Arthasthan

Republic of Chanda 𑐀𑐬‎𑐎𑐶𑐣𑐵𑐡𑐾‎𑐔‎ 𑐀𑐫𑐩𑐵𑐑𑐲𑐵𑐑𑐵‎ 𑐄𑐮𑐸𑐲 Arkinadesh Aymagsaga Ulus (Chandan)
Flag Emblem
Motto:  Bir vatan, Bir sabab One homeland, One cause National ideology: Birlikism
Anthem:  Vatanımız Our Homeland
Location of Chanda in Coius
Capital and largest city	Taglikend
Official languages	Chandan Bashtugin Aholisi Himavantan Xiaodongese
National language	Chandan
Ethnic groups	See Ethnicity: Bashtugin: 48.5% Xiao: 18.3% Himavantan: 16.7% Aholisi: 12.2% Other: 4.3%
Religion	Badi: 53.9% Zohism: 18.8% Tulyata: 11.1% Ashram: 9.1% Other/Irreligious: 5.8%
Demonym(s)	Chandan
Government	Unitary dominant-party assembly-dependent Birlikist republic
• Premier	Erkin Sabir
• President	Pernille Urksal
Legislature	National Assembly
Independence from Xiaodong
• Formation of the Commandery	1934
• Treaty of Kelisi	1936
• National Revolution	1949
• Declaration of the Republic	1951
Area
• Total	681,891.84 km2 (263,279.91 sq mi)
• Water (%)	0.380
Population
• 2020 estimate	28,424,000
• Density	168/km2 (435.1/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2016 estimate
• Total	$ 454.64 billion
• Per capita	$ 15,995
GDP (nominal)	2015 estimate
• Total	$179.49 billion
• Per capita	$6,315
Gini (2016)	27.237 low
HDI (2016)	0.710 high
Currency	Soʻm (ADO)
Date format	yyy-mm-dd
Driving side	right
Internet TLD	.ad

Chanda (Chandan: 𑐀𑐬‎𑐎𑐶𑐣𑐵𑐡𑐾‎𑐔‎, Arkinadesh), officially the Republic of Chanda (Chandan: 𑐀𑐬‎𑐎𑐶𑐣𑐵𑐡𑐾‎𑐔‎ 𑐀𑐫𑐩𑐵𑐑𑐲𑐵𑐑𑐵‎ 𑐄𑐮𑐸𑐲, Arkinadesh Aymagsaga Ulus), is a landlocked country in Coius with a population of 28 million people. On the southeastern edge of Satria, it borders Xiaodong to the south and east, Baekjeong to the west, and Ajahadya to the north.

The region comprising modern-day Chanda was first inhabited by Aholisi tribes who formed various petty kingdoms in the region. The region historically has been influenced by the Xiaodongese dynasties from the south and Ajahadyan dynasties from the north. Xiaodongese influence would start in the 5th century BCE, when the Xiang dynasty conquered and forced the local Aholisi leaders in the south to submit to the Emperor. Nevertheless they were able to keep their titles, although they had to pay tribute and follow the foreign policy of the dynasty. After the collapse of the Xiang dynasty, Xiaodongese domination wouldn’t return until the Tao Dynasty in the 8th century. This time control was more strict and they had to provide troops, suppress local rebellions, and pay tribute. The local tribes in the north remained independent until Ajahadya unified and conquered or brought the region under their influence starting in the 6th century CE. The region would be firmly under their control under various dynasties until the 16th century.

In the 16th century, the Togoti Khaganate invaded the region of Chanda as a part of their conquests. Due to the threat of Xiaodong, Togoti officials would settle the region with friendly tribes in order to supply troops, leading to a large Togoti community in the region. Despite the threat of conflict, the region became wealthy and saw a growing population of Togotis settlers. After the collapse of the Khaganate, a major general named Akdoğan, established his own fiefdom which became the Akdoğan Khanate. The Khanate was multi-ethnic society and the Togoti and the Aholisi cultures started to blend in the cities to form the Akdoğan culture, the predecessor to the modern Chandan culture. However in the mid 19th century, the Heavenly Xiaodongese Empire gradually subverted the Khanate's government and eventually annexed the country in 1885. For 50 years Chanda existed as protectorate under nominal direct control of the Xiaodongese emperor. By the 20th century the ideals of nationalism arrived stirring unrest started to grow.

