Sainte-Chloé
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Sainte-Chloé Sainte-Chloé | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Coat of arms
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| Motto: "Prudence, Pureté, Courage" "Prudence, Purity, Courage" | |
| Anthem: "Marche à Sainte Chloé" "March of Saint Chloé"  | |
| Capital |  Port de la Sainte |
| Official languages | Gaullican |
| Recognised regional languages | Chloéois Creole Asterian Ziba |
| Ethnic groups | Blanc- 43.1% Noir- 40.7% Mixte- 11.3% Gowsa-2.8% Other- 0.8% |
| Religion | 92.8% Solarian Catholicism 2.1% Irreligious 1.6% Vrefason 1.4% Badist 1.3% Other Sotirian 0.8% Other |
| Demonym(s) | Chloéois Chloesian |
| Government | Unitary Semi-Presidential Republic |
| Michel Thiele | |
• Premier | Genevieve Chevallier |
| Legislature | Parliament |
| Deuxième Chambre | |
| Première Chambre | |
| History | |
• Discovery and Settlement | 1507 |
| 1507-1935 | |
• Abolition of Slavery | October 28, 1830 |
| 1862-1865 | |
• Allied Mandate | 1935-1945 |
• Member of United Provinces | 1945-1954 |
• Independence | February 14, 1954 |
| Area | |
• Total | 64,977.92 km2 (25,088.12 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 2020 estimate |  10,761,180 |
• 2014 census | 10,456,998 |
| GDP (PPP) | 2020 estimate |
• Total | 131.31 billion (XXth) |
• Per capita | 12,202 (XXth) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2018 estimate |
• Total | 80.32 billion (XXth) |
• Per capita | 7,464 (XXth) |
| Gini (2020) |  36.2medium |
| HDI (2020) | 0.785 high |
| Currency | Aurucian Shilling (ARS) |
| Date format | mm-dd-yy |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | 5 |
| Internet TLD | .sc |
Sainte-Chloé (Chloéois Creole: Sen Chloe) is a sovereign nation situated in the Western Arucian Sea in the world on the continent of Asteria Superior, although some consider it to be part of Asteria Inferior. It shares maritime borders with Eldmark to the north, Imagua and the Assimas to the east, Carucere to the southeast, Aucuria to the southwest and Nuvania to the south. It is comprised of five different islands, the largest main island of Sainte-Chloé, which contains the majority of the population; the southernmost island of Sainte-Geneviève; and the three small islands of the coast of the main island called the Trinité after the Three Persons of the Trinity. The country has a tropical climate and is known for its historic sugar-making output. Among the Arucian states, it has both the greatest land area and has the greatest population with 10.5 million.
Before the arrival of Euclean settlers, the islands were home to several native Asterian cutlures, predominantly Nati and Marai. Sainte-Chloé was discovered in the late fifteenth century by the Gaullican explorer Auguste de Antibes, who named after one of Gaullica's most important Saints, Saint Chloé. It was soon colonized and settled by 1507 by Gaullican settlers, becoming the first Gaullican colony in the New World. Its climate proved well for the making of sugar, and it very quickly became a major trading hub as the "Gateway to the Asterias" because of its key position and its rich sugar production. As the native Asterians used for labor began to die off, the sugar plantations soon became filled with slaves from Bahia. For the next few centuries the colony began to grow and to thrive, growing wealthy off of the sugar trade and its metropolitan trading centres. The Gaullicans eventually abolished slavery in 1830, beginning a long and slow process of integrating the former slaves. The planters' desire for autonomy and self-rule led to the failed Capois Rebellion in 1862. In the aftermath of the rebellion, the Holistique movement had a profound effect on the development and education of the country, greatly increasing literary rates and the speaking of the Gaullican language. During the Great War, the island served as Gaullica's primary naval base in the Asterias, and eventually was besieged by Allied forces, although the Gaullican forces were able to hold off the attack.
After the war, the island was stripped from Gaullica's possession and fell under the control of a joint Allied commission known as the Arucian Federation. During this time, it transitioned from a colonial possession into a democracy. In 1945, it was joined with Imagua to form the United Provinces of the Western Arucian Islands. Imagua left the United Provinces in 1948 due to cultural and linguistic tensions, and the remaining islands remained in the union. In 1953 the Catholic Labour Party took power under the leadership of Raymond Rivière. The country was reorganized and a new constitution was drafted, with the independent Sainte-Chloé being formally established by 1954. Rather than a federal system, it used a unitary system, although it still kept the same flag, provinces and administrative divisions, replacing Imagua with a new province for the capital, Port de la Sainte. Since then, the Republic has been a developing state in the Arucian Sea, known for its two-party system between the Catholic Labour Party and the Social Democrat Party. Recently, heavy ashfalls from the 2020 eruption of Pico de Sangue greatly affected the country, crippling tourism and agriculture and causing a massive disaster for the economy and political overturn.
Sainte-Chloé is a relatively developed country with a large service sector, as well as a popular tourist destination for its natural features, beaches and tropical climate. Both historically and still today, the country is called the "Joyau de l'Arucian" or the "Jewel of the Arucian" for its natural beauty and historically for the riches which it brought to Gaullica. Sainte-Chloé is a full member of the Community of Nations, the Organization of Asterian Nations, as well as one of the founding members of the Arucian Cooperation Organization and the Association of Gaullophone States.
Etymology
Main Article: Saint Chloé
Before the arrival of Eucleans at the end of the fifteenth century, the Nati name for the island was Higüey, which signfies "land of the sun". This name, or a derivative of it such as Higue, have also been used by anti-imperialists from the 19th century to describe the country, in opposition to the name given by the Gaullican colonisers.
In 1498, Auguste de Antibes named the island was named after Saint Chloé, a patroness of Gaullica and heroic figure. The first settlement on the island was also named after her, although it also came to be known as Port de la Sainte. Due to the importance of the island and the settlement in early Gaullican colonisation, the name came to apply to administration of the Theme of Sainte-Chloé, which extended to the surrounding isles of Sainte-Geneviève and the Trinité. It kept that name throughout its colonial existence, and under the Arucian Federation and United Provinces. With independence established in 1954, the new constitution labeled the new country simply as Sainte-Chloé, without any other title. Sometimes, the country is referred to as the Republic of Sainte-Chloé or the Chloéois Republic, but these titles are unofficial.
