Arthasthan

Republic of Chanda අඩුයඩෙශ අයමගඛග උලුඛ Adoğadesh Aymagsaga Uls (Chandan)
Flag Emblem
Motto:  Bir vatan, Bir sabab One homeland, One cause National ideology: Birlikism
Anthem:  Vatanımız Our Homeland
Capital and largest city	Taglikend
Official languages	Chandan
Other languages	predominantly Chandan other languages Tog Aholisi Himavantan Xiaodongese Baean others
Ethnic groups	predominantly Chandan other minorities Tog Aholisi Himavantan Xiaodongese Baean others
Demonym(s)	Chandan
Government	Unitary dominant-party assembly-dependent republic
• Premier	Erkin Sabir
• President	Pernille Urksal
Legislature	People's Assembly
Independence from Xiaodong
• Declaration of Independence	1934
• Chandan State	1936
• National Revolution	1944
• Declaration of the New Republic	1948
Area
• Total	334,422 km2 (129,121 sq mi)
• Water (%)	3.7%
Population
• 2015 estimate	23,424,000
• Density	168/km2 (435.1/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2016 estimate
• Total	$ 374.68 billion
• Per capita	$ 15,995
GDP (nominal)	2015 estimate
• Total	$147.92 billion
• Per capita	$6,315
Gini (2016)	27.237 low
HDI (2016)	0.710 high
Currency	Soʻm (BRN)
Date format	yyy-mm-dd
Driving side	right
Internet TLD	.bc

Chanda (Chandan: අඩුයඩෙශ, Adoğadesh), officially the Republic of Chanda (Chandan: අඩුයඩෙශ අයමගඛග උලුඛ, Adoğadesh Aymagsaga Uls), is a landlocked country in Coius with a population of 24 million people. On the southeastern edge of Satria, it borders Xiaodong to the south and east, Baekjeong to the west, and Ajahadya to the north.

The region comprising modern-day Chanda was first inhabited by Aholisi tribes who formed various petty kingdoms in the region. The region historically has been influenced by the Xiaodongese dynasties from the south and Ajahadyan dynasties from the north. Xiaodongese influence would start in the 5th century BCE, when the Xiang dynasty conquered and forced the local Aholisi leaders in the south to submit to the Emperor. Nevertheless they were able to keep their titles, although they had to pay tribute and follow the foreign policy of Xiaodong. After the collapse of the Xiang dynasty Xiaodongese domination wouldn’t return until the Tao Dynasty in the 8th century. This time control was more strict and they had to provide troops, suppress local rebellions, and pay tribute. The local tribes in the north remained independent until Ajahadya unified and conquered or brought the region under their influence starting in the 6th century CE. It would be firmly under their control under various dynasties until the 16th century.

In the 16th century, the Togoti Khaganate invaded the region of Chanda as a part of their conquests. Due to the threat of Xiaodong, Togoti officials would settle the region with friendly tribes in order to supply troops, leading to the Turkification of the region. Despite the threat of conflict, the region became wealthy and saw a growing population of Togotis settlers. After the collapse of the Khaganate, a major general named Akdoğan, established his own fiefdom which became the Akdoğan Khanate. The Khanate was multi-ethnic society and the Togoti and the Aholisi cultures started to blend in the cities to form the Akdoğan culture, the predecessor to the modern Chandan culture. However in the mid 19th century, the Heavenly Xiaodong Empire invaded and Chanda became a protectorate under nominal direct control of the Xiaodongese emperor. The Chandan people lived as subjects of the Empire stirring nationalistic sentiments.

Tensions would grow until it exploded during the Great War. In 1934 with Xiao forces in retreat, Chandan rebels rebelled and overthrew the protectorate government and declared the independence of the first Chandan state in 1934. The Chandan Revolutionary War would continue during the Great War, until its end in 1935 where it would be granted formal independence with the Treaty of Keisi. Ethnic tension sparked by Aholisi nationalist sentiment grew into an ethnic conflict between the Chandan and the Aholisis. Fearful of a civil war, the Five Leaders of Chanda led by President Nurlan Sabir assumed emergency powers marking the start of the National Revolution. The period saw the Chandan War, a series of conflict with various separatist forces. In 1949, Sabir and the rest of the Leaders declared the establishment of a Republic based upon the principles of Birlikism.

Chanda implemented socialist economics during the 1950s and 1960s, but has since shifted away from socialist economics within the last several decades after the market reforms of the 1980s. Today the Chandan economy functions under what is called neo-Sabirist economics, a form of state capitalism where the central government works with the workers of major workers cooperatives to determine economic policy. While the government's pro-market policies have initially resulted in significant economic growth, corruption in the Corporations has hampered effective growth. As a result, government officials have increasingly relied on formations from the Labour Corps of the Chandan Army to fulfill government contracts and implement economic policies.

