Heiyin language

Heiyin
海宮話 / 海宮话, Hei-giúng vài 海人話 / 海人话, Hei-ín vài 海語 / 海语, hei-viú
Pronunciation	[hèɪk̬ýŋ vȁɪ], [hèɪín vȁɪ], [hèɪvý]
Native to	Hondonia, Kentalis
Region	Heigiung Autonomous Region and surrounding Coasta de Ploaie, Giulce island, Hrastmozh island
Ethnicity	Heiyin people
Native speakers	around 1 million (2018)
Language family	Oriental Sinitic Yu Common Yu Heiyin
Writing system	Sinitic characters, Cyrillic script (Kentalis)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–

The Heiyin language, also known as the Heigiung language, or simply Hei language, is a variety of Yu spoken in the majority of the Heigiung Autonomous Region of Hondonia and its surrounding areas, as well as the island of Hrastmozh in Kentalis. It is classified as part of the Oriental language family.

Heiyin belongs to the Common Yu subgroup of the Yu languages. With around 1 million speakers, Heiyin is also the largest single form of Yu and used as the standard form of the Yu languages. It used to serve as the lingua franca of the entire western Laurentine bay region, but after the 17th century its status and use declined due to dominating Thuado-Thrismaran languages, which most Heiyin speakers can also speak, and the decline of the Heigiung Kingdom.

Like other Yu varieties, Heiyin has a large number of vowels and consonants, comepared to it's surrounding non-Thuado-Thrismaran languages, with around fifteen unique vowel qualities, six of which are phonemic. Heiyin also has a low number of tones compared to other Oriental languages, and has a system of tone sandhi similar to the Hoterallian pitch accent.

Phonology

Following conventions of Sinitic syllable structure, Heiyin syllables can be divided into initials and finals. The initial occupies the first part of the syllable. The final occupies the second part of the syllable and can be divided further into an optional medial and an obligatory rime (sometimes spelled rhyme). Tone is also a feature of the syllable in Heiyin.

Initials

The following is a list of all initials in Heiyin, as well as the Heiviu romanization:

		Labial	Coronal	Palatal	Dorsal
Nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩		(ŋ ⟨ng⟩)
Plosive	plain	p ⟨b⟩	t ⟨d⟩		k ⟨g⟩
	aspirated	pʰ ⟨p⟩	tʰ ⟨t⟩		kʰ ⟨k⟩
Affricate	plain		t͡s ⟨j⟩	t͡ɕ ⟨jy⟩
	aspirated		t͡sʰ ⟨c⟩	t͡ɕʰ ⟨cy⟩
Fricative	voiced	v ⟨v⟩	z ⟨z⟩	ʑ ⟨zy⟩	ɦ~h ⟨h⟩
	voiceless	f ⟨f⟩	s ⟨s⟩	ɕ ⟨sy⟩
Approximant			l~ɫ ⟨l⟩	j ⟨y/i⟩

• The velar nasal /ŋ/ dosen't appear as an initial in modern Heiyin, however it is found in some dialects as an allophone of plain /k/ after nasals.
• The plain plosives and affricates /p/, /t/, /k/, /t͡s/ and /t͡ɕ/ can be realized as voiced /b/, /d/, /ɡ/, /d͡z/ and /d͡ʑ/.
• In modern Heiyin the fricatives /ɦ/ and /h/ have merged and are allophones of eachother.

Finals

The following is a list of the phonemic vowel sounds in Heiyin, as well as the Heiviu romanization::

		Front	back
Close	unrounded	i ⟨i⟩
	rounded	y ⟨iu/u⟩	u ⟨u⟩
Mid	unrounded	e ⟨e⟩	ɤ ⟨eo⟩
	rounded		o ⟨o⟩
Open		a ⟨a⟩

The following is a list of all possible finals in Heiyin, as well as the Heiviu romanisation:

