Zhenia
Greater Eastern Union of Zhenia 대동진국연방 大東陳國聯邦 | |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms
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| Motto: "자유, 민권, 민생." Liberty, Democracy and the Welfare of the People. | |
Anthem: Spirit of Zhenia  | |
 Location of Zhenia in the world in gold. | |
 A map of Zhenia in Northeast Tarsis. | |
| Capital and largest city | Donggyeong |
| Official languages | Zhenian |
| Other languages | |
| Ethnic groups (2019) |
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| Demonym(s) | Zhenian |
| Government | Federal Semi-Presidential Republic (de facto) Unitary Semi-Presidential Republic (de jure) |
| Lee Saemin | |
• Premier | Kim Junghun |
| Legislature | Parliament of the Greater Eastern Union |
| Senate | |
| Federal Assembly | |
| Establishment | |
• as the Shindan dynasty | July 3, 1298 |
• as the Empire of Greater Wu | January 5, 1567 |
• as the Empire of Zhenia | August 3, 1868 |
| June 4, 1909 | |
• as current form | December 1, 1979 |
| Area | |
• | 6,391,077.1 km2 (2,467,608.7 sq mi) |
• Water (%) | 3.39% |
| Population | |
• 2019 estimate | 756.3 million |
• 2019 census | 756,236,689 |
| GDP (PPP) | 2019 estimate |
• Total | $21.277 trillion |
• Per capita | $28,135.7 |
| GDP (nominal) | 2019 estimate |
• Total | $20.526 trillion |
• Per capita | $27,140.2 |
| Gini (2019) |  35.5medium |
| HDI (2017) |  0.923very high |
| Currency | Zhenian Won (ZKW) |
| Time zone | UTC+7, +8, +9 (Zhenia Western Standard Time (ZWST), Zhenia Central Standard Time (ZCST), Zhenia Eastern Standard Time (ZEST)) |
| Date format | mm-dd-yyyy |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +11 |
| Internet TLD | .zh/.zhen/.geu |
Zhenia (Classic Zhenian: 陳國, Modern Zhenian: 진국), formally known as the Greater Eastern Union of Zhenia (Classic Zhenian: 大東真國聯邦, Modern Zhenian: 대동진국연방), is a federal semi-presidential republic consisting of 28 provinces, 5 metropolitan municipalities (Jinhae, Changan, Shinhang, Bakhan and Ariul) and one special city. Situated in East Tarsis and spanning across 6,391,077.1 km2 over both mainland Zhenia and the Danguk Peninsula, it is the second-largest in the world by territorial size after Florencia. It is bordered by numerous entities in the region and faces the North Zhenian Sea and East Zhenian Sea to its northeast and east, as well as the Gulf of Danguk.
Civilization emerged in both mainland Zhenia and the Danguk Peninsula around 2,000 BCE. The Ming Dynasty came to existence in central Zhenia around 1800 BCE, while the State of Danguk was founded around 2000 BCE. Since then, much of Zhenian history consisted of hereditary monarchies, or dynasties, and their expansion, fracture and replacement by other entities. In 322 BCE, the Zhen dynasty, led by Shen Lien, became the first dynasty to unify both the Danguk Peninsula and mainland Zhenia, assimilating mainland Zhenian cultural elements into those of the Danguk Peninsula and establishing the Zhenian identity over the centuries it existed. Mainland Zhenia and the Danguk Peninsula were ruled by separate entities following the Zhen's collapse in the 6th century, although numerous successive dynasties attempted reunification. The reunification arrived during the last stages of the Shindan dynasty, when Emperor Seongjo reformed the former backwater tributary state into a great power through leveraging the interests of Auroran powers and rapid industrialization with the cooperation of Husgratin and Zonnenbord. After a series of military campaigns, Shindan ultimately brought an end to the Empire of Greater Wu and reunified all of Zhenia into the Empire of Zhenia in 1868.
Zhenia's resurgence in the late 19th century resulted in the Shinzhen Movement, leading to numerous wars against existing Auroran colonial powers within its sphere of influence. Industrialization and initial victory against Aurorans resulted in the advent of militarism and ultra-nationalism, which intensified with the ultimate transition into the First and Second Republics respectively. Its victory in the First Great War confirmed its status as a global, expansionist military power. Zhenian causing and involvement in the Second Great War ended in Zhenian Surrender in 1948. In 1955, a military junta led by Kim Shimin was established through the Coup of 1955, with the regime ultimately propelling the nation's rapid economic development often referred to as the Miracle of the Danbon River. The November Revolution of 1979 brought an end to the Fourth Republic and resulted in the democratization of Zhenia and the subsequent declaration of the Fifth Republic. To this day, Zhenia remains a democratic republic.
As of 2019, Zhenia is both the largest economy in the world by nominal GDP at around $20.52 trillion and by GDP purchasing power parity (PPP) at $21.2 trillion, while it is also the largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. It is a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, with its export-driven economy focusing on electronics, aerospace, automobiles, shipbuilding and robotics. It has the largest defense budget in the world at around $774 billion and has been a nuclear weapons state since 1959. In recent times, amid its rise in political and economic power, Zhenia has been characterized as a global great power, while estimates claim it will achieve superpower status by 2025.
Etymology
The name 'Zhenia' (Zhenian: 진국/陳國) comes from the name of the Zhen dynasty that first unified what is all of modern-day Zhenia as well as surrounding territories. During antiquity, the Zhen dynasty served as the eastern nexus of the lucrative trade route that connected the east and west of the Old World: naturally, the existence of the Zhen dynasty was well recognized by westerners, evident by surviving western text. A variety of terms were used, including 'Zenia', 'Zhinguk' and 'Jinia'. The term was finally settled around the 17th century, when the Achysian Encyclopedia used the term 'Zhenia' to describe the existence of the Shindan dynasty and the Empire of Greater Wu.
Its official name, the Greater Eastern Union of Zhenia (Zhenian: 대동진국연방/大東陳國聯邦), was chosen in 1909 by the Constitutional Council of the Greater Eastern Union during the assessment of constitutional drafts, following the abdication of Emperor Saejo. The term 'Greater Eastern Union' was chosen to represent the unification of the different ethnic and cultural groups that constitute the new nation; whereas the term 'Zhenia' expressed that the diverse and previously distinct identities around the area were ultimately different iterations of Zhenia, above all. The shorter form of the name is Zhenia (Zhenian: 진국), pronounced 'Jinguk' in Zhenian: with the 'Jin' in reference to the Zhen dynasty and 'guk' meaning state. The term 'Jinguk' can be translated into 'land of the Jin' as well.
