Vanavasi
वनवासिन् | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Total population | |
| ~10 million (official 2020 est.) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Arthasthan | 9 million |
 Rajyaghar | ~200,000 |
| Other | ~100,000 |
| Languages | |
| ~800 indigenous languages Other languages: Samundrese, Utcalan, Tamisari, Valarna | |
| Religion | |
| Ashram, Tulyata, Zohism, Sotirianity, Indigenous folk religions | |
Vanavasi is a term used to collectively refer to the tribal groups within Satria, particularly within Arthasthan. It refers to indigenous peoples who live in traditional clan-based tribal and village communities that are sheltered from wider Satrian society because of intentional or unintentional isolation.
Due to the collective nature of the term, Vanavasi covers a diverse range of different ethnocultural groups. It includes Sataro-Euclean peoples, Tankari peoples, and several other groups including isolated peoples. While Vanavasi populations are present across Satria, their presence is most significant in Arthasthan where they make up ~9% of the total population. Vanivasi presence in Arthasthan is concentrated in the rugged and forested border region between the Samundrese Socialist State and the Utcalani Socialist State. Exact numbers of Vanivasi are hard to quantify due to the difficulty with censusing such communities which are often geographically isolated, illiterate, distrustful of outsiders, and face language barriers.
As a result of their separation from wider Satrian society, Vanivasi groups have developed their own unique cultural and religious practices unlike those practiced by the rest of Satria. They are not integrated into wider society or culture and remain politically unorganized and underrepresented in the country they live in. This separation has brought with it issues in the modern era, such as a low standard of living, shorter lifespans, and a high infant mortality rate. The Vanivasi are often stereotyped as savage or uncivilized. Today they continue to be subject to cultural and economic discrimination. Vanavasi insurgent groups, led primarily by the Indigenous Self-Determination Army (ISDA), have waged war against the Arthani government since late 1955. Despite a ceasefire, tensions remain high over poor standards of living and the expansion of agriculture, forestry and mining near or in Vanavasi land.
Name
The name Vanavasi is derived from the Parbhan "vanavāsi" (forest dwellers), a compound of vana meaning forests and vāsin, meaning dweller or inhabitant. The term girijan (mountain people) has also been applied to tribal peoples in hilly our mountainous areas, but has not received the same level of official recognition. During Etrurian rule, the Vanavasi were known as aborigeni (aboriginals), while in Estmerish the term Satrian aborigines was archaically used before the adoption of the term Vanivasi.
The use of the term Vanavasi has received criticism from Vanavasi rights activists and several modern anthropologists as being a product of the pejorative view of such peoples taken both by the colonial administration and post-independence governments, dismissing their rich cultural heritage and labelling them as forest peoples in a way which implies concepts such as "primitiveness" and even savagery. This has led to a promotion of the term aboriginal peoples to describe Vanivasi peoples, which recognises their status as original inhabitants of Satria and is seen to be less negatively charged.
Demographics
There are conflicting statistics on the number of Vanavasi tribes. The Ministry of the Interior, under the government of Arthasthan, requires a group to have the following qualities in order to be officially recognised:
- Historical ties to the land
- Unique language and culture
- Isolation from Arthani society
- Tribal or clan based system
Following these defintions, there are 56 officially recognised Vanavasi tribes (VT). This figure, however, is rejected by the All-Satrian Aboriginal People's Rally as too overly broad, arguing that it ignores the culture differences of several tribal subgroups and groups which identify with aboriginal status despite semi or total urbanisation. According to the ASAPR, the number is closer to 100 such tribes in Arthasthan and several in other Satrian states. The matter is furthermore complicated as some communities historically met the traditional definition of being a Vanavasi tribe, but has since assimilated into Arthani culture and largely cease to identify as such. These groups are usually known as post-Vanavasi and are found bordering Vanavasi tribes.
Arthasthan is the nation with the highest population of Vanavasi peoples, with 9% of the total population or about 9.4 million people. The largest concentration of Vanavasi people is found within the mountainous highlands and forested border regions between the Samundrese SS and the Utcalani SS. The population of this region includes Tankari peoples such as the Banan present, as well as Sataro-Euclean peoples such as the Gorboli. The northwestern region of the Samundrese SS is home to the Maucho peoples, who speak isolated languages and are believed to have been the original inhabitants of eastern Satria before the arrival of the Tankari peoples.
