Arthasthan

Republic of Chanda අඩුයඩෙශ අයමගඛග උලුඛ Adoğadesh Aymagsaga Uls (Chandan)
Flag Emblem
Motto:  Bir vatan, Bir sabab One homeland, One cause National ideology: Birlikism
Anthem:  Vatanımız Our Homeland
Capital and largest city	Taglikend
Official languages	Chandan
Other languages	Tog Aholisi Himavantan Xiaodongese Baean others
Ethnic groups	predominantly Chandan other minorities Tog Aholisi Himavantan Xiaodongese Baean others
Demonym(s)	Chandan
Government	Unitary dominant-party assembly-dependent republic
• Premier	Erkin Sabir
• President	Pernille Urksal
Legislature	National Assembly
Independence from Xiaodong
• Declaration of Independence	1934
• Chandan State	1936
• National Revolution	1944
• Declaration of the New Republic	1948
Area
• Total	334,422 km2 (129,121 sq mi)
• Water (%)	3.7%
Population
• 2015 estimate	23,424,000
• Density	168/km2 (435.1/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2016 estimate
• Total	$ 374.68 billion
• Per capita	$ 15,995
GDP (nominal)	2015 estimate
• Total	$147.92 billion
• Per capita	$6,315
Gini (2016)	27.237 low
HDI (2016)	0.710 high
Currency	Soʻm (BRN)
Date format	yyy-mm-dd
Driving side	right
Internet TLD	.bc

Chanda (Chandan: අඩුයඩෙශ, Adoğadesh), officially the Republic of Chanda (Chandan: අඩුයඩෙශ අයමගඛග උලුඛ, Adoğadesh Aymagsaga Uls), is a landlocked country in Coius with a population of 24 million people. On the southeastern edge of Satria, it borders Xiaodong to the south and east, Baekjeong to the west, and Ajahadya to the north.

The region comprising modern-day Chanda was first inhabited by Aholisi tribes who formed various petty kingdoms in the region. The region historically has been influenced by the Xiaodongese dynasties from the south and Ajahadyan dynasties from the north. Xiaodongese influence would start in the 5th century BCE, when the Xiang dynasty conquered and forced the local Aholisi leaders in the south to submit to the Emperor. Nevertheless they were able to keep their titles, although they had to pay tribute and follow the foreign policy of Xiaodong. After the collapse of the Xiang dynasty Xiaodongese domination wouldn’t return until the Tao Dynasty in the 8th century. This time control was more strict and they had to provide troops, suppress local rebellions, and pay tribute. The local tribes in the north remained independent until Ajahadya unified and conquered or brought the region under their influence starting in the 6th century CE. It would be firmly under their control under various dynasties until the 16th century.

In the 16th century, the Togoti Khaganate invaded the region of Chanda as a part of their conquests. Due to the threat of Xiaodong, Togoti officials would settle the region with friendly tribes in order to supply troops, leading to the Turkification of the region. Despite the threat of conflict, the region became wealthy and saw a growing population of Togotis settlers. After the collapse of the Khaganate, a major general named Akdoğan, established his own fiefdom which became the Akdoğan Khanate. The Khanate was multi-ethnic society and the Togoti and the Aholisi cultures started to blend in the cities to form the Akdoğan culture, the predecessor to the modern Chandan culture. However in the mid 19th century, the Heavenly Xiaodong Empire invaded and Chanda became a protectorate under nominal direct control of the Xiaodongese emperor. The Chandan people lived as subjects of the Empire stirring nationalistic sentiments.

Tensions would grow until it exploded during the Great War. In 1934 with Xiao forces in retreat, Chandan rebels rebelled and overthrew the protectorate government and declared the independence of the first Chandan state in 1934. The Chandan Revolutionary War would continue during the Great War, until its end in 1935 where it would be granted formal independence with the Treaty of Keisi. Ethnic tension sparked by Aholisi nationalist sentiment grew into an ethnic conflict between the Chandan and the Aholisis. Fearful of a civil war, the Five Leaders of Chanda led by President Nurlan Sabir assumed emergency powers marking the start of the National Revolution. The period saw the Chandan War, a series of conflict with various separatist forces. In 1949, Sabir and the rest of the Leaders declared the establishment of a Republic based upon the principles of Birlikism.

