Huang dynasty

Great Huang 大黄(Jin) Dà Huáng (Pinyin)
Flag Imperial Seal
Anthem:  永恒軍軍歌 Yǒnghéngjūn jūngē "Anthem of the Everlasting Army" Royal anthem:  天命永恒 Tiānmìng yǒnghéng "The Mandate Eternal"
Territory controlled by the Huang dynasty is shown in dark green; territory claimed but not controlled is shown in light green.
Political Map of Da Huang
Capital	Basingse
Largest city	Xi'hai
Official languages	Standard Jin
Recognised regional languages	Bayar Zhuang Others
Official script	Simplified Jin
Ethnic groups (2022)	90.3% Jin 9.7% others
Religion (2022)	State Legalism (official) 74.5% Folk religion 18.3% N'nhivaranism 5.2% Christianity 1.6% Azdarin 0.4% Other
Demonym(s)	Jin
Government	Unitary parlimentary anocratic semi-consitutional monarchy
• Emperor	Yingjie Emperor
• Prince Regent	Shunwang, Prince Huang
• Prime Minister	Cheng Pu
Legislature	Advisory Council
Formation
• First pre-imperial dynasty	c. 2070 BCE
• First Imperial dynasty	c. 221 BCE
• Conquest by the Bayarids	932 CE
• Establishment of the Great Khan's Court-in-Taizhou	1145 CE
• Great Kra Invasion	1353—1358
• Establishment of the Kra—Na dynasty	1358
• Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion	1672—1674
• Establishment of the ethnic Jin—Huang dynasty	1674
• Wucheng Heavenly Rebellion	1900—1908
• Republic of Jin established	1902—1931
• Corrective Movement	1931—1943
• End of the Republic and Reestablishment of the Huang dynasty	12 February 1943
• Current constitution (1991)	29 August 1991
Area
• Total	1,125,344 km2 (434,498 sq mi)
Population
• 2022 census	121,648,117
• Density	108.1/km2 (280.0/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)	2022 estimate
• Total	$1.387 trillion
• Per capita	$11,400
Gini (2022)	36.4 medium
HDI (2022)	0.79 high
Currency	Yuan (元/¥) (JY)
Time zone	(GST+8)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+7 ((GST+7))
Date format	dd-mm-yyyy CE
Driving side	left
Calling code	+16
Internet TLD	.jn

The Huang dynasty, officially the Great Huang (Jin: 大黄; pinyin: Dà Huáng), is a sovereign state in Southeast Ochran, situated in the Jin Peninsula, spanning 1,125,344 square kilometres (434,498 sq mi), with a population of 121,648,117. The country is bordered to the northeast by Seonko and shares maritime borders with Daobac to the south and Tsurushima through the Kaihei islands to the east. The national capital is Basingse, and the most populous city and largest financial centre is Xi'hai.

Modern Jin traces their origins to a cradle of civilisation in the fertile Yellow River basin in the Central Jin Plain. Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of hunter-gatherers, emerged into settled life as early as 7000 BCE, gradually evolving into multiple early Jin civilisations. The interactions of different and distinct cultures and ethnic groups influenced each other's development; specific cultural regions that developed the early Jin civilisation were the Huanghe civilisation, the Chiangjiang civilisation, and the Nanbei culture.

These early civilisations would set the foundations of several regional cities, eventually turning into city-states and petty kingdoms. The semi-legendary kingdom of Wei in the 21st century BCE and the well-attested Zhang and Liao states developed a bureaucratic political system to serve hereditary monarchies known as dynasties. Jin writing, Jin classic literature, and the Hundred Schools of Thought emerged during this period and influenced Da Huang and its neighbours for centuries to come.

Early Jin historians attributed to the notion of one dynasty succeeding another; however, current archaeological, geological, and anthropological findings have shown that the political situation in the Jin peninsula was much more complicated. These political entities existed concurrently and would remain disunited until the third century BCE when the King of Wu, Wu Shi Huang, founded the first Jin empire, the short-lived Wu dynasty. The more stable Jin dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) followed the fall of the Wu and established a model for nearly two millennia in which the Jin empire was one of the world's foremost economic power.