History
Pre-Colonial History
Before the arrival of Euclean settlers, the island was occupied by several native Asterian cultures. The primary of these was the Nati people, who also had spread from Asteria Inferior before the time of the birth of Sotirias to inhabit the other Arucian islands, establishing several different kingdoms throughout the island, but sharing a mostly common religion, language and society. They were especially notable for having a strong matriarchal system, in which although men were usually the cazicas, the princes or rulers of the tribes, kinship was passed on through the female line. In certain cases, women could become Cacique, most notably Casiguaya, the leader of the largest Nati kingdom during the early Gaullican settlement. They did not build cities, but usally in villages of varying sizes. For the most part, the tribes were peaceful, but wars between tribes still occured.
In addition to the Nati peoeples, Marai founded several cities on the eastern portion of the island, which were part of the Marai trading network, greatly expanding the access and wealth of the island; the Marai and the Nati are said to have largely cooperated. After the invasion of the Imagua by the Native Imaguan people around 700 AD, many of the displaced Nati people fled to the island of Sainte-Chloé, changing the political landscape of the island. After the large collapse of the Marai civilization, the city states became independent from the main Marai settlements but also fell into a state of decline. A few of the cities were abandoned, and the trade between the other islands began to decrease.
Gaullican Discovery and Early Settlement
The island of Sainte-Chloé was discovered in the year 1498 by the Gaullican explorer Auguste de Antibes, who named the island after one of Gaullica's patron Saints, Saint Chloé, and nominally claimed it for Gaullica. Antibes interacted with several of the native peoples of the island, particularly the Nati tribes in the Western part of the island. Landfalls and exploration resulted in a few minor early seasonal settlements on the western shores island, mostly consisting in temporary bases and fortifications. In 1506, a natural defensible harbor was discovered by Gaullican sailors, and soon it was relayed to the Imperial court that a suitable place for a major settlement in the Asterias had been located.
In 1507, Gaullica sent a full expedition, along with settlers, to establish a colony on the island. They established Port de la Sainte, also named after Saint Chloé, on the interior of the natural harbor they had discovered, and it became the centre of Gaullican settlement on the island, making it the oldest continuously occupied Euclean settlement in the Asterias. The island was one of the first Gaullican colonies in the New World, and due to the strategic location of Port de la Sainte, proved quite useful as a hub for the colonization of other places, and a major trade port for the international powers. For this reason Sainte-Chloé would come to be as the "Gateway to the Asterias", and the settlement quickly grew. In addition, to further protect the port from attack from the sea, the Gaullicans began construction of the Citadelle on the island near the mouth of the harbor.
At first, the relation with the natives was indifferent, however, diseases began to wipe out the Nati tribes and the remaining Marai cities. In addition, Gaullica granted wide tracts of land to colonists to settle. Settlers soon began to hire the natives as workers to work on crash-crop plantations, providing protection from enemies but often in practice paying poor wages or providing poor living conditions. The poor conditions helped to kill off more of the remaining population, decreasing the number of natives further; however, disease remained the primary cause of the population decline. Eventually, many of the Nati population rose against the Gaullican colonizers in the Casiguaya War from 1531-1533, lead by Casiguaya. However, the rebellion ended in defeat, with Casiguaya captured by Gaullican authorities. Smaller rebellions later ended with similar results.
Not all landlords treated their tenants poorly, but many did, eventually causing the Gaullican government to begin importing natives from Satucin. Certain influential in the Catholic clergy argued against the treatment of the native populations, in particular the friar and later Bishop of Sainte-Chloé, Claude Saint-Renard. These individuals eventually managed to get the Gaullican government to enact laws which protected the remaining native populations, leading to declarations by prominent members of the royal court and church believed it morally wrong to enslave the natives due to romanticization of their status as “noble savages”. This, however, also had the effect of requiring the need for another source of labour, which was found in the Bahian slave networks. Many of the remaining natives intermarried with the Gaullican settlers and later the Bahian slaves.
"Gateway to the Asterias"
Main Article: Viceroyalty of the New Aurean
It was a valuable source of sugar, which proved to be its main export. After the native Asterians who worked on the plantations began to die off, the sugar plantations soon became filled with slaves from Bahia, with Gaullicans settling mostly in the cities or as plantation owners. For the next few centuries the colony began to grow and to thrive, growing wealthy off of the sugar trade and its metropolitan trading centres.
Abolition of Slavery and the Capois Rebellion
Main Article: Capois Rebellion
The institution of slavery was finally abolished in 1830. This resulted in many changes and upheavals in the Viceroyalty, as the wealthy planters in Pays du Sucre had to adapt to the changes brought about by abolition. Wanting a Dominion, like Satucin, the planters wanted greater autonomy to be able to manage the affairs of the country themselves, especially in opposition to the influence of the Viceroy in Port de la Sainte. Known as Autonomistes ("autonomists"), they called together representatives from across the various Themes of the Viceroyalty to form the "Arucian Congress". When their demands for autonomy were not met, they began a rebellion.
Holistique movement and Modernisation
Main article: Holistique
In the aftermath of the Capois Rebellion, the Planters had been decisively defeated, and the government's attention turned to the issue of "Gaullicanisation". Although the Bahians were full subjects and not slaves, they still lacked many of the rights and education which the whites had, and many ended up speaking a creole language. Looking for a way to educate the largely illiterate Bahian population, Charles Saint-Pierre, an educator of Bahian descent who was born a slave, created a curriculum supported by Archbishop Jean-Baptiste d'Aste and the Church. The Viceroy agreed to allow the building of schools at the Church's expense, hopeful that the education would also have the effect of "civilising" the communities and help to spread the Gaullican language.
Saint-Pierre's movement, known as Holistique, proved successful in spreading schools and new churches throughout the island. Schools founded by diocesan clergy and religious orders dedicated to teaching began to reach more communities. This soon led to the founding of new universities and seminaries for increased education. Literacy increased, and many were able to increase their understanding with the new education. As effects of Gaullican became the principal language of the country, and the Bahians were able to become more integrated into society, although this was not always seen as a good thing by some members of both the white and black communities. Religious syncretism, such as found in Vrefason, was persecuted and largely driven underground.