History
Main Article: History of Zhenia
Antiquity
Main Article: History of Ancient Zhenia
Mainland Zhenia
Main Article: History of Mainland Zhenia
The decline of the Zhen Dynasty in the 6th century was met with the advent of numerous smaller kingdoms scattered across the Zhenian mainland, hence initiating the era known as the Hundred States Era. Numerous kingdoms fought to claim the now-empty title of successor of the Zhen dynasty, most in vain. By 700, mainland Zhenia was reorganized into a standstill between two nations - the Kuan and Wei dynasties. The Kuan and Wei dynasties developed separate cultures during their era of separation, with the Kuan, situated further north, attempted to integrate the Balakhaat and Yemegs into its domain, while the Wei, relatively on the south, developed the basis of the Han culture of Han Zhenians today. The two empires engaged in war against one another for unification of the Zhenian mainland, often involving many states around it. In 838, Yue Jin, a military leader of the dwindling Wei dynasty, led the final component of the Northern Expedition against the Kuan, in cooperation with the Eastern Jin, unifying most of mainland Zhenia south of the Wei River, and overthrew the Wei, establishing the Han dynasty the same year.
Danguk Peninsula
Main Article: History of Zhenia (Danguk Peninsula)
The Danguk peninsula met an era of relative stability after the decline of the Zhen dynasty, with the establishment of the Eastern Jin that occupied most of the peninsula. The relative stability of the peninsula compared to the mainland resulted in a great influx of mainland Zhenian refugees fleeing the Hundred States Era, contributing to cultural and technological progression in the peninsula. The Eastern Jin saw the flourishing of Danguk culture and Wuism. The peninsula's canal infrastructure, rivers, reservoirs and irrigation networks also saw great improvements during the era, as agriculture thrived in all parts of the peninsula. Long-distance maritime culture between the east and west - with the Danguk peninsula as the eastern node - began during the later ages of the Eastern Jin.
The Eastern Jin was ultimately replaced by the Jin dynasty in 914. It was during the Jin dynasty that the Uilim Plains - the area constituting modern-day northeastern Zhenia - was conquered under Zhenian hands by the Northern Campaign, after which areas occupied by Balakhaat Zhenians were permanently occupied by Zhenia to this day. The Jin dynasty also made astounding cultural achievements in Zhenian porcelain, calligraphy, metallurgy and more, and were the first to utilize gunpowder in the late 11th century.
In 1298, General Seok Juwon, with popular support for a new age, overthrew the Southern Han after a successful military coup against it, founding the Shindan dynasty the same year. Adopting the teachings of Kim Dojin as the nation's official ideology, the Shindan originally adopted a political structure centered around the Premier rather than the King. While also leading the decades-long war against the Kharlin Empire to the north, power was centralized around the King as successive rulers consolidated their authority through successful campaigns against the Kharlins. After it drove away the Kharlins from the Danguk peninsula, an equilibrium between the warrior class and scholar-officials was reached, as both classes passed down their positions and wealth to continue lives of practice and political participation.
The Shindan was the first Danguan entity after the Zhen's demise that was at diplomatically equal terms with mainland Zhenian dynasties, exerting control over its own tributary states in Southeast Tarsis. While it maintained diplomatically equal relations with the Zhu dynasty since its establishment, Shindan later challenged the Greater Wu around the 17th century, when the Zhu began to crumble. Shindan was invaded by the Greater Wu in 1621, 1633 and 1667, resulting in Shindan falling under a tributary system with the Greater Wu. Amid an era of new peace, the scholar-officials gained an upper hand over the warrior class and dominated major governmental positions in the 17th and 18th centuries, ultimately leading to mass corruption and weakening of the state.
In 1830, when King Seongjo came to power, introduced numerous reforms to Shindan, once again concentrating power to the monarchy and cracking down on the scholar-officials. It was also during King Seongjo's era that Shindan underwent massive industrialization and changes that transformed Shindan from a backwater feudal tributary into a westernized power through leveraging the varied interests of Auroran colonial powers in the region, signing diplomatic treaties with Zonnenbord and Husgratin earlier than any other East Tarsian nation. Adopting Auroran technology and systems into the former hermit kingdom, Shindan won the approval of Auroran colonial empires and became the first nation in the region to have a modernized army. With increased military forces, it challenged the Mandate of Heaven held by the Greater Wu and defeated it in 1844 and 1849, seizing most of Yemeg and Balakhaat territory. After claiming himself as Emperor and Great Khan of the Yemeg and Balakhaat people in 1851, Seongjo led the final push into the Greater Wu himself the following year, when Greater Wu was disbanded into multiple tributary kingdoms and executed Emperor Aizong, declaring an end to the existing world order centered around mainland Zhenia. The temporary peace after the division of Greater Wu came to an end as Shindan employed a divide and conquer strategy throughout mainland Zhenia and conquered each of the divided kingdoms, ultimately unifying all of Zhenia as a result of the Zhenian Civil War by 1868.
Modern Zhenia
Main Article: History of Modern Zhenia
In 1868, Emperor Seongjo declared the Empire of Zhenia along with the unification of all of Zhenia for the first time since the Zhen dynasty's demise and maintained the Zhenian drive for industrialization and military buildup. Profound changes in Zhenian society in general emerged during his rule, including the establishment of the Parliament and a more centralized governmental structure. His successor, Emperor Saejo, went a step further from the fundamentals of Emperor Seongjo and introduced the Shinzhen Doctrine, emphasizing Zhenia's role in the region as the "liberator against Auroran powers", calling for direct Zhenian military actions against Auroran states. Hence began Zhenia's expansion drive into the Tarsis-Genarmic following successive victories in the Second Zhenian-Thracian War and the Zhenian-Ichori War. With military success, Zhenia also invested even more on its own economic growth, leading to a period of economic flourishing in the country which lasted well beyond the First Great War.
In 1909, Emperor Saejo abdicated from the throne and thus established the First Republic; while it was formally a republic with democratic elections for the Union's representatives, it retained the authoritarian characteristics that persisted during the Empire. With increased military control of the regime, the First Republic became more militarist and expansionist over the years, extending its sphere of influence beyond the security of Tarsis and outwards to the west and south. Zhenian expansionism inevitably collided with the interests of other powers worldwide, ultimately resulting in the Second Great War; while Zhenia reached its greatest extent in 1944, it was ultimately defeated by the Allies by 1948, but not without the first-time usage of nuclear weapons in warfare.
A civilian government replaced the First Republic after Zhenian defeat of the Second Great War, with most leaders of the First Republic put to trial by the Allies. Coupled with economic failure and maladministration, the Second Republic failed to win support from the Zhenian people and veterans from the Second Great War, and was eventually overthrown by the Coup of 1955 led by Kim Shimin. The Zhenian economy was rebuilt under the leadership of the Third Republic, as it was structured into a more efficient export-oriented economy that soon became the heart of Tarsian economic activity. Zhenian resurgence became clear when Zhenia recovered pre-war economic levels by 1964 and achieved double-digit growth rates that remained unbroken until 1984, in an economic phenomenon otherwise known as the Miracle of the Danbon River. With economic growth, the Third Republic's authoritarian position came to question, culminating in the November Revolution of 1979: the Revolution ended with the peaceful resignation of Kim Shimin and the subsequent democratization of Zhenia, as the Fourth Republic was declared in December 1, 1979.
The Fourth Republic saw an era of political reforms, with subsequent amendments to the Constitution strengthening the Zhenian democracy as well as the rights of Zhenian citizens. Diplomatic shifts also took place, as Zhenia restored diplomatic relations with the members of the Auroran Community in 1981. In light of international revelation, Zhenia successfully hosted the 1988 Donggyeong Olympics and later the 1997 World Cup.