The Republic was founded upon the ideological principles of Birlikism, establishing a unitary state governed by a powerful central government to enforce national unity. Despite some democratic reforms, the system has entrenched pro-Sabir factions, leading it to be widely considered to be a classic example of a Southern democracy. The country considered a middle power in Kylaris despite its population and geographic location, due to geopolitics of Coius. Due to its historical animosity with Xiaodong, it is closely allied with Senria and is a member of COMSED. As a result, it maintains a large military for its population. It is also a member nation of the Community of Nations and the International Trade Organization.

Etymology

The name Chanda is an Etrurian exonym originally derived as Chandaman,' from a historical Xiaodongese term for the region, “Across the mountain” (山对面, "Shān duìmiàn"), referring to Shalegho mountain ranges. The native endonym Adoğadesh, is a combination of the name of the general who founded the Akdoğan Khanate] and -desh, a Satrian affix meaing land. The phrase "Aymagsaga Uls", the Chandan word for republic, literally means "state ruled by the tribal/people's assembly". Thus the full name of the country, “Adoğadesh Aymagsaga Uls”, literally means, “State ruled by the tribal assembly of Akdogan’s land”.

History

Prehistory

The region that is now Chanda has been inhabited before the Neolithic period, with evidence going back 30,000 years ago. Pastoralism developed during the Neolithic, as the region's climate and terrain are best suited for a nomadic lifestyle.The Neolithic Era also saw the arrival of the Sataro-Euclean people around 10,000 BCE, the ancient ancestors of the Aholisi people. Much like the other peoples of Steppe, the proto-Aholisi would have been largely nomadic and would have seen considerable migration around the region. By 1000 BCE, the proto-Aholisi people adopted a semi-nomadic lifestyle in the southeast region of the Great Steppe. While they didn't completely abandon a migratory lifestyle, they largely remained in one region. Their settlement resulted in the organizations into small tribal kingdoms.

Before the 1st century CE, Xiaodong under the Xiang dynasties exerted some control over the southern Tepaliklar highlands and the tribes that inhabited it, in the form of autonomous tributary states. The extent of Xiaodongese influence depended on the stability of the dynasty, with declining power resulting in a decline of influence in the region. The collapse of the Sun dynasty resulted in the Xiaodongese presence completely recedeing for several centuries and local tribes reasserted their independence. These tribes took advantage of the weakened powers to the south and conducted raids against the Xiaodongese states. In general however, they largely raided each other and remained fragmented.

Antiquity

• The Chandan are forced out of their traditional homeland
• Khan Soll unites the six Ilkhanates
• Migrates down south through the Great Pass
• Settles in the Tepaliklar highlands

Xiaodongese and Ajahadya period

• Rise of the Tao Dynasty
• The Tribal confederation maintains independence at first
• Tributary state is eventually established by 900s
• Xiaodong establishes piecemeal creation of institutions of state
• Conversion to Zohism
• The Chandan tribes breaks free when the Tao Empire declines
• Largely keeps the institutions founded

Togoti Khaganate and the Chandan Khanate

• Rise of the Jiao dynasty
• Tributary reestablished
• More institution building
• Breaks free after decline of Jiao dynasty
• Conflict with the Toki dynasty
• Formation of the Chandan Khanate

Protectorate of Xiaodong

• Khanate annexed by Xiaodong
• Attempt by Xiaodong to assimilate
• Rise of nationalism
• Great War and independence war
• Independence granted in 1935

Independence and the Republic

• Foundation of the Chandan State
• Stable at first
• Separatists threaten the country
• Ethnic violence grows
• The National Revolution begins
• War with separatist forces
• Sabir declares the Republic
• Sabir's decade of rule
• Socialist economics, cultural revolution,
• Revolutionary institutions keeps things in line
• Fighting the notTibetans
• Reform is achieved, weakening the revolutionary institutions.
• Alignment with Senria and COMSED membership.
• Partial democratization & liberalization

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Chanda

Premier Erkin Sabir

President Pernille Urksal

Chanda's political system is outlined by a constitution known as the Declaration of the New Republic. Under the Declaration, Chanda is a unitary republic organized along Birlikist and ethnocratic lines. The country’s political system mixes presidential and parliamentary principles to form a assembly-dependent system, where the President is elected by the legislature but is immune from a vote of no confidence.