Chanda implemented socialist economics during the 1950s and 1960s, but has since shifted away from socialist economics within the last several decades after the market reforms of the 1980s. Today the Chandan economy functions under what is called neo-Sabirist economics, a form of state capitalism where the central government works with the workers of major workers cooperatives to determine economic policy. While the government's pro-market policies have initially resulted in significant economic growth, corruption in the Corporations has hampered effective growth. As a result, government officials have increasingly relied on formations from the Labour Corps of the Chandan Army to fulfill government contracts and implement economic policies.

The Republic was founded upon the ideological principles of Birlikism, establishing a unitary state governed by a powerful central government to enforce national unity. Despite some democratic reforms, the system has entrenched pro-Sabir factions, leading it to be widely considered to be a classic example of a Southern democracy. The country considered a middle power in Kylaris despite its population and geographic location, due to geopolitics of Coius. Due to its historical animosity with Xiaodong, it is closely allied with Senria and is a member of COMSED. As a result, it maintains a large military for its population. It is also a member nation of the Community of Nations and the International Trade Organization.

Etymology

The name Chanda is an Etrurian exonym originally derived as Chandaman,' from a historical Xiaodongese term for the region, “Across the mountain” (山对面, "Shān duìmiàn"), referring to Shalegho mountain ranges. The native endonym Adoğadesh, is a combination of the name of the general who founded the Akdoğan Khanate] and -desh, a Satrian affix meaing land. The phrase "Aymagsaga Uls", the Chandan word for republic, literally means "state ruled by the tribal/National Assembly". Thus the full name of the country, “Adoğadesh Aymagsaga Uls”, literally means, “State ruled by the tribal assembly of Akdogan’s land”.

History

Prehistory

The region that is now Chanda has been inhabited before the Neolithic period, with evidence going back 30,000 years ago. Pastoralism developed during the Neolithic, as the region's climate and terrain are best suited for a nomadic lifestyle.The Neolithic Era also saw the arrival of the Sataro-Euclean people around 10,000 BCE, the ancient ancestors of the Aholisi people. Much like the other peoples of Steppe, the proto-Aholisi would have been largely nomadic and would have seen considerable migration around the region. By 1000 BCE, the proto-Aholisi people adopted a semi-nomadic lifestyle in the southeast region of the Great Steppe. While they didn't completely abandon a migratory lifestyle, they largely remained in one region. Their settlement resulted in the organizations into small tribal kingdoms.

Before the 1st century CE, Xiaodong under the Xiang dynasties exerted some control over the southern Tepaliklar highlands and the tribes that inhabited it, in the form of autonomous tributary states. The extent of Xiaodongese influence depended on the stability of the dynasty, with declining power resulting in a decline of influence in the region. The collapse of the Sun dynasty resulted in the Xiaodongese presence completely recedeing for several centuries and local tribes reasserted their independence. These tribes took advantage of the weakened powers to the south and conducted raids against the Xiaodongese states. In general however, they largely raided each other and remained fragmented.

Antiquity (~1300 BCE to 100 BCE)

• The Chandan are forced out of their traditional homeland
• Khan Soll unites the six Ilkhanates
• Migrates down south through the Great Pass
• Settles in the Tepaliklar highlands

Pre-Togoti period (100 BCE-1560 CE)

• Rise of the Tao Dynasty
• Tributary states is eventually established by 900s
• Xiaodong establishes piecemeal creation of institutions of state
• Partial conversion to Zohism
• The Chandan tribes breaks free when the Tao Empire declines
• Largely keeps the institutions founded
• Establishes the Confederation of Kings
• Rise of the Jiao dynasty (1300-1600)
• Tributaries reestablished in the south
• More institution building
• Jiao rules starts to decay

Togoti Era (1560-1665)

• Conquest by the Togoti Khaganate
• Chanda becomes intergrated with the empire
• Introduction of technology and culture
• Introduction of Badism
• Settlement of Togoti troops in Chanda
• Togoti herdsmen migrate to Chanda
• The western plateau & cities are settled
• Akdoğan takes control during the civil war

Akdoğan Era (1665-1856)

• Foundation of the Akdoğan Khanate
• Akdoğan intergrates diverse ruling elites
• Establishes effective governance
• Standardized economic practices
• Rise of a syncretic culture, the Akdoğans
• Largely occurs in the western Plateau