These tensions grew until it exploded during the Great War, which saw Xiaodong at war with major world powers. Throughout the 1930s the People's Liberation Army fought Xiaodong in the Chandan War of Independence, until its surrender in 1935 allowed them to overthrow the protectorate government. While a Provisional Government would be granted formal independence with the Treaty of Keisi, in reality the region was governed by the West Shalegho Commandery, a Pardal Republic controlled by the People's Liberation Army. A combination of ethnic tension, dispute over national allegiances, and ideological disagreements led to infighting and power struggles in the People's Liberation Army. In the end the Five Leaders of Chanda led by Nurlan Sabir, were able to win in a struggle for power known as the National Revolution. In order to end their status as an international pariah, the Republican Revolution led to the end the Commandery and establishment of a Republic based upon the principles of Birlikism in 1951.

Chanda implements a variant of socialism based upon Birlikist thought, which led to the People's Liberation Army being a significant role in the country’s economic system. Originally it maintained total control over economic policy, but has has since shifted away after embracing some market reforms during 1980s. Today the Chandan economy functions under what is called neo-Birlikist economics, a form of distributism where the military works with the workers of cooperatives to implement economic policy after receiving directions from the government. Nevertheless, the PLA has a significant presence in Chandan society which has been called the Internal State. While the government's pro-market policies have initially resulted in significant economic growth, corruption in the Corporations has hampered effective growth. As a result, government officials are increasingly relying on the People's Liberation Army to implement economic policy again.

The Republic was founded upon the ideological principles of Birlikism, establishing a unitary state governed by a powerful central government to enforce national unity. Despite some democratic reforms, the system has entrenched pro-Sabir factions, leading it to be widely considered to be a classic example of a Southern democracy. The country considered a middle power in Kylaris despite its population and geographic location, due to geopolitics of Coius. Due to its historical animosity with Xiaodong, it is closely allied with Senria and is a member of BCO, SAMSO, and COMDEV. Despite being a member of SAMSO, it maintains a large military for its population. It is also a member nation of the Community of Nations and the International Trade Organization.

Etymology

The name "Chanda" is an Etrurian exonym originally derived as Chandaman, from a historical Xiaodongese term for the region, “Across the mountain” (山对面, "Shān duìmiàn"), referring to Shalegho mountain range. The native endonym Arkinadesh, is a shortened compound of several words which originate from different languages. The word first originated from dákṣiṇadesh; a combination of the Parbhan word dákṣiṇa meaning south and -desh, an affix meaning land. Thus it literally means "southland" which was used as a term for the general region south of Satria.

When the Togoti Khaganate invaded in the 16th century, its officials added the word Ardyn, meaning people or tribe, to refer to the inhabitants of the region. Thus the phrase Ardyn Daksinadesh, literally "people of the southern land", was used to refer to the people of the region by the Togoti Khaganate then its regional successor the Akdoğan Khanate. However over the course of centuries, the phrase merged to form a shortened compound word and the meaning of the word shifted to mean "southern people land" or "land of the southern people". By the late 19th century, the modern definition of the word was widely accepted in the local population as they considered themselves as the southernmost people in Satria.

The phrase "Aymagsaga Ulus", the Chandan phrase for republic, literally means "state ruled by the tribal/people's assembly". Thus the full name of the country, “Arkinadesh Aymagsaga Ulus”, literally means, “State in the southern land ruled by a people's assembly”.

