Energy in Montecara: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Comega.png|400px|thumb|The logo of Comega, the energy cooperative]]
[[File:Comega.png|400px|thumb|The logo of Comega, the energy company]]
'''Energy in [[Montecara]]''' is a matter of immense national importance given the city-state's lack of natural resources and energy-hungry industries. Montecara is an intensive energy user and must import virtually all of its energy resources.
'''Energy in [[Montecara]]''' is a matter of immense national importance given the city-state's lack of natural resources and energy-hungry industries. A natural gas pipeline runs from [[Tsabara]] to mainland [[Euclea]] underneath Montecara from which the state both earns transit fees and obtains fuel for use in power plants and transportation. Petroleum and other fuels arrive by ship for local consumption and re-export.


'''Coperatìva Montecarà de eletrìçita e gas''', operating under the {{wp|trade name}} '''Comega''', is the {{wp|utility cooperative}} providing {{wp|natural gas}} and {{wp|electricity}}. It is a {{wp|consumer cooperative}} owned and managed by its customers under a charter granted by the Montecaran state. As a cooperative, Comega is owned by its customers and governed democratically. It is not, importantly, a {{wp|state-owned enterprise}}, nor is it a legal monopoly; private entities as well as the state are allowed under the law to generate their own power and indeed to sell it to Comega under a {{wp|net metering}} scheme approved in 2006. It applies the {{wp|Rochdale Principles|cooperative principles}} in its operation, which is based on a charter granted to it by law in 1925 and which took effect January 1926. Operating surpluses and profits are not paid out as dividends; instead, members decide how best to use them in an annual vote. In the past, members have chosen to invest in modernizing transmission technology, expand the use of wind and solar, and create a subsidy fund for low-income members.
''Conpagnìa Montecarà da eletrìçita el gas'', operating under the {{wp|trade name}} Comega, is the state-owned company providing {{wp|natural gas}} and {{wp|electricity}} to all retail utility customers in the country. Private entities are allowed under the law to generate their own power and sell any surplus to Comega under a {{wp|net metering}} scheme approved in 2006.


Montecara imports approximately 425,000 barrels of oil per day, or 155.125 million barrels per year. It has no domestic oil sources. It consumes 395,350 barrels per day, for a consumption per capita of 225.70 barrels per day per 1,000 people—the highest rate in the world. The vast majority of Montecara's oil imports are used for transportation, both in the form of cars and trucks and by the ships that use Montecara as a fueling station. Twin oil and natural gas pipelines run from [[Tsabara]] to mainland [[Euclea]] underneath Montecara. These are tapped off for use in power plants and transportation. These pipelines provide the vast majority of oil and gas resources used locally, but some oil and {{wp|liquefied natural gas}} arrives by ship as well and is usually re-exported.
Montecara imports approximately 425,000 barrels of oil per day, or 155.125 million barrels per year. It has no domestic oil sources. It consumes 395,350 barrels per day, for a consumption per capita of 225.70 barrels per day per 1,000 people—the highest rate in the world. The vast majority of Montecara's oil imports are used for transportation, both in the form of cars and trucks and by the ships that use Montecara as a fueling station.  


Some efforts have been made to reduce Montecara's oil dependency and blunt the worst effects of burning large quantities of fossil fuels. [[VM]] is in the process of converting its entire bus fleet away from fossil fuels. It began to replace aging diesel buses with {{wp|compressed natural gas}} vehicles in the late 1990s and is now replacing old equipment with all-electric models. The state charges higher registration fees to vehicles with poor fuel efficiency. Diesel fuel sold in Montecara must have a minimum {{wp|cetane number}} of 53 and a maximum sulfur content of 10 {{wp|ppm}}; this includes the fuel oil burned in Montecara's power plants. {{wp|Heavy fuel oil|Bunker C}} fuel is banned from use in Montecaran waters. Additionally, all marine fuel must have a maximum sulfur content of 0.1%. This essentially limits marine fuel options to Bunker A or lighter.
Some efforts have been made to reduce Montecara's fossil-fuel dependency and blunt the worst effects of burning large quantities of fossil fuels. [[VM]] is in the process of converting its entire bus fleet away from fossil fuels. It began to replace aging diesel buses with {{wp|compressed natural gas}} vehicles in the late 1990s and is now replacing old equipment with all-electric models. The state charges higher registration fees to vehicles with poor fuel efficiency. Diesel fuel sold in Montecara must have a minimum {{wp|cetane number}} of 53 and a maximum sulfur content of 10 {{wp|ppm}}; this includes the fuel oil burned in Montecara's power plants. {{wp|Heavy fuel oil|Bunker C}} fuel is banned from use in Montecaran waters. Additionally, all marine fuel must have a maximum sulfur content of 0.1%. This essentially limits marine fuel options to Bunker A or lighter. {{wp|Leaded gasoline}} has been banned since 1963.