The east of the country has a higher concentration of Tankari Vanavasi peoples, with nearly all the Vanavasi in the western regions being Tankari. This concentration becomes lower in the north, though Tankari groups are still predominant. In the south of the country, while some Tankari groups are present, most Vanavasi are of Sataro-Euclean descent and speak Sataro-Euclean languages.
In western Rajyaghar there are estimated to be a couple hundred Vanavasi and over a dozen tribes concentrated in the Harringhata and Tarkhana provinces.
History
Origins
The origins of the Vanavasi are varied between the different cutural groups that share the label, but generally can be traced back to the fall of the Sattar Valley Civilisation and first migrations of Sataro-Euclean peoples into the Sattar valley. The SVC, which is generally believed to have been genetically related to the modern Tankari peoples, is believed to have collapsed as a result of both environmental factors such as drought and manmade factors such as warfare. While other proto-Tankari civilisations are attested, this breakdown of the large urbanised culture is believed to have precipitated a regression in much of Satria to hunter-gatherer and nomadic-pastoralist lifestyles. When Sataro-Euclean peoples arrived around 1800 BCE, they would settle by conquest as well as assimilation and form new settlements within Satria. Other groups were also present in the area during this period.
Ancient Satria
The migration of nomadic Sataro-Euclean warrior-aristocracies from modern day Zorasan brought with it a new social structure and belief system, Bhaga. The Vanavasi remained relatively separate from this belief system, living in isolated areas and rarely interacting with the new states. When they did, it usually came in the form of warfare, with subjugated Vanavasi people typically occupying a low rank within society. The emergence of Ashrama as a religious movement in opposition replaced Bhaga as the dominant belief system, bringing with it the ideas of Jati. Under the criterion of Jati, the Vanavasi were initially regarded as being second-tier beings as they were not in a state of formal bondage. This theological classification allowed the Vanavasi to be left alone for much of the Ashramic period, and facilitated the emergence of Vanavasi statelets which often coexisted with the dominions of Ashramic rulers. While the Vanavasi often practiced communal land ownership and lived within more egalitarian societies than the urbanised Satrians, in some areas Vanavasi aristocracies were present. Some such states, such as Tiduakkanan in the modern day Samundrese Socialist State, even counted among their dominon non-Vanavasi subjects.
Sangma and Post Sangma period
The rise of the Sangma dynasty as a central, if loose, political authority over the majority of Satria brought several challenges to the Vanavasi. In many areas, the local Vanavasi rulers were forced to swear alliegance to the Sangma dynasty or their local Thakur. Despite this, the Sangma made few forays into the day to day lives of the Vanavasi, who were simply seen to be benign and not worth the effort that would be required to directly conquer them. Several tribes, such as the Tadvi of southeast Arthasthan, were renowned as warriors and scouts and provided mercenaries to serve within the armies of the Sangma. However, the Sangma era also saw several attempts at proselytism among the Vanavasi by both Ashrama and Tulyata missionaries, who sought to spread their faith. An example of this is that of Mahaguru Dubu Bai, a Vanavasi Mahaguru who led the conversion of his tribe to Ashrama around 100 CE.
As Sangma authority was weakened by the succession of civil wars, some Ashramised Vanavasi sought to improve their tribe's status to that of a Thakurate as opposed to being deemed as outsiders. This was especially important in the light of Jati, which recognised the aristocracy of Thakurates and other landed states to be higher in caste than those of the Vanavasi tribes. In order to gain this prestige, a Vanavasi chief would invite Ashrama clergy to his court, where they would help establish the trappings of a Thakurate and then, if this process were successful, declare the chief to be part of a more noble chain of reincarnation and change his recognised caste status. This process, referred to as Adigathakura, was responsible for the creation of a significant number of smaller states, as well as a warrior caste in its own right. This situation remained constant during the periods which succeeded the Sangma dynasty, such as the Chamtamula Confederacy and the Togoti Khaganate.
