Tengaria

Republic of Tengaria Република Tангария Republika Tangaraiya
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Нация, ред, единство" "Natsiya, Red, Edinstvo" "Nation, Order, Unity"
Anthem: "Колко е превъзходно Твоето име по цялата земя" "How Admirable is Thy Name in the Whole Earth!"
Location of Tengaria (dark green) in Euclea (light green & light grey) and in Samorspi (light green)
Capital and largest city	Lenovo
Official languages	Tengarian
Recognised national languages	Savader Visoclesian
Ethnic groups	Tengarian- 91.5% Svoboda- 3.4% Other- 5.1%
Religion	95.7% Episemialist 1.9% Irreligious 1.5% Other Sotirian 0.9% Other
Demonym(s)	Tengarian
Government	Unitary dominant-party Presidential Republic
• President	Teodora Kovacheva
• Deputy President	Imre Király
Legislature	Grand Assembly of Tengaria
• Upper house	Senate of Tengaria
• Lower house	National Assembly
History
• Grand Principality of Tengaria	c.1000-1385
• Empire of Tengaria	1385-1935
• Fall of Lenovo	September 6, 1930
• Resistance Movement	1930-1935
• Republic Established	1935
• Tengarian Civil War	1955-1957
• Current Constitution	15 March, 1958
Area
• Total	305,981 km2 (118,140 sq mi)
Population
• 2020 estimate	22,359,980
• 2014 census	21,870,991
• Density	73.08/km2 (189.3/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2020 estimate
• Total	682.65 billion (21st)
• Per capita	30,530 (14th)
GDP (nominal)	2018 estimate
• Total	334.26 billion (22nd)
• Per capita	14,707 (17th)
Gini (2020)	29.9 low
HDI (2020)	0.859 very high
Currency	Lev (TL)
Time zone	UTC-1
Date format	mm-dd-yy
Driving side	right
Calling code	+9
Internet TLD	.tng

Tengaria (Tengarian: Tангария or Tangaraiya), officially the Republic of Tengaria (Tengarian: Република Tангария or Republika Tangaraiya) is a sovereign nation situated in Western Euclea in the world of Kylaris. It is bordered by Amathia to the East, Ravnia to the West, and Vynichia to the North. Tengaria is located along the warm coastal plains and has a warm Temperate Climate, and shares both a border with Lake Min to the northeast and the Achelonian Sea to the south. The country's geography features fertile plains for farming, thick forests, coastal beaches and cliffs, and rolling hills. The wide outlet of Lake Min, the historic River Len, flows through the central valley of Tengaria, and along it is where the capital of Lenovo is located, as well as the ancient Piraean city of Istros.

The ancient home of the Tengar tribes straddled the borders of the Solarian Empire. Soon after its fall, the tribes were conquered and Sotrianized by the Empire of Arciluco, and later became an independent Grand Principality when the Empire's authority declined. Following the collapse of the Empire to the Realm of Thorns in 1385, the Grand Prince was named Vladetel by the exiled Ecumenical Patriarch, founding the Empire of Tengaria. The Empire was the intellectual center of Western Eculea for several centuries, but Tengaria began to lose its influences, eventually falling into the sphere of Soravia. During the Great War, the Empire was invaded and occupied by the Amathians. A resistance movement, led by Simeon Kovachev, fought against the occupation, and successfully restored sovereignty after the war with Soravian support. After the war a Presidential Republic was created, although it was was plagued by instability, factionalism and a rough economy, which eventually culminated in the Tengarian Civil War. After the War, Kovachev took over on a platform of National Unity and Order. Since Kovachev's reforms, Tengaria has been a Unitary Presidential Republic, well known for its strong presidential powers and centralized authority under a dominant-party system with the National Rally dominating Tengarian politics under the leadership of the Kovachev family.

Tengaria is well known for its strong patriotism and sense of national identity, highly centralized government and economy, strong infrastructure and a low crime rate. In addition, it has a rich tradition in both philosophy and literature, being considered often the beacon of Western Euclean thought. Although this reputation suffered in the later centuries, Tengaria's intellectual scene has prospered under the Kovachev family. Tengaria's unique educational system and emphasis of philosophy make it distinct and unique from other countries, although critics say that it focuses too much on outdated and antiquated philosophy. Critics have also labeled the country as "undemocratic and authoritarian", strong governmental control and use of underhanded means to keep power, including alleged incarceration and elimination of political opponents. Although Simeon's son Dimitri Kovachev loosened some of the systems in order to modernize the state, including becoming a member of Samorspi in 1984, Simeon's authoritarian system remains entrenched and strongly in control. The current President, Teodora Kovacheva, has taken measures to improve the public image and to lower abuses while maintaining the incumbent system and supporting her grandfather's ideas. Tengaria is a member of the Community of Nations and Samorspi.