The [[Colegio|Secretariat of Planning and the Environment]] has authority over energy regulation in Montecara.
The [[College of State (Montecara)|Secretariat of Planning and the Environment]] has authority over energy regulation in Montecara.


== Electricity ==
== Electricity ==
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| coverage              = 100%
| coverage              = 100%
| continuity            = 99.99%
| continuity            = 99.99%
| capacity              = 4795 MW
| capacity              = 1444 MW
| capacityyear          = 2017
| capacityyear          = 2022
| production            =
| production            =
| productionyear        =  
| productionyear        =  
| fossilshare          = 92.28%
| fossilshare          = 72.41%
| renewableshare        = 7.72%
| renewableshare        = 27.59%
| greenhouse            =  
| greenhouse            =  
| greenhouseyear        =  
| greenhouseyear        =  
| use                  = 8,194 kW·h per capita
| use                  = 4,794 kW·h per capita
| useyear              = 2017
| useyear              = 2019
| distlosses            =  
| distlosses            =  
| distlossesyear        =  
| distlossesyear        =  
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| privatefinanceyear    =  
| privatefinanceyear    =  
| unbundling            =  
| unbundling            =  
| privategen            = 100%
| privategen            = 4.3%
| privatetrans          =  
| privatetrans          =  
| privatedist          =  
| privatedist          =  
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}}
}}


Montecara consumes about 14.35 billion kW·h of electricity per year. The government claims that the country is in the process of moving away from fossil fuels and toward sustainable energy, but it badly lags behind schedule in its goal, set in 2000, of achieving 100% renewable electricity by 2025. Less than ten percent of the electricity generated in Montecara comes from a renewable source, with the remaining more than ninety percent coming from oil and natural gas. There are several obstacles to the increased use of renewables: limited land area means that there is little free space to deploy solar panels, the terrain is not generally favorable to onshore wind power, and high land values mean that land-intensive renewable plants are prohibitively expensive to build and maintain. Moreover, the continuous and cost-competitive supply of oil and gas from [[Tsabara]] means that renewables cannot compete on price. An interconnector cable allows electricity to be exported to and imported from mainland [[Euclea]] as needed.   
Montecara consumes about 8.397 billion kW·h of electricity per year as of 2019. The government claims that the country is in the process of moving away from fossil fuels and toward sustainable energy, but it badly lags behind schedule in its goal, set in 2000, of achieving 100% renewable electricity by 2025. There are several obstacles to the increased use of renewables: limited land area means that there is little free space to deploy solar panels, the terrain is not generally favorable to onshore wind power, and high land values mean that land-intensive renewable plants are prohibitively expensive to build and maintain. Moreover, the continuous and cost-competitive supply of natural gas from [[Tsabara]] means that renewables cannot compete on price. An interconnector cable allows electricity to be exported to and imported from mainland [[Euclea]] as needed.   


{{wp|Nuclear power}} is a highly contentious political issue. Montecara has been a {{wp|nuclear-free zone}} since 1985 in response to plans by Comega to build a {{wp|boiling water reactor}}.
{{wp|Nuclear power}} is a highly contentious political issue. Montecara has been a {{wp|nuclear-free zone}} since 1985 in response to a proposal by Comega to build a {{wp|boiling water reactor}}.