The country would begin processes of modernisation, despite remaining mostly agricultural. Railways and other infrastructure facilitated greater transportation and mobility, and allowed for the cities and countryside to become more interconnected. Port de la Sainte developed some industry, and expanded in size. Sports such as baseball and Arucian football became popular, leading to the foundation of the Arucian Baseball League and the Ligue Impériale de Football. This period of general development (though not without its own issues and growing pains) would continue until the outbreak of the Great War in 1927.
Great War and Allied Mandate
Main Article: Arucian Federation
During the Great War, the islands served as Gaullica's primary naval base in the Asterias, and eventually was besieged by Allied forces, although the Gaullican forces were able to hold off the attack. After the war, the island was stripped from Gaullica's possession and fell under the control of a joint Allied commission known as the Arucian Federation. During this time, it transitioned from a colonial possession into a democracy, especially under the leadership of Pierre Voloix, a wealthy white man who had ties to the Grand Alliance and was appointed to oversee the transition from colonial possession to democracy.
United Provinces of the Western Arucian Islands
Main Article: United Provinces
In 1945, under the influence of Estmere, it was made a part of the United Provinces of the Western Arucian Islands with Imagua and Carucere. Sainte-Chloé was divided into three federal provinces, ruled by a common legislature and presidency with Imagua and Carucere. An Imaguan, Lionel Hegan, was elected as the first President, while Pierre Voloix was selected as the first Prime Minister in a cooperation between his Democratic Party and the Sotirian Democrats of Imagua. The idea seemed viable at the time, and hopes ran high for the project to succeed as cooperation blossomed initially with Democratic supporters. Plans for a new planned capital city for the United Provinces were developed and the beginning of construction was made. During this time, the United Provinces adopted the common currency of the Shilling with Imagua and developed increased trade with it, as well as a customs union and increased travel.
However, the linguistic and cultural differences of the Gallophone and the Estmerphone factions soon developed and tensions festered, and debates over national unity and culture became prominent. One of the most prominent differences was the fact that the vast majority of the Chloéois politicians were Bahian, with a few notable exceptions, while most of the Imaguan politicians were Euclo-Imaguans. Furthermore, the Chloéois opposition parties were opposed to the Union, and favored independence. Once the Assimas Islands and Bonaventura were incorporated into the United Provinces after the Solarian War, conflict arose on whether or not to make the Assimas their own province or to incorporate them as part of Imagua. The Gallophone parties of Sainte-Chloé advocated for them being their own Province, but Imagua, the most prominent of the individual provinces, wanted it under its direct control. The Sotirian Democrats threatened Voloix with a vote of no confidence and to tear the government apart if the Chloéois continued to veto the consolidation process. Voloix relented, but the relationship between the government parties was shattered.
After relations continued to sour, tensions eventually reached a breaking point. All of the major Gallophone parties of the Chamber of Commons brought up a motion in 1948 moving to expel Imagua from the United Provinces. The Sotirian Democrats, knowing that although the project might continue to work economically but not politically, agreed with the motion. President Hegan tried to veto the motion, citing the dangerous precedent it would create for the provinces to leave the Union. However, the Chamber of Commons overrode the veto by a large majority, and passed the resolution in early 1948. After a period of negotiation and transition, the process of Imagua's departure from the United Provinces was completed by April of 1948. The new union was rebalanced to include more Etruraphone representation, and continued for another six years. In the 1949 elections, the Democrats remained in power, Voloix was elected President and a Bonaventuran was selected as Premier.
Although the system worked for a time, the corruption of Voloix and the desire independence support for the opposition parties to rise dramatically. Under the leadership of Raymond Rivière and Camille Pètain, the Labour Party and the Catholic Party merged into the Catholic Labour Party in 1953 for the third elections of the United Provinces. Under a platform of constitutional and economic reform, and swept Parliament from the control of the Democratic Party. Voloix barely managed to secure the Presidency and tried to oppose the reform alongside the Legislative Council, but Rivière pushed hard for constitutional change with popular backing, causing the Constituional Crisis of 1953. Eventually referenda were held in all three provinces, declaring their intent to leave the United Provinces and adopt a new constitution. Each agreed to join the new country of Sainte-Chloé, and independence was established on Febuary 14th, 1954, with Pètain as President and Rivière as Premier of Sainte-Chloé.
Modern Sainte-Chloé
The first decade of independence was dominated by Rivière's Catholic Labour Party, with Voloix's Democratic Party being falling in popularity alongside the newer Socialist Party, which disdained the religious nature of the worker's movement. Rivière and Pètain shaped the institutions of the new government, facilitated by the constitution they had formulated. Sainte-Chloé quickly saw a developing economy with important government stimuli and a strong emphasis on trade unionism and also granted priveledges for the Solarian Catholic Church. Education grew rapidly during this time period, especially as the state began to re-fund and expand Catholic education. As such, Catholic Labour became highly popular with its mix of socially conservative policies with economically leftist ideals.
However, problems existed with the economy, particularly, in regards to sugar. During the early 1960s, the sugar industry had already shown some issues, and needed to be propped up by government subsidies. However, conflict between the government's support of the sugar trade unions and the sugar industry magnates caused relations between the government and the sugar industry to begin to sour. In October 1963 sugar prices reached a peak; however, they began to decline downwards in an event known as the Sugar Crash. In 1965 the prices had decreased to the point where the issues had become particularly serious, and the Catholic Labour government struggled to find a good solution to the issue. They eventually proposed a plan which mostly protected workers and farmers rather than the buisness magnates, angering the magnates. As sugar was a major industry, the magnates grouped together to put an ultimatum on President Pètain to call snap elections and oust the current government. Pètain did so, although not willingly, only because the economy would be wholly ruined if the magnates enforced their demands.
