Vladislav Pudovkin: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox officeholder
{{WIP}}{{Infobox officeholder
  | honorific_prefix  = His Excellency
  | honorific_prefix  = His Excellency
  | name              = Vladislav Pudovkin
  | name              = Vladislav Pudovkin
  | native_name        = Владислав Пудовкин<br>ᡖᠯᠠᡑᡅᠰᠯᠠᡖ ᠷᡇᡑᡆᡖᡘᡅᠨ
  | native_name        = Владислав Пудовкин
  | native_name_lang  = <!--ISO 639-1 code, e.g., "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} in |native_name= instead.-->
  | native_name_lang  = <!--ISO 639-1 code, e.g., "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} in |native_name= instead.-->
  | honorific_suffix  = NM
  | honorific_suffix  =
  | image              = Pudovkin 2.png
  | image              = Pudovkin_4.jpg
  | image_size        =  
  | image_size        = 230px
  | image_upright      =  
  | image_upright      =  
  | smallimage        = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.-->
  | smallimage        = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.-->
  | alt                =  
  | alt                =  
  | caption            = A colourised portrait of Pudovkin in 1925
  | caption            = Pudovkin, aged 50, preparing for his ''New Republic'' speech, shortly before he declared the [[Soravian Nationalist and Revivalist Party|ZVNP]] the sole ruling party of [[Soravian Federated Republic]] in 1936.
  | order              =  
  | order              = 4th
  | office            = 4th President of Narozalica
  | office            = President of Soravia
  | status            = <!--If this is specified, overrides Incumbent.-->
  | status            = <!--If this is specified, overrides Incumbent.-->
  | term_start        = 19 January 1921
  | term_start        = January 19, 1921
  | term_end          = 3 October 1955
  | term_end          = October 3, 1955
  | alongside          = <!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district.  (e.g. United States Senators.)-->
  | alongside          = <!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district.  (e.g. United States Senators.)-->
  | monarch            =  
  | monarch            =  
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  | primeminister      =  
  | primeminister      =  
  | taoiseach          =  
  | taoiseach          =  
  | chancellor        = [[Josef Sergeyevich]]
  | chancellor        = {{collapsible list|
|[[Ivan Mykhajlyuk]] {{small|(1921{{ndash}}23)}}
|[[Sergei Lytvyn]] {{small|(1923{{ndash}}24)}}
|[[Herman Yorosh]] {{small|(1924{{ndash}}27)}}
|[[Pavel Klemenko]] {{small|(1927{{ndash}}29)}}
|[[Gabriel Tozulyak]] {{small|(1929{{ndash}}33)}}
|''Himself'' {{small|(1933{{ndash}}36)}}
|[[Michel Dudka]] {{small|(1936{{ndash}}40)}}
|[[Stepan Storozhuk]] {{small|(1940{{ndash}}41)}}
|[[Vilem Gardos]] {{small|(1941{{ndash}}54)}}
|[[Gabriel Tozulyak]] {{small|(1954{{ndash}}55)}}
}}
  | governor          =  
  | governor          =  
  | chair              =  
  | chair              =  
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  | constituency      =  
  | constituency      =  
  | majority          =  
  | majority          =  
  | predecessor        = [[Artyom Freček]]
  | predecessor        = [[Tadeusz Czyzewski]]
  | successor          = [[Mikhail Petrenko]]
  | successor          = [[Gabriel Tozulyak]]
  | prior_term        =  
  | prior_term        =  
  | order2            =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
  | order2            =  20th and 23rd
  | office2            =  13th Chancellor of Narozalica
  | office2            =  Minister-President of Soravia
  | term_start2        =  7 November 1913
  | term_start2        =  March 4, 1910
  | term_end2          =  7 November 1917
  | term_end2          =  August 26, 1912
  | alongside2        =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
  | alongside2        =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
  | monarch2          =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
  | monarch2          =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
  | president2        =  [[Pyotr Petrovich]]<br>[[Artyom Freček]]
  | president2        =  [[Pyotr Petrovich]]
| governor_general2  =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
  | predecessor2 = [[Tadeusz Czyzewski]]
| primeminister2    =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
  | successor2 = Tadeusz Czyzewski
| chancellor2        =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
  | term_start3 = November 7, 1915
| taoiseach2        =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
  | term_end3 = March 15, 1917
| governor2          =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
  | predecessor3 = [[Denys Dorosh]]
| chair2            =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
  | successor3 = [[Kyrylo Cheban]]
| vicepresident2    =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| viceprimeminister2 =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| deputy2            =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| lieutenant2        =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| vicechair2        =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| succeeding2        =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
  | predecessor2       = [[Fedir Romanenko]]
  | successor2         = Josef Sergeyevich
  | parliamentarygroup2= <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
  | constituency2      =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| majority2          = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| prior_term2        =  <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
| office3 = Minister of Military Affairs
| term_start3 = 10 November 1917
  | term_end3 = 8 June 1919
  | president3 = Artyom Freček
  | pronunciation  =  
  | pronunciation  =  
  | birth_name      = Vladislav Pudovkin
  | birth_name      = Vladislav Andrya Pudovkin
  | birth_date      = {{Birth date|1886|3|22}}
  | birth_date      = {{Birth date|1886|3|22}}
  | birth_place    = [[Nimganopol]], [[Narozalica]]
  | birth_place    = [[Nimganopol]], [[Soravia]]
  | death_date      = {{Death date and age|1990|1|27|1886|3|22}}
  | death_date      = {{Death date and age|1969|1|27|1886|3|22}}
  | death_place    = [[Ust-Tolya]], [[Ludoy Islands]], [[Narozalica]]
  | death_place    = [[Radushia|Ottseda]], [[UPSR#Administrative divisions|Belosoravian FSR]], [[UPSR]]
  | death_cause    =  
  | death_cause    =  
| resting_place  = Cemetery of National Heroes, [[Patovatra]], [[Narozalica]]
  | resting_place_coordinates =  
  | resting_place_coordinates =  
  | citizenship    =  
  | citizenship    =  
  | nationality    =  
  | nationality    =  
  | party          = [[Narozalic Nationalist Party]]
  | party          = {{wp|Independent (politics)|Independent}} {{small|(1906{{ndash}}1921}})<br>[[Soravian Nationalist and Revivalist Party|ZVNP]] {{small|(1921{{ndash}}1969)}}
  | otherparty      =  <!--For additional political affiliations-->
  | otherparty      =  <!--For additional political affiliations-->
  | height          =  <!-- "X cm", "X m"  or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) -->
  | height          =  <!-- "X cm", "X m"  or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) -->
  | spouse          = Maria Törguz
  | spouse          = [[Soravia|Valyushka Kupranec]]
  | partner        =  <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married-->
  | partner        =  <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married-->
  | relations      =  
  | relations      =  
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  | signature_alt  =  
  | signature_alt  =  
  | website        =  
  | website        =  
<!--Military service-->
| nickname        =
| allegiance      = {{flag|Narozalica}}
| branch          = Narozalic Army
| serviceyears    = 1908 {{ndash}} 1950
| rank            = Generalissimo
| unit            =
| commands        =
| battles        = [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]]
| mawards        = [[Nikolai's Cross]]
| military_blank1 =
| military_data1  =
| military_blank2 =
| military_data2  =
| military_blank3 =
| military_data3  =
| military_blank4 =
| military_data4  =
| military_blank5 =
| military_data5  =
<!--Embedded templates / Footnotes-->
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}}
}}