Colonial period
The advent of colonial rule did not immediately affect the livelihoods of the Vanavasi, with the policies of apathetic, laissez-faire rule of the Rajadom of Akdoğan. being more or less preserved. The Vanavasi were seen as a sort of exotic fascination to many of the colonists, who elevated them to an almost fantastic status with stories of egalitarian jungle paradises and beautiful warrior princesses. This attitude, which was in many ways a polar opposite to the stance taken towards fetishist Bahians during the colonial period, was likely a product of several factors such as the comparatively small numbers of Vanavasi and their attitude of isolation as opposed to resistance. The lower prevalence of violent rituals has also been blamed, with the idea of peaceful, tree-worshipping silvans appealing to the romantic sensibilities of much of the colonial administration. Despite this, clashes between Vanavasi and the colonial administration did occur and were occasionally highly violent, such as the Banjara massacre which saw the slaughter of a Gorboli tribe over their control of iron deposits. Some Vanavasi were recruited into the colonial armies, serving primarily as scouts and messengers.
An important figure in the colonial period for his defence of Vanavasi rights was Governor Eugenio Passariello, the second governor of colonial Arthasthan. Passariello was a liberal, and his staunchly Catholic upbringing led him to value missionary efforts. The Vanavasi were seen to be more open to missionary work, given their comparative lack of established religion. Passariello, who held the position of governor from 1865 until his death in 1887, set a precedence for non-intervention within Vanavasi affairs aside from religious missionary work and is often credited with preserving their culture in a way few other colonial governors did. Passariello was also influential for his personal interest in the discipline of anthropology which was still a fledgling academic field. Several anthropological studies were conducted, with Giovenzio D'Intino's Strutture politiche e sociali degli Aborigeni satriani being considered among the founding texts which defined ethnography as a tool of research.
Later colonial period
Etruria's colonies in Satria, including Satria Etruriana proper and Free Satria saw heaving fighting during the Great War. Although the majority of the conflict occurred away from the Vanavasi, less isolated tribes were still broadly aware that a large conflict between the outsiders was occurring when they witnessed fighting and encountered Etrurian or Ajahadyan patrols. These interactions would indirectly cause one of the greatest societal shifts in the Vanavasi's history, when they encountered modern technology, especially weaponry. These Vanavasi tribes were able to obtain modern firearms by trading with Etruria's colonial troops. After some training and assistance, their weaponry allowed these tribes be better hunters, allowing them to increase their food supply as well as being able to better protect themselves. However their improved hunting brought them into conflict with rival tribes, which included those also armed with guns. Multi-sided clashes over resources between tribes, occurred sporadically from 1932 until the 1940s. During the conflict, some tribes abandoned their isolation from the outside world although they maintain their traditional tribal structures and society.
The Vanavasi were unaffected by Etruria's transition to the Greater Solarian Republic and the adoption of National Functionalism. The Etrurians continued to value loyalty; as long as they did authorities say, they were given a range of freedom to live. This significantly changed with the advent of the Solarian War in 1943 when Etrurian authorities ordered the mass conscription of all male Satrians from age 21 to 30 to the Corpo di Soldati Ausiliario Satriani. The forced conscription was met with widespread outrage and resistance across Satria as it meant significant disruption to their agricultural society. Etrurian colonial authorities violently supressed protests and forced many young men into service. Others fled inland, such as into Vanavasi territory. At first the Vanavasi cooperated as they always had, but when the Etrurians began to forcibly conscript Vanavasi men, relations quickly turned sour and began to resist. Anti-conscription protests grew into anti-colonial sentiment which grew into the Satrian Rebellion. Many Vanavasi paricipated in the Rebellion, by fighting as well as hosting rebel forces. Like many other Satrians, they suffered disproportionate reprisals in the form of collective punishment from the Satrian colonial authorities. It would only serve to increase anti-colonial sentiment among the Vanavasi and many joined the socialist National Liberation Army and the conservative Free Satria Army.
The Coian Evacuation in 1946, the full scale withdrawal of all Etrurian military forces from Coius, only brought a new phase to the fighting. The power vacuum left by the withdraw was filled by anti-colonial forces that were only united by their common enemy. Soon the alliance between the National Liberation Army (NLA) and the Free Satria Army broke down and fighting began. The Vanavasi tribes largely sided with the Free Satria Army, as they were concerned by the radical policies of the NLA. They formed a major role in the fight against the NLA. Ajahadya joined the conflict in May, leading directly into the First Satrian War.