The snap elections of 1965 saw the Social Democrat Party, formed from the Socialist Party and the Democratic Party, take a narrow majority in parliament, with the Democratic faction being dominant, along with the election of a Social Democrat President, Martin Célestin, in 1966. Despite the efforts of the new government, the sugar industry did not revive, and the country entered into economic Recession in 1966, from which it would continue to be in for several years. The continue failure to materialize any new growth resulted in the election of a Catholic Labour government in 1969. Under the leadership of François Laurent, the country began to rebuild its sugar infrastructure, finally leading to economic growth in the 1970s, as part of an event known as the Sugar Boom. The Social Democrats were able to win the 1977 elections, but the economic crisis of 1980 again drove them out of government and back into the hands of the Catholic Labour Party in 1981.
Geography
Climate
Biodiversity
Urbanisation
Largest cities in Sainte-Chloé
Chloéois Demographics | |||||||||
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| Rank | Parish | Pop. | |||||||
.jpg) Port de la Sainte  Tranquille |
1 | Port de la Sainte | Sainte Chloé | 2,123,495 |  Sainte Geneviève  Canicule | ||||
| 2 | Tranquille | Coeur Immaculé | 554,762 | ||||||
| 3 | Sainte Geneviève | Sainte Geneviève | 212,100 | ||||||
| 4 | Canicule | Sacré Coeur | 208,576 | ||||||
| 5 | Decouverte | Saint Joseph | 206,943 | ||||||
| 6 | Éclair | Nom Sacré | 140,239 | ||||||
| 7 | Escalade | Médiatrice de Grâce | 132,434 | ||||||
| 8 | Épernon | Saint Roderic | 129,009 | ||||||
| 9 | Volonté | Saint Paul | 123,232 | ||||||
| 10 | Esternay | Mère de Dieu | 98,981 | ||||||
Politics
Government
Sainte-Chloé is a unitary semi-presidential republic, established under the country's Constitution in 1954. The constitution divides the power of government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The head of state is President of Sainte-Chloé, while the Premier of Sainte-Chloé is the head of government. These offices are held by Jean-Marie Leclercq and Genevieve Chevallier, respectively. The nation's legislature, known as the Senate of Sainte-Chloé, is in turn divided into the Deuxième Chambre and Première Chambre. Judicial authority is divested to Sainte-Chloé's judicial system, of which the highest organ is the High Court.
Sainte-Chloé's poltical system is based on multiple sources, primarily with heavy influences from both Imperial and Republican Gaullica but also that of Estmere from its period of union with Imagua and the Assimas during the existence of the United Provinces. The United Provinces introduced a federal republic with a semi-presidential system, but the Chloéois constitution abandoned federalism in favour of unitary state, while adopting the Gaullican names for the legislatures and other offices. In addition to these countries, the constitution of Sainte-Chloé is also heavily influenced by Solarian Catholic principles, which establish it as a Sotirian state and gives power to Bishops to sit in the legislature.
Executive
Main Article: President of Sainte-Chloé, Premier of Sainte-Chloé, Cabinet of Sainte-Chloé
Executive power is formally vested in the President as head of state, and although it cohabitates it with the Premier, it is held to be the stronger of the two positions. Together, the two chair the Cabinet of Sainte-Chloé, which comprises the main body of executive power. The President is indirectly elected, and holds power for six-year terms, although a single person is constitutionally limited to two terms. The President has the power to appoint members of the Cabinet, although by custom this is limited to the ministries of Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Justice. The President also has power to veto legislation, and can dismiss the Première Chambre and can call for new elections. The President also appoints 20 seats, of which 10 must be non-partisan appointments, in the Deuxième Chambre coinciding with his term, and may also appoint life-members when there is a vacant seat. However, he may not dismiss the body or remove an appointed life-member. In addition, the President selects the Premier and appoints judges and civil servants with the approval of the Deuxième Chambre. The President also acts as commander in chief and negotiates international treaties and agreements. According to the constitution, the President must be "a prudent and virtuous citizen of honesty, integrity and experience, with concern for the common good, at least 45 years of age, fully capable of exercising the duties of the office."
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 Catholic Labour Party (PCT) (113) Opposition (66) Social Democrat Party (PSD) (66) |
The body which elects the President is known as the the Grands Électeurs, an example of an electoral college. The Électeurs are comprised of representatives appointed by the parish government, with each parish being allowed to send up to three representatives, but with each Parish getting one vote, where a simple majority (30 votes out of 59) is needed for a person to be elected as President; if a parish sends more than one representative, two must agree in order for the Parish to get a vote. Rather than being selected to vote for a certain candidate, the Électeurs are supposed to be a deliberative body, where the delegates are assembled together to determine the most qualified candidate to be President. Several times throughout Chloéois history, an unexpected candidate has succeeded, however, disputes between parties have led to it becoming more partisan rubber-stamping as some parish governments have instructed delegates to follow the party-line. If the Électeurs are unable to reach a decision, the selection of the President falls to the Deuxième Chambre, where only the life and ecclesial members of the chamber have the right to vote (term-Senators appointed by the previous President are unable to vote).
Executive power is shared by the Premier, which although theoretically subordinate to Presidential power, has been more prominent under the influence of stronger Premiers. Whereas the President is seen to be the primary force in international relations, domestic affairs and public policy are traditionally held to the Premier's responsibility. Most of the cabinet by custom is selected by the Premier, and are often sitting Senators, though not always. In addition, almost all Premiers have been the head of the majority party in the Première Chambre at the time. Due to the staggered nature of elections between the President and the Première Chambre, cohabitation has occurred often, with the emphasis on encouraging cooperation in government, though with mixed success. The Premier serves at the pleasure of the President.
Senate
Main Article: Senate of Sainte-Chloé
Sainte-Chloé's Sentate is bicameral, split between the upper house, known as the Deuxième Chambre and the lower house, the Première Chambre. Differing from Gaullica's system, both chambers hold roughly equal power, as a bill must be passed by both chambers before it goes to the President to be signed. An two-thirds override from both chambers is required to overturn a Presidential veto. However, each chamber does have unique powers and perrogatives, and the Première Chambre is historically more prominent than its counterpart.
The Première Chambre is designed to represent the people as a whole, and is elected every four years or whenever a snap election is called. Each parish is divided up into electoral districts proportional to the population, currently totaling up to 179 seats. Every seat is elected through first-past-the-post voting, having no party list or proportional seats. The Premier and much of the cabinet are almost always taken from the majority leadership in the Première Chambre. The Première Chambre is responsible for drafting most legislation, and most laws originate in this chamber. It has the sole power to impeach a President or other official with a four-fifths majority vote, but cannot remove them from office. It also may call for a removal of the Premier and Cabinet from office with a simple vote of no confidence; while it is within the President's prerogative to follow through with this, no President has refused a motion of no-confidence.