History

Prehistory

The region that is now Chanda has been inhabited before the Neolithic period, with evidence going back 30,000 years ago. Pastoralism developed during the Neolithic, as the region's climate and terrain are best suited for a nomadic lifestyle.The Neolithic Era also saw the arrival of the Sataro-Euclean people around 10,000 BCE, the ancient ancestors of the Aholisi people. Much like the other peoples of Steppe, the proto-Aholisi would have been largely nomadic and would have seen considerable migration around the region. By 1000 BCE, the proto-Aholisi people adopted a semi-nomadic lifestyle in the southeast region of the Great Steppe. While they didn't completely abandon a migratory lifestyle, they largely remained in one region. Their settlement resulted in the organizations into small tribal kingdoms.

Antiquity (~1300 BCE to 1 CE)

Before the 1st century CE, Xiaodong under the Xiang dynasties exerted some control over the southern Tepaliklar highlands and the tribes that inhabited it, in the form of autonomous tributary states. The extent of Xiaodongese influence depended on the stability of the dynasty, with declining power resulting in a decline of influence in the region. The collapse of the Sun dynasty resulted in the Xiaodongese presence completely recedeing for several centuries and local tribes reasserted their independence. These tribes took advantage of the weakened powers to the south and conducted raids against the Xiaodongese states. In general however, they largely raided each other and remained fragmented.

Pre-Togoti period (1 CE-1560 CE)

• Rise of the Tao Dynasty
• Tributary states is eventually established by 900s
• Xiaodong establishes piecemeal creation of institutions of state
• Partial conversion to Zohism
• The Chandan tribes breaks free when the Tao Empire declines
• Largely keeps the institutions founded
• Establishes the Confederation of Kings
• Rise of the Jiao dynasty (1300-1600)
• Tributaries reestablished in the south
• More institution building
• Jiao rules starts to decay

Togoti Era (1560-1665)

• Conquest by the Togoti Khaganate
• Chanda becomes intergrated with the empire
• Introduction of technology and culture
• Introduction of Badism
• Settlement of Togoti troops in Chanda
• Togoti herdsmen migrate to Chanda
• The western plateau & cities are settled
• Akdoğan takes control during the civil war

Akdoğan Era (1665-1888)

• Foundation of the Akdoğan Khanate
• Akdoğan intergrates diverse ruling elites
• Establishes effective governance
• Standardized economic practices
• Rise of a syncretic culture, the Akdoğans
• Largely occurs in the western Plateau
• Formal tributary status by 1770s; little actual control
• Chandans recognise the rule of the Emperor in 1861
• Xiaodong garrisons troops in 1871
• Xiaodong appoints the next Khan in 1879
• Treaty signed allow Emperor to appoint important officials in 1885

Imperial Xiaodong Era (1885-1934)

• Khanate annexed by Xiaodong
• Chanda is incorporated into the empire
• Attempt by Xiaodong to assimilate
• Rise of Chandan nationalism
• Great War and independence war
• Independence granted in 1935

Pardal Republic (1934-1951)

• Formation of the West Shalegho Commandery
• In fighting
• The National Revolution
• War with separatist forces

Republic of Chanda (1951-present)

• Sabir declares the Republic in 1951
• Birlikism becomes the national ideology
• Socialist economics, cultural revolution
• War with the ANLO (1947-1995)
• Revolutionary institutions keeps things in line
• Chandan-Ajahadyan war
• Alignment with Senria and COMSED membership.
• Abandon socialist economics
• Partial democratization & liberalization

Geography

Topographic map of Chanda:

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  3500-4000 meters

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Chanda's geography is dominated by the western Shalegho mountain ranges in the southeast and the east, with elevated highlands covering the majority of the country. To the northwest, the foothills of the Shalegho mountains mark the border between Ajahadya and Chanda. To the southeast, the mountains generally divide Chanda from Xiaodong, although several large valleys cut through it. In between, is the large Chandan Plateau, after which the country's exonym is derived.

The country can be divided into four distinct geographical regions, the lowlands, the Chandan Plateau, the Chandan Highlands, and the Southern Slopes. The Lowlands consist of hilly terrain lying less than a kilometer above sea level. Despite the lower elevations less than a quarter of Chandans live in this region. The Lowlands and the Plateau are separated by the Chandan Ridge, a relatively steep mountain face. The Despite its name, the Plateau is not flat, with its average elevation between 1 kilometers and 2 kilometers above sea level. The plateau itself is a steppe with rolling hills and small lakes interspersed with mountain ranges that generally run parallel to the Shalegho and Biafo ranges. The Plateau makes up the majority of the country and is where most of Chanda's population lives.

