appointed, this was mostly drawn along similar lines to the Estmerish Chamber of Peers, in which the states would each appoint ten representatives and 60 members would be appointed by the Federal government - these appointees would be selected on the basis of their contributions to national life, the economy and society. This would raise the total number of members from 150 to 210. A second change would be the abolition of the 2/3 majority in the upper-house to amend the constitution, if the government passed legislation with a 2/3 vote in the lower-house. This led to accusations that the reform proposal was a power-grab by the government to reduce the procedural limits of amending the constitution.
The second option produced by the government was the abolition of the State Council and establishment of an unicameral legislature. The abolition of the upper-house was not to result in equal representation of the states, which would have drawn significant opposition from Novalia, which is governed by the Tribune's allies, the Farmers and Workers Union. In exchange for the lack of equal representation, the unicameral Senate would recieve extra powers of scrutiny and accountability, while new "super committees" would be established.
During the presentation of the options, it was made apparent by statements made by government ministers and Tribune lawmakers, that the abolition option was not well received and many accused the option of posing a threat to the federal system of government. However, Interior Minister Gianfranco Galizia who was tasked with presenting the options confirmed it was government policy that it remain an option in a referendum on the matter.
Referendum Bill and Electoral Reform Amendment
Following the presentation of the options, the government tabled a referendum bill to present both options to the electorate on 20 August 2021. As the presentation session had allowed a free debate on the proposals, the bill itself was only granted a 30-minute debate period. Leader of the opposition, Gianluca Tozza (CA) decried the referendum as a "stitch up of most dark intentions", while Chiara Mastromarino, the leader fo the Social Democrats immediately announced that her party would boycott the referendum as both options on the ballot posed an "extisential threat to the legislative branch." The bill however passed along party lines, with the Tribune Movement and Farmers and Workers Union being the only parties to support the bill, sending it onto the State Council 443-237.
An hour after its passing in the Chamber, the State Council under interim president, Ivana Balic, received the bill and allotted only a 90-minute debate period, which sparked protest due to the lack of a free-debate on the options for the upper-chamber. Controversially, the bill was amended by the government benches to include the 2021 Electoral Reform Bill, a piece of legislation that included dramatic shake ups of the electoral system for federal elections. These included the reduction of seats from 680 to 600, the increase of first past the post seats to 500, and the merger of 100 seats under PR into a singular national constituency, while also giving state-governments significant powers of electoral infrastructure (location of polling stations, determining necessary ID documents and enabling poll watchers.) Among the most controversial elements of the electoral reform was the adoption of the 2019 constituency boundary review, which was widely condemned for its malapportionment and gerrymandering of FPTP constiuencies. The State Council passed the amended bill after the 90-minute debate and rapid reading stages 98-52, again along party lines.
On July 14, following the 2021 Citizens' Alliance leadership race, newly elected leader Mauro Cesare Capra announced that the Citizens' Alliance would join the SD in boycotting the referendum.
Campaign
Throughout the campaign, the process was subject to intense scrutiny by the anti-Tribune newspapers and media outlets, especially the apparent managed nature of the campaign. Giuliano Vinci, the leader of the Abolition camp only appeared to champion the option once throughout the 19-day campaign, while virtually no physical sign of an organised campaign around Abolition emerged. Several Senators who backed abolition appeared on local or regional radio, but never national, while those backed reform appeared daily on all major television networks and national radio. ARE, the public broadcaster was accused of bias toward reform, featuring the campaign for over 60% of its daily broadcasting during the campaign, the remaining 40% was dedicated to national and global headlines, with abolition only receiving 5 minutes of coverage per day.