Ethnicity is a significant force in politics. The government promotes a unified Chandan identity based upon a common cultural and religious heritage and Anti-Xiaodongese sentiment. In order to encourage nationalism, cultural hegemony, and homogenization, the government enforces a program of assimilation known as Chandanization and actively suppresses nationalist movements with force. As a result, it has generated a significant interethnic resentment by the Tog Aholisi.

Chanda is widely considered as a flawed democracy or a hybrid regime by international observers. The country’s policy of discrimination against ethnic minorities have been widely critized and the Chandanization of ethnic minorities has been compared to ethnic cleansing. Furthermore it has been criticized for its undemocratic nature due to the domination of the National Front for Chandan Socialism and the power that the Supreme Council of the Revolution wields.

Government

The Supreme Council of the Revolution is the highest institution in the executive branch, which is led by the Premier who serves as head of state. The Council serves as a constitutional court and de facto upper house for the People's Assembly. Under the principles laid out in the Declaration, the Council serves as the constitutional guardian of the People's State, tasked with ensuring that actions by the Assembly or the Local Government do not violate the constitution. Thus as part of its mandate, it has the power of judicial review and the ability to strike down any laws or actions that it believes that violates the principles of the Declaration with a majority vote. The Council may issue rulings whenever it sees fit on any institution of the Peoples' State. In addition it wields some legislative powers, with the authority to veto legislation from the People's Assembly. Finally, the Supreme Council is the head of all Revolutionary Committees in the country to ensure all the districts remain loyal.

The President, serves as head of government and commander in chief of the Armed Forces. The Secretary-General is elected by a two-thirds majority vote at the first session of the year for a four year term. If at least two-thirds of the People's Assembly cannot agree to vote for one presidential candidate, a People's Assembly is formed from all People's Assembly delegates and delegates from the Local People’s Governments. The Secretary-General is assisted by a council of ministers, known as the Executive Committee, who are appointed by the President and approved by the People's Assembly. Together they coordinate proposals and policies with the Ministers and the rest of the Assembly, as well as ensuring the smooth operation of government.

Legislature

The legislature consists of the unicameral People's Assembly consisting of 585 members. Vested with supreme legislative and executive authority, the Assembly is the main law making body in the country, proposing and approving laws for the entire nation, although some flexibility is allowed to accommodate for local circumstances. Any delegate has the right to propose legislation, which must pass a simple majority vote and approval by the Supreme Council of the Revolution to become formally part of the law. In addition the Assembly has the sole right to amend the constitution by a two-thirds majority vote. The Assembly does not function as a traditional elected legislature, instead it is a gathering of delegates from the Local People's Governments throughout the country. Since delegates serve at the pleasure of the Governments they serve, thus the Assembly is a continuous body and has no legislative periods.

Although the vast majority of delegates are members of the National Front for Chandan Socialism, delegates are often members of assembly member organisations, which are groups of delegates who meet to pursue common legislative objectives. Some types of organizations are single issue organizations centered around addressing a single issue, or geographical organizations which group together delegates from a certain region, or ideological organizations which group together ideologically aligned delegates. Since members are not limited to membership in a single organization, membership is fluid and organizations can emerge and disband in a few years. However ideological organizations are the largest and most prominent; as of February 2021 they are the National Movement, Reform & Progress, Peoples' Labor Coalition, Friends of COMSED, Sons of Sabir, and United Left. However as membership is not restricted, it is common for delegates to be a part of two or more ideological organisations, mostly with the aim of promoting cooperation.

Judiciary

The highest judicial authority in the country is technically the Supreme Council, which officially delegates responsibility of managing the judicial system to the Council of Justice. Its members are appointed by the Supreme Council and confirmed by the People's Assembly. The Council of Justice is not a court, but serves to organize the judicial system of the country by hiring, firing, promoting, and assigning judges. Although the Council of Justice is an independent body, it cooperates closely with the Justice Minister of the Executive Committee to ensure the law is applied fairly and consistently.

In turn the Council delegates non-constitutional judicial powers to the Supreme Court of Justice. The Court of Justice is the highest court for criminal and private law and has supreme appellate jurisdiction as well as supreme original jurisdiction over non-constitutional cases. The Council of Justice also manages several high courts that serve regional judicial circuits. The Council also appoints the judges that serve the courts of the People’s Districts, although it usually appoints a judge recommended by the local District.

Administrative divisions

The People's Districts are the smallest level of administration, equivalent to a municipality; however larger cities may have multiple governments. The main institution of the Government is the Local People's Assembly, consisting of a directly elected council which is responsible for the city. The local assembly elects a delegate to the People's Assembly, to represent the interests of the local community. While the LPA is the main authority, they are assisted by the Local People’s Committee which implements policies and ordinances proposed by the local assembly and the Revolutionary Committee to ensure ideological orthodoxy.