Geography
Zhenia has a vast and diverse landscape, ranging from the arid Daixi and Shingang Deserts to the west to the subtropical rainforests to the southeast, as well as the temperate coastal regions. In the Zhenian mainland, the Sancheon Mountain Range separates the arid west from the wetter, temperate central plains to the east. Numerous rivers, some of which are among the world's longest, originate from the range, running from the nation's west to east. The nation's seaboard along the shores of the Gulf of Danguk, often referred to as the Golden Arc (Zhenian: 금호/Geumho), or 'Golden Arc', is home to one of the most densely populated area in the world. The temperate Danguk Peninsula is mostly mountainous and is covered in forests, with the Bukdu Mountains running through most of the peninsula. Zhenia has over 14,000 kilometers of coastline facing the Gulf of Danguk as well as the Genarma Ocean.
Landscape and Climate
The territory of Zhenia, particularly its mainland and the Danguk peninsula, exists between latitudes X1° and X2° N, and longitudes Y1° and Y2° E. The landscape of Zhenia varies greatly across its territory. Much of eastern and central mainland Zhenia consist of alluvial and flood plains formed by numerous eastbound rivers - most notably the Taimir River and the Wei River, whereas western Zhenia is characterized by major mountain ranges and high plateaus; northeastern Zhenia is characterized by plateaus and plains, whereas subtropical regions of southern Zhenia is characterized by hills and forests. The terrain of the Danguk peninsula is dominated by the Bukdu Mountains forming the backbone of the peninsula, with hills, forests and occasionally plains filling up the areas in-between.The nation's highest point, Mount Changbaek, is situated at the heart of the Sancheon Mountain Range, while its lowest point is in Lake Sagyeong (-87 m) in the Dragon Valley area.
Climate in Zhenia also varies greatly from region to region due to the variety in terrain and latitude. Both mainland Zhenia and the Danguk peninsula are significantly influenced by the yearly cycle of dry seasons and wet monsoons, created by different seasonal winds; the high-altitude northern winds, usually dominant in the winter, result in cold, dry weather, while the low-altitude southeastern winds from the Genarma Ocean dominate in the summer seasons, being warm and moist. Parts of western and northern Zhenia tend to be less influenced by the cycle of seasonal winds; in such cases, the dry continental winds from Central Tarsis tend to dominate. Extreme weather can be observed seasonally, evident by the existence of typhoons originating from southeastern seas to the occasional yellow dust phenomena observed in the western desert lands.
Mount Changbaek, the highest point in Zhenia.
Tsagaan Falls, in northwestern Zhenia, is the largest waterfall in the nation.
The Taimir River, the fourth-longest river in the world, ends in the Gulf of Danguk near Jinhae.
Alluvial plains in Guangdong province.
Stable geological activity has resulted in the formation of long stretches of beaches in eastern Zhenia.
coniferous forests tend to dominate the landscape of northeastern Zhenia.
Arid plateaus and deserts dominate the landscape of western Zhenia.
Administrative Divisions
Main Article: Administrative Areas of Zhenia
The Greater Eastern Union of Zhenia is divided into 28 provinces, five metropolitan municipalities and one special city. The 34 provincial-level administrative divisions are then subdivided into smaller subdivisions, at the form of numerous counties and independent cities. All provincial-level administrative divisions are assigned the equal number of senators in the Senate, while representatives in the Federal Assembly are assigned proportionate to the population of said administrative division. Geographically, all 34 administrative divisions can be classified into one of the five regions - the Danguk Peninsula (often referred to as Eastern Zhenia), Northern Zhenia, Central Zhenia, Western Zhenia and Southern Zhenia. Normally, Northern, Central, Western and Southern Zhenia are dubbed 'mainland Zhenia', as opposed to the Danguk Peninsula; in recent years, only Central and Southern Zhenia are generally considered 'mainland Zhenia', in regard of Yemeg and Balakhaat Zhenians in Northern and Western Zhenia respectively. Provincial Code Numbers have been assigned in accordance to such classification, with the numbers starting from Donggyeong Special City in the Danguk Peninsula and ending in Western Zhenia.
Among other province-level districts, he Haedong Special Administrative Region (SAR) has been at the core of debate regarding its status; originally made a Special Administrative Region as it was the only area where Haedong Zhenians comprised over two thirds of the population, there have been movements regarding the revision of the region into a full province. A 2018 referendum has called for the Haedong SAR to be converted into a province; the particular proposal regarding Haedong, as of 2019, is being debated in the Senate.
| Prov. Code (2019) | Name | Modern Zhenian | Classic Zhenian | Capital | Prov. Code (2019) | Name | Modern Zhenian | Classic Zhenian | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Donggyeong Special City | 동경특별시 | 東京特別市 | Donggyeong | 18 | Uilim Province | 의림도 | 義林道 | Yangpyeong |
| 2 | Jinhae Metropolitan City | 진해광역시 | 辰海廣域市 | Jinhae | 19 | Karavankon Province | 카라반콘도 | N/A | Tenshir |
| 3 | Changan Metropolitan City | 장안광역시 | 長安廣域市 | Changan | 20 | Wonguang Province | 원광도 | 原廣道 | Shinleung |
| 4 | Shinhang Metropolitan City | 신항광역시 | 新港廣域市 | Shinhang | 21 | Yonggang Province | 용강도 | 龍羌道 | Seogyeong |
| 5 | Bakhan Metropolitan City | 바크한광역시 | 바크한廣域市 | Bakhan | 22 | Hwabuk Province | 화북도 | 華北道 | Heochang |
| 6 | Ariul Metropolitan City | 아리울광역시 | 아리울廣域市 | Ariul | 23 | Hwanam Province | 화남도 | 華南道 | Jeongju |
| 7 | Chungmu Province | 충무도 | 忠武道 | Arisu | 24 | Imhae Province | 임해도 | 臨海道 | Namgyeong |
| 8 | Honam Province | 호남도 | 湖南道 | Jeonju | 25 | Balhae Province | 발해도 | 渤海道 | Yongwon |
| 9 | Namhae Province | 남해도 | 南海道 | Daewon | 26 | Cheonghae Province | 청해도 | 淸海道 | Deungju |
| 10 | Dongho South Province | 동호남도 | 東湖南道 | Shinju | 27 | Taehwa Province | 태화도 | 泰華道 | Anpyeong |
| 11 | Dongho North Province | 동호북도 | 東湖北道 | Hogyeong | 28 | Changbaek Province | 장백도 | 長白道 | Yeongwon |
| 12 | Haedong Special Administrative Region | 해동특별행정구 | 海東特別行政區 | Dongdo | 29 | Guangdong Province | 광동도 | 廣東道 | Guangzhou |
| 13 | Donghae South Province | 동해남도 | 東海南道 | Junggyeong | 30 | Guangseo Province | 광서도 | 廣西道 | Seonzhou |
| 14 | Haegeum Province | 해금도 | 海錦道 | Yangzhou | 31 | Shingang Province | 신강도 | 新强道 | Lhaseon |
| 15 | Donghae North Province | 동해북도 | 東海北道 | Sanggyeong | 32 | Heuksu Province | 흑수도 | 黒首道 | Heuksan |
| 16 | Pyeongan Province | 평안도 | 平安道 | Pyeongyang | 33 | Jinwon Province | 진원도 | 震原道 | Jinju |
| 17 | Bukhae Province | 북해도 | 北海道 | Cheongju | 34 | Gangwon Province | 강원도 | 江原道 | Gangju |
Politics
Main Article: Politics of Zhenia, Government of Zhenia
Zhenia is a federal semi-presidential republic as clarified in the Constitution in 1979. Since its reinstatement in 1979 after the November Revolution, the Constitution serves as the superior legal document of the Greater Eastern Union, upholding the separation of powers and the formation of government within the nation. Although its core principles remain more or less the same since its initial iteration in 1909, numerous amendments were made to the Constitution; as of 2019, there have been 21 of such amendments since 1909, at an attempt to reflect changes in political circumstances over the years.