Etymology

The first recorded name of the land currently known as Tengaria was κᾰλοία or Kaloia named by the Piraean settlers when they first discovered the region. This is derived from the Piraean word κᾰλός, meaning "beautiful" or "noble", on account of the beauty and the mildness of the area and of the people they met there. The tribes in the region came to be known as the Kaloí, a name which carried through most of the Solarian period, and the Solarians used the Piraean name for the region when dealing with the peoples, calling it Caloia.

The current name, Tengaria is most likely derived from the Marolev Tengar tribes who have occupied the region after the fall of the Kaloí tribes, and is the name given to the region by the late Solarians referring to the "Land of the Tengars". The name of the Tengars is based upon the word Tenger in the native to the tongue of the Tengars, and comes from an ancient word for sea, in reference to them being the Marolev tribes which were located closest to the southern Achelonian sea. This may also have to do with the fact that the Tengars were across the other side of the largest inland body of water in Lake Min from the north Marolevs, or perhaps also in reference to their settlement around the River Len and the Coastal Plains which connected them to the Sea.

Traditionally, the name Tengar is said to be taken from the Legend of Mier, Tengar, and Sorav, which details the principal Marolev peoples as coming from three brothers. In the Tengarian version of the legend, Tengar was the oldest and strongest of the three brothers. While on a hunting trip, Tengar caught sight of a magnificent lion, and seperated from his bretheren brought his people south in pursuit of his prey. After chasing it for hundreds of miles over hills and rivers, the trail eventually ended when he came to the southern sea, where he could go no further. He found the lion, and, wrestling with it, managed to hold his own. The lion then revealed that he was no lion, but an angel in the corporeal form of a lion, and admonished him saying that while Tengar might be strong, he needed to temper his strength with wisdom and with the love of God. He instructed Tengar in these things, before revealing that this land before him was the land his descendents were destined to settle. Most scholars recognize this legend as historically inaccurate, especially citing the anachronistic Sotirian messages. Nevertheless, this myth plays an important part in Tengarian literature, as the epic poem the Legend of Tengar is the earliest work of Tengarian literature known, predating the 11th century.

History

Early History (before the 5th century)

A Kaloí Peltast from the 5th century BC.

Archeological records of settlement around the Len River Valley date back thousands of years. The earliest known records for the region was originally inhabited by a group of tribes known as the Kaloí, who were related to other tribes of Dytikoí and Satrio-Euclean origin, a name first recorded by the Piraean settlers. Little is known about the Kaloí outside of the artifacts they had left behind and accounts given by the Piraeans and later the Solarians. They were described by such as a mostly peaceful people, and were well known for their music and their fair features. They kept mostly to rural farming communities, however, the tribes were known to still wage war against one another or against migratory groups. Although they left no written records, they did have their own language, worship their own gods, and had a common culture, leaving behind burial chambers, settlements, and religious artifacts. They are also credited with developing the fighting style of the Peltast, which spread through Istros to the rest of the Piraean world. Piraean settlers settled in the southwest region, and also the city of independent city state of Istros along the central Southern Coast in the seventh century BCE. This first coastal city first exposed the Kaloí to the civilization of the Piraeans, and was the largest city in the region for many years.