Imperial Xiaodong Era (1856-1935)

• Khanate annexed by Xiaodong
• Chanda is divided into various protectorates
• Attempt by Xiaodong to assimilate
• Rise of Chandan nationalism
• Great War and independence war
• Independence granted in 1935

Post-Indepedence (1935-present)

• Foundation of the Chandan State
• Tog Akdoğan angry that they don't have a state
• Akdoğan separatists threaten the country
• Ethnic violence grows
• State government unable to control the situation
• The National Revolution overthrows the State
• War with separatist forces
• Sabir declares the Republic in 1947
• Birlikism becomes the national ideology
• Socialist economics, cultural revolution
• War with the ANLO (1947-1995)
• Revolutionary institutions keeps things in line
• Chandan-Ajahadyan war
• Alignment with Senria and COMSED membership.
• Abandon socialist economics
• Partial democratization & liberalization

Geography

Topographic map of Chanda:

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Chanda's geography is dominated by the western Shalegho mountain ranges in the southeast and the east, with elevated highlands covering the majority of the country. To the northwest, the foothills of the Shalegho mountains mark the border between Ajahadya and Chanda. To the southeast, the mountains generally divide Chanda from Xiaodong, although several large valleys cut through it. In between, is the large Chandan Plateau, after which the country's exonym is derived.

The country can be divided into four distinct geographical regions, the lowlands, the Chandan Plateau, the Chandan Highlands, and the Southern Slopes. The Lowlands lowlands consist of hilly terrain lying less than a kilometer above sea level. Despite the lower elevations less than a quarter of Chandans live in this region. The Lowlands and the Plateau are separated by the Chandan Ridge, a relatively steep mountain face. The Despite its name, the Plateau is not flat, with its average elevation between 1 kilometers and 2 kilometers above sea level. The plateau itself is a steppe with rolling hills and small lakes interspersed with mountain ranges that generally run parallel to the Shalegho and Biafo ranges. The Plateau makes up the majority of the country and is where most of Chanda's population lives.

The Highlands consist of the two main mountain ranges in the country; the Shalegho Mountains in the east and the smaller Biafo Mountains to the west. It contains the southeast lies the country's highest point in the Aholisi province at 4,621 meters above seal level. The mountain divide traditionally marks the boundary between South Coius and Satria. The mountains also mark the southern boundary of the Bashurat River Basin; the headwaters of the Dakia, Kaa, and Skai river originate in the highlands. Due to the high altitude few Chandans live in this region. South of the mountains is South Chanda. Geographically part of South Coius, the region is isolated from the rest of Chanda by the mountain ranges. Unlike the Plateau, the region has a relatively steep mountain slope and largely consists of ridges and valleys leading away from the mountains. Around one-third of Chandans live in this region, largely from the Tog Aholisi minority.

Climate

Chanda's climate is largely determined by elevation. The majority of the country has a cold semi-arid climate, especially on the Chandan Plateau, with it turning to a hot semi-arid climate in the lower elevations. The majority of precipitation arrives between from December to June as the remnants of storms from Ajahadya. Most of the precipitation from these storms falls in the southern mountains, which have an elevated a Solarian climate and a humid continental climate. Temperatures across most of Chanda swing wildly throughout the year, with cold temperatures in winter due to its elevation, and hot summers except in the mountain areas and high mountain valleys.

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Chanda

Premier Erkin Sabir

President Pernille Urksal

Chanda's political system is outlined by a constitution known as the Declaration of the Republic. Under the Declaration, Chanda is a unitary republic organized along Birlikist and corporatist lines. The country’s political system mixes presidential and parliamentary principles to form a assembly-dependent system, where the President is elected by the legislature but is immune from a vote of no confidence.

Ethnicity is a significant force in politics. The government promotes a unified Chandan identity based upon a common cultural and religious heritage and Anti-Xiaodongese sentiment. In order to encourage nationalism, cultural hegemony, and homogenization, the government enforces a program of assimilation known as Chandanization and actively suppresses nationalist movements with force. As a result, it has generated a significant interethnic resentment by the Tog Aholisi.