'''Vladislav Pudovkin''' ({{wp|Rusyn language|Narodyn}}: Владислав Пудовкин; ''Vladislav Pudovkin''; {{wp|Kalmyk language|Zalyk}}: ᡖᠯᠠᡑᡅᠰᠯᠠᡖ ᠷᡇᡑᡆᡖᡘᡅᠨ); 22 March 1886 {{ndash}} 27 January 1990) was a Narozalic stateman who served as President (1921{{ndash}}55) and Chancellor (1917{{ndash}}19) of Narozalica. Pudovkin led the country through the Great War and is most remembered for his active duty throughout the entirety of the war, despite being in office for the duration of the conflict. The young Pudovkin was friends with [[Vasiliy Chaykev]] until he died in 1904, and they both shared similar goals for the country. Chaykev's death prompted Pudovkin to join the [[Narozalic Nationalist Party]] in 1905 and he became a high-ranking member of the party by 1907. Pudovkin joined the army in 1908 and was part of a Mordorin regiment based in Samistopol.
'''Vladislav Pudovkin''' (March 22, 1886{{snd}}January 27, 1969; aged 82), sometimes known by his {{wp|agnomen}} '''"The Old Stallion"''' ({{wp|Rusyn language|Soravian}}: Старий жеребець; ''Staryy zherebets'') was a [[Soravia|Soravian]] {{wp|statesman}} and {{wp|military figure}} who served as [[President of Soravia]] from 1921 to 1955, and two stints as [[Minister-President of Soravia]] from 1910 to 1912 and 1915 to 1917. He was a dominant figure in domestic politics during his reign, solidifying the dominance of president over parliament, and later creating a party system of which he was a central figure. He oversaw many periods in Soravian history, including {{wp|mass industrialisation}}, the fallout of the [[Great Collapse]], the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]], as well as [[UPSR|Soravia]]'s emergence as a [[Superpower (Kylaris)|superpower]] after the war and subsequent strained relations with [[Euclea|Eastern Euclea]].  


A staunch [[Chaykev nationalism|Chaykev nationalist]] and [[Narozalic revivalism|Narozalic revivalist]], Pudovkin believed in Narozalic imperialism and was a supporter of various ideas of invasion to reclaim the empire's expansive borders. Pudovkin believed in an ethnically homogenous Narozalica but did support increased rights for the Zalyks and Yaratans - mainly due to the large amount of time he spent with them in his Mordorin regiment.  
Born into a wealthy military family in [[Nimganopol]] in 1886, Pudovkin was exposed to military culture from a young age. He attended the [[Samistopol|Parfino Military Academy]] in [[Samistopol]] from 1900 to 1904, joining the army afterwards, briefly full-time but in 1906 choosing only to serve part-time. He subsequently became involved in Samistopolitan politics, becoming a member of its ''miskrada'' (city council) in 1907, where he met [[Pyotr Petrovich]]. Pudovkin impressed with his charisma, and his image of a hard-working, patriotic soldier, which he kept despite his brief full-time service, found him popularity amongst the {{wp|working class}}. Petrovich ultimately selected him for the minister-presidency in 1910, but resigned in 1912 following disagreements over proactive foreign policy. [[Tadeusz Czyzewski]] appointed him in 1915, but disagreements over economic policy saw him resign once again in 1917.  


He was elected to the chancellery and served for Josef Sergeyevich and Artyom Freček, whom he believed were "weak leaders" and was critical of both of their tenures. Freček dismissed Pudovkin in 1919, leading him to lead his own campaign which gained him quick popularly across the country, and was seen as a successor of Chaykev compared to the presidents who many believed had failed the country's high aspirations. Pudovkin was elected to presidency in 1921 with 61.4% of the vote, and immediately set about funding the military, which he opted to continue service in even during his tenure. He funded new border defenses around 100km west of the Kansen border, an extension of the Njich-Orikh Line.  
Pudovkin's resignations allowed him to escape criticism for the controversial policies of the [[Great Collapse]], and he later successfully won the presidency in 1921, utilising his popularity amongst the working class, as well as hardliner members of the government. His party apparatus in the [[ZVNP]] also indicated a move away from {{wp|non-partisanism|political non-partisanism}}, which became associated with unaccountability of higher figures. He spearheaded economic recovery and the war effort, eventually being boosted by [[Grand Alliance|Allied victory]] and Soravia's newfound geopolitical status amongst Euclean nations. In 1936, he launched massive reforms to Soravia's political system, establishing the [[Soravian Nationalist and Revivalist Party]] as Soravia's sole legal party, modelling it as a {{wp|popular front}}, increasing the powers of the presidency and essentially placing the legislature under his control. {{wp|Economic growth}} and post-war euphoria put his popularity at an all-time high during this period, but was quickly undermined by the [[Miersan General Strike]] and the [[Godfredson Plan]], which strained relations between Soravia and the East, particularly [[Estmere]].  