The Piraean language and system of writing did spread to some of the southern tribes, but the did not reach most of the tribes. Around 450 BC, many various tribes of the Kaloí were united under one King, Peirous, who formed the Kingdom of Kaloia. This Kingdom only encompassed the southern and central region of modern Tengaria, focused around the Len River Valley and the Coastal Plains. To the Northwest the linguistically related but geographically seperated Armonic culture began to grown and thrive, and eventually city states formed the Armonic League in the region of Visoclesia. Although there were kings who had knowledge of Piraean civilization, very few cities were built, save for a city on the banks of the Len which eventually came to be Lenovo. Other distinct Kaloí tribes remained outside of the Kingdom as well, especially upon the Western hills. When the Solarians first conquered Amathia, some of the Priedan tribes fled to Kaloia as a means of escape. Now the realms of the Kaloí were located at the far borders of the Solarian Empire, and occasionally engaged in warfare with the Empire. The Empire did make several incursions into the Kaloí lands and even for a time controlled a slight portion of eastern marches of Tengaria. For the most part however, this border territory was often the center of many conflicts between the Solarians and the Kaloí, and as disputed territory saw conflict and warfare between the two. Several settlements and border forts in the East of Solarian origin have been discovered, but they are sparse.

Ruins of the Piraean Theatre in Istros.

While the Tengarians were exposed to Solarian culture, it did not become widespread as of that time. However, Sotrianity is regarded as spreading to Istros in the region in the first few centuries. Despite being in conflict with the Solarian Empire in the initial centuries, the Kaloí eventually began to make alliances with the Solarians, hiring themselves as mecenaries. When Marolevs eventually invaded the land from the West and North, the Kaloí were driven either towards the Sea, into the Visoclesian Hills, or into Solaria itself. The remaining Kaloí became foederati of the Amathians. Many Marolevs passed through the land on their way to Solaria. The ones which stayed in the region were known as the Tengars. Once they had come dominate the region during the waning days of the Empire, the Solarians first called the region "Tengaria", which the region was referred to as henceforth. Eventually the Western Empire collapsed in 426, but the Empire of Arciluco continued to hold on in the East. The Tengars assimilated the remaining Kaloí into their peoples, and came to dominate the region.

Rule by the Empire of Arciluco and Principate (5th century-1385)

Main Article: Grand Principality of Tengaria

After the Marolevic invasions of Solaria began to cease, the Tengars slowly began to take the land which had once been theirs again. However, the power to the East, the Empire of Arciluco, looked to expand its borders Westward. Over the next two centuries, Arciluco conquered most of current day Tengaria, barring Visoclesia, into the Empire. The Tengar tribes were incorporated into the Empire over time, and at the end of the sixth century Saint Mihail of Tengaria, a missionary from Arciluco, brought Sotrianity to the Tengar tribes, becoming the first Archbishop of Istros. In addition, soon civilization and written language to the Tengarians by the Amathians. The Piraean and Vulgar Solarian languages were spread to a certain exten, but the Tengarians still largely spoke their own tongue although some did learn Vulgar Solarian for official buisness with the Empire. Eventually, the walled villages of the Tengarians developed into towns, and Tengaria flourished and developed under the Empire of Arciluco for several centuries. However, as Tengaria developed, its language and heritage put it at odds with the Amathian state. In addition, the Empire kept on waning in power around the turn of the first millennium; and around the turn of the century, the authority of the Empire had dwindled. The borders of Tengaria were sorely beset by the Visoclesians, and by the tenth century, things were looking difficult.

A Tengarian nobleman by the name of Vasil Silen was a general for the border forces of the Empire during the eleventh century. During this period Visoclesian invasions were particularly fierce, and Vasil managed to hold them off and win battle after battle, eventually turning the tide of the war and himself conquering the tribes of Visoclesia under his rule. His victorious army threatened to proclaim him Emperor of Arciluco, and the Emperor, his authority already weakened, decided instead to establish the Grand Principality of Tengaria and name Vasil as the first Grand Prince, which would give de facto Independence to Tengaria, while still acknowledging the authority of and paying tribute to the Amathian Emperor. This arrangement proved satisfactory for Vasil, and now he could govern his people and yet be removed from the dangerous Imperial politics taking place in Arciluco. Thus in about 1000 AD (although scholars contest that this was the exact date, saying it might be a few years off), Tengaria finally became unified under a Prince, although it was still subject to Arciluco.

Over the next few centuries, Tengaria began to develop, as it continued to grow under the Empire yet in its own unique ways. Although Istros was the historic city of prominence, growth began to prosper around the central valley of the River Len. Around 1300, the capital was transferred to the city of Lenovo, and it remained the capital ever since. Tengaria grew in strength, although it was still part of the Empire, and could not shake out of its control; a revolt by Geto II ended in disaster for the Prince when Imperial loyalists betrayed it in 1199. Tengaria first began to centralize into a single power during this time period, beginning to become gradually culturally distinct from Amathia, yet still assisting it in its wars and struggles.