Government
Today, Zhenia has a federal government with a bicameral legislature. In accordance to the Constitution, the government is divided into four separate branches - the bicameral legislative branch, consisting of the Senate and the Federal Assembly; the executive branch; the judicial branch, consisting of the Zhenian justice system; and the examination branch, consisting of the Jungchuwon.
The Executive Branch is ultimately led by the Chancellor of the Greater Eastern Union, directly elected by a popular vote to serve a maximum of two five-year terms on the same ticket as the Premier. The Chancellor also serves as the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Greater Eastern Union Defense Forces. The Chancellor retains the right to appoint ministers, secretaries and other members of the Executive Branch as well as the right veto decisions from the executive and legislative branches, while the Premier is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the Executive Branch and the Cabinet. While the Premier is on the same ticket as the Chancellor on the nationwide popular vote, appointment of the Premier requires only the consent of the Senate with a minimum of a 60% majority vote.
The Legislative Branch, symbolized by the Parliament of the Greater Easter Union, is bicameral, consisting of the Senate and the Federal Assembly respectively. Senators in the Greater Eastern Union Senate can serve up to ten four-year terms as long as they are elected; a province-level district is represented by five senators, thereby forming a total of 170 senators. Members of the Federal Assembly are elected according to the Federal Electoral Districts in mind. Assemblymen from the Federal Electoral Districts elect a total of 900 assemblymen, while 300 more are decided in accordance to proportional representation assigned by the percentage of votes on participating political parties on a separate ballot list, thereby forming the Federal Assembly with 1,200 assemblymen. Assemblymen can serve up to five four-year terms as long as they are elected.
The Judicial Branch of Zhenia is responsible for the interpretation of the Constitution, laws and decrees, while it also oversees administrative suits and public functionaries. It consists of the supreme court, the Constitutional Court, regional appellate courts, local/municipal courts and subsidiary units, all of which are under the jurisdiction of the Federal Judiciary. Local/municipal courts, regional appellate courts and the Supreme Court respectively form the three levels of the Zhenian justice system, with one case being able to be evaluated at court up to three times, one for each level. Constitutional courts, since its establishment in 1979, oversees constitutional disputes and regulates political activities of various political agents in Zhenian politics.
The existence of the Jungchuwon, the examination branch, is in respect of the public examination system in pre-modern Zhenian history. It is in charge of the selection of all civil servants and public officials in the government - for such reasons, it manages the Federal Civil Service Examination (FCSE) required for entry into all lower-level civil servants.
Law and Law Enforcement
Zhenia uses a civil legal system, in which law arises primarily from written statutes rather than existing customs. It is the duty of the Judiciary Branch to interpret the law to the situation rather than to make it. Initial iterations of the law were laid in the Code of Jinhwa during the Empire of Zhenia: since then, the baseline of law, in which the laws merely prohibit socially negative actions, has been maintained. A legal hierarchy, with the Constitution on top, followed by laws, statutes, federal administrative orders and regional orders has also been maintained since the Empire of Zhenia.
Zhenian law can be primarily divided into two categories - public law and private law. Public law handles the relationship between the state and the individual, as well as the relationship among various parts of the state - for such reasons, it consists mostly of the Constitution. Private law, on the other hand, specifies the relations among the people of Zhenia, including both civil law and criminal law as well as administrative law. Most legal cases belonging to private law are examined by the Common Court. Despite the presence of Zhenian Wuism, its law, among other religious laws, has not been recognized in any administrative area in Zhenia and is strictly prohibited beyond the realm of the temple; freedom of religion is held sacrosanct through both the Constitution and supporting legislation.
A notable feature in the Zhenian justice system is the existence of the Constitutional Court (Zhenian: 헌법재판소). Consisting of twelve justices, with each governmental branch being able to nominate and appoint three to achieve judicial neutrality, the Constitutional Court examines the constitutionality of the legislation in question, as well as prosecute legal actions that go against the state and veto bills that are deemed unconstitutional. The Constitutional Court also decides on the priority of two or more laws that collide, using the principles of the Constitution as a standard of judgement.
Law enforcement in Zhenia is handled at three levels - federal, provincial and municipal. Law enforcement at the federal level is primarily done by the Federal Department of Investigation (FDI) and the Federal Police Agency, which normally handles law enforcement spanning over at least two province-level administrative areas and law enforcement against national security threats, such as terrorist threats and mass shootings. The Federal Department of National Security (FDNS) is occasionally involved in such incidents that threaten national security, although it is the FDI that retains the highest command in all law enforcement situations. Provincial Police Departments handle provincial law enforcement, handling most of the day-to-day law enforcement matters within the boundaries of the province. The municipality-level law enforcement is the lowest level of law enforcement, handling township-level and local levels of law enforcement and under the direct command of the local, usually municipal government. Due to administrative differences, the Haedong Special Administrative Region has a prefecture-level police department instead of having its own provincial police department; while the prefecture police departments handle more day-to-day matters of law enforcement, the FDI steps up to take more roles in the special administrative region in particular.
Military
Main Article: Greater Eastern Union Defense Forces
The Greater Eastern Union Defense Forces is the military primarily in charge of the defense of Zhenia and its interests. With a total of around 2.1 million active troops, it is the largest standing military force in the world. The Greater Eastern Union Defense Forces consist of four major branches - Greater Eastern Union Army, the Greater Eastern Union Navy, the Greater Eastern Union Air Force and the Greater Eastern Union Strategic Forces. With a military expenditure of around $717 billion, it also has the highest military budget by a single nation in the world, although its military expenditures-GDP ratio is around 3.5%.
Military service in Zhenia is voluntary, although the Department of Defense retains the right to conscription during wartime; for such reasons, all Zhenian citizens and permanent residents aged between 19 and 50 are annually tested for the National Military Fitness Assessment. Officers in the Greater Eastern Union Defense Forces are normally selected through the cadet program in the nation's military academies or through further training of selected soldiers in numerous non-commissioned officer academies in the nation, both of which take at least 3 years of education and extensive military training. The Greater Eastern Union Defense Forces also has a path open for foreign nationals to serve in its forces and ultimately acquire Zhenian citizenship or permanent residentship depending on the years they serve in the military, through a system known as the Greater Eastern Union Foreign Legion. Members of the foreign legion undergo longer training and are required to serve longer than their domestic counterparts.