	Codas
	∅	ɪ	ʊ	m	n	ŋ	ɫ
a	a ⟨a⟩	aɪ ⟨ai⟩		am ⟨am⟩	an ⟨an⟩	aŋ ⟨ang⟩	aɫ ⟨al⟩
ja	ja ⟨ya/ia⟩
e	e ⟨e⟩	eɪ ⟨ei⟩		em ⟨em⟩	en ⟨en⟩	eŋ ⟨eng⟩	eɫ ⟨el⟩
je	je ⟨ye/ie⟩*				jen ⟨yen⟩*
y	y ⟨iu/yu⟩				yn ⟨iun/yun⟩	yŋ ⟨iung/yung⟩
u	u ⟨u⟩					uŋ ⟨ung⟩	uɫ ⟨ul⟩
o	o ⟨o⟩	oɪ ⟨oi⟩	oʊ ⟨ou⟩	om om⟨⟩	on ⟨on⟩	oŋ ⟨ong⟩	oɫ ⟨ol⟩
ɤ	ɤ ⟨oe⟩	ɤɪ ⟨oei⟩	ɤʊ ⟨oeu⟩	ɤm ⟨oem⟩	ɤn ⟨oen⟩	ɤŋ ⟨oeng⟩	ɤɫ ⟨oel⟩
jɤ	jɤ ⟨yoe⟩

• Some dialects preserve medial /je/, but in the standard language it has dissapeared.

Tones

Heiyin has four phonetically distinguishable tones for single syllables said in isolation. These tones are illustrated below.

Tone	Description	IPA	Heiviu	Tyulev	Example
					Heiviu	Tyulev	Character	Meaning
Medium	medium flat	˧ (33)	◌	1	syim		心	heart
High	medium rising	˨˦ (24)	◌́	2	foéu		好	good
Low	medium falling	˦˨ (42)	◌̀	3	jyù		酒	wine
Entering	falling rising	˦˨˥ (425)	◌̌	4	goě		國	state

Some linguists assign two more tones, due to dissolution from the Middle Sinitic checked tone which split into the current entering tone and the two lateral tones which are a medium and low tones with a final lateral approximant /ɫ/. In some varieties of Yu as well as dialects of Heiyin these final lateral sounds have merged with vowels to form diphthongs.

Tone Sandhi

Tone sandhi is a process whereby adjacent tones undergo dramatic alteration in connected speech. Heiyin, like other Yu varieties, is characterized by left-prominent tone sandhi where the first syllable dominates over the contour of the entire tone domain. As a result, the underlying tones of syllables other than the leftmost syllable, have no effect on the tone contour of the domain.

tone	One syllable	Two syllable	Three syllable	Four syllable	Five syllable
1	33	33 33	33 33 33	33 33 33 33	33 33 33 33 33
2	24	22 44	22 44 55	22 44 55 22	22 33 44 55 22
3	42	44 22	44 33 22	44 33 22 22	44 33 22 22 22
4	425	42 44	44 22 44	44 22 33 55	44 33 22 44 55

Grammar

Like other Sinitic languages, Heiyin is an isolating language that lacks marking for tense, person, case, number or gender. Similarly, there is no distinction for tense or person in verbs, with word order and particles generally expressing these grammatical characteristics. However, some analyses do suggest that one can analyse Heiyin to have tenses, especially in modern varieties.

Affixation, generally (but not always) taking the form of suffixes, occurs rather frequently in Heiyin, enough so that this feature contrasts even with other Yu varieties, although the line between suffix and particle is somewhat nebulous. In the example below, the term 頭子 (dou-joe) can be used to change an adjective to a noun.

給	了		我		彼		小		頭子！
kìl	loe		voé		bé		siu	-	dou-joé!
give	P		me		DEF		small	-	dou-joé!
Give me the small thing!

Words can be reduplicated in order to express various differences in meaning. Nouns, for example, can be reduplicated to express collective or diminutive forms; adjectives so as to intensify or emphasize the associated description; and verbs in order to soften the degree of action. Below is an example of noun reduplication resulting in semantic alteration.

獲		獲
vè	-	ve
hold		hold
hold for a bit

Word compounding is also very common in Heiyin, and is the most productive method of creating new words. Many recent borrowings in Heiyin originating from Thuado-Thrismaran languages are di- or polysyllabic.

Word Order

Heiyin generally adhears to SVO and SOV word order. The placement of objects in Yu dialects is somewhat variable, with Common Yu varieties positioning the direct object before the indirect object, and Giulce varieties favoring the indirect object before the direct object.

Adjectives usually go before the noun, most speakers place adverbs after verbs, however in some dialects, particularly in dialects close to or spoken by speakers of the Giulce Yu varieties.