Imperial Era (1385-1927)

Main Article: Empire of Tengaria

St. Vasil the Great, First Emperor of Tengaria.

The Grand Principality supported the iconodule Emperor during the Amathian Civil War which resulted in the collapse of the Empire of Arciluco and the establishment of the Realm of Thorns. The exiled iconodule Ecumenical Patriarch and the royal family fled to Tengaria. After crowning the Grand Prince, Vasil V, as the next Emperor (Vladetel) and marrying him to the daughter of the last impaled Emperor, the Empire of Tengaria was formed. With the new prestige, Vasil the Great consolidated Tengarian control over the surrounding region. His reign marked the beginning of the Tengarian Golden Age, a period of intellectual and philosophic flourishing and cultural renewal. Tengaria became the major intellectual centre of Western Euclea, with the establishment the University of Lenovo as the first University in Western Euclea in 1405. The thought Xenagoras became widespread and united with Orthodox Episemialist, leading to Tengaria becoming the prominent source of Iconodule theology at the time. A great deal of philosophical and theological writings, as well as literature and stage plays, date to this time period.

As its position as nominal leader of the Episemialist world, Tengaria became involved in the Iconoclast Wars in 1408 supporting the Duchy of Pavatria against the Kingdom of Ravnia and the Realm of Thorns. During the war, it invaded Amathia and was able to conquer the western marches from the iconoclasts. However, it was never able to capture Arciluco, and it lost the lands it did gain when the iconodule Unio Trium Nationum came into power. The Ravnians were able to take the western marches of the Empire. With Ravnia's iconoclasm still remaining, the iconclasts had scored a victory, discrediting Tengaria's role as leader and causing the political decline of Tengaria's power. The Duchy of Pavatria became the prominent political power in Western Euclea, and although the Emperor of Tengaria kept his title, the title lost its old authority in the eyes of the West. However, Tengaria continued to remain a regional power and an intellectual centre for the next few centuries.

Overtime, the the power of the Empire began to diminish and decline, with gradual territorial losses to Ravnia. With the arising of the Soravian Empire, Tengaria became a minor power relegated to the sidelines. The rising power Kingdom of Amathia also saw Tengaria hemmed in other side of three great powers. Tengaria was strong enough to keep from being conquered but never enough to make itself a prominent power. Eventually, the Empire began to fall into the sphere of Soravia, and the Tengaria intellectual life began to decline and Eastern Euclean and Soravian thought began to dominate the intellectual circles. The Pavaric script became the norm, replacing the old Amathian script in official usage. The Empire began to stagnate economically and politically after the reign of Vasil IV. The economic situation continued to worsen, which created worsening unrest, kept in check by the Imperial Army. In 1848 the Simeon III came to the throne, and in after repressing several revolts instituted a noiminal constitution in several Imperial Acts from the dates of 1851 to 1855, as well as other amendments from later in his reign. Among other things, these acts included codifying the Senate of Tengaria, a historic body of Nobility which met upon occasion previously, into a permanent body; and establishing the National Assembly of Tengaria as a popular assembly, creating the two as the Grand Assembly of Tengaria. He first began to bring modern elements to Tengaria, and commissioned the completion of the famous Tengarian Assembly Building in Lenovo. He worked to bring in modern infrastructure and industrialization from Eastern Euclea, and laid the groundwork for much of Tengaria's later achievement.

All of this laid the groundwork for a renewal which began to emerge during the reign of St. Hristophor "the Holy", which saw a kind of rebirth in Tengarian civilization and national identity and economic prosperity. As it began to modernize, Hristofor's promotion of the faith and works of charity and kindness made him widely popular among the lower classes; however, the intellectual elite and some of the nobility despised him for his charity and generosity, or simply for his power as monarch. During the reign of his nephew, Dragomir II, the Znaniya School of Philosophy and Literature arose and became widely popular and began to change the intellectual atmosphere of the country against the influence of the more progressive thought of the contemporary Intelligentsia. In addition, during the reigns of these monarchs, a rebirth of architecture and music was seen in Tengaria, especially focusing on the ideals of beauty and order. Dragomir II's policies also helped avert some of the damage of the Great Collapse, and Tengaria fared better than most countries, but still suffered somewhat. Resentment among the intellectual community and like minded people began to grow, however, and the period of growth and rebirth was cut short by the outbreak of the Great War in 1927.