Zhenia is a recognized nuclear power and has the second highest stockpile of nuclear weapons in the world, while it is home to the largest surface navy in the world by tonnage - being home to 8 aircraft carriers - as well as the largest fleet of atomic submarines in the world, operating numerous nuclear-powered attack and ballistic missile submarines. With air projection capabilities provided by the air force and naval power guaranteed by the navy, the Greater Eastern Union Defense Forces maintain a strong presence in the Tarsis-Genarmic region, although its objective of achieving a similar level of presence globally is showing early results. It maintains a total of 145 major military installations outside its borders, 26 of which are hosted by more than 2,000 personnel.
Today, Zhenia is one of the largest exporters of military hardware in the world, selling almost $9 billion worth of military equipment in 2018. It has produced numerous military equipment such as the F-33 Dragon, the Z6 Baekho main battle tank, the ZM-2000 Legion, the Li Shan-class aircraft carriers and the Balhae-class attack submarines among others. Parallel to such progress in the nation's military-industrial complex, the Greater Eastern Union Defense Forces has undergone massive modernization drives over the years, completing its upgrades of battlefield C3I and C4I systems in preparation of network-centric warfare as well as preparation for CBRN conditions. It has also bolstered its power projection capabilities, with a majority of new weaponry and funding going to the Navy and Air Force. It has been spearheading the world in future weapons development, tandem with the Jungchuwon and national research institutes.
Foreign Relations
Demographics
Population
According to a 2019 estimate, the population of Zhenia is estimated at 756,236,689, with 378,219,130 males and 378,017,559 females. Of the 756.2 million residents, roughly 50 million inhabitants, or 6.5% of the population, were foreign-born residents, while around 45% of such foreign-born residents having naturalized and thereby acquired Zhenian citizenship. Zhenia remains the most populous nation in the world, being home to roughly a quarter of the continent's population. Its population density, measured at 118.3 people per km2, over four times the global average. A majority of the population resides on what is known as the Golden Arc area along the coasts of the Gulf of Danguk, spanning from Balhae Province to Honam Province.
Historically, the percentage of population increase in Zhenia from 1950 to 2010 is around 40%, lower than the global average. Such low population increase in the late 20th century, despite the advent of baby boomers in the 1950s and 1960s, is partly due to extensive family planning and social birth control policies carried out by the Third Republic's Ministry of the Interior. Successes in such policies resulted in the overall decrease of the fertility rate to around 2.1 by 2000, just around the population replacement rate. Since then, the Zhenian population has reached a phase of steady increase, with most of the increase being a result of immigration from the south and west.
As of 2019, Zhenia has a birth rate of around 16 per 1,000 people and a death rate of around 7.6 per 1,000 people. Hence, it's population growth rate is positive at around 0.8% per year in 2018, most of which has been a result of immigration from Southeast Tarsis. Zhenia's low death rate is due to one of the highest average life expectancies of the world, which was at 82.2 as of 2018. The median age in Zhenia is 39.8, although the median age, due to declining fertility rates, is set to increase to the late 40s by 2035. As of 2019, around 13% of Zhenians today are ages 65 or older, as the problems of aging population surface in Zhenian society.
Ethnicity
Zhenia is a multi-ethnic diverse nation, with no single ethnic group comprising a majority of the population. The single largest ethnic group in Zhenia remains to be Jin Zhenian, the descendants of Zhenians that originate from the Danguk Peninsula and northeastern Zhenia, now constituting a little more than half of the nation's population. Traditionally, Han Zhenians constituted the majority of Zhenia's population for thousands of years: a series of famines and wars during the Greater Wu, as well as the Zhenian Civil War and subsequent assimilation during the Empire of Zhenia, resulted in such shift in majority. Given the relatively insignificant cultural and genetic differences between the two ethnic groups, some statistics often categorize both Jin and Han Zhenians into one ethnic group known as the Shin Zhenians - in this context, Shin Zhenians are the single ethnic majority in the nation, constituting over 85% of the nation's population.
Although outnumbering both the Jin and Han Zhenians only in Karavankon Province and the Haedong Special Administrative Region, ethnic minority groups aside from the Shin Zhenians also make up roughly 15% of the nation's population, or a total of a little over 130 million. Yemeg Zhenians, originating from the semi-nomadic tribes of southern Zhenia, constitute 6.7% of the population, while the Balakhaat Zhenians from the north form 3.1% of the population. Diaspora of Haedong Zhenians, the smallest single minority group that constitutes over 2% of the population, are mostly found in the Haedong Islands and the eastern coastal regions of the Danguk Peninsula. Many of such minority groups, however, have been culturally assimilated to the Shin Zhenians and are facing population decline as of late, with signs that the Balakhaat Zhenians will disappear by 2500 if the current trend continues.
Language
Main Article: Zhenian language
Multiple languages are spoken by Zhenians, although Zhenian is designated as the national language of the nation among other regional official languages. As the mother tongue of over 95% of Zhenia's population, Zhenian has been a predominant language in Zhenian society, both formal and informal. There are indeed regional differences in the Zhenian language - in mainland Zhenia, particularly in areas where Han Zhenians constitute the majority, the Seoan dialect is dominant, whereas Zhenians in the Danguk Peninsula tend to speak the Donghan dialect. Especially in mainland Zhenia, the Zhenian language was traditionally written using the Seomun, the Classic Zhenian script; the dawn of Jinmun, the modern Zhenian script, was formally adopted as the primary script of the Shindan in 1681 and later the Empire of Zhenia in 1868. Education of the Seomun remained in the Zhenian education system, partly in respect of Han Zhenian culture and partly in consideration of the widespread usage of Seomun in Zhenia; to this day, Seomun and Jinmun are occasionally marked together in certain situations, such as public signs and text announcements.
As of 2019, 28 million people use a language other than Zhenian as their primary language - prevalent languages include Haedongese (5,681,185 first language speakers), Yemegese (4,993,881) and Balakhaat (4,455,818). While minority languages are indeed included in the Zhenian education system as secondary languages, two province-level administrative areas - Karavankon Province and the Haedong SAR - have elevated the Balakhaat language and Haedongese respectively as an official language, meant to be used in tandem with Zhenian. Many members of such minority groups, however, have adopted Zhenian as their primary language since the late 19th century, resulting in an ever-diminishing share of such languages as the first languages of the nation.
Religion
Zhenia is formally a secular nation, with the Constitution clarifying the separation of church and government, while the freedom of religion held sacrosanct as a constitutional right. For such reasons, its constitution does not state an official religion; the government itself has no formal ties with any religion existent in the nation. Among Zhenians, however, Zhenian Wuism remains the predominant religion: despite the recent rise in atheism, 61.4% of Zhenian citizens still follow Zhenian Wuism as their faith.