After independence
The Vanavasi were greatly affected during the First Satrian War by their conflict with the NLA and the indiscriminate nature of the conflict resulting in large numbers of civilian casualties. This was compounded by the intense militarisation of the Arthasthan-Ajahadya border, which was made possible in part by the forced movement of large numbers of Vanavasi from their traditional homes to prefabricated settlements within secured zones. Conflict between the National Liberation Army and the Free Satrian Army continued during the First Satrian War. By the end of the First Satrian War, the FSA was reduced to the Vanavasi's territory deep in the interior.
Sheru Ramprasad and the Satrian Section saw the development of Arthasthan's poorer rural areas as a major goal of its government, and also viewed the Vanavasi's support for the FSA as evidence of an inherently reactionary society. They would be one of the main targets Socialist Satria Campaign, a sociopolitical social and ideological rectification campaign targeting "anti-socialist" aspects of society. Policies of the Campaign include the the Interior Land Law of 1950, where land was allotted to single title deed holders. This effectively undermined the traditional common ownership of land practiced by the Vanavasi and centralised land ownership among tribal leaders. While this was effectively ignored by some tribal leaders, many were convinced by vague promises to sell their land to the government who then began to forcefully develop Vanivasi land. This was combined with the Rural Schooling Law which effectively banned instruction in non-recognised languages and mandated all Arthanis received schooling. These policies were both highly destructive to the traditional societies of the Vanavasi.
In 1954 the Indigenous Self-Determination Army (ISDA) was founded, replacing the Free Satrian Army which by then had largely ceased to exist. The ISDA functioned as a loose coalition of local Vanavasi militias and began to attack Arthani military and governmental targets in late 1955, marking the start of the Vanavasi Insurgency. The ISDA was notorious for their attacks on rural schools, killing its teachers and freeing its pupils, as they were seen as symbols of the attack upon Vanavasi identity. Another common tactic was assassinating or kidnapping for ransom local officials. The Arthani government responded harshly, intensifying its military efforts as well as legislative restrictions upon the Vanavasi. The Insurgency escalated in 1957, when Ajahadya supplied them heavy weapons and support, allowing the Vanavasi to engage in widespread guerilla warfare in Arthasthan and Rajyaghar. Their tactics shifted to large scale asymmetric warfare during the Second Satrian War, seizing territory and attacking Arthani and Rajyani military forces and military bases. By the end of the Second Satrian War, the Vanavasi militas had seized a large region in the interior of the country, effectively establishing their own self-governing region. Ajahadyan support for the ISDA continued, allowing them to repel small military incursions by the Arthani and Rajyani militaries.
Fighting resumed at the onset of the Third Satrian War in 1972, although heavy fighting against the Vanavasi did not begin until late 1976. By then Ajahadya was severely weakened and their military aid to the Vanavasi had significantly declined, while Senrian military support flowed to Arthasthan and Rajyaghar. Large military offensives began in 1978 by conventional military forces and began forcing the Vanavasi militas back from the land they had seized. Outclassed by proper military forces, the ISDA shifted back to asymmetric warfare. Fighting continued through the 1980s and 1990s, during which the Army of the Socialist Revolution went on a brutal anti-insurgency campaign. Despite some early successes, by the late 1990s, the Army of the Socialist Revolution failed to secure the countryside and fight continued on highways and the outskirts of cities.
In August 2007, a reformist government in Arthasthan hosted a series of peace conferences in hopes of ending the conflict. However these efforts failed as they did not consider the main demands made by the ISDA for an sovereign state or an autonomous region. However the government was able to agree on an ceasefire with the leadership of the rebel groups and grant official recognition of Vanavasi tribes. However some Vanavasi refused to recognise it and formed various splinter groups. The regions that were still controlled by the militias became de facto autonomous territories. Though at a low level, activity by splinter groups continues to this day and violence occasionally erupts between Vanavasi dissent groups and anti-Vanavasi militias along with the federal government.