.jpg) |
 Catholic Labour Party (PCT) (17) Social Democrat Party (PSD) (9) Indepedents (4) Term Seats (20) Catholic Labour Party (PCT) (10) Indepedents (10) Ecclesial Seats (15) Bishops (13) Abbots (2) |
The Deuxième Chambre, in contrast, is supposed to represent an experienced check on the Première Chambre. It has a total of 65 seats divided into three categories, life seats, term seats, and ecclesial seats, although sometimes the chambre is slightly larger or smaller than than 65. The first are life-seats, which are "prudent and virtuous citizens of good standing of at least 40 years of age" appointed by the President to serve a life-term in the Deuxième Chambre, numbering at 30 seats. Some of these are non-partisan, although many of them are partisan appointments. Former Presidents, unless convicted of a crime or expelled for major scandal, are garunteed life seats following their term, and any life member may be expelled by the chambre with a two-thirds majority. There are 20 temporary seats which are appointed every six years, coinciding with the Presidential term, but must be older than 35 years of age and 10 of which must be non-partisan selections. Lastly, there are 15 Ecclesial seats, held by the country's 13 Solarian Catholic Bishops and 2 territorial abbots. These designated seats in the Deuxième Chambre a move have been firmly opposed by the Social Democrats, as the Bishops alone if they act together have the ability to prevent a two-thirds majority. It usually reviews and amends or rejects rather than creates legislation, but also is soley responsible for approving nominations for judges and major civil servants. In addition, it serves as the jury in the criminal trial if a president or another official is impeached by the Première Chambre.
Political Parties
Main article: List of political parties in Saint-Chloé
Sainte-Chloé is one of the few democracies in the world where a rigorous two-party system has developed. Since the Democratic Party and the Socialist Party merged to form the Social Democratic Party in 1962, no third party has won a single seat in the Senate. Scholars say that this system is maintained largely because of first-past-the-post voting, and because the success of the PCT.
Political movements first began to form in the late 19th cenutry, and mostly reflected the parties in metropolitan Gaullica. In Saint-Chloé, the Catholic Party (PC), also known as the Légitimistes, was formed in 1897, and was the party of the colonial administration and scholars of the Holistique movement, and was supported by the Chloéois Church. Due to the increase of industrialisation and the development of labour unions, the Labour Party (PT) which was formed in 1900 the country's primary Church-sponsored labour movement, and also was closely associated with the Holistique movement and alinged with the Légitimistes. The Gaullican Section of the Workers' International (SGIO), first formed in Gaullica, expanded into Saint-Chloé in the early 1900s, providing a secular counterpart in the labour movement. In 1920s, the prominent Gaullican functionalist Parti Populaire (PP) entered into Sainte-Chloé, and after the ascension of Albert IV, the Legitimists were kicked out of power and replaced with those loyal to the Parti Populaire were placed in charge until the end of the Great War.
Although these movements existed, fully fledged political parties largely began to develop after the end of Gaullican rule in 1935, during the period of democratisation. The first major party formed during this period was the Democratic Party (PD) in 1935 by Governor-General Pierre Voloix, which advocated democratic reforms and the establishment of a liberal democracy. This party would dominate the post-war period until the 1950s, mostly due to the influence of Voloix. In 1935 the Socialist Party was founded as a secular worker's party which took the role of the SGIO, and acted as a united left-wing front for the time. These parties would exist throughout the United Provinces, alongside distinct but aligned political parties in Imagua, forming party blocs with the Imaguan parties. Due to Voloix's influence, the Democratic Party would have a strong showing at the 1945 elections, winning 21 seats in the Chamber of Commons, coalitioning with the Imaguan Democratic Party and Sotirian Democratic Party to form a government, with Voloix as the first Prime Minister.
Foreign Relations and International Institutions
See also: Gaullica-Sainte-Chloé relations
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Judiciary and Law Enforcement
Military
Main Article: Armed Forces of Sainte-Chloé
Sainte-Chloé, as the historic Gaullican naval base in the Asterias, has a military tradition dating back to the sixteenth century. For the first centuries, its military forces were garrison forces and militias formed from the colonists. In the seventeenth century, infantry and artillery companies associated with the Imperial Navy were established, which underwent various name changes and reorganizations throughout Gaullica's history, eventually becoming known as the regiments of the Corps Impérial d'Infanterie de la Marine, which served throughout most of Gaullica's colonies. After the Great War, Chloéois military units were initially surpressed, before being reestablished as a three branch Armed Forces during under the United Provinces in combination with the Royal Imaguan Constabulary. After the constitutional reform of 1954, the Armed Forces of the United Provinces were reorganized and redesignated as the Armed Forces of Sainte-Chloé, adopting to the historic names found in the colony's previous miltary units.
The Armed Forces are divided into four branches, the Marines (Corps d'Infanterie de la Marine), the Navy (Marine de Sainte Chloé), the Air Corps (Corps de l'Air de Sainte Chloé) and the Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie de Sainte Chloé). Sometimes, these units are colloquially referred to with the "Imperial" title, but this is always unofficial. The Marines, despite their name, function as the main standing land forces of the country. They work closely with the Navy and largely train as naval infantry, but remain distinct from the navy and can fulfill a variety of functions. Traditionally, the Marines deal with the coastal regions and littoral zones, while the Gendarmerie deal more with interior operations. The Navy is relatively small and mostly fulfills the role of a coast guard; however, it purchased a single Floréal-class frigate from Gaullica in 1995.
Administrative Divisions
| Map of Parishes in Sainte-Chloé |
|---|
 |
Sainte-Chloé is divided into 59 top level administrative divisions, each known as a Paroisse or Parish, most of which correspond to the former provinces of the United Provinces. Each Parish is headed by a prefect and has a Parish government, which is responsible for regional level affairs, but all of which still answer to the central government. Each Parish is grouped into a collection of Parishes known as a "region", but these do not have any political control and are used mostly for categorisation or regional development projects funded by the central government. Each Parish is divided into smaller groups known as Communes, which deal with the most local level politics.