Once tensions before the Great War began arising, Pudovkin was quick to push Narozalica into signing the anti-Gaullican pact with [[Estmere]], [[Etruria]] and [[Werania]] to combat the country's attempt to establish a global hegemony through its colonial presence. He reigned in the island of [[Svobinsk]], where an independence movement had been growing in recent years, my increasing military presence on the island in 1921, although this ended in 1926 upon the outbreak of the Great War. Pudovkin personally led his Mordorin regiment - now known as Pudovkin's First or "The Regiment" - in many battles in the Euclean Theatre throughout the war, and served for the entire eight years of the conflict. When he returned he was awarded Nuruk's Medal and Nikolai's Cross for outstanding military service to the country, and had a statue of himself erected outside of the military high command's building in Patovatra. With Narozalica now in a powerful position after their victory in the war, he spearheaded his beliefs of Narozalic imperialism and invaded [[Kansasto]], [[Minerva]] and [[Vedmed]] in 1944 wile Euclea was embroiled in the [[Solarian War]], all of which were great successes which bolstered his public opinion greatly. He oversaw the construction of railways throughout Kansasto and Minerva to better connect the country to eastern Euclea.
In the 1940s, Soravian participation in the [[Solarian War]] greatly dented his political image, which he had moulded into one of efficiency and ''robyty rechi''{{snd}}"get things done". The particularly bloody [[Amathia|Amathian campaign]] especially brought him negative spotlight, though his opposition mainly operated {{wp|underground opposition|underground}} until the final years of his presidency. Growing party opposition to Pudovkin, who became increasingly {{wp|paranoid}} of plots to dethrone him, began to stifle government processions. Cabinet members were often appointed and fired on a whim, but his {{wp|protégé}} [[Vilem Gardos]] eventually brought stability to the government, positioning himself to succeed him, before he was accused of conspiring with his enemies and also axed. Pudovkin appointed [[Gabriel Tozulyak]] to the presidency in his resignation speech in 1955, aged 68. He continued on as a member of the [[ZVNP]], though mainly {{wp|honourary}} in practice, until his death in 1969.


He left the military in 1950 as a Generalissmo, and unlike most presidents at the time, Pudovkin resigned from his post in 1955 at the age of 69, saying that the country was "in a new age" in his resignation speech. He moved to a log cabin in Ust-Tolya in the Ludoy Islands, where he became a Narozalic nationalist commentator and supporter of the traditional nationalists in the [[Second Narozalic Civil War]] when it broke out in 1978. Pudovkin was also a vocal critic of the [[Euclean Community]] when it formed. Pudovkin passed away in 1990 in his home in the Ludoy Islands aged 103 years of age. Despite his hardline nationalist and imperialist tendencies, he's regarded as one of the most important figures in modern Narozalic history and a father of the modern Narozalic nation.
One of both Soravia and Euclea's most important figures of the 20th century, Pudovkin greatly affected Euclean geopolitics with his {{wp|strongman rule}}. The influence of his personality and personal relations in Soravia's domestic policies and foreign relations has been the subject of study by {{wp|political scientists}} and {{wp|psychologists}} for decades. His usurpation of the legislature and widespread undemocratic reforms, instigated through a {{wp|self-coup}}, influenced the rises to power of other {{wp|dictators}} around the world. In the 1930s and 1940s, he formed a great {{wp|personality cult}}, which, in wake of the war, bolstered his popularity, but this quickly deteriorated in the late-40s and early-50s. Hundreds of {{wp|monuments}}, {{wp|streets}} and {{wp|statues}} are dedicated to Pudovkin throughout Soravia and its former territories, where he is still lauded for projecting Soravian influence, his wartime victories and post-war economic growth. Elsewhere, he is often criticsed for his {{wp|militarism}}, {{wp|autocracy|autocratic nature}} and creation of a {{wp|one-party state}}.


[[Category:Narozalica]]
== Early life ==
 
== Early political career ==
 
== Minister-President ==
=== First term: 1910{{ndash}}12 ===
 
=== Second term: 1915{{ndash}}17 ===
 
== Opposition to Czyzewski presidency and beginnings of ''sanatsiya'' ==
 
== Election to presidency and consolidation of power ==
=== ''Sanatsiya'', economic recovery and combatting nationalism: 1921{{ndash}}24 ===
[[File:Карта_к_статье_«Новороссийск»._Военная_энциклопедия_Сытина_(Санкт-Петербург,_1911-1915).jpg|225px|right|thumb|The construction of new {{wp|seaports}} were an integral part of Chepurin and Pudovkin's economic recovery plan. Ports such as this one in [[Ottseda]], [[Radushia]] (pictured 1922), massively boosted local economy and industry.]]
Pudovkin was elected under main promises of ending economic decline, ending political instability and combatting institutional corruption. In response to the latter, Pudovkin devised ''{{wp|Sanation|sanatsiya}}'', a wide-reaching program that sought to combat corruption but often was used in persecuting {{wp|opposition parties}} and promoting {{wp|authoritarianism|authoritarian policies}} with the end goal of limiting legislative influence, which Pudovkin regarded as the "roots" of instability in the Soravian political system. While ''sanatsiya'' was not necessarily a core facet of Pudovkin's political program externally, it had large influence in internal politics. Many supports of ''sanatsiya'' initially acted as ''{{wp|éminence grise|éminences grise}}'', most notably [[Ivan Mykhajlyuk]], who also founded the ZVNP in 1920.
 
Soravia's economy had been hit particularly hard by the [[Great Collapse]], and hostility towards urban labourers under the [[Tadeusz Czyzewski|Czyzewski administration]] had worsened its effects. In conjunction with economic minister [[Soravia|Vaniamin Chepurin]], Pudovkin sought to introduce sweeping economic reforms that would end would end the Collapse and faciliate {{wp|economic growth}}, particularly in urban areas. Chepurin and Pudovkin stimulated the {{wp|military-industrial complex}}, setting them apart from other Euclean economic reformers, as their main source of new industrial activity. New {{wp|seaports}} were constructed in [[Samistopol]], [[Luchintsy]] and [[Koskunen]], as well as other major construction projects across the country, such as {{wp|motorways}}, {{wp|bridges}}, as well as other minor ports, such as [[Ottseda]], which boosted its local economy as part of the wider Lake Min trade network. Both Chepurin and Pudovkin were lauded for their reforms, which benefitted massively Soravian trade in the Perovo Sea, as well as domestic industrialism. The economy began recovering in mid-1922, and was growing by the end of the year.
 