Religion
The Vanavasi follow a diverse range of religions, ranging from traditional pre-Bhagic systems of worship to folk Ashram, Irfan and Sotirianity. Many of the traditional Vanavasi belief systems are highly unique in their geographic setting, lacking concepts such as reincarnation as seen in the vast majority of Satrian faiths. The majority of Vanavasi faiths are classified by anthropologists as forms of animism, centering on the presence of nature spirits which inhabit geographic localities and which are believed to be able to influence the material world. Many of these belief systems have been widely documented by anthropological studies, such as the practice of Sarna worship, which revolves around the appeasement of forest spirits called Daha paoco in order to ward off bad luck. One of the more established Vanavasi faiths is that of Kadawism, which is believed to be descended from the traditional faith of the Tankari peoples with substantial influence from Ashrama, though several academics have theorised that the relationship could have been more mutual with Tankari beliefs influencing the development of Ashrama. Kadawists believe in reincarnation, but also incoroprate distinctly animist methods of worship.
The Vanavasi have often been subjected to efforts to force conversion, as well as pacifistic missionary efforts. Under the Sangma dynasty, there are numerous records of entire tribes of Vanavasi being converted to Tulyata or Ashrama by saints, while the presence of Irfan among the some northern Vanavasi groups reveals that this faith too made inroads in some areas. During the period of Euclean rule, significant efforts were made to convert the Vanavasi to Sotirianity with mixed successes. These missionary projects were especially successful in Auttamasaripa, where the majority of the Vanavasi peoples follow the Episemialist Church due to missionary efforts operating out of Soravian Kassar. In the modern day, Charismatic Amendist movements maintain missionary efforts, as well as several Ashramic and Irfanic groups.
Modern issues
Economic deprivation
Vanavasi communities conventionally operate under an economic model centred upon subsistence agriculture. While subsistence agriculture is common across Arthasthan, the isolation, limited trading with outside communities, and reliance on traditional farming methods sets it apart from farming elsewhere. This economic model has remained constant for centuries, but is threatened in the modern era by the expansion of industry into forested areas which has led to habitat destruction and ecological imbalances. This disrupts the food chain in such areas, making hunting less feasible. The destruction of forests has also affected agriculture, forcing many traditional methods to be abandoned. Advances in farming technology have helped some Vanavasi communities, but the cost of technology like tractors is still prohibitively expensive for many tribal communities. Land purchases and seizures have been especially destructive to Vanavasi communities, as many have been forced to leave their traditional lands and seek refuge either in new areas or even in more urbanised rural settings. Amidst this, many Vanavasi men have decided to move to the cities and take up manual labour positions in order to secure a wage and support their communities this way. Such workers often face discrimination and are underpaid, and as they are predominantly illiterate they are unable to contest their working conditions. The growth of tourism in Satria following detente between Ajahadya and its neighbours has resulted in the growth of demand for artesian Vanavasi craftworks and art, which has given some Vanavasi communities a new source of revenue.
The Vanavasi face economic deprivation according to all published metrics used to measure economic success. In the 2019 census, 53% of Vanavasi households were classified as being in the lowest income bracket, as opposed to roughly 8% of non-tribal households. While such indicators are low across rural communities in general, the Vanavasi face greater levels of discrimination and are often significantly poorer than other rural communities. For example, as most Vanavasi do not have complete identification papers it can be hard for them to gain access to food stamps or other government welfare programs aimed at tackling rural poverty. Vanavasi households are very large, meaning that parents have more mouths to feed and resources are more stretched. Due to educational issues, very few Vanavasi are able to seek high-paying employment, leading to a lack of precedence and so-called generational poverty.
Education
Vanavasi face many issues pertaining to unequal access to education. As Vanavasi communities are mainly located in isolated, rural areas, it can be hard to find teachers willing to take up such placements. This means that many Vanavasi communities are forced to provide their own teachers, many of whom have not received long term formal education themselves. Furthermore the Rural Schooling Law, that forcibly enrolled Vanavasi children in order to assimilate them into Arthani society as part Socialist Satria Campaign, has left a legacy of distrust between many Vanavasi and the state education system. The law was repealed in 1975 and the state did not implement a state education system for the Vanavasi due to the ongoing insurgency.
