Pulacan

Republic of Pulacan ꦫꦶꦥꦲꦄꦧꦺꦴꦭꦶꦏꦶ ꦪꦄ ꦧꦺꦴꦥꦸꦭꦄꦕꦄꦤ (Setswana) Riphaboliki ya Bopulacan Tlacatlahtohcayotl Pulacan (Nahuatl)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Pula e ne (Setswana) We will be blessed with rain
Map of Pulacan's major cities
Capital	Tepetenxipaltlan (executive) Mabesekwa (legislative) Mohembo (judicial) Yztac Tlalocan (administrative)
Largest city	Tepetenxipaltlan
Official languages	Setswana, Pulatec Nahuatl
Recognised national languages	Khoisan languages, Raji
Religion	Secular state
Demonym(s)	Pulatec, Pulatl
Government	Federal parliamentary republic with an executive presidency
• President	Coyotl Gontebanye
• Chief Minister	Moctezuma Tshireletso
• Chief of the Ntlo ya Dikgosi	Kȍhà ǂToma
• Chief Surveyor	Tlaloc Xochiquetzal
Legislature	Pulatec United Legislative Assembly
• Upper house	House of Survey
• Lower house	Ntlo ya Dikgosi House of Delegates
Establishment
• First cave paintings	c. 73,000 BCE
• Arrival of Bantu tribes	c. 600 CE
• Arrival of first Nahua peoples	c. 1150 CE
• Itzcoatl's conquest	1476 CE
• Return to Zacapine control	1544 CE
Area
•	749,856 km2 (289,521 sq mi)
Population
• 2020 estimate	46,442,816
• Density	61.93/km2 (160.4/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)	2020 estimate
• Total	$714,373,343,528
• Per capita	$21,468.51
Currency	Pulatec Pula (PLP)
Time zone	UTC+2 (Central Malaio Time)
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy (CE)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+254
Internet TLD	.pl

Pulacan, officially the Republic of Pulacan (Setswana: ꦫꦶꦥꦲꦄꦧꦺꦴꦭꦶꦏꦶ ꦪꦄ ꦧꦺꦴꦥꦸꦭꦄꦕꦄꦤ, Riphaboliki ya Bopulacan, Nahuatl: Tlacatlahtohcayotl Pulacan), is a sovereign country in eastern Malaio. It straddles the continent between the Vespanian Ocean on its south and the Ozeros Sea on its north, and borders Zanzali in the east and Pulau Keramat in the northeast. The current population of 46,442,816 people is spread across 749,856 square kilometers, making the nation one of the most population-dense on the continent at just over 61 people per square kilometer. The arid plains in the south of the nation are divided from the fertile forests and coastal savannahs of the north by a large section of mountains and the Djebe highlands that dominate the country. For centuries, political power has been concentrated in these highlands, lording over the two coasts. The distribution of ethnic groups in Pulacan is heavily influenced by this geography; Nahuatl peoples, the former elites in Zacapine colonial times, reside mainly on the southern coasts, while large populations of Wampar and other related groups dominate the north. Tswana and mixed Tswana-Nahuatl peoples are by far the most populous groups in the nation, with populations spread throughout, but mostly concentrated in the center of Pulacan. Small populations of mostly-nomadic Khoisan peoples exist in protected areas in the hinterlands of the country.

The Khoisan peoples were the first to arrive in what is now Pulacan, living in hunter-gatherer societies for thousands of years before their way of life was hampered by the arrival of more sedentary Komontu peoples in the 7th century CE. These peoples became the Tswana, forming various tribal nations throughout the region, concentrated in the Djebe. Contact with traders from Zacapican was established by the mid-12th century, with coastal settlements beginning at the same time. These settlements later lost connection with their homeland, and were gradually assimilated into the local Tswana population. A second wave of Nahuatl settlement occurred following the arrival of Itzcoatl, a Zacapine general sent to reestablish relations with the local population. Itzcoatl later went far beyond his mandate and swiftly conquered much of modern-day Pulacan in the name of the homeland. Following Itzcoatl's death, Nahua settlements retreated to the south coast; the north was eventually folded into Mutulese control and the central chiefdoms became tributary states of the Zacapines.

In the modern day, Pulacan employs a dual-government system that continues to balance the interests of the dueling sides in the Pulatec Civil War. United at the top by the Presidency and the Pulatec United Legislative Assembly (PULA), the republican government and the government representing the Tswana chiefdoms and monarchies operate largely autonomously, though the united nature of the PULA allows for dual cooperation on major issues. As such, Pulacan is one of the few states in the world with a tricameral parliament, featuring two co-equal lower houses and an upper house. Internationally, Pulacan is a member of the Forum of Nations and the Association of Malaio-Ozeros Nations, and its government operates as a full member of the Vespanian Exchange Institute.

Etymology

The name Pulacan derives from two separate languages, and reflects the multicultural origins of the country. The word "pula" is a word in Tswana, literally referring to "rain"; the word carries deep positive significance for many Setswana speakers, as it stands for the coming of the Tswana peoples from an arid homeland to their current center of population in the often humid and rainy highlands. The suffix -can is Nahuatl in origin, and is used to denote a location, like the suffix -ia in Hellenic. Originally a name applied by Zacapine settlers on the coast to the mountainous highlands of the country on their first arrival, the name eventually became metonymous, and later synonymous, with the polity as a whole, reflecting the eventual takeover of modern-day Pulacan by the collection of highland Tswana chiefs.