Sources inside the Tribune Movement expressed concern and dismay at the leadership's apparent dismissal of falling voter interest, even among its politically active base. Throughout the campaign, many commentators and analysts paid more attention to the level of voter apathy than the campaigns themselves. From the start, voter apathy appeared high and only grew as the campaign progressed, with many voters expressing confusion at the details of both options and many others commentating that they thought only one option should be presented as a yes/no. Many voters in the opposition-dominated northern states opposed voting at all on the basis of supporting the oppositions' claims that the referendum was a stich-up. Tribune voters also expressed criticism as the unnecessary nature of the vote, with many claiming they could buy into the justification of the proposed changes.
On August 15, the government announced it would fund a €8.5m public media campaign to support mobilising the electorate, while several media outlets were reporting major clashes between the Tribune grassroots and the party leadership over voter apathy, of which the government remained dismissive. One source described the government's approach as "utter madness, its a near zealous belief that polls are wrong and the voter cannot wait to punish the opposition for boycotting the referendum."
Campaign groups
Under the 2021 Referendum Law, the campaign was to take place from 1 August to 19 August and two campaign groups were permitted, one for each option, which had be registered with the Federal Electoral Commission by 29 July. Each campaign was allocated a €20.5 million spending limit, which would be required to be registered with the FEC. Notably, the FEC did not announce any televised debates between campaign leaders and did not apply limitations to televised media output. President Francesco Carcaterra announced the referendum would be a free vote for the Tribune Movement, and that he would not campaign for either option and would instead focus on mobilising the electorate.
Per Una Repubblica a Migliore
The pro-Reform campaign was registered on 27 July as "Per Una Repubblica a Migliore" (For a Better Republic) and appointed Deputy President Vittoria Vasari as its chair and Interior Minister Gianfranco Galizia as its Campaign Director. Within days of its establishment, the campaign reached the funding limit, with near every major donor to the Tribune Movement supporting the campaign. Notably, the campaign received the backing of the entire Federal Cabinet and a majority of federal lawmakers. The Campaign was also boosted with the backing of the entire Farmers and Workers Union and the Social Party of the Third Order.
Abolire = Rinnovare
The pro-abolition campaign was established as "Abolire=Rinnovare" (Abolition=Renewal) and appointed Prefect of Veratia, Giuliano Aurelio Vinci as its chairman and Konstantin Stanic as its campaign director. The campaign struggled to secure donations from traditional Tribune circles owing to the rapid backing of the government-backed reform campaign. Throughout the campaign, the abolition camp raised just €8 million compared to the Reform campaign's €20 million. The abolition campaign was widely derided by the press and society at large, due to its near total absence from the streets, the lack of any television material and no appearances by Vinci or Stanic. The fact that both campaigns were headed by two prominent Tribune politicians invited further derision and criticism, with several commentators describing the abolition campaign as "entirely theatrical."
Results
| Choice | Votes | Percentage of registered voters | Percentage of all ballots cast | Percentage of valid votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Reform the State Council
|
10,434,720 | 21.08% | 52.27% | 57.01% |
 Abolish the State Council
|
8,063,985 | 16.29% | 43.39% | 44.06% |
| Subtotal of valid votes | 18,301,631 | 36.97% | 92.02% | 100.00% |
| Invalid or blank votes
|
1,462,073 | 2.95% | 7.34% | — |
| Total votes cast | 19,763,704 | 40.30% | 100.00% | — |
| Registered voters that did not participate | ≈ 29,732,980 | 60.70% | — | — |
| Total registered voters | ≈ 49,496,684 | 100.00% | — | — |
| 52.27% | 43.39% |
| Reform the State Council | Abolish the State Council |
Results by state
| State | Voter turnout, of eligible |
