Huang dynasty

Great Huang 大黄(Jin) Dà Huáng (Pinyin)
Flag Imperial Seal
Anthem:  天命永恒 Tiānmìng yǒnghéng "The Mandate Eternal"
Territory controlled by the Huang dynasty is shown in dark green; territory claimed but not controlled is shown in light green.
Political Map of Da Huang
Capital	Basingse
Largest city	Xi'hai
Official languages	Standard Jin
Recognised regional languages	Bayar Zhuang Others
Official script	Simplified Jin
Ethnic groups (2022)	90.3% Jin 9.7% others
Religion (2022)	Legalism (official) 74.5% Jin folk religion 18.3% N'nhivaranism 5.2% Christianity 1.6% Azdarin 0.4% Other
Demonym(s)	Jin
Government	Unitary parlimentary anocratic semi-consitutional monarchy
• Emperor	Yingjie Emperor
• Prince Regent	Shunwang, Prince Huang
• Prime Minister	Cheng Pu
Legislature	Advisory Council
Formation
• First pre-imperial dynasty	c. 2070 BCE
• First Imperial dynasty	c. 221 BCE
• Conquest by the Bayarids	932 CE
• Establishment of the Great Khan's Court-in-Taizhou	1145 CE
• Great Kra Invasion	1346—1358
• Establishment of the Kra—Na dynasty	1358
• Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion	1672—1674
• Establishment of the ethnic Jin—Huang dynasty	1674
• Wucheng Heavenly Rebellion	1900—1908
• Republic of Jin established	1902—1931
• Corrective Movement	1931—1943
• End of the Republic and Reestablishment of the Huang dynasty	12 February 1943
• Current constitution (1991)	29 August 1991
Area
• Total	1,125,344 km2 (434,498 sq mi)
Population
• 2022 census	121,648,117
• Density	108.1/km2 (280.0/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)	2022 estimate
• Total	$1.387 trillion
• Per capita	$11,400
Gini (2022)	36.4 medium
HDI (2022)	0.79 high
Currency	Yuan (元/¥) (JY)
Time zone	(GST+8)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+7 ((GST+7))
Date format	dd-mm-yyyy CE
Driving side	left
Calling code	+16
Internet TLD	.jn

The Huang dynasty, officially the Great Huang (Jin: 大黄; pinyin: Dà Huáng), is a sovereign state in Southeast Ochran, situated in the Jin Peninsula, spanning 1,125,344 square kilometres (434,498 sq mi), with a population of 121,648,117. The country is bordered to the northeast by Seonko and shares maritime borders with Daobac to the south and Tsurushima through the Kaihei islands to the east. The national capital is Basingse, and the most populous city and largest financial centre is Xi'hai.

Modern Jin traces their origins to a cradle of civilisation in the fertile Yellow River basin in the Central Jin Plain. Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of hunter-gatherers, emerged into settled life as early as 7000 BCE, gradually evolving into multiple early Jin civilisations. The interactions of different and distinct cultures and ethnic groups influenced each other's development; specific cultural regions that developed the early Jin civilisation were the Huanghe civilisation, the Chiangjiang civilisation, and the Nanbei culture.

These early civilisations would set the foundations of several regional cities, eventually turning into city-states and petty kingdoms. The semi-legendary kingdom of Wei in the 21st century BCE and the well-attested Zhang and Liao states developed a bureaucratic political system to serve hereditary monarchies known as dynasties. Jin writing, Jin classic literature, and the Hundred Schools of Thought emerged during this period and influenced Da Huang and its neighbours for centuries to come.

Early Jin historians attributed to the notion of one dynasty succeeding another; however, current archaeological, geological, and anthropological findings have shown that the political situation in the Jin peninsula was much more complicated. These political entities existed concurrently and would remain disunited until the third century BCE when the King of Wu, Wu Shi Huang, founded the first Jin empire, the short-lived Wu dynasty. The more stable Jin dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) followed the fall of the Wu and established a model for nearly two millennia in which the Jin empire was one of the world's foremost economic power.

Throughout its existence, the Jin dynasty expanded, fractured, and reunified; was conquered and reestablished; absorbed foreign religions and ideas; and made world-leading scientific advances, such as the Four Great Inventions: gunpowder, paper, the compass, and printing. However, by the late 6th century CE, centuries of disunity led to the fall of the Jin. The following Zhou (581–618) and the Later Wei (618–907) dynasties would reunify the empire. The xenophilic Later Wei welcomed foreign trade and culture across the Kayatman Sea and the Jade Road and adapted N'nhivaranism to Jin culture.

The Song dynasty (907–932) would replace the Later Wei and see an increasingly urban and commercialised economy in the empire. During this period, the civilian scholar-officials, or the literati class, would emerge and replace the military aristocrats of earlier dynasties with the introduction of the Song Imperial examination system. The Song emperors sought to avoid the same mistakes that had led to the downfall of their predecessors and introduce wide-ranging reforms to curb the power of the military. However, in 932, the Bayarid invasion cut short the Song reforms and established the Great Khan's Court in Taizhou, also known as the Zhen dynasty (932–1358), by Jin historians. Another foreign culture would conquer the Bayarid-led Zhen dynasty, the Kra, establishing the Kra–Na dynasty (1358–1674) before the Huang dynasty (1674–1902) reestablished ethnic Jin control.