History

The first settled peoples arrived in what is now Pulacan via the northern plains in 35,000 BCE.

Komontu Arrival

11th-century hill fort ruins, Royal Ngwato Nation

The arrival of the ancestors of the Tswana peoples in Pulacan is impossible to date precisely. The scholarly consensus supports the idea that the groups split off from the larger Komontu migration in the 500s CE, spending the next two centuries settling the northern coastal plains and the Djebe highlands. The 800s would see the beginnings of the modern tribal system, as well as the first consistent evidence of Tswana settlement that remain extant today. Some tribes made their way to the southern coasts; their settlements failed to achieve the same level of growth as those in the central highlands. It is currently believed that these settlements, thanks to their isolation from the larger trade nodes of the Karaihe and Ozerosi regions, could not generate trade volume beyond foodstuffs like grains and fish, and thus became subservient to the mountain chiefdoms. These tribal nations were able to generate significant power and prestige through governing the trade between the southern settlements and the Karaihe, which shifted political power to the highlands and allowed for the construction of major settlements like Kaudwane, the oldest continually-inhabited city in Pulacan. The increasing disparity between the southern coasts and central Djebe tribes created mutual animosity despite their mutual trade links, and the two drifted further apart culturally over the ensuing three centuries.

The north of modern-day Pulacan was increasingly subsumed over the 8th century by the Tahamaja Empire. Though Komontu settlements persisted under their rule, many were either forcibly exiled to modern-day Zanzali and formed part of the WaMzanzi group or culturally assimilated into the greater Tahamaja community. This assimilation saw the introduction of the first writing system in modern-day Pulacan, the Uthire script. This script's use in Pulacan co-evolved to resemble the modern-day Mataram script, currently in use in parts of Pulau Keramat. The script is used today to write words in Setswana, and though the characters are the same, the contents of Mataram and Setswana writings are not mutually legible. The Uthire script spread in popularity along the existing trade routes to the Djebe highlands, where many tribes further cemented their power by employing dedicated scribes to recording their achievements and keeping bureaucratic records. State records begin to exist around 1050 CE, with the first coded laws appearing shortly after. From these records, a pattern emerges of tribal nations evolving from chiefdoms into more complicated states with various permanent (or semi-permanent) capitals, bureaucracies, laws and succession systems. Numerous wars of conquest were undertaken during this time, as well, with a complex network of vassal states, subjugated territories, and alliances all inhibiting one single group from rising to regionwide hegemony. These statelets would continue to evolve on this path for the next century, in sharp contrast with the southern coastal plains groups, which saw little societal change or population growth. The relative weakness of these southern tribes proved advantageous for the Zacapines and their merchant fleets, who began settling the area via trading and resupply posts starting in the 12th century.

Zacapine Settlement and Itzcoatl

Replica of a codex recording Ixtleconist religious ceremonies in Itzcoatl's time

Government

Republican Government

Large sections of the coasts of Pulacan fall under the so-called "Republican government." Within this part of the country, the populace directly elects representatives to the House of Delegates and to local administrative bodies. The region is subdivided into altepemeh (singular: altepetl), subdivisions with limited authority centered in a principal municipality. Each altepetl is, in turn, allotted electoral seats in the House of Delegates.

Tribal Government

The leadership of the so-called "tribal government" is represented by the Ntlo ya Dikgosi, or the Council of Chiefs. This body operates as both a legislative and executive body, with each member being either the executive monarch of a subnational body, or an appointed elector representing a tribe. The land area directly governed by the tribal government covers most of the interior of Pulacan, with only the extremes of the southern and northern coasts being under the direct supervision of the republican government and its House of Delegates.

Complicating the system is the presence of cities. The Pulatec Political Settlement allowed for the existence of official "free cities," granted charters by their local government, to stand directly in the Ntlo ya Dikgosi. Most cities, however, have instead opted to elect representatives to their local governments and to the House of Delegates. This leads to a complicated political situation whereby these free cities are governed both the laws of the Ntlo ya Dikgosi and their local monarchs alongside the House of Delegates' laws. These laws can sometimes be in opposition to each other. As such, some local governments opt to create exceptions for cities in drafting local laws, while other cities elect their own municipal governments that declare which laws they choose to enforce. The latter option is controversial, and usually requires a city with great political power already to successfully implement.

Subnational Monarchies

Within the dual-government system,

Economy

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Transportation

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  A passenger train in the southern Djebe foothills

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  A PulAir short-range aircraft at Mtsanga Airport

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  A beached flotilla of fishing boats on the Ozerosi Coast

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  A truck full of people on the A40 highway outside Mohembo

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  A stretch of the A1 highway between Tepetenxipaltlan and Amatlan

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  A motorcyclist with passenger carrying a bicycle outside Kaudwane

Culture

Cuisine

Hiero time