Chanda is widely considered as a flawed democracy or a hybrid regime by international observers. The country’s policy of discrimination against ethnic minorities have been widely critized and the Chandanization of ethnic minorities has been compared to ethnic cleansing. Furthermore it has been criticized for its undemocratic nature due to the domination of the National Front for Unity and the power that the Supreme Council of the Revolution wields.

Government

The Supreme Council of the Revolution is the highest institution in the executive branch, which is led by the Premier who serves as head of state. The Council serves as a constitutional court and de facto upper house for the National Assembly. Under the principles laid out in the Declaration, the Council serves as the constitutional guardian of the Republic, tasked with ensuring that actions by the Assembly or the Local Government do not violate the constitution. Thus as part of its mandate, it has the power of judicial review and the ability to strike down any laws or actions that it believes that violates the principles of the Declaration with a majority vote. The Council may issue rulings whenever it sees fit on any institution of the Peoples' State. In addition it wields some legislative powers, with the authority to veto legislation from the National Assembly. Finally, the Supreme Council is the head of all Revolutionary Committees in the country to ensure all the districts remain loyal.

The President, serves as head of government and commander in chief of the Armed Forces. The President is elected by a two-thirds majority vote at a joint session of the National Assembly for a four year term. The President is assisted by a council of ministers, known as the Executive Council, who are appointed by the President and approved by the National Assembly. The President and their Committee coordinate proposals and policies between the committees of the Assembly, as well as ensuring the smooth operation of the government.

Legislature

The legislature consists of the unicameral National Assembly of Chanda consisting of around 400 members. The Assembly does not function as a traditional elected legislature, instead it consists of a couple dozen separate councils. The councils may work independently of each other, but they often work together or completely merge on issues that involve the interests of multiple councils. Any bill passed by a Council requires the approval by the Supreme Council of the Revolution for it to become law. The Assembly only meets in full annually or when requested by the councils. This joint session has authority to elect the President during an election year, make very broad-ranging laws, resolve jurisdictional disputes between councils, and in rare cases veto or reverse decisions made by a council. Each council is elected by their own respective functional, cultural, or physical constituency. While most elections are held every four years, some don't and either have shorter or longer terms. As a result Assembly is a continuous body and has no formal legislative periods, although for ease of organisation a new period starts at the first joint session of the year.

Although the vast majority of delegates are members of the National Front for Chandan Unity, most delegates are also members of assembly member organisations, which are groups of delegates who meet to pursue common legislative objectives. Some types of organizations are single issue organizations centered around addressing a single issue, or geographical organizations which group together delegates from a certain region, or ideological organizations which group together ideologically aligned delegates. Since members are not limited to membership in a single organization, membership is fluid and organizations can emerge and disband in a few years. However ideological organizations are the largest and most prominent; as of February 2021 they are the National Movement, Reform & Progress, Peoples' Labor Coalition, Friends of COMSED, Sons of Sabir, and Workers Council. However as membership is not restricted, it is common for delegates to be a part of two or more ideological organisations, mostly with the aim of promoting cooperation.

Judiciary

The highest judicial authority in the country is technically the Supreme Council, which officially delegates responsibility of managing the judicial system to the Council of Justice. Its members are appointed by the Supreme Council and confirmed by the National Assembly. The Council of Justice is not a court, but serves to organize the judicial system of the country by hiring, firing, promoting, and assigning judges. Although the Council of Justice is an independent body, it cooperates closely with the Justice Minister of the Executive Committee to ensure the law is applied fairly and consistently.

In turn the Council delegates non-constitutional judicial powers to the Supreme Court of Justice. The Court of Justice is the highest court for criminal and private law and has supreme appellate jurisdiction as well as supreme original jurisdiction over non-constitutional cases. The Council of Justice also manages several high courts that serve regional judicial circuits. The Council also appoints the judges that serve the courts of the People’s Districts, although it usually appoints a judge recommended by the local District.

Administrative divisions

The People's Districts are the smallest level of administration, equivalent to a municipality; however larger cities may have multiple governments. The main institution of the Government is the Local National Assembly, consisting of a directly elected council which is responsible for the city. While the LPA is the main authority, they are assisted by the Local People’s Committee which implements policies and ordinances proposed by the local assembly and the Revolutionary Committee to ensure ideological orthodoxy.