The Jin monarchy collapsed in 1902 with the Wucheng Heavenly Rebellion when the Republic of Jin (ROJ) replaced the Huang dynasty. In its early years as a republic, the country underwent a period of instability known as the Warlord Era before mostly reunifying in 1913 under a Nationalist government with the Huang royalist forces spread and contained in the central and northern mountains. With financial and military aid from the Empire of the Latins, the Republic of Jin recovered from the disastrous Cross-Strait war before participating in the Hanaki War in 1927 to conquer their claimed lands. However, the Hanaki War ended in another failure for the Jin. The surrender left a power vacuum in the country, leading to renewed fighting between the scattered remnant armies and a reinvigorated royalist army. The civil war culminated into the Corrective Movement (1931–1943) and ended with a royalists coup from disaffected republican generals and civil servants who wanted an end to the instability. The Huang emperor was reinstated to the throne, and the military and civil servants reestablished the dynasty on 12 February 1943.

Da Huang has since periodically alternated between civil, monarchic and military rule. Whilst the emperor has been seen as the Son of Heaven and an undisputed autocrat of all under Heaven, this archaic belief in the emperor's divinity has slowly faded away from the new bureaucrats of the late 20th century. Dissent among government officials has led to the stagnation of the empire's recovery leading to foreign economic exploitation and civil unrest between the literati and the military, alongside a resurging Kra rebellion in the northern provinces. To circumnavigate this byzantine bureaucracy, the Yingjie emperor introduced the 1991 constitution as a compromise between the three estates, allowing some form of democratic rule to modernise its bureaucracy.

Da Huang is currently governed as a parlimentary constitutional monarchy; in practice, however, structural advantages in the constitution due to the compromise in the 1991 constitution have resulted in a complex parliamentary anocratic semi-constitutional monarchy system balanced between the military, the literati, and the monarchist. Da Huang is a middle power in global affairs and ranks moderately on the Human Development Index. It is also classified as a newly industrialised economy, with manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism as leading sectors.

Etymology

Main article: Names of Da Huang

Jina (today's Longxi) and the Daobac islands on this 1530 map drawn according to the records of famed Tyresene ethnographer and medieval author Ahumm Bōdashtarti

The name Dà Huáng (大黄; lit. "Great Yellow") in its national language, Standard Pūrvī, has been used by native Jin since the dynasty's foundation. Its origin is generally accepted to be named after the Yellow River though some modern scholars attributed the name directly to the founder of the early Huang dynasty, Huang Junyan. Another accepted argument for the source of the word is that it was adapted from the poem Mother River (Jin: 母河; pinyin: mǔ hé) authored by the famous 10th-century CE poet Wang Wei. The old Jueju style poetry depicts the Yellow River as the "Mother River" and the "cradle of Jin civilisation":

《母河》	Mother River
黄河滔滔万古情 母亲河润金夏生 源远流长浩浩荡 根基文明大地成	The Yellow River flows endlessly, with an ancient affection, As the mother river, it nurtures the birth of our civilization, Originating from afar and flowing endlessly, It lays the foundation for the great land of our culture.

While the name Da Huang has been used natively since the 17th century, foreigners did not use this name during this period. The Jin peninsular includes many contemporary and historical appellations in various languages for the Southeast Ochran country. Of the most common, the word "Jina" has appeared on many foreign maps and records from the world's western hemisphere. Its origin has been traced through Latin, Mutli, and Tyreseian back to the Uthire word Jindā, used in the Tahamaja empire. "Jina" appears in Akutze Selenecha's 1516 translation of the 1346 journal of the Tyresene explorer Ahumm Bōdashtarti. Bōdashtarti's usage was derived from the Scipio-Latinic word Jiña, which was in turn derived from Uthire Jindā (जिन्दा). Jindā was first used in early N'nhivara scripture, including the Tuntutan Roh (805 BCE) and the Tuntutan Kuasa (850 BCE). In 1655, Clímaco Casados suggested that the word Jina is derived ultimately from the name of the Jin dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE). Although usage in Tahamaja sources precedes this dynasty, various sources still give this derivation. According to the Latin Dictionary, the origin of the Uthire word is a matter of debate.

Da Huang is also sometimes referred to by its informal name "Zhongguo" (simplified Jin: 中国; traditional Jin: 中國; pinyin: Zhōngguó) from zhōng ("central") and guó ("state"), a term developed under the Western Liao dynasty in reference to its royal demesne. The name Zhongguo is also translated to "Middle Kingdom" in Latin and was used as a cultural concept to distinguish the Jinxia people from perceived "barbarians". It was then applied to the area around Qinjing (present-day Daxing) during the Eastern Liao dynasty and then to the Central Jin Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Zhen dynasty (also known as the Great Khan's Court in Taizhou).

History

Main article: History of Da Huang

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Da Huang history

Prehistory

10,000 years old pottery, Xianren Cave culture (18000–7000 BCE)

Military

Main articles: Everlasting Army and Paramilitary forces of Da Huang

Chengdu J-20 5th generation stealth fighter

The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is considered one of the world's most powerful militaries and has rapidly modernized in the recent decades. It consists of the Ground Force (PLAGF), the Navy (PLAN), the Air Force (PLAAF), the Rocket Force (PLARF) and the Strategic Support Force (PLASSF). Its nearly 2.2 million active duty personnel is the largest in the world. The PLA holds the world's third-largest stockpile of nuclear weapons, and the world's second-largest navy by tonnage. China's official military budget for 2022 totalled US$230 billion (1.45 trillion Yuan), the second-largest in the world. According to SIPRI estimates, its military spending from 2012 to 2021 averaged US$215 billion per year or 1.7 per cent of GDP, behind only the United States at US$734 billion per year or 3.6 per cent of GDP. The PLA is commanded by the Central Military Commission (CMC) of the party and the state; though officially two separate organizations, the two CMCs have identical membership except during leadership transition periods and effectively function as one organization. The chairman of the CMC is the commander-in-chief of the PLA, with the officeholder also generally being the CCP general secretary, making them the paramount leader of China.