=== Power plants ===
=== Power plants ===
The Cocàl regeneration plant burns {{wp|Municipal solid waste|municipal solid waste}} (up to 500,000 {{wp|Tonne|tonnes}} per year) to generate electricity and hot water for {{wp|District heating|district heating}}.
The Siròco Nòvo offshore wind array generates enough electricity to power approximately 300,000 households. It consists of 42 turbines each generating 7.35 MW. The project cost approximately €1.3 billion.
{{Template:Comega plants}}
{{Template:Comega plants}}


{{Template:Montecara topics}}
{{Template:Montecara topics}}
[[Category:Montecara]]
[[Category:Montecara]]

Latest revision as of 18:29, 21 October 2023

The logo of Comega, the energy company

Energy in Montecara is a matter of immense national importance given the city-state's lack of natural resources and energy-hungry industries. A natural gas pipeline runs from Tsabara to mainland Euclea underneath Montecara from which the state both earns transit fees and obtains fuel for use in power plants and transportation. Petroleum and other fuels arrive by ship for local consumption and re-export.

Conpagnìa Montecarà da eletrìçita el gas, operating under the trade name Comega, is the state-owned company providing natural gas and electricity to all retail utility customers in the country. Private entities are allowed under the law to generate their own power and sell any surplus to Comega under a net metering scheme approved in 2006.

Montecara imports approximately 425,000 barrels of oil per day, or 155.125 million barrels per year. It has no domestic oil sources. It consumes 395,350 barrels per day, for a consumption per capita of 225.70 barrels per day per 1,000 people—the highest rate in the world. The vast majority of Montecara's oil imports are used for transportation, both in the form of cars and trucks and by the ships that use Montecara as a fueling station.

Some efforts have been made to reduce Montecara's fossil-fuel dependency and blunt the worst effects of burning large quantities of fossil fuels. VM is in the process of converting its entire bus fleet away from fossil fuels. It began to replace aging diesel buses with compressed natural gas vehicles in the late 1990s and is now replacing old equipment with all-electric models. The state charges higher registration fees to vehicles with poor fuel efficiency. Diesel fuel sold in Montecara must have a minimum cetane number of 53 and a maximum sulfur content of 10 ppm; this includes the fuel oil burned in Montecara's power plants. Bunker C fuel is banned from use in Montecaran waters. Additionally, all marine fuel must have a maximum sulfur content of 0.1%. This essentially limits marine fuel options to Bunker A or lighter. Leaded gasoline has been banned since 1963.

The Secretariat of Planning and the Environment has authority over energy regulation in Montecara.

Electricity

Montecara: Electricity sector
Data
Electricity coverage100%
Continuity of supply99.99%
Installed capacity (2022)1444 MW
Share of fossil energy72.41%
Share of renewable energy27.59%
Average electricity use (2019)4,794 kW·h per capita
Services
Share of private sector in generation4.3%
Competitive supply to large usersNo
Competitive supply to residential usersNo
Institutions
Responsibility for transmissionComega

Montecara consumes about 8.397 billion kW·h of electricity per year as of 2019. The government claims that the country is in the process of moving away from fossil fuels and toward sustainable energy, but it badly lags behind schedule in its goal, set in 2000, of achieving 100% renewable electricity by 2025. There are several obstacles to the increased use of renewables: limited land area means that there is little free space to deploy solar panels, the terrain is not generally favorable to onshore wind power, and high land values mean that land-intensive renewable plants are prohibitively expensive to build and maintain. Moreover, the continuous and cost-competitive supply of natural gas from Tsabara means that renewables cannot compete on price. An interconnector cable allows electricity to be exported to and imported from mainland Euclea as needed.

Nuclear power is a highly contentious political issue. Montecara has been a nuclear-free zone since 1985 in response to a proposal by Comega to build a boiling water reactor.

Power plants

The Cocàl regeneration plant burns municipal solid waste (up to 500,000 tonnes per year) to generate electricity and hot water for district heating.

The Siròco Nòvo offshore wind array generates enough electricity to power approximately 300,000 households. It consists of 42 turbines each generating 7.35 MW. The project cost approximately €1.3 billion.

Name Image Type Capacity (MW) Commissioned
Nùvol power plant
Central Termica Badalona.jpg
Natural gas (primary)
Oil (secondary)
1050 (3 × 350) 1982
Siròco Nòvo array
Block Island offshore wind farm P6290638m.jpg
Offshore wind 309 2013
Cocàl regeneration plant
ISK Knapsack EBS 2008.jpg
Waste-to-energy 85 1999