Health
Helathcare is universal in Zhenia, provided through the insurance system of the Federal Health Service including basic healthcare, diagnosis and financial support for sudden medical needs. The Federal Health Service covers a part of the medical costs to keep medical services affordable to the average Zhenian, while also covering up to 60% of medical fees for low income households. State-owned hospitals, operated by the Federal Health Service, retain an autonomy in their decisions, despite being owned by the government. In providing financial support on medical care, he Federal Health Service analyzes the need of each family on a needs-tested basis. Apart from the Federal Health Services, healthcare insurance can also be additionally provided through private insurance companies; the more expensive the insurance or service is, the higher the care is in quality.
The average life expectancy of Zhenia is around 82.2 years - 80.5 for men and 83.9 for women. With continuous investments in public infrastructure and basic sanitation, Zhenia has been able to provide access to improved water and sanitation facilities. As of 2019, the leading causes of death in Zhenia were cancer, cerebrovascular disease, hypertensive diseases, suicide and liver disease. Suicide in particular has been a pressing issue in the health of Zhenians, with many pointing the competitive social sentiment as a key reason behind such phenomenon.
Education
The education system of Zhenia is widely regarded as one of the best and most rigorous in the world. It is one of the top-performing nations in the world in reading comprehension, math and sciences, and has one of the highly educated workforce in the world. Zhenian society in general is known for its feverish outlook on education, coining the term "Zhenian fever": educational success and academic achievement are widely regarded as crucial to one's socioeconomic success in the nation as a whole. Academic success within the education system frequently becomes a source of pride for not only individuals but also families and within the society itself in general. A vast majority of Zhenians view education as the main propeller of social ascendancy for themselves and their family as a gateway to the Zhenian middle and upper class. Graduating from a top university in Zhenia is the ultimate marker of prestige, high socioeconomic status, promising marriage prospects, and a respectable career path. An average Zhenian child's life revolves around education as academic success is indoctrinated among them from an early age. Overall, competition for the most selective institutions in the nation is fierce, with many students being part of intensive tutoring to supplement classes to gain a competitive academic edge in the process. While such educational pressure has indeed resulted in academic and national success of Zhenia, it has also brought about social side effects, such as the highest youth suicide rate in developed nations.
Education for primary and secondary levels are directly supported by the government, while tertiary education is partially supported and is optional. Primary and secondary levels are predominantly government-funded, although recent years has seen a surge in private secondary schools across the nation. All institutions, both public and private, are subject to the registering system maintained by the Department of Education for national-scale management of institutional management and educational curriculum formation. Regardless of ethnicity, Zhenian is the language in which a bulk of the curriculum is laid out; only a number of selected International Schooling Institutes (ISI) - primary and secondary schools mostly open for foreigners and foreign-born students in Zhenia - are allowed to choose a language other than Zhenian upon which the curriculum will be laid out.
State-funded education, takes place in both primary and secondary levels, both of which have been compulsory for all Zhenian citizens since 1901. All schools in Zhenia start their school year in March and end the following February. Primary education, which a child is required to begin around ages 6 and 7, consists of six years of primary school, the curriculum of which focuses on the development of Zhenian, mathematics, science, history, English and Classic Zhenian. Secondary school, divided by three years of intermediate school and three years of high school, lasts for a total of six years. Almost all secondary schools are classified as one of the four following categories: Academic, Technical, Special and Autonomous. Classes in secondary school are more specialized than those in primary school, as they are assigned to each student through rigid examination of a student's academic and technical level. A number of selected schools are designated as 'Autonomous Schools' and retain the right to design their own curriculum, independent from almost all of the governmental guidelines.
With the exception of a number of specialized institutes, nationwide standardized exams are mandatory across all schools, private or public, taken at the last year of each school level. The Secondary Scholastic Ability Test (SSAT: 중등학업능력평가), taken at the end of the sixth year of primary school, is a deciding factor for a student's entrance and assignment into intermediate school. At the end of the three years of intermediate school, the Academic Aptitude Test-I (AAT-A: 학문적성평가-I), which functions as a critical factor in the decision of the student's high school, is taken; the subsequent Academic Aptitude Test-II (AAT-II: 학문적성평가-II) exams are taken at the last year of high school, the scores of which are considerably factored into university admissions at the same period. Among non-student Zhenians 15 and above, about 16% has passed the AAT-I at the highest level, while only 4.5% had done the same in the AAT-II exams.
Tertiary education exists mostly at the form of public and private universities across the nation. Like primary and secondary education, the Federal and Provincial Governments provide direct funding to National and Provincial Universities, which account for around 45% of all universities in the nation as of 2019. There are more than 2,400 four-year universities in the nation, of which the University of Donggyeong, Changan Institute of Technology and Jinwoo University rank within the top 20 of the world. The remainder are funded by private educational foundations. As of 2019, the average tuition for National and Provincial Universities throughout the nation was around 14,000 Zhenian Won per year, although private universities may cost more than twice the amount each year. Other options for tertiary education include two-year/three-year professional/technical institutes, vocational training schools and online courses: upon graduation, diplomas from such options are accepted as 'Professional Bachelor (전문학사)'. As of 2019, roughly 57% of Zhenian citizens aged between 18 and 28 enroll in public and private universities, while about 17% of the population are in the professional and technical institutes.
Economy
Main Article: Economy of Zhenia See Also: List of companies in Zhenia
As of 2019, the Zhenian mixed economy is the single largest economy in the world both by nominal GDP and purchasing power parity, with a nominal GDP of over $20 billion. Zhenia is considered a developed country with a high-income economy, considered to be one of the most industrialized in the world. Although it has taken considerable hits during the Second Great War, its economic resurgence and reforms propelled the nation back to where it is today. Today, it is a highly diversified player in the international economy as well as one of the largest traders in the world. It shows competitiveness in many industries, including shipbuilding, banking, automobile manufacturing, chemical processing, electronics and semiconductors, green energy, robotics and biotechnology. It is also home to the world's largest retail market, both offline and online, taking up roughly 32% of the world's market share.
Although the economy of Zhenia has reached a postindustrial phase with the service sector (including information technology) producing roughly 67.6% of the GDP as of 2019 while manufacturing and agriculture produce 30.1% and 2.3% of the GDP respectively, Zhenia remains a great industrial power. Manufacturing remains the leading economic sector by income, whereas retail remains the largest sector by business receipts. It remains both the largest exporter and the importer in the world, being home to one of the largest single consumer market in the world.
Zhenia's main exports include transportation equipment, automobiles, semiconductors, chemicals, automated robots, satellites and aerospace equipment, with its largest trading partners being Japan (15.6%) and Florencia (14.3%) respectively. Its pro-business attitudes make it one of the easiest nations to do business in the world, while its lively, start-up friendly environment has brought forth many unicorns in venture businesses. Notable companies in Zhenia include the Jinmu, Infinity, Hanshin, OneMobile, Rotunda and PetroEast.
Transportation, Infrastructure and Energy
Main Article: Transport in Zhenia, Energy in Zhenia
Zhenia's large investment on paved roads across the nation is evident by the existence of the vast network of Federal Expressways and national highways. Spanning a total length of over 140,000 kilometers, the Zhenian Federal Expressway system and the Zhenia National Highway system together form the single largest single expressway network in the world. Reflecting such, Zhenia currently has the world's largest automobile market, with annual sales of passenger cars exceeding 20 million as of 2018.