Augustinemont: 363,055
Cap Gaullois: 681,223
Côte d'Auguste: 635,690
Golfe de Félicité: 704,319
Mont-Éclair: 997,201
Pays du Sucre: 1,466,305
Sainte Chloé: 3,365,154
Sainte Geneviève: 907,275
Terre-Belle: 1,018,908
Trinité: 475,606
Côte d'Auguste, 1,381,741 Cap Gaullois, 989,105 Pays du Sucre, 2,293,209 Domaine Central, 1,984,812 Saint Genevieve, 1,320,843 Capital, 2,323,495 Saint-Trinite, 467,975
-1000
64,977.92 KM2, 25,088.12 SQ
10,761,180
Demographics
| Historical population | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1800 | 750,000 | — |
| 1850 | 1,260,000 | +1.04% |
| 1900 | 1,980,000 | +0.91% |
| 1935 | 2,750,000 | +0.94% |
| 1948 | 3,035,000 | +0.76% |
| 1954 | 3,784,332 | +3.75% |
| 1964 | 4,854,439 | +2.52% |
| 1974 | 6,355,431 | +2.73% |
| 1984 | 7,844,653 | +2.13% |
| 1994 | 8,998,775 | +1.38% |
| 2004 | 9,743,988 | +0.80% |
| 2014 | 10,456,998 | +0.71% |
| 2020 | 10,761,180 | +0.48% |
Ethnic Groups
Blanc- 43.1%
Noir- 40.7%
Mixte- 11.3%
Gowsa-2.8%
Other- 0.8%
Languages
Religion
Religion in Sainte-Chloé
See also: Catholic Church in Sainte-Chloé, Vrefason
Sainte-Chloé is a Sotirian state, with its 1954 Constitution, written mainly by PCT politicians, proclaiming that the Solarian Catholic Church to be the recognized official religion, also saying that the "state is formed and sustained by the truths of the Sotirian faith". However, although it has an official religion, the freedom of religion has also been in full practice since 1935 and further garuanteed by the Constitution, and all other religions are fully protected by the government.
Prior to the arrival of the Eucleans, the various Nati tribes practiced a polytheistic religion which has not survived to the present day. With the arrival of Gaullican colonizers, the natives converted or were forced to convert to the Catholic Faith, which quickly spread its roots through the island in the 16th century. Port de la Sainte, as the first permanent large Euclean settlement in the Asterias, was also the seat of the first Solarian Catholic Bishop in the Asterias. The see was later elevated to the rank of Archbishop, which made it the first Archiepiscopal see in the New World. Port de la Sainte served as a major religious hub during the early colonial period, serving as a station for many missionaries who would go on to preach in other countries. The Roderican Order also established the University of Sainte-Chloé, the oldest university in the Asterias, and later would make efforts to evangelize the Slaves that were brought over from Bahia, especially by such Saints such as Saint Eugene de la Croix; but some brought their own folk religion and practices as well.
Despite many Bahians becoming Sotirian, they also adopted many syncretic practices with the folk religions of their homeland. In the nineteenth century, after the failed slave rebellion, the Church was the instrumental force of education and Gaullicanization of the freed slaves. Charles Saint-Pierre, a free Bahian, worked together with Archbishop Jean-Baptiste d'Aste to establish institutions of education across Sainte-Chloé as a part of the Holistique movement, which were funded and staffed largely by ecclesial figures, in particular, the Roderican Order. The newfound universal education found widespread success, and helped in addition to remove many of the syncretic practices the Sotirian Bahian communities had affected. However, this effort also saw the alienation of groups that wanted to keep practicing syncretic practices, who moved underground for decades, but saw the creation of a new folk religion called Vrefason, or the True Way. After the freeing of the slaves, Gowsa labourers migrated to the island to work for cheap labour, who brought the Badi faith with them, although many would convert.
The dominant religion for the previous four centuries, Catholics comprise the vast majority of the population, with government statistics saying that over 94% of Sainte-Chloé's population is Catholic, putting the amount of registered Catholics at over 10 million members. In addition to this, Sainte-Chloé has one of the highest reported Church attendance ratings in the world, with nearly 84% saying that they attend Church every Sunday. The spiritual leader of the nation, the Archbishop of Port de la Sainte, currently Louis Cardinal Merloix, also possesses the honorary title of Primate of the Arucian due to its historic posiiton. The country is divided into nine Dioceses and four Archdioceses, as well as two territorial abbeys. Each of the Bishops has a seat in the Deuxième Chambre. Most of the country's universities and schools are run by the Roderican Order, which is the country's most prominent religious order. In particular, the Rodericans in Sainte-Chloé are known for celebrating the older Roderican Rite unique to the order.
In addition to Catholicism, the second largest religion is the Vrefason, a syncretic religion which combines elements of Sotirianity and Bahian folk religion, as well as a few elements of the Badi religion. Pushed underground for decades, it only resurfaced in the late 20th century. It views some of the Sotirian saints as kliyan or patrons, who are spirits who can give special benefits to worshippers. Usually a patron is considered as tied to one of elements which are found in Badism, a development which occurred with interaction with the Gowsa community. The central two figures of the religion is the Dam an Nwa, the "Lady in Black", who has the power over death, while Lalin Moun, or the "Moon Man", who gave humans the gift of magic. The first is seen as derivative of the Virgin Mary, and the latter of Akaboko. Many of the practices are older religious rites taken from Bahia, with usage of certain kinds of witchcraft and magic popular within it. This movement has been consistently condemned by the Catholic Church as demonic in nature, but a court ruling in 1972 that Vrefason was its own religion, and thus protected by the constitution. This religion is popular with the Bahian Identity movement, as it tends to be against Gaullican influences on Bahian culture and anti-colonial. Due to its antagonistic relation with the church, the followers of Vrefason have continued to face social ostracization.