The Highlands consist of the two main mountain ranges in the country; the Shalegho Mountains in the east and the smaller Biafo Mountains to the west. It contains the country's highest point, at 5,621 meters above seal level. The mountain divide traditionally marks the boundary between South Coius and Satria. The mountains also mark the southern boundary of the Bashurat River Basin; the headwaters of the Dakia, Kaa, and Skai river originate in the highlands. Due to the high altitude few Chandans live in this region. Dividing the Shalegho and Biafo mountains is a wide valley known as the Gurkhan Pass, at only 1633 meters above sea level. Geographically considered part of South Coius, the region of South Chanda is isolated from the rest of Chanda by the mountain ranges. Unlike the Plateau, the region has a relatively steep mountain slope and largely consists of ridges and valleys leading away from the mountains. Around one-third of Chandans live in this region, largely from the Tog Aholisi minority.

Climate

Climate map of Chanda

Chanda's climate is largely determined by elevation. In the Lowlands, with the border with Ajahadya, the climate is a hot semi-arid climate. In the Plateau, which covers a majority of the country, it is a cool semi-arid climate. In the Highlands there are a Solarian climates and various humid continental climates. In the mountain peaks, there is a icy mountain climate, with snow almost year round. In the South Region on the mountain slopes, there is a more mild oceanic and humid subtropical climates. However eventually gives way to more cool semi-arid climates.

The majority of precipitation arrives between from December to June as the remnants of storms from Ajahadya. Most of the precipitation from these storms falls in the mountains as snow. Temperatures across most of Chanda swing wildly throughout the year, with cold temperatures in winter due to its elevation, and hot summers. The only exceptions are in the mountain areas and high mountain valleys where it remains consistently cold or the southern slopes of the mountains at lower elevation which experiences more moderate temperatures.

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Chanda

Main article: Internal State

Premier Erkin Sabir

President Pernille Urksal

Chanda's political system is outlined by a constitution known as the Declaration of the Republic written in 1951. Under the Declaration, the country is a unitary republic organized along the ideals of the Birlikist ideology. There is no single head of state, rather the Supreme Council of the Revolution collectively exercises the role. Furthermore the country’s political system mixes presidential and parliamentary principles to form an assembly-dependent system. Under this system, the head of government is elected by the legislature but is immune from a vote of no confidence, although the President may still be impeached and removed.

Chanda is widely considered as a flawed democracy or a hybrid regime by international observers. The country has been called a de facto one-party state due to the total domination of the Chandan Socialist Birlik Front, non-existent opposition parties, and free but not fair elections. Another target of criticism is the Supreme Council of the Republic, which critics say serves to block policies it considers too radical. Finally the armed forces, especially the People's Liberation Army, has been criticized for using its significant influence over Chandan society and government without direct accountability. The power and influence the People's Liberation Army wields in Chandan society has been described as a state within a state by academics, which has led to the development of the concept of the Internal State.

Chandan Socialist Birlik Front

The Declaration of the Republic, Chanda's founding constitution, states that the country shall "stay true to the principles of Birlikism as written by the Founders through the governance of a united front", thereby constitutionalizing Birlikism as the national ideology. Since the founding of the Republic, the role of a "united front" has been filled by the Chandan Socialist Birlik Front, a political alliance of ten parties. While Chanda is technically not a one-party state, the parties of the Front must accept the "leading role" of the Chandan Birlik Party. From the founding of the country in 1951 to the 1990s, the party had near absolute power over the government.

However since the 1990s, the Front has experienced a decentralization of power from the Birlik Party to its junior partners who are increasingly independent. As a result, the growing power of the junior parties of the has led to the ideological diversification of the Front into informal political factions. Although all factions and parties proclaim their commitment to Birlikism, in reality they practice differing Birlikist inspired ideologies. Today the Front is divided into Reformist, Centrist, and Old Guard factions. Political experts consider the Front as an de facto government insitution, that allows a degree of differing political opinions while ensuring that the parties and factions remain committed to the ideological foundations of the country.