One of the main challenges that Pudovkin faced coming into the presidency was combatting the rise of {{wp|nationalism}} among Soravia's many constituent ethnic groups. The rise of nationalist fervour that had been spurred on by the [[Great Collapse]] had been complimented by the [[Soravian Section of the Workers' International]], who in 1918 had officially adopted the {{wp|austromarxism|Soravonemtsovist}} policy of {{wp|national personal autonomy}} as their response to growing calls for {{wp|self-determination}}. Pudovkin introduced further local government, in addition to the legislative already being split along sub-national lines. He often alienated the Section by drawing comparisons in its "revolutionary politics" to the neighbouring [[Kirenia|April Revolution]], where its conflict, persecution, economic and political damage and societal upheaval were emphasised as "unavoidable consequences" of "revolutionary socialism".
 
More often than not, however, Pudovkin side-stepped the "{{wp|nationality question}}" in his early days. Focusing mainly on ending {{wp|economic stagnation}} and the [[Great Collapse]], his recovery policies made him popular amongst urban labourers, and the presence of {{wp|trade unionists}} in the ZVNP in the early 1920s further contributed to his growing amicability with the working class. Nationalist fervour continued to exist{{snd}}and sometimes thrive{{snd}}in academic circles, though many of theses were centred outside of Soravia in cities such as [[Istros]], [[Morwall]] and [[Kirenia|Neem]].
 
=== Militarisation and rise in party power: 1924{{ndash}}26 ===
[[File:1_Dywizja_Grenadierów_Wojska_Polskiego_we_Francji_-_przeglad_pododdzialow_NAC_18-261-2.jpg|225px|right|thumb|Pudovkin (white uniform; left) and [[Cabinet of Soravia|Minister of Defense]] [[Soravia|Valery Yashchuk-Tolmachov]] (white uniform; right) inspect a newly-formed battalion stationed near [[East Miersa|Noviborg]] (now [[East Miersa|Nowyburg]], [[East Miersa#Administrative divisions|Ziarnokosz]], [[East Miersa]]) in June 1924.]]
The rise of [[Functionalist Gaullica|functionalism in Gaullica]] began to pose an increasing threat to Soravia, whose territories in [[Euclea|Central Euclea]] were at great risk of invasion in the event of full-scale conflict between the two nations. In response to what he called an "eventuality", Pudovkin began a mass militarisation campaign across the country in 1924, but centred particularly in [[Miersa]] and [[Kantemosha]]. Bases were constructed and armies were restationed across the [[Miersa|Monnes Valley]], where most of the Gallo-Soravian border lied. Historians have pointed to the militarisation campaign as one of the main reasons Gaullica's success was comparatively stifled in Central Euclea, despite Soravian equipment often being as old as twenty years. Pudovkin also claimed credit for the work it created, but the program was incredibly expensive for the government. 1924 saw some of the highest government spending in years, and was criticised by [[Cabinet of Soravia|Minister of the Economy]] [[Soravia|Vaniamin Chepurin]] as well as [[Cabinet of Soravia|Minister of Agriculture]] [[Soravia|Igor Marinin]], primarily for the farmland it expropriated.
 
The campaign was similarly undertaken across susceptible areas of the Ravnian border{{snd}}Euclea's longest. Increasing amicability between [[Ravnia|Ravnia's monarchy]] and the Gaullican functionalist government was of concern to Pudovkin. Hostilities were further spurred on by the election of Ravnia's pro-functionalist government in October 1924. Now posing a significant threat to the security of Soravia's southern border, Pudovkin wished to expand the program to southern Soravia, but [[Pavel Klemenko]], a key political ally and a high-ranking member of the [[ZVNP]]'s internal leadership, who had so far supported it, did not support its expansion. The program never expanded, but Pudovkin privately contacted {{wp|Andrei Tupolev|Semyon Savinkov}}, head of the {{wp|Tupolev|Savinkov Aerial Manufacturing and Design Bureau}}, through his {{wp|old boys' network}} from Parfino Academy, to push for heavier focus on military design. Savinkov, who had been focusing on cargo aircraft for logistical purposes, ultimately agreed, and the {{wp|Tupolev ANT-3|Savinkov SPV-2}} was designed and tested in 1924{{ndash}}25, along with the {{wp|Tupolev TB-1|Savinkov PB-1}}, which greatly increased Soravia's aerial capabilities.
[[File:Wizyta_w_Polsce_brytyjskiego_podsekretarza_ds_lotnictwa_Williama_Brauckera_NAC_1-D-1888a.jpg|235px|thumb|left|Pudovkin with the 1st Polkom in 1925. The Polkom often consisted of both civilian {{wp|bureaucrats}} and {{wp|military|military figures}}.]]
Simultaneously, Pudovkin had been working on increasing the party's power within the current government system. The ZVNP, which was still ideologically a coalition of {{wp|liberalism|centrist liberals}}, {{wp|religious conservatism|religious conservatives}} and some {{wp|socialism|socialists}} and {{wp|trade unionists}}, was fairly divided internally, held together mainly by Klemenko, Mykhajlyuk and Pudovkin's internal bureaucratic connections. Seeking to crack down on party dissent and prioritise his own religious conservative leanings, he denounced the socialist movement for its "attempts to undermine" stability within the party, a characteristic which had garnered him popularity in his administration so far. With socialists now popularly alienated, most left the party, and those who remained meshed into the wide-reaching group of liberals who still nominally supported the Pudovkin administration, though were practically exiled from the socialist movement as a result. In what he referred to as an "extention" of his previous ''{{wp|Sanation|sanatsiya}}'' policies, which aimed to tackle corruption within the government, the resulting party pursued a more {{wp|conservatism|conservative-leaning}} administration with {{wp|populism|populist}} tones, often marketed as {{wp|anti-establishment|anti-establishment politics}}. The subsequent {{wp|executive committee}} (Polkom; from політичний комітет; ''politychnyy komitet'', "political committee") that was formed in February 1925 operated internally with the task of vetting the party's candidates and presiding over internal party bureaucracy. Members of the Polkom were known to the public, but its operations were often shrouded in secrecy, and was appointed entirely by the president. Pudovkin utilised the Polkom extensively in bringing the party into line with his own views, and it played a large part of the ideological centralisation of the party in the run up to the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]].
 