The nationalized Zhenia National Railway Company (ZhenRail) operates most of the passenger and freight rail in Zhenia, providing frequent connection services all across the nation. ZhenRail is also the owner and operator of almost all of the 150,000-kilometer railroads in the nation and delivers ridership of over 1.1 trillion rides a year (excluding subsidiaries). Subsidiaries of ZhenRail and other private railroad operators compete for the metro lines of many major cities, such as the Donggyeong Metropolitan Subway, the Jinhae Metro and the Changan Metro. Hundreds of ZNX high-speed trains connect major cities in dedicated tracks measuring over 21,000 kilometers in length, making it one of the most extensive high-speed rail networks in the world. Maglev trains are also set for introduction between the Donggyeong-Changan Line by 2030, at an attempt to relieve congestion in what is one of the busiest railroads in the world.
Being home to 361 operating airports as of 2019, Zhenia is one of the world's largest aviation market, serving almost 800 million passengers every year, both domestic and international. Donggyeong Capital International Airport and Shin Jinhae International Airport, two of the major air hubs, are some of the busiest airports in the world both by the number of flights and the passengers they serve. While the nation's flag carrier is the partially state-owned Zhenian Airways, Zhenia's civil aviation industry is largely privately owned, with 4 full service carriers and 13 low-cost carriers operating under the Zhenian flag.
Inland water transport is also active in the nation, primarily through the Taimir River, the Central Canal of Zhenia and the Danguk Peninsula Grand Canal. Although slow in speed, inland water transport remains the most affordable mode of cargo transport by price per ton/kilometer and still plays a key role in connecting inland industrial bases with coastal cities. In terms of seaborne transport, Zhenia is home to the largest ports in the world due to its economic size, hosting 5 of the 10 largest ports in the world, with the largest being the Port of Jinhai.
Zhenia is one of the largest consumers of petroleum and natural gas, as well as the seventh-largest producer of petroleum and the ninth-largest producer of natural gas respectively. Zhenia is also home to around 12% of the world's coal reserves and around 8% of the world's coal consumption; the percentage is set to go down to around 5% by 2030, as the nation ambitiously pushes forward a 'coal-exit energy plan'.
As of 2019, a vast majority of Zhenia's electricity demands is met by nuclear power, accounting for roughly 68.5% of the nation's energy supply with over 200 reactors across the nation. Hydroelectric dams, natural gas power stations, wind farms and other sources of electricity comprise the remaining 31.5%. All power plants and electricity supply is primarily controlled by the Zhenia National Electric Company (ZNEC), in which the Government of Zhenia maintains a major stake in. Other basic services, such as water supply, are managed by state-owned companies.
The Department of Science, Technology and Telecommunications is responsible for the development and maintenance of telecommunications networks throughout Zhenia, mostly done through the assignment of development funds to the private sector. With early insights into the possibility of high-speed, high-capacity communications, almost all of the nation is covered by optical fiber networks providing internet services as of 2019. Zhenia has one of the fastest internet speeds in the world as well as the highest number of internet and cell phone users, with a registered total of 700 million cellular phone users. Zhenia is one of the first nations in the world to havet commercialized and integrated 5G communication into its telecommunications network, with the nation's first 5G services being launched in June 1, 2019.
Science and Technology
Throughout its history, Zhenia has made considerable contribution to the world's science and technology throughout its history. Numerous scientific and technological advancements were made during dynasties in both the Danguk Peninsula and mainland Zhenia alike.
To this day, Zhenia invests significantly in scientific research and technological development both directly and indirectly, utilizing the nation's intellectual base for scientific and technological progress. With the Jungchuwon and the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology spearheading most of the governmental development, Zhenia has one of the highest scientific expenditures in the world, totaling at $3.1 trillion per year. Numerous Zhenian scientists win international awards in the natural and applied sciences, as well as mathematics; it is also home to the selection committee of the Dashan Prize, an international prize recognizing contributions in the scientific academia.
Numerous national universities, including the University of Donggyeong, Changan Institute of Technology and the National University of Ariul, as well as higher institutes directly operated by the Jungchuwon, lead the nation's research measured by public and private grant money. Working together with the Jungchuwon and the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, many research universities have under them numerous national, military and private laboratories. The Jungchuwon, in particular, is in charge of operating some of the highest levels of Zhenian academia, such as the Federal Institute of Science.
Thanks to extensive investment and support in scientific research and technological development, Zhenia's scientific and technological accomplishments span across numerous areas. It is a leading nation in computing, medical sciences, mathematics, cold fusion and high-energy particle physics. The 120-kilometer, 100 TeV large-scale hadron collider ZHCC is the largest particle collider in the nation, owned and operated by the Jungchuwon and the CIT. It has one of the largest space programs in the world to date - spearheading numerous scientific achievements, such as the world's first spacewalk in 1960 and the second manned landing on the Moon, its space program is led by the Zhenia Space Agency (ZSA) since 1958. Most recently, it is the primary builder and operator of the Space Station Cheonji, is the largest man-made object orbiting the world today.
Tourism
With a total of 80 million international tourists visiting Zhenia in 2019, Zhenia is ranked as one of the most visited tourist destinations in the world. The figure of 80 million excludes people staying less than 24 hours, particularly those who are transferring fights during a layover in Zhenian airports. It is also the largest in income from tourism, which now contribute to roughly 4-5% of the nation's GDP. Its vast geographic expanse, as well as its central position as the nexus of eastern Tarsis, makes it an attractive tourist destination in the region as well as the world. In terms of single cities, Donggyeong is the largest tourist destination in the nation, welcoming well over 20 million international visitors a year, followed by Jinhae (12.4 million) and Dongdo (12.1 million).
Culture
Architecture
Due to the vast size of its domain, architecture in Zhenia varied considerably from region to region, although retaining numerous similarities due to cultural proliferation during the Zhen dynasty. Hence, Zhenian architecture is a mix of local and other influences, made possible through the influx and outflux of various cultures throughout its history. Some common characteristics found across almost all Zhenian architecture include the adoption of bracket systems on the roofs and floors, as well as elegantly-curved, tiled roofs with lifting eaves. An emphasis on symmetry and horizontal layout, based primarily on brick and stone within a wooden framework, dominated most of the history of Zhenian architecture. Local differences, however, were also observed: northern regions and the Danguk peninsula generally feature stone-heated floors for heating in the winter seasons, while southern regions generally have bigger areas allocated to the wooden floor that serve as common areas.
Social class showed stark contrasts in classic Zhenian architecture as well - while the rich can afford more colorful roof tiles, generally pursue height in their architecture and have nature-imitating courtyards and pavilions within their homes, commoners normally resorted to using black roof tiles and simple, lower styles. Imperial Zhenian architecture in the Danguk peninsula and the mainland alike generally utilized golden roof tiles and damson walls, signifying the blessing of heaven given to the rulers. The symbolism of the four guardian animals - the phoenix, the azure dragon, the white tiger and the black tortoise. as well as the Heavenly Bird, are also widely used themes in Zhenian architecture, particularly proportionate with social class.