Throughout its existence, the Jin dynasty expanded, fractured, and reunified; was conquered and reestablished; absorbed foreign religions and ideas; and made world-leading scientific advances, such as the Four Great Inventions: gunpowder, paper, the compass, and printing. However, by the late 6th century CE, centuries of disunity led to the fall of the Jin. The following Zhou (581–618) and the Later Wei (618–907) dynasties would reunify the empire. The xenophilic Later Wei welcomed foreign trade and culture across the Kayatman Sea and the Jade Road and adapted N'nhivaranism to Jin culture.

The Song dynasty (907–932) would replace the Later Wei and see an increasingly urban and commercialised economy in the empire. During this period, the civilian scholar-officials, or the literati class, would emerge and replace the military aristocrats of earlier dynasties with the introduction of the Song Imperial examination system. The Song emperors sought to avoid the same mistakes that had led to the downfall of their predecessors and introduce wide-ranging reforms to curb the power of the military. However, in 932, the Bayarid invasion cut short the Song reforms and established the Great Khan's Court in Taizhou, also known as the Zhen dynasty (932–1358), by Jin historians. Another foreign culture would conquer the Bayarid-led Zhen dynasty, the Kra, establishing the Kra–Na dynasty (1358–1674) before the Huang dynasty (1674–1902) reestablished ethnic Jin control.

The Jin monarchy collapsed in 1902 with the Wucheng Heavenly Rebellion when the Republic of Jin (ROJ) replaced the Huang dynasty. In its early years as a republic, the country underwent a period of instability known as the Warlord Era before mostly reunifying in 1913 under a Nationalist government with the Huang royalist forces spread thin and contained in the central and northern mountains. With financial and military aid from the Empire of the Latins, the Republic of Jin recovered from the disastrous Cross-Strait war before participating in the Hanaki War in 1927 to conquer their claimed lands. However, the Hanaki War ended in another failure for the Jin. The surrender left a power vacuum in the country, leading to renewed fighting between the scattered remnant armies and a reinvigorated royalist army. The civil war culminated into the Corrective Movement (1931–1943) and ended with a royalists coup from disaffected republican generals and civil servants who wanted an end to the instability. The Huang emperor was reinstated to the throne, and the military and civil servants reestablished the dynasty on 12 February 1943.

Da Huang has since periodically alternated between civil, monarchic and military rule. Whilst the emperor has been seen as the Son of Heaven and an undisputed autocrat of all under Heaven, this archaic belief in the emperor's divinity has slowly faded away from the new bureaucrats of the late 20th century. Dissent among government officials has led to the stagnation of the empire's recovery leading to foreign economic exploitation and civil unrest between the literati and the military, alongside a resurging Kra rebellion in the northern provinces. To circumnavigate this byzantine bureaucracy, the Yingjie emperor introduced the 1991 constitution as a compromise between the three estates, allowing some form of democratic rule to modernise its bureaucracy.

Da Huang is currently governed as a parlimentary constitutional monarchy; in practice, however, structural advantages in the constitution due to the compromise in the 1991 constitution have resulted in a complex parliamentary anocratic semi-constitutional monarchy system balanced between the military, the literati, and the monarchist. Da Huang is a middle power in global affairs and ranks moderately on the Human Development Index. It is also classified as a newly industrialised economy, with manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism as leading sectors.

Etymology

Main article: Names of Da Huang

Jinae (today's Longxi) and the Daobac islands on this 1530 map drawn according to the records of famed Tyresene ethnographer and medieval author Ahumm Bōdashtarti

The name Dà Huáng (大黄; lit. "Great Yellow") in its national language, Standard Pūrvī, has been used by native Jin since the dynasty's foundation. Its origin is generally accepted to be named after the Yellow River though some modern scholars attributed the name directly to the founder of the early Huang dynasty, Huang Junyan. Another accepted argument for the source of the word is that it was adapted from the poem Mother River (Jin: 母河; pinyin: mǔ hé) authored by the famous 10th-century CE poet Wang Wei. The old Jueju style poetry depicts the Yellow River as the "Mother River" and the "cradle of Jin civilisation":

《母河》	Mother River
黄河滔滔万古情 母亲河润金夏生 源远流长浩浩荡 根基文明大地成	The Yellow River flows endlessly, with an ancient affection, As the mother river, it nurtures the birth of our civilization, Originating from afar and flowing endlessly, It lays the foundation for the great land of our culture.