== Great War ==
=== Preclude to war: 1926{{ndash}}27 ===
Pudovkin's fears of conflict on the horizon were affirmed in 1926, when Gaullica began its [[Hennehouwe Crisis|annexation of Kesselbourg and southern Hennehouwe]]. While Soravia had not been a signatory of the [[Tripartite Agreement]] of [[Estmere]], [[Etruria]] and [[Werania]], it maintained close relations with the three nations. Gaullica's violation of the Four Powers Agreement, which was intended to avoid conflict in [[Euclea]], was denounced by Pudovkin in 1926. Soravia's ambassador to Gaullica, [[Soravia|Albert Agliullin]], was recalled the same year, and Pudovkin severed relations between the two nations. The subsequent [[Second Sakata Incident]] heightened tensions between the group of powers. Pudovkin, whose personal relationship with leading members of the [[Senria|Senrian republican government]] had led to a major boost in relations, supported Senria in its attempts to seize the city of Sakata from the [[Heavenly Xiaodongese Empire]]. Soravia's relative political similarities with Senria as well as its relations with the Tripartite powers ultimately brought it into the conflict when [[Senrian-Xiaodongese War|Xiaodong invaded Senria on February 2, 1927]].
{{quote box|width=22em|align=left|We find ourselves in this situation; where our enemies wish to spit on all we have built, all we have achieved and worked for. Some already ask the "Soravian question". I pose to you today an indisputable truth. The preservation and protection of our nation, our people, our morals and our ways of life precedes democracy. It precedes tradition and it precedes ideological integrity and morality. It is a must.|source=Pudovkin's declaration to the ZVNP party conference, March 1927 ({{wp|declassification|dcl.}} 1990).}}
=== First years of the war: 1927{{ndash}}1930 ===
Some in the ZVNP criticised Pudovkin's posturing and Soravia's subsequent entry into the conflict. Yashchuk-Tolmachov resigned on February 4 in protest of the conflict. On the immediate outbreak of the war, Soravia was surrounded on three sides by [[Entente|Entente powers]]{{snd}}[[Ravnia]] to the south, [[Kingdom of Amathia|Amathia]] to the south-east and [[Functionalist Gaullica|Gaullica]] to the east. Pudovkin summoned the Polkom shortly after Yashchuk-Tolmachov's resignation and tasked it with cracking down on internal dissonance. Pudovkin regarded national defense and preservation as his highest priority, often undercutting state organs and democratic traditions in the process. Almost immediately, a nationwide {{wp|state of emergency}} was declared, giving Pudovkin more expansive executive powers. He appointed geenral [[Soravia|Konstantin Kirilovsky]] to the position of defense minister, which gave the military an important foothold in the [[Cabinet of Soravia|Soravian government]].
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| image1 = Kukiel,_Sikorski,_Klimecki,_Ujejski.jpg
| caption1 = Pudovkin meets with leading Soravian generals, including Kirilovsky (leftmost), July 1927.
| image2 = Władysław_Sikorski_visiting_Polish_Army_in_the_Middle_East,_1943.jpg
| caption2 = Pudovkin speaks with Soravian troops in [[Zalykia]], January 1930.
}}
Initially in the war, Soravia was being significantly pushed back on all fronts. Its lack of advanced {{wp|military technology}} and equipment at the time put it at a severe disadvantage compared to the Gaullican forces, who were also better trained and had more combat experience. Gaullican advisors and manufacturers also supported the [[Ravnia|Ravnian offensive in the south]], which was initially fruitful but ground to a halt quickly, descending into a bloody stalemate in the west. Pudovkin, at the request of Kirilovsky, ordered the entrenchment of forces in the south and redirection of men and resources eastwards to combat the Gaullican invasion, who were already beginning to overcome defensive encampments in the [[Miersa|Monnes Valley]]. In contradiction to Kirilovsky, however, Pudovkin's strategy was ultimately to stifle Gaullican forces enough to allow the Tripartite nations to force the redirection of the Gaullican armies, when Soravia would be able to counter-attack through the flat terrain of Miersa.
 
Both Pudovkin and Kirilovsky failed to accurately estimate the strength of Ravnian forces, and the diversion allowed the Ravnian 3rd Army to break through Soravian lines at the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Battle of Khosheut]] at the beginning of 1928. He began to introduce {{wp|conscription}} in March 1928. By the middle of the year, Ravnian forces had begun to siege [[Kremina]] and [[Syrnitsa]]. [[Radushia|Belosoravia]] was almost fully occupied, and fell in June 1928 at the [[Radushia|Siege of Ottseda]], while Vedmedi forces were beginning to be pushed back. Kirilovsky wished to launch a counter-offensive into Ravnia, forcing it into retreating to protect some of its bigger cities and industrial heartlands in the north, but Pudovkin stuck out with attempting to neuter the current incursion. Both Kremina and Syrnitsa fell in August 1928, and Kirilovsky became increasingly disgruntled with Pudovkin, resigning weeks later. [[Andrei Glinin]] was appointed in his stead, recommending attempting to out-produce Ravnia with Soravia's superior industrial capacity.
 
After Glinin's ascension to the defense ministry, Pudovkin placed higher emphasis on industrial production and military design and manufacturing over sheer manpower. While conscription went ahead, Soravian {{wp|tanks}} and other {{wp|armoured vehicles}} began reaching the frontlines in great number in 1929. With morale spurred on by the successful [[Blockade of Ravnia]], which began in late 1928, Soravia successfully stopped the Ravnian invasion at the [[Siege of Ulan Khol]] in April 1929. The {{wp|BT-2 tank|MBA-2}} was introduced into service shortly in March, and proved highly successful with its mobility and speed. The tank excelled on both fronts, especially in [[Ravnia]], where inexperienced commanders in one-man turret tanks made them highly susceptible to frontline mistakes. The {{wp|BT-7 tank|MBA-7}}, which Pudovkin affectionately nicknamed "The Sardine", owing to its long and flat design that somewhat resembled a {{wp|sardine tin}}, was introduced in February 1930. By now, Soravian armies had pushed back to the pre-war Ravnian border, and were beginning to counter Gaullican offensives in the east, but this was jeopardised by the [[Estmere|Fall of Estmere]] in 1930.
 