Supreme Council of the Republic

The Supreme Council of the Republic is the highest institution in the executive branch, which is led by the Premier. The Council serves as a collective head of state, constitutional court, and de facto upper house for the National Assembly. Under the principles laid out in the Declaration, the Council serves as the constitutional guardian of the Republic, tasked with ensuring that actions by the Assembly or the Local Government do not violate the constitution. Thus as part of its mandate, it has the power of judicial review and the ability to strike down any laws or actions that it believes that violates the principles of the Declaration with a majority vote. The Council may issue rulings whenever it sees fit on any institution of the republic, including ones made by regional government. In addition it wields some legislative powers, with the authority to veto legislation from the National Assembly. Finally, the Supreme Council is the only institution with direct oversight over the People's Liberation Army, and serves to direct its operations on behalf of the President.

President

After the Supreme Council, the Declaration defines the President as the highest state authority. The President is elected by a two-thirds majority vote at a joint session of the National Assembly for a four year term. While the President may be impeached and removed for misconduct, they cannot be dismissed from office.

The President serves as head of government and commander in chief of the Armed Forces. They are responsible for the implementation of the constitution, and for the exercise of executive powers in implementing the decrees and general policies approved by the Supreme Council. The President is assisted by a council of ministers, known as the Executive Council, who are appointed by the President and approved by the National Assembly. Together the President and the Executive Council coordinates government decisions, and selects government policies to be placed before the legislature.

Legislature

The Assembly building in the capitol.

The legislature of Chanda, known as the National Assembly of Chanda, is a unicameral body consisting of around 400 members elected to four year terms by functional, cultural, and physical constituencies. The complicated voting system is based upon Birlikist statist principles of class cooperation and multiculturalism. The Assembly has the authority to draft legislation, ratify international treaties, approves the national budget, and confirm appointments made by the President. In addition the Assembly has the power to elect the President during an election year. However any bill passed by the Assembly requires the approval by the Supreme Council of the Republic and the signature of the President for it to become law.

Law

Before the Declaration of 1993, the highest judicial authority in the country was the Supreme Council, which delegated responsibility of managing the judicial system to a series of committees. Since then power over the judiciary has been officially transferred to the Council of Judicial Affairs. Its members are appointed by the Supreme Council and confirmed by the National Assembly. The Council of Judicial Affairs is not a court, but serves to organize the judicial system of the country by hiring, firing, promoting, and assigning judges. Although the Council of Justice is an independent body, it cooperates closely with the Justice Minister of the Executive Council to ensure the law is applied fairly and consistently.

In turn the Council delegates non-constitutional judicial powers to the Supreme Court of Justice. The Court of Justice is the highest court for criminal and private law and has supreme appellate jurisdiction as well as supreme original jurisdiction over non-constitutional cases. The Council of Justice also manages several high courts that serve regional judicial circuits. The Council also appoints the judges that serve the courts of the People’s Districts, although it usually appoints a judge recommended by the local District.

Administrative divisions

Chanda is divided into 11 provinces known as aimags, which are in turn divided into 381 Districts. Each province is headed by an regional governor appointed by the president as well as a regional legislature elected by the Districts. While each province has some autonomy, ultimately they are subservient to the national government and largely serve to coordinate the implementation of national policies in the region. The capitol city of Taglikend has status of "state importance" and do not belong to any region.

The Districts are the smallest level of administration, equivalent to a municipality; however larger cities may have multiple governments. The main institution of the Government is the Local Assembly, consisting of a directly elected council which is responsible for the city. While the LPA is the main authority, they are assisted by the Local People’s Committee which implements policies and ordinances proposed by the local assembly.