Votes | Proportion of votes | Invalid votes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reform | Abolish | Reform | Abolish | |||||
| Altidona | 40.36% | 131,242 | 191,432 | 30.20% | 48.70% | 117,268 | ||
| Carinthia | 52.35% | 890,726 | 868,467 | 48.82% | 47.60% | 65,317 | ||
| Carvagna | 32.80% | 557,757 | 300,126 | 56.70% | 30.51% | 125,815 | ||
| Chiastre | 35.57% | 301,578 | 19,878 | 53.98% | 10.44% | 58,326 | ||
| Dinara | 35.57% | 708,974 | 263,361 | 49.91% | 18.54% | 448,169 | ||
| Il Dogado | 66.92% | 268,573 | 195,651 | 55.54% | 40.46% | 1,558 | ||
| Novalia | 55.93% | 1,375,776 | 1,099,414 | 50.18% | 48.10% | 47,156 | ||
| Palestrina | 48.95% | 1,392,129 | 1,273,162 | 51.02% | 46.66% | 63,303 | ||
| Peravia | 38.80% | 1,100,512 | 752,470 | 56.60% | 38.70% | 91,385 | ||
| San Francesco | 69.95% | 186,457 | 221,669 | 45.01% | 53.51% | 6,131 | ||
| Solaria | 53.90% | 972,401 | 859,973 | 51.03% | 45.13% | 73,173 | ||
| Tarpeia | 72.12% | 576,377 | 495,673 | 52.35% | 45.02% | 28,956 | ||
| Torrazza | 44.80% | 389,609 | 339,732 | 51.03% | 45.50% | 17,322 | ||
| Veratia | 42.98% | 1,522,419 | 1,243,167 | 53.70% | 43.85% | 279,252 | ||
Aftermath
By 4am, with the release of Veratia's results, the Tribune government issued a "media lockdown" across its federal, state and local branches - prohibiting office holders from speaking to the press or issuing statements on social media. Opposition parties, primarily the Social Democrats and the Citizens' Alliance called for President Francesco Carcaterra to resign. In the early morning of the 21 August, several prominent advisers to the Tribune Movement were sacked by the locally known "Tarantine Triad" (Francesco Carcaterra, Deputy President Vittoria Vasari, Interior Minister Gianfranco Galizia), fallout among Tribune politicians and supporters spread rapildy throughout the day, with several politicians blaming the failed referendum on President Carcaterra and Interior Minister Galizia. The same day, Chiara Mastromarino of the Social Democrats officially called for a general election, claiming the government had lost all credibility.
In a televised address on the 21 August, President Carcaterra recognised that the referendum had failed but blamed its failure solely on the "anti-democratic forces arrayed against us" and vowed to pass the reform package, which won the majority of votes, through legislative means, and announced he had issued a recall for Senators from summer recess. While he apologised for the referendum's failure, he stated that the Tribune government would never allow "anti-democratic forces undermine the most fundamental principles of democracy" in the future. On the 22 August, the Citizens' Alliance also called for a general election, citing a rapid-fire poll by Demos Analytica showing a decline in support for the Tribune Movement.
On the 23 August, the government tabled the reform package, notably including the abolition of the 2/3 majority needed to pass constitutional amendments in the upper-house, if the government holds 2/3 seats in the lower-house, together with the 2021 Electoral Reform Bill. In opposition to the parliamentary route being taken by the government, the SD staged a walk out, while the Citizens' attempt to talk the bill to death was nullified by President of the Chamber Ivano Jandroković's allocating only 40-minutes for debate, of which was afforded to the Tribune front-bench. Viktor Robar, the Justice Minister spoke for 26-minutes, denying opposition members their allocated time. The two bills passed the Chamber of Representatives 433-209. President of the Chamber Jandroković's decision to apply the "Accelerato in Emergenza" (Acclerated in Emergency) rule to the bill, permitted the bill to only require one stage of voting, much to the criticism of opposition lawmakers and constitutional jurists.
The bill was presented to the State Council of the Federation in the afternoon of the 23 August, the Citizens' Alliance announced they would boycott the session and vote, walking out of the Chamber. In face of no opposition to debate the measure, the government leader in the State Council requested an immediate vote, which was granted. The bill was presented for one vote stage and passed 170-6, becoming law at exactly 14.40pm.
Controversies
Nature of the question
Opposition boycott
Accusations of outcome being managed
| Federal elections | |
|---|---|
| Referendums | |