The third largest group in Sainte-Chloé are groups registered as "other Sotirian" on the census. Comprising roughly 1.4% of the population, these groups are many and diverse, but are often divided into larger categories. The largest and one with the longest tradition is the Brethren Church, which spread, albeit in small numbers, to Sainte-Chloé during the colonial period and is influential in Satucin, as well as having a tradition in Bahia. At 0.7% of the population or numbering just over 75,000 followers, it makes up approximately half of the non-Catholic Sotirians. Various Amendist groups are estimated to make up 0.5% of the population, many of which are evangelical Amendists, with churches and missionary efforts coming from such countries as Carucere, Rizealand, Estmere and Imagua (Embrian Communion and Gospelites), Eldmark (Bahrist Church of the Asterias) and Satavia (Kasperists). The remaining 0.2% are Episemialist Sotirians, largely resulting from migrants from Western Euclea or the Eastern Asterias.
Badi, the religion of the Gowsa migrants, was more prominent when it first arrived on the island. However, conversion efforts, cultural pressure and educational attempts saw most of the Gowsa movement convert to Catholicism. Today, 43,000 members, or approximately 14% of the Gowsa community still identifies as Badi, although included in this are a small number of converts. With only 0.4% of the total population as followers, this makes it the smallest of the country's major religious groups. In addition to this, an estimated 5% more of the Gowsa community is reputed to likely celebrate both Badi and Catholic practices. The Badi faith also contributed significantly to the syncretic Vrefason, which sees many of its own members participating in Badi customs and rites.
The remaining 2.2% are unidentified on the official census. These include a wide variety- people who follow a religion not listed on the census, did not wish to identify themselves, are unsure what they believe, profess irreligion, or fall who do not fall into any of the above categories. Further statistics in this group are hard to pin down, as the communities and numbers are generally pretty low or individualistic.
Healthcare
Education
Main article: Education in Sainte-Chloé, Holistique movement
Sainte-Chloé has one of the oldest educational traditions in the Asterias. Shortly after the colony was founded, a Roderican Seminary was founded in Port de la Sainte in 1521. In 1543, the Pope elevated it to University status, creating the Pontifical University of Sainte-Chloé, arguably making it the oldest university in the Asterias. However, this claim is disputed by the National University of Saint Isidore in Aucuria which was founded in 1551, as it did not have Imperial recognition until 1566. Since the Imperial recognition, the University has been formally known as the Imperial and Pontifical University of Sainte-Chloé, and is still run by the Roderican Order. It is Sainte-Chloé's most prestigious institution of higher education.
Prior to the abolition of slavery, education was sparse and mostly relegated to the upper class and clergy. Although the university existed from early on, the existence of primary and secondary schools was largely lacking. In the seventeenth and eighteenth century, secondary schools known as colleges appeared in the capital, and several towns would have local schools, mostly for Gallois children. Many of the wealthy families tutored their children before sending them to a college and university in the capital or back in Gaullica. Due to the labour the slaves were forced to undergo, there was a lack of educational resources for them, however, the Church provided basic catechesis and other rudimentary elements of education, a practice which over time developed into unofficial schooling, mostly given to Sotirian slaves from parishes.
After the abolition of slavery, the educational state in Sainte-Chloé began to improve significantly. The development of the Holistique movement saw a massive increase in educational institutions for the community of Bahian descent. This was in large part carried out by the Church, which founded many primary and secondary schools across the nation, run both by the dioceses and by religious orders, although state schools came to exist in smaller numbers. These schools would form the bulk of the Chloéois educational system, and would greatly increase the literacy rate of the population over time. In addition, the schools also saw a variety of new members of the religious orders, which further increased the number of schools which could open. Under the Catholic Labour reforms to the constitution, the religious schools recieved funding from the government, a move which has been opposed by the Social Democrats who are in favor of secularisation of education.
That children must receive primary and secondary education is compulsory, but parents have the option to enroll their children in a Catholic school, state school, private school or to homeschool them. Due to the developments which occured in the educational development, an overwhelming number of primary and secondary schools are religious and run by the Solarian Catholic Church and various religious orders, particularly the Roderican Friars numbering over 85% of Sainte-Chloé's primary and secondary schools. The vast majority offer free education, and are supported by the government and community, but a handful of institutions charge tuition, and tend to be for the upper class. State schools make up most of the remaining institutions, alongside a small number of secular private schools. The religious schools as a whole tend to be better funded and performing than the state schools. Sainte-Chloé has 26 universities, 18 of which are run by the Church or groups within it but still funded by the government, 3 are run by the state and 5 are private and secular institutions. Since 1958, university education has been made free to all students, except for private secular institutions. In addition to the universities, there exist other more specialized insitutions of higher learning.
Mandatory education consists in primary education known as École, which lasts for approximately six years, and secondary education known as Collège, which lasts for approximately seven. In both state and religious schools, catechism is mandatory for instruction; however, in state schools parents have the right to opt out their children out of religious instruction. Catholic and state schools utilize a common curriculum which is approved both by the Archbishop of Port de la Sainte as well as the Ministry of Education. Private institutions and homeschooling families may utilize their own curricula, but must receive oversight from the Ministry of Education. All students are required to take and pass a Baccalauréat before entering tertiary education, known as Université. The country's top universities require higher grades and performance on the Baccalauréat as pre-requisite for admission. Although most tuition prices are funded by the government, it remains optional to citizens, and many choose to enter the workforce instead. International students have separate entry requirements, and usually have to pay for education, except if they are granted scholarships.