=== War in Miersa and Ravnian collapse: 1930{{ndash}}32 ===
 
== Aftermath of the war ==
 
== early-mid 40s name tbd ==
 
== mid-late 40s name tbd ==
 
== Growing opposition and increasing instability ==
 
== Foreign policy ==
=== Pre-war: 1921{{ndash}}26 ===
 
=== Great War: 1926{{ndash}}34 ===
 
=== Immediate post-war: 1934{{ndash}}36 ===
 
=== Mid-20th century and Great Game: 1936{{ndash}}55 ===
 
== Ideology ==
 
== Personal life ==
 
== Legacy ==
 
== See also ==
*[[President of Soravia]]
*[[List of ministers-president of Soravia]]
*[[Soravian Nationalist and Revivalist Party]]
 
[[Category:Minister-Presidents of Soravia]]
[[Category:Presidents of Soravia]]

Latest revision as of 15:55, 30 October 2021

His Excellency
Vladislav Pudovkin
Владислав Пудовкин
Pudovkin 4.jpg
Pudovkin, aged 50, preparing for his New Republic speech, shortly before he declared the ZVNP the sole ruling party of Soravian Federated Republic in 1936.
4th President of Soravia
In office
January 19, 1921 – October 3, 1955
Chancellor
List
Preceded byTadeusz Czyzewski
Succeeded byGabriel Tozulyak
20th and 23rd Minister-President of Soravia
In office
March 4, 1910 – August 26, 1912
PresidentPyotr Petrovich
Preceded byTadeusz Czyzewski
Succeeded byTadeusz Czyzewski
In office
November 7, 1915 – March 15, 1917
Preceded byDenys Dorosh
Succeeded byKyrylo Cheban
Personal details
Born
Vladislav Andrya Pudovkin

(1886-03-22)March 22, 1886
Nimganopol, Soravia
DiedJanuary 27, 1969(1969-01-27) (aged 82)
Ottseda, Belosoravian FSR, UPSR
Political partyIndependent (1906–1921)
ZVNP (1921–1969)
SpouseValyushka Kupranec
Children4

Vladislav Pudovkin (March 22, 1886 – January 27, 1969; aged 82), sometimes known by his agnomen "The Old Stallion" (Soravian: Старий жеребець; Staryy zherebets) was a Soravian statesman and military figure who served as President of Soravia from 1921 to 1955, and two stints as Minister-President of Soravia from 1910 to 1912 and 1915 to 1917. He was a dominant figure in domestic politics during his reign, solidifying the dominance of president over parliament, and later creating a party system of which he was a central figure. He oversaw many periods in Soravian history, including mass industrialisation, the fallout of the Great Collapse, the Great War, as well as Soravia's emergence as a superpower after the war and subsequent strained relations with Eastern Euclea.

Born into a wealthy military family in Nimganopol in 1886, Pudovkin was exposed to military culture from a young age. He attended the Parfino Military Academy in Samistopol from 1900 to 1904, joining the army afterwards, briefly full-time but in 1906 choosing only to serve part-time. He subsequently became involved in Samistopolitan politics, becoming a member of its miskrada (city council) in 1907, where he met Pyotr Petrovich. Pudovkin impressed with his charisma, and his image of a hard-working, patriotic soldier, which he kept despite his brief full-time service, found him popularity amongst the working class. Petrovich ultimately selected him for the minister-presidency in 1910, but resigned in 1912 following disagreements over proactive foreign policy. Tadeusz Czyzewski appointed him in 1915, but disagreements over economic policy saw him resign once again in 1917.

Pudovkin's resignations allowed him to escape criticism for the controversial policies of the Great Collapse, and he later successfully won the presidency in 1921, utilising his popularity amongst the working class, as well as hardliner members of the government. His party apparatus in the ZVNP also indicated a move away from political non-partisanism, which became associated with unaccountability of higher figures. He spearheaded economic recovery and the war effort, eventually being boosted by Allied victory and Soravia's newfound geopolitical status amongst Euclean nations. In 1936, he launched massive reforms to Soravia's political system, establishing the Soravian Nationalist and Revivalist Party as Soravia's sole legal party, modelling it as a popular front, increasing the powers of the presidency and essentially placing the legislature under his control. Economic growth and post-war euphoria put his popularity at an all-time high during this period, but was quickly undermined by the Miersan General Strike and the Godfredson Plan, which strained relations between Soravia and the East, particularly Estmere.

In the 1940s, Soravian participation in the Solarian War greatly dented his political image, which he had moulded into one of efficiency and robyty rechi – "get things done". The particularly bloody Amathian campaign especially brought him negative spotlight, though his opposition mainly operated underground until the final years of his presidency. Growing party opposition to Pudovkin, who became increasingly paranoid of plots to dethrone him, began to stifle government processions. Cabinet members were often appointed and fired on a whim, but his protégé Vilem Gardos eventually brought stability to the government, positioning himself to succeed him, before he was accused of conspiring with his enemies and also axed. Pudovkin appointed Gabriel Tozulyak to the presidency in his resignation speech in 1955, aged 68. He continued on as a member of the ZVNP, though mainly honourary in practice, until his death in 1969.

One of both Soravia and Euclea's most important figures of the 20th century, Pudovkin greatly affected Euclean geopolitics with his strongman rule. The influence of his personality and personal relations in Soravia's domestic policies and foreign relations has been the subject of study by political scientists and psychologists for decades. His usurpation of the legislature and widespread undemocratic reforms, instigated through a self-coup, influenced the rises to power of other dictators around the world. In the 1930s and 1940s, he formed a great personality cult, which, in wake of the war, bolstered his popularity, but this quickly deteriorated in the late-40s and early-50s. Hundreds of monuments, streets and statues are dedicated to Pudovkin throughout Soravia and its former territories, where he is still lauded for projecting Soravian influence, his wartime victories and post-war economic growth. Elsewhere, he is often criticsed for his militarism, autocratic nature and creation of a one-party state.