Administrative division map

Foreign relations

According to the Declaration of the Republic, the Supreme Council of the Republic is ultimately responsible for conducting foreign policy. However in practice the President of Chanda, who directs the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is de facto in charge. In addition, the power of oversight has been shifted to the National Assembly, who must approve the President's decisions. The Supreme Council's role has largely been reduced to formally accrediting foreign diplomats and ratifying those treaties already approved by the Assembly.

Demographics

The country is the least populated country in Satria, with its population estimated to be around 28 million people in 2021. The annual growth rate, calculated by the last census in 2018, was reported to be 1.45%. The total fertility rate is estimated to be 1.7 children per woman, which continues a declining trend over the last couple decades. However the median age of the country is 23.6 years old with the majority of the country below 30 years old. There is an estimated 102.3 males for every 100 females in 2021. The average life expectancy is 72.2 years, with 69.2 years for men and 75.5 years for women.

The majority of Chanda's population live in the Chandan Plateau in an arched region stretching from the western end of the Gurkhan Pass to the northeast of the country, known as the Corridor. The country's largest cities, including Taglikend, Chanda's capitol and most populated city are within this region. Other major population centers are in the Lowlands near Ajahadya, and the southern Gurkhan Pass in the south. The population density is 168/km² (435.1/sq mi) and 63% of the population lives in an urban center.

Ethnicity

Ethnic Demographics of Chanda

  Bashtugin (48.5%)

  Xiao (18.3%)

  Satrian (16.7%)

  Aholisi (12.2%)

  Other (4.3%)

Chanda is widely considered to be multiethnic country with diverse origins. According to the Ministry for Harmony in 2018, 48.5% of the population claim Bashtugin descent, 18.3% claim Xiao descent, 16.7% claim Satrian descent, 12.2% claim Aholisi descent, and 4.3% claim descent from other groups. There is significant intermixing between between these ethnic groups, with the majority of these groups living in the same regions as each other. The most homogenous region is North Satridesh which is overwhelmingly Himavantan, and is subject to high unrest from pan-Satrian factions.

The people of Chanda are divide into four general ethnic categories. The Bashtugin people are descended from the Togoti settlers and assimilated Satrian tribes that inhabited the region. They can trace their earliest origins from the Old Bashtug migrations to Chanda during the rule of the Togoti Khaganate, where they began to assimilate into the local population. As a result the modern Bashtugins share more cultural similarities with the local Satrian population than the Old Bashtugins that originally settled the region. The Aholisi people are Satrians who can trace their ancestry to the various tribes that inhabited the region before the arrival of the Togoti Khaganate. The Satrian group either refer to the people are descended from the people who migrated from the rest of Satria during the Khaganate, or the Himavantans who live in the north of the country. Finally the Xiaodongese, according to the government, migrated into the region during the rule of the Heavenly Xiaodongese Empire. However evidence shows that the majority of Xiaodongese lived in the region for centuries.

Languages

Language used most frequently at home
Language			Percent
Bashtugin			45.9%
Xiaodongese			17.4%
Himavantan			12.7%
Chandan			12.3%
Aholisi			10.2%
Others			3.2%

The official languages of Chanda are Chandan, Bashtugin, Xiaodongese, Himavantan, and Aholisi.

Chandan is the lingua franca and national language designated by the Chandan government. The Chandan langauge is an constructed creole language adopted and modified by the goverment so the people of Chanda could communicate in business, government, law and education. The use of other official languages for these situtations are discouraged. Chandan is written in a Satrian script, based upon the Middle Bashtugin and Aholisi scripts.

Chandan citizens are mostly bilingual, with Chandan as their common language to communicate with other Chandans and their mother-tongue based upon their own ethnic identity. As a result, the Chandan language has been increasingly used colloquially in the past couple decades, as more and more people use Chandan as their primary language. In addition, the Chandan language has begun to influence the vocabulary of other official languages and vice versa. Around 12.3% of Chandans use the Chandan language as their primary language.

The most common language is Bashtugin used by 45.9% of the population, a Satrian language with significant influences from Old Bashtugin. The next most common is Xiaodongese, which is mostly spoken in the south of the country by their namesake culture.