While the name Da Huang has been used natively since the 17th century, foreigners did not use this name during this period. The Jin peninsular includes many contemporary and historical appellations in various languages for the Southeast Ochran country. Of the most common, the word "Jinae" has appeared on many foreign maps and records from the world's western hemisphere. Its origin has been traced through Latin, Mutli, and Tyreseian back to the Uthire word Jindā, used in the Tahamaja empire. "Jinae" appears in Akutze Selenecha's 1516 translation of the 1346 journal of the Tyresene explorer Ahumm Bōdashtarti. Bōdashtarti's usage was derived from the Scipio-Latinic word Jiña, which was in turn derived from Uthire Jindā (जिन्दा). Jindā was first used in early N'nhivara scripture, including the Tuntutan Roh (805 BCE) and the Tuntutan Kuasa (850 BCE). In 1655, Clímaco Casados suggested that the word Jinae is derived ultimately from the name of the Jin dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE). Although usage in Tahamaja sources precedes this dynasty, various sources still give this derivation. According to the Latin Dictionary, the origin of the Uthire word is a matter of debate.

Da Huang is also sometimes referred to by its informal name "Zhongguo" (simplified Jin: 中国; traditional Jin: 中國; pinyin: Zhōngguó) from zhōng ("central") and guó ("state"), a term developed under the Western Liao dynasty in reference to its royal demesne. The name Zhongguo is also translated to "Middle Kingdom" in Latin and was used as a cultural concept to distinguish the Jinxia people from perceived "barbarians". It was then applied to the area around Qinjing (present-day Daxing) during the Eastern Liao dynasty and then to the Central Jin Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Zhen dynasty (also known as the Great Khan's Court in Taizhou).

History

Main article: History of Da Huang

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Da Huang history

Prehistory

10,000 years old pottery, Xianren Cave culture (18000–7000 BCE)

Regarded as one of the world's oldest civilisation, Da Huang is home to multiple archaeological and human-fossil sites dating from 680,000–780,000 years ago. Archaeological expeditions by the Daxing Academy have found various early human fossils, such as the Northern Snowman in Beixuefeng, the oldest fossil evidence of humans in Jinae, and the fossils of the Xian Man, a Homo erectus who used fire, discovered in the Xianren Cave home to the oldest continuously inhabited human sites up until the late 4th millennium BCE. The fossilised teeth of Homo sapiens, dating to 125,000–80,000 years ago, have also been discovered in Longdong Cave, Shannan. Humans likely already settled in Da Huang at the earliest 2.12 million years ago, evidenced by stone tools recovered from the Loess Plateau in northwestern Jinae.

The early Jin civilisations were defined by different and distinct cultures and ethnic groups that inhabited the various major rivers of the Jin Peninsular. Widescale agriculture varied at different times in the various regions, developing gradually from the initial domestications of a few grains and animals to the addition of many other species over subsequent millennia. The earliest evidence of cultivated rice, found by the Chiangjiang River, was carbon-dated to 8,000 years ago. They were home to the Chiangjiang civilisation, the oldest of the three noted early Jin cultures from this millennium. Early evidence for millet agriculture was found in the Yellow River, radiocarbon-dated to about 7000 BCE. They were home to Huanghe civilisation and are traditionally believed to be the origins of modern Jin proto-writing. The Jiahu site of the Huanghe civilisation is one of the best-preserved archaeological sites that feature 3,172 cliff carvings dating to 6000–5000 BCE, featuring 8,453 individual characters such as the sun, moon, stars, gods and scenes of hunting and grazing. These proto-writings would also be developed in the later Nanbei culture and the earlier Chiangjiang civilisation, as their interactions would help influence each other and set the foundations for several regional cities, eventually turning into city-states and petty kingdoms.