Early life

Early political career

Minister-President

First term: 1910–12

Second term: 1915–17

Opposition to Czyzewski presidency and beginnings of sanatsiya

Election to presidency and consolidation of power

Sanatsiya, economic recovery and combatting nationalism: 1921–24

The construction of new seaports were an integral part of Chepurin and Pudovkin's economic recovery plan. Ports such as this one in Ottseda, Radushia (pictured 1922), massively boosted local economy and industry.

Pudovkin was elected under main promises of ending economic decline, ending political instability and combatting institutional corruption. In response to the latter, Pudovkin devised sanatsiya, a wide-reaching program that sought to combat corruption but often was used in persecuting opposition parties and promoting authoritarian policies with the end goal of limiting legislative influence, which Pudovkin regarded as the "roots" of instability in the Soravian political system. While sanatsiya was not necessarily a core facet of Pudovkin's political program externally, it had large influence in internal politics. Many supports of sanatsiya initially acted as éminences grise, most notably Ivan Mykhajlyuk, who also founded the ZVNP in 1920.

Soravia's economy had been hit particularly hard by the Great Collapse, and hostility towards urban labourers under the Czyzewski administration had worsened its effects. In conjunction with economic minister Vaniamin Chepurin, Pudovkin sought to introduce sweeping economic reforms that would end would end the Collapse and faciliate economic growth, particularly in urban areas. Chepurin and Pudovkin stimulated the military-industrial complex, setting them apart from other Euclean economic reformers, as their main source of new industrial activity. New seaports were constructed in Samistopol, Luchintsy and Koskunen, as well as other major construction projects across the country, such as motorways, bridges, as well as other minor ports, such as Ottseda, which boosted its local economy as part of the wider Lake Min trade network. Both Chepurin and Pudovkin were lauded for their reforms, which benefitted massively Soravian trade in the Perovo Sea, as well as domestic industrialism. The economy began recovering in mid-1922, and was growing by the end of the year.

One of the main challenges that Pudovkin faced coming into the presidency was combatting the rise of nationalism among Soravia's many constituent ethnic groups. The rise of nationalist fervour that had been spurred on by the Great Collapse had been complimented by the Soravian Section of the Workers' International, who in 1918 had officially adopted the Soravonemtsovist policy of national personal autonomy as their response to growing calls for self-determination. Pudovkin introduced further local government, in addition to the legislative already being split along sub-national lines. He often alienated the Section by drawing comparisons in its "revolutionary politics" to the neighbouring April Revolution, where its conflict, persecution, economic and political damage and societal upheaval were emphasised as "unavoidable consequences" of "revolutionary socialism".

More often than not, however, Pudovkin side-stepped the "nationality question" in his early days. Focusing mainly on ending economic stagnation and the Great Collapse, his recovery policies made him popular amongst urban labourers, and the presence of trade unionists in the ZVNP in the early 1920s further contributed to his growing amicability with the working class. Nationalist fervour continued to exist – and sometimes thrive – in academic circles, though many of theses were centred outside of Soravia in cities such as Istros, Morwall and Neem.

Militarisation and rise in party power: 1924–26

Pudovkin (white uniform; left) and Minister of Defense Valery Yashchuk-Tolmachov (white uniform; right) inspect a newly-formed battalion stationed near Noviborg (now Nowyburg, Ziarnokosz, East Miersa) in June 1924.

The rise of functionalism in Gaullica began to pose an increasing threat to Soravia, whose territories in Central Euclea were at great risk of invasion in the event of full-scale conflict between the two nations. In response to what he called an "eventuality", Pudovkin began a mass militarisation campaign across the country in 1924, but centred particularly in Miersa and Kantemosha. Bases were constructed and armies were restationed across the Monnes Valley, where most of the Gallo-Soravian border lied. Historians have pointed to the militarisation campaign as one of the main reasons Gaullica's success was comparatively stifled in Central Euclea, despite Soravian equipment often being as old as twenty years. Pudovkin also claimed credit for the work it created, but the program was incredibly expensive for the government. 1924 saw some of the highest government spending in years, and was criticised by Minister of the Economy Vaniamin Chepurin as well as Minister of Agriculture Igor Marinin, primarily for the farmland it expropriated.

The campaign was similarly undertaken across susceptible areas of the Ravnian border – Euclea's longest. Increasing amicability between Ravnia's monarchy and the Gaullican functionalist government was of concern to Pudovkin. Hostilities were further spurred on by the election of Ravnia's pro-functionalist government in October 1924. Now posing a significant threat to the security of Soravia's southern border, Pudovkin wished to expand the program to southern Soravia, but Pavel Klemenko, a key political ally and a high-ranking member of the ZVNP's internal leadership, who had so far supported it, did not support its expansion. The program never expanded, but Pudovkin privately contacted Semyon Savinkov, head of the Savinkov Aerial Manufacturing and Design Bureau, through his old boys' network from Parfino Academy, to push for heavier focus on military design. Savinkov, who had been focusing on cargo aircraft for logistical purposes, ultimately agreed, and the Savinkov SPV-2 was designed and tested in 1924–25, along with the Savinkov PB-1, which greatly increased Soravia's aerial capabilities.

Pudovkin with the 1st Polkom in 1925. The Polkom often consisted of both civilian bureaucrats and military figures.