In 1995, the Tribal School Provisioning Bill was passed which mandated the construction of new schools in rural areas which would allow Vanavasi to learn Samundrese and gain basic literacy and numeracy skills, while also permitting instruction in their tribal languages. This policy struggled due to the lack of teachers who spoke tribal languages, as the vast majority of those who had left their communities and attended public schooling did not wish to return to their old villages and were employed in new industries. This resulted in a recruitment drive for teachers, as well as promises of grants to teachers who learnt tribal languages and worked in tribal areas. While this improved the situation somewhat, the Tribal Schools still suffers from chronic underfunding and teacher shortages. Several scandals surrounding sexual assault and physical abuse in government schools increased the lack of engagement by Vanavasi communities, with many withholding their children. Today, school attendance rates for Vanavasi between the ages of 5 and 12 are estimated to be 53%, with attendance dropping off significantly at older ages. For example, only 3% of Vanavasi attend university, and even here the drop-out rate is high. This has led to high rates of illiteracy, with only 52% of Vanavasi males being functionally literate. The rate is even lower among females, who face added obstacles to schooling such as child marriage and domestic responsibilities.
Healthcare
Healthcare statistics among Vanavasi are consistently poor. The average lifespan for Vanavasi males is 63 years, which is ten years less than the same figure for the average Arthasthani male. For females, the average lifespan is 66 years, which is nine years lower than the average. Vanavasi also suffer far higher rates of infant mortality at birth, as well as sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI), and from higher mortality rates for preventable diseases such as influenza. These issues predominantly stem from a drastic lack in medical care in tribal areas. Only two hospitals are operational in Vanavasi-dominated rural areas, and these both suffer from underfunding and lacks of even basic medical supplies. Most Vanavasi must seek out help in urban hospitals, which is often a difficult task due to the remote nature of their settlements. There is a significant lack of medical practitioners who are able to speak tribal languages, which further complicates matters and makes descriptions of symptoms worse. Even among people of Vanavasi descent in urban areas, those with Vanavasi last names often found themselves passed over in waitlists for medical procedures. Inability to access medicines is another key issue, with widely available anti-malaria pills being unavailable in Vanavasi areas. Female menstrual products are also unheard of, as well as contraceptives which have resulted in some Vanavasi areas having higher prevalence of HIV than the general population.
In response to this issue, in 2013 the government put in place several measures. It offered to pay the tuition of medical students who volunteered to learn a tribal language and spend at least three years in a rural community, as well as lowering the thresholds for entrance into medical programs for students of a Vanavasi background and offering more scholarships to such groups. A significant change was the introduction of the Mobile Health Response Group (MHRG), mobile healthcare clinics which are able to move around rural areas in order to treat Vanavasi patients. Vaccination campaigns were also instituted, aiming to eradicate diseases such as smallpox and polio which still caused several deaths each year. There have also been efforts to provide basic first aid training and a basic understanding of diseases and sanitary practices, with the goal of lowering the spread of illnesses within tribal populations.
Political disenfranchisement
One of the most significant barriers to political solutions to the problems faced by the Vanavasi in Arthasthan has been the lack of Vanavasi interaction with the political system. The roots of this issue date back to the colonial era, as the Etrurian administration under Eugenio Passariello sought to insulate the Vanavasi from urban society in order to protect their traditional way of life which was seen to be remniscent of paradise and unspoilt by modernity. Following independence, Sheru Ramprasad and the Satrian Section saw the traditional livelihoods of the Vanavasi as being barriers to the group's development and pushed for a devaluation and decline in Vanavasi identity.
In the modern era, Vanavasi political engagement is still highly limited, largely due to the current status quo. As the Vanavasi controls a de facto autonomous region, the reach of the federal government is limited. Vanavasi participation in state and national politics is limited. For regional and national elections, the estimated turnout rate of registered voters is estimated to be around 10-20%. For most Vanavasi, the most significant barriers to participation in regional and national elections come through ineligibility, as many Vanavasi lack the necessary official documents to legally vote, and through physical incapacity due to the lack of voting booths in many rural areas. Another key difficulty is in political awareness, as most Vanavasi in isolated areas have little access to news from outside and are therefore uninformed on political issues and largely isolated from domestic politics.
Vanavasi have often resorted to violent methods of political expression in order to gain results. The Vanavasi Insurgency, led by the Indigenous Self-Determination Army and Landless People's Revolutionary Movement continues to the modern day, although an unofficial ceasefire has been in place since 2010. Since then they have shifted to nonviolent resistance against discrimination and rural economic projects. These include sitins, hunger strikes, and the famous Vanavasi Rights March which saw hundreds of thousands of participants. Such mass actions also serve to gain the attention of non-Vanavasi people and the government.