Early dynastic rule

Further information: Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, Wei dynasty, Zhang dynasty, Liao dynasty, Spring and Autumn period, and Warring States period

Yinxu, the ruins of the capital of the late Zhang dynasty (14th century BCE)

There are multiple competing records of which dynasty was the first to rule in Jinae, though the earliest records point to the semi-legendary kingdom of Wei (also known as the Wei dynasty). If these records were to be believed, the Wei dynasty ruled in Jinae proper around 2070 BCE. It would have begun Da Huang's political system based on hereditary monarchies, or dynasties, which lasted to the modern day. However, the Wei dynasty is considered mythical as historians have yet to prove if the Bronze Age excavation sites at Hebei, Shannan, are the remains of the Wei dynasty or another culture from the same period.

In contrast, the succeeding Zhang dynasty is confirmed by contemporary records to be the earliest dynasty to have ruled Jinae proper. The Zhang ruled the plains around the Yellow River in central Jinae from the 17th to the 11 century BCE—their oracle bone script (from c.1500 BCE) represents the oldest form of Jin writing yet found and is a direct ancestor of modern Jin characters.

Military

Main articles: Everlasting Army, Paramilitary forces of Da Huang, and Cao Fang

File:J-94 4th Generation Prototype Fighter.jpg

Anxi J-94 4th generation prototype fighter used in limited quantity by the EAAF

The Everlasting Army (Jin: 永恒軍; pinyin: Yǒnghéngjūn), more fully called the Standing Army of the Central Plains. (中原帝國常備軍; Zhōngyuán dìguó chángbèijūn) constitutes the military of Da Huang and is amongst the world's largest militaries. It consists of the Ground Force (EAGF), the Navy (EAN), the Air Force (EAAF), and various paramilitary forces that serve as the gendarmerie during peacetime.

The Everlasting Army have a combined manpower of 406,000 active duty personnel and another 345,000 active reserve personnel. The head of the Everlasting Army is the emperor, although this position is only nominal and highly contentious in the current political climate. Under the 1991 constitution, the armed forces were to be managed by the Board of War, which is jointly headed by the Minister of the Army and the Minister of the Navy under the direct supervision of the emperor. In reality, however, the armed forces are split between those loyal to the dajiang (大将; lit. Grand General) Cao Fang of EAGF and the Royalist party, with some junior officers dedicated to the Constitutionalists. Da Huang's official military budget for 2022 totalled JY¥54.09300 billion, accounting for 3.9 per cent of the annual GDP.

According to the constitution, serving in the armed forces is the duty of all Jin citizens. Da Huang still uses the active draft system for males over the age of 18, except those with a criminal record or who can prove that their loss would bring hardship to their families. Males who have not completed their pre-university education, are awarded the Public Service Commission (PSC) scholarship, or are pursuing a medical degree can opt to defer their draft. However, this deferment is subject to varying degrees of success; well-to-do citizens have been known to bribe draft officials, most notably from the EAGF, to dodge the draft entirely. Hence, the poor and less educated are often subjected to varying lengths of active service, with some serving for as long as the maximum five years of reserve training as a Territorial Defence Soldier. This practice has long been criticised, as some media question its efficacy and value. It is alleged that conscripts of the EAGF end up as servants to senior officers or clerks in military cooperative shops. In a report issued in April 2019, EAGF military conscripts are found to have faced institutionalised abuse systematically hushed up by the army authorities.

Historically, Da Huang's military has been mired in corruption and nepotism; the Internal Security Operations Command of the EAGF functions as the political arm of the EAGF military authorities. It has overlapping social and political tasks with civilian bureaucracy, adopting an anti-democratic ideology recently. The military is also notorious for numerous corruption incidents, such as accusations of illegal trafficking, promotion of high-ranking officers in the form of nepotism, and deeply entrenching themselves into the Jin civilian politics.