Simultaneously, Pudovkin had been working on increasing the party's power within the current government system. The ZVNP, which was still ideologically a coalition of centrist liberals, religious conservatives and some socialists and trade unionists, was fairly divided internally, held together mainly by Klemenko, Mykhajlyuk and Pudovkin's internal bureaucratic connections. Seeking to crack down on party dissent and prioritise his own religious conservative leanings, he denounced the socialist movement for its "attempts to undermine" stability within the party, a characteristic which had garnered him popularity in his administration so far. With socialists now popularly alienated, most left the party, and those who remained meshed into the wide-reaching group of liberals who still nominally supported the Pudovkin administration, though were practically exiled from the socialist movement as a result. In what he referred to as an "extention" of his previous sanatsiya policies, which aimed to tackle corruption within the government, the resulting party pursued a more conservative-leaning administration with populist tones, often marketed as anti-establishment politics. The subsequent executive committee (Polkom; from політичний комітет; politychnyy komitet, "political committee") that was formed in February 1925 operated internally with the task of vetting the party's candidates and presiding over internal party bureaucracy. Members of the Polkom were known to the public, but its operations were often shrouded in secrecy, and was appointed entirely by the president. Pudovkin utilised the Polkom extensively in bringing the party into line with his own views, and it played a large part of the ideological centralisation of the party in the run up to the Great War.

Great War

Preclude to war: 1926–27

Pudovkin's fears of conflict on the horizon were affirmed in 1926, when Gaullica began its annexation of Kesselbourg and southern Hennehouwe. While Soravia had not been a signatory of the Tripartite Agreement of Estmere, Etruria and Werania, it maintained close relations with the three nations. Gaullica's violation of the Four Powers Agreement, which was intended to avoid conflict in Euclea, was denounced by Pudovkin in 1926. Soravia's ambassador to Gaullica, Albert Agliullin, was recalled the same year, and Pudovkin severed relations between the two nations. The subsequent Second Sakata Incident heightened tensions between the group of powers. Pudovkin, whose personal relationship with leading members of the Senrian republican government had led to a major boost in relations, supported Senria in its attempts to seize the city of Sakata from the Heavenly Xiaodongese Empire. Soravia's relative political similarities with Senria as well as its relations with the Tripartite powers ultimately brought it into the conflict when Xiaodong invaded Senria on February 2, 1927.

We find ourselves in this situation; where our enemies wish to spit on all we have built, all we have achieved and worked for. Some already ask the "Soravian question". I pose to you today an indisputable truth. The preservation and protection of our nation, our people, our morals and our ways of life precedes democracy. It precedes tradition and it precedes ideological integrity and morality. It is a must.

Pudovkin's declaration to the ZVNP party conference, March 1927 (dcl. 1990).

First years of the war: 1927–1930

Some in the ZVNP criticised Pudovkin's posturing and Soravia's subsequent entry into the conflict. Yashchuk-Tolmachov resigned on February 4 in protest of the conflict. On the immediate outbreak of the war, Soravia was surrounded on three sides by Entente powers – Ravnia to the south, Amathia to the south-east and Gaullica to the east. Pudovkin summoned the Polkom shortly after Yashchuk-Tolmachov's resignation and tasked it with cracking down on internal dissonance. Pudovkin regarded national defense and preservation as his highest priority, often undercutting state organs and democratic traditions in the process. Almost immediately, a nationwide state of emergency was declared, giving Pudovkin more expansive executive powers. He appointed geenral Konstantin Kirilovsky to the position of defense minister, which gave the military an important foothold in the Soravian government.

Pudovkin meets with leading Soravian generals, including Kirilovsky (leftmost), July 1927.
Pudovkin speaks with Soravian troops in Zalykia, January 1930.

Initially in the war, Soravia was being significantly pushed back on all fronts. Its lack of advanced military technology and equipment at the time put it at a severe disadvantage compared to the Gaullican forces, who were also better trained and had more combat experience. Gaullican advisors and manufacturers also supported the Ravnian offensive in the south, which was initially fruitful but ground to a halt quickly, descending into a bloody stalemate in the west. Pudovkin, at the request of Kirilovsky, ordered the entrenchment of forces in the south and redirection of men and resources eastwards to combat the Gaullican invasion, who were already beginning to overcome defensive encampments in the Monnes Valley. In contradiction to Kirilovsky, however, Pudovkin's strategy was ultimately to stifle Gaullican forces enough to allow the Tripartite nations to force the redirection of the Gaullican armies, when Soravia would be able to counter-attack through the flat terrain of Miersa.

Both Pudovkin and Kirilovsky failed to accurately estimate the strength of Ravnian forces, and the diversion allowed the Ravnian 3rd Army to break through Soravian lines at the Battle of Khosheut at the beginning of 1928. He began to introduce conscription in March 1928. By the middle of the year, Ravnian forces had begun to siege Kremina and Syrnitsa. Belosoravia was almost fully occupied, and fell in June 1928 at the Siege of Ottseda, while Vedmedi forces were beginning to be pushed back. Kirilovsky wished to launch a counter-offensive into Ravnia, forcing it into retreating to protect some of its bigger cities and industrial heartlands in the north, but Pudovkin stuck out with attempting to neuter the current incursion. Both Kremina and Syrnitsa fell in August 1928, and Kirilovsky became increasingly disgruntled with Pudovkin, resigning weeks later. Andrei Glinin was appointed in his stead, recommending attempting to out-produce Ravnia with Soravia's superior industrial capacity.

After Glinin's ascension to the defense ministry, Pudovkin placed higher emphasis on industrial production and military design and manufacturing over sheer manpower. While conscription went ahead, Soravian tanks and other armoured vehicles began reaching the frontlines in great number in 1929. With morale spurred on by the successful Blockade of Ravnia, which began in late 1928, Soravia successfully stopped the Ravnian invasion at the Siege of Ulan Khol in April 1929. The MBA-2 was introduced into service shortly in March, and proved highly successful with its mobility and speed. The tank excelled on both fronts, especially in Ravnia, where inexperienced commanders in one-man turret tanks made them highly susceptible to frontline mistakes. The MBA-7, which Pudovkin affectionately nicknamed "The Sardine", owing to its long and flat design that somewhat resembled a sardine tin, was introduced in February 1930. By now, Soravian armies had pushed back to the pre-war Ravnian border, and were beginning to counter Gaullican offensives in the east, but this was jeopardised by the Fall of Estmere in 1930.

War in Miersa and Ravnian collapse: 1930–32

Aftermath of the war

early-mid 40s name tbd

mid-late 40s name tbd

Growing opposition and increasing instability

Foreign policy

Pre-war: 1921–26

Great War: 1926–34

Immediate post-war: 1934–36

Mid-20th century and Great Game: 1936–55

Ideology

Personal life

Legacy

See also