Stages highlighted in yellow below are compulsory.
| Level | Name | Duration |
|---|---|---|
| Preschool | Maternelle | 3 years (age: 3 to 6) |
| Primary education | École (School) | 6 years (age: 6 to 12) |
| Secondary education | Collège (College) | 7 years (age: 12 to 19) |
| Tertiary education | Licence (Bachelor's degree) | 3 years |
| Maîtrise (Master's degree) | 2 years | |
| Dotorat (Doctorate) | 3-6 years |
Economy
Science and Technology
Transport
Energy
Culture
Art and Architecture
Literature and Philosophy
Music
The music Sainte-Chloé has a long and storied tradition, coming from a variety of sources. The Gaullican settlers from Euclea brought various forms of music, first including polyphony and Gregorian chant in liturgical contexts. The importance of Port de la Sainte in the Asterias meant that other forms of Euclean music under what is now considered as classical music were introduced to the elite on the island. However, it was liturgical music that would have the greatest impact on the music of the island, due to its widespread nature. During the nineteenth century, several composers would come from the island, producing works such as Cantique de Jean Racine, but mostly they would leave to produce music in metropolitan Gaullica. One of the country's most famous composers, Christophe Clément, who utilised liturgical chant as the basis in his choral compositions, although he is also famous for his organ compositions. In addition, Anne Monteclare was classically trained as a trumpet player, and has published multiple popular classical recordings in addition to his jazz music. Classical music, especially liturgical and choral music continues to widely practiced in churches and for seperate festivals
The other major source was the music of the Bahian slaves who were imported to the country. One of the earliest forms of music was Belaire, which was taken from Bahian dances but later was also influenced by the quadrille. In the late 19th and early 20th century, ragtime and jazz from Satucin became popular, especially the works. Whereas Jazz in other countries largely began to change and develop, Chloéois Jazz remained largely traditional and keeping to the same structure, although depending on the band and the genre some bands have adopted more swing. Chloéois Jazz also incorporated elements of Bahian rythms and melodies, but for the first decades was limited largely to the area around Port de la Sainte. When Anne Monteclare entered the international jazz scene, he was known for being a proponent of jazz traditionalism as well as for seeing a massive jazz revival across the country. Monteclare's work was fundamental in making Jazz more respectable, as previously it had largely been considered as a disordering form of music by certain authorities. This also coincided with the development and spread of recording technology which had been mostly located in the capital. Jazz remains the most popular musical genre in the country; however, more contemporary pop music has influence from outside genres from the Arucian such as ska, rocksteady, reggae, or from worldwide music such as rock and pop. In addition, music of certain artists such as Robin Gautier are popular with Pan-Bahian and anti-establishment audiences, while Bahian folk is popular with members of the Vrefason faith.
Theatre and Dance
Dress
Cinema, animation and media
Sport
See Also: Arucian Baseball League, Arucian Softball League, Sainte-Chloé Football Union, Sainte-Chloé at the Invictus Games
Sainte-Chloé has a long tradition in sports dating back to the colonial period, particularly during the 19th century. Gaullican settlers and colonial administration brought Gaullican sports over to the colony, although these mostly belonged to the upper classes. With the development of the Holistique|Holistique movement, which promoted physical activity as a good thing in education, saw both baseball and Arucian football became introduced to the lower classes and uneducated, and were seen as a way of developing their moral character and ability. The University of Sainte-Chloé was prominent in solidifying the influence of these sports, and often became unofficial rule regulators and basis for the first sports clubs.
The most popular sport in Sainte-Chloé is Baseball. Baseball was developed in Rizealand, but spread to the island through trade, and the founder of the Holistique movement, Charles Saint-Pierre, was a fan of the sport. It quickly grew as a popular sport with the new educational movement, leading to the development of amateur clubs after the Capois Rebellion in 1865. In 1876, based on increasing professionalisation in Rizealand, the Arucian Baseball League was founded with a total of four teams. The league continued to grow and develop throughout this tiem, and eventually entered into partnership with the Rizealand Baseball League, with many Chloéois players becoming prominent stars. The Arucian League later expanded beyond Sainte-Chloé to include teams from other countries, and has become an prominent league throughout the whole Aurcian. Today, the sport remains the dominant one in Sainte-Chloé, with the Arucian League being a prominent secondary league to the one in Rizealand. Sainte-Chloé is a high performer in the international baseball scene, and regularly performs well in international competitions. The country has won 14 Invictus medals in baseball, including 5 gold medals in the sport. The removal of baseball and softball from the 2022 Invictus Games caused significant controversy in the country.
The most popular women's sport in Sainte-Chloé is softball. Originally introduced as a more recreational and easier version of baseball, softball proved a sport that became acceptable for women to play while baseball remained the dominant men's sport. Playing in the offseason of baseball, softball can occur both indoors and outdoors, and usually on a smaller field. The Arucian Softball League, founded in 1946, was able to find success domestically although its ventures outside of the country have not met with much success as its male counterpart. However, the presence of a professional women's softball league has been important for the country's success at Softball in the Invictus Games. Although generally softball is considered a women's sport, there do exist various recreational leagues across the country for both sexes.
The second most popular sport in Sainte-Chloé is Arucian football. A sport largely developed in Sainte-Chloé, it comes from the variation of mob football played by Gaullican sailors, developing many unique characteristics. It was also popularised during the time of the Holistique movement, though not quite to the same extent as baseball did. However, it is played in the baseball off-season, meaning that many people are fans of both sports. The sport became prominent when matches between the different Universities in Sainte-Chloé or within the main University itself began; however, it was informal, largely unorganised, and non-professional, until the semi-professional Imperial Football League was formed later, followed by other football leagues. During the time of the United Provinces, the sport was codified and ruling body and pan-national professional championship known as the Arucian Football Association were established, and in 1946, the various leagues were merged together to Sainte-Chloé Football Union. Since then, Arucian Football has remained a popular sport, and is significantly more popular than Association Football in the country.
Traditionally Gaullican sports are also popular, and have over time gradually expanded in scope after independence. Pétanque, Fencing and Bullfighting have notable followings within the country. Pétanque is a popular informal and casual sport, and does not have a professional scene. Bullfighting is a well established tradition in several towns, although recently the sport has garnered controversy, largely from international sources, for being a blood-sport. Fencing is usually limited to the upper class Gallois communities, although in recent decades there have been pushes to broaden its appeal and widespread nature. The country has found historic success in the sport on the international levels, including at the Invictus Games. In addition to these, Tennis and to a much lesser extent Association Football, also introduced by Gaullica, also have followings in the country. Due to the prevalence of Arucian football, association football has always been a significantly less popular sport, and is sometimes called derisively as the sport non pertinent ("irrelevant sport").
In addition, Sainte-Chloé has recently entered into the esporting scene, especially with the video game Avatar. Sainte-Chloé has played an important role in providing players for the Arucian Angels, sponsored by the Imaguan Bank of the Orient. The Arucian Angels achieved remarkable success in their first two years, winning second place before taking first place at the 2021 Avatar World Championship.
Public holidays
- REDIRECT Saint-Chloe