Zhenian architecture began to embrace more western styles of architecture since the early 19th century, resulting in the coexistence of classical Zhenian architecture and the neoclassical boom in Zhenian architecture. Public buildings built during this time, such as the Donggyeong Central Station, are an accurate case of Zhenian philosophy of ultimately overcoming Auroran influences and pursuing the midpoint between west and east. Following the Zhenian victory in the First Great War, however, a revival of classic Zhenian architecture, augmented with western architectural techniques, emerged; while the general layout of buildings resembled classic Zhenian buildings, the techniques and specific details of each component drifted closer to its Auroran counterparts, evident by buildings such as the [[Federal Parliament Hall]. The resurgence of classic Zhenian architecture, as well as its coexistence with western styles, was a trend that continued well into the 1950s. It was also during this period that art deco was introduced to Zhenia from Florencia.
The Third Republic under Kim Shimin promoted brutalist architecture and instead suppressed art deco, at an attempt to promote Zhenian resurgence with efficiency. The trend of brutalist architecture was eventually replaced by the dawn of neo-futurism and high-tech architecture, as reinforced concrete made way to reinforced steel and glass structures. Contemporary Zhenian architecture, particularly since the late 1990s, generally follow the notion of harmony in nature, integrating nearby nature into previously neo-futurist architecture - this was reinforced by the Green Buildings Act of 2004, which specified the levels of green space, energy and water self-sufficiency for all new buildings built in the nation.
Art
Zhenian art, also showing some cultural diversity, has undergone numerous different phases throughout its history. With much of Zhenia having been influenced by Zhenian Wuism and Faith of Pyeonggwang, early Zhenian movements tend to depict scenes from religious books, such as the the Tale of the Jinshan-gong in Zhenian Wuism. Paintings at the time were done on either paper or Template:Silk, although affluent households tended to have paintings on folding screens. Zhenian paintings at the time were drawn with brushes and colors of varying degree, with religious paintings tending to be colorful and non-religious, personal paintings tending to use a normal maximum of five colors other than black. Non-religious paintings tended to depict scenes of nature, people and landscapes in idealistic situations, as the Faith of Pyeonggwang believed that art was a way of approaching the ideals of the world - a predominant trend in Zhenian art that lasted until the Shindan dynasty.
While luxurious, decorative and idealistic art saw a golden age in most of mainland Zhenia, Zhenian paintings started to deviate from idealistic, picturesque scenes and into more realistic, daily lives of the people starting from the first half of the Shindan dynasty. Such artistic movements were spearheaded by artists such as Hyosang Lee. The same artists led move ments to depict actual landscapes as opposed to text-described versions in their work as well. Western styles were introduced in Zhenian art during the second half of the Shindan dynasty, with more colorful techniques and light-tracking impressionist methods ultimately forming schools of artistic thought known as Zhenian Impressionism. Western art techniques have been widely employed to create a trend of Zhenian Realism, involving the depiction of realistic landscape and nature as opposed to previously idealistic depictions of the same subject. Since then, western artistic styles have coexisted with traditional Zhenian art ever since, although it has been traditional Zhenian art that has been more popular among collectors.
Like paintings, early Zhenian sculptures truly started from primarily bronze or marble sculptures depicting human beings and scenes, particularly those related to Zhenian Wuism. Large sculptures depicting humans, deities and other immortal religious beings were built at temples and public areas. Later, sculptures were used to depict immortalized figures for memorials, using stone and metals other than bronze for artistic diversity. The dawn of the modern age in sculpture started with the introduction of abstract sculptures, starting in the mid-1920s.
Modern Zhenian art since the 20th century has been characterized by an era of cubism, surrealism, dadaism and other avant-garde styles, while merges between western and Zhenian art techniques have been attempted by several artists. Abstract art has also seen light in Zhenia, primarily with existing themes being modified into abstract art, intended as a philosophical answer to the ever-chaotic modern world.
Cuisine
Although showing considerable variation from region to region, Zhenian cuisine is generally centered around rice, vegetables and meats, or fish in coastal regions. Although stir-fried versions are also observed in some regions, Zhenian grained rice is frequently steam-cooked and served with an assorted set of side dishes alongside broth or soup. Inland regions tend to have a variety of soy-based ingredients (such as tofu alongside meat-based ingredients and flavorings in their cuisine, while the more coastal areas see fish-related ingredients and seafood-derived seasonings more common. Usage of often fermented spices and sauces, such as red pepper paste, is very common across all of Zhenia, although the custom mostly originated in the Danguk peninsula and central Zhenia. Zhenian food is normally eaten with long, generally metal chopsticks and spoons.
Among the major cuisines of the nation, four of them are often regarded as the best - Danguk, Balhae, Hwabuk and Guangseo. Each major cuisine in the nation has its own characteristics. While Danguk cuisine is normally dominated by the extensive usage of fermented spices and sauces as well as generally hot, spicy tastes, Balhae cuisine is also well-known for its generally sweet, spicy and intense tastes. Hwabuk cuisine is well-characterized by its generally sweet taste, deep-fried culinary methods and variance in its ingredients, whereas Guangseo cuisine employs slow grilling and smoking as its main culinary techniques. While pork and chicken are two of the most commonly used meats in Zhenian cuisine, the usage of beef and horse meat have skyrocketed since the late 19th century. Zhenian cuisine has generally received more influences from western cuisine styles, with western ingredients and culinary methods being fused with mainstream Zhenian culinary traditions since then.
Film
Literature
Media
Zhenia is home to various media sources with free press. While there are many daily newspapers the popularities of which vary from region to region, the two main daily newspapers in the the nation remains to be the Zhenia Shinbo (진국신보) Donggyeong Daily (동경일보), with the former being a part of the state-funded Zhenia Broadcasting Network. Zhenia is also home to various other daily and evening newspapers that vary in their primary region and their political views, such as the Danguk Herald, the Central Shinbo, the New Sea and the Haedong Times. The Zhenia Broadcasting System (ZBS), also part of the Zhenia Broadcasting Network, is Zhenia's oldest and largest publicly funded radio, television and internet broadcaster, with numerous television and radio broadcasting stations, both domestic and international, under its name. Numerous other civilian broadcasters, both nationwide and regional, operate throughout the nation as well.
According to a 2015 estimate, Zhenian individuals have watched an average of 2.1 hours of television and 1.8 hours of radio, showing decades of continued decline since the advent of the internet. Due to extensive investments in internet infrastructure, around 90.4% of the Zhenian population was said to have access to the internet, making Zhenia home to one of the largest internet populations in the world. Its most frequently visited website daily is Mirinae, a search engine that was launched in 1995.
Music
Philosophy
Public Holidays and Festivals
Sports
Theater
See Also
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| Society | ||
| Culture | Architecture · Art · Cinema, film and theater · Cuisine · Dress · Holidays · Literature · Media · Music · National anthem · National flag · National holidays · Religions · Sports | |
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