The Great War (1927-1935)

Soldiers of the National Army during the Great War

The Empire entered into the Great War on the side of the Grand Alliance and Soravia. From the beginning of the war, Tengaria faced two enemies on two fronts- Ravnia to the West and Amathia to the East. Tengaria's army was relatively well trained and well supplied, and was composed of two major kinds of forces- a well trained force of mobile light infantry skilled in fighting in rough terrain, as well as its more poorly trained traditional infantry. Seeing Ravnia is the larger threat, the Imperial Army committed most of its forces to the Western Front, especially around Lake Min. It established a defensive front to keep out any Amathian incursions from the East. The War began quite well for the Tengarians, with the well trained light infantry gaining several key victories in the early part of the war against Ravnia. Ravnia's preoccupation with the Soravian Front made this possible in part, but also the spectacular victories of Simeon Kovachev, who quickly rose through the ranks despite his age.

However, the front against Amathia fared very poorly, with the Amathians breaking through the Imperial lines at several points, making significant gains. The Tengarian army was slowly but surely pushed back, and by 1929, the situation was dire. Most of the resources put on the Western front were called back to face the problems in the East. This caused the gains made in the West to be indefinsible and subsequently lost back to Ravnia. The Amathians kept on defeating the Tengarian forces, pushing them further and further back. Ravnian advances along the coast began to spell the death knell for Tengaria as the forces encroached closer and closer to Lenovo. On the 6th of September in 1930, the Amathians were finally able to sieze the city of Lenovo. By this point, the Emperor had already fled the city, and the Imperial family was divided. Some fled to Soravia, some joined with Simeon Kovachev's forces, and some stayed behind during the occupation. Empreror Dragomir III himself fled to the Imperial Navy, which attempted to sail to Soravia to get further support for Tengaria; however, the Ravnians intercepted the Tengarian Battle Fleet and destroyed it, taking the Emperor prisoner. The few remnants of the Imperial government who stayed behind capitulated, and the Amathians declared the Empire to be over.

Kovachev still was in control of Tengaria's best forces, and he retreated to the Northernmost hills of Tengaria, close to the border of Soravia and the shores of Lake Min. Many fragments of the defeated portions of the Imperial Army and volunteers joined him, forming the Tengarian National Army. Simeon by this point had already been named as Regent by Emperor Dragomir III and was the effective Head of State of Tengaria for the next five years while the Emperor was imprisoned. The National Army was able to fight a Guerrilla War against the Amathian forces. With strategic support from Soravia, local support and Kovachev's leaderhsip eventually the National Army was able to recapture key positions and pushing back the Amathians and Ravnians from Tengarian territory. Tengaria's orginal borders were restored at the conclusion of the war.

The Early Republic (1935-1955)

A session of the Senate of Tengaria in 1937.

After the war's conclusion, Kovachev continued to function as the Regent for a short duration after the war. He worked to repair the damages caused by the war, give compensation for wartime destruction, and punished those who had a major role in promoting the Amathian occupation. These processes reunified Tengaria but put the country in debt to Soravia. Repeated attempts to negotiate for the return of Emperor Dragomir from the Ravnians were rebuffed, and eventually the Emperor was handed over to Soravian hands. Soravia refused to let him return, and demanded that Tengaria should become a Republic, although they suggested that Kovachev could easily become dictator. Kovachev, an ardent monarchist, refused to take power, and instead oversaw a transition phase into the new Republic. Without Kovachev's leadership, members from Tengaria's academic field instead wrote the constitution. There were two major opposing schools, those who wanted a conservative and authoritarian regime and were heavily pro-Soravian, and those who wanted to build a democracy reflective of Eastern Euclea. In the end, a compromised was reach, and the writers decided on a Presidential Republic with the legislative and executive being separate. The post of Minister-President would be abolished, but the legislative would still have the legislative control over laws. The Grand Assembly was maintained, although it dropped its Imperial titles and replaced them with National instead. The first elections of the new Republic were held in August of 1935, with the conservative pro-Soravian TNVP sweeping the elections, with the prominent academic Gregori Ervo becoming Tengaria's first President entering office in November of the same year.

Many of the old parties from before the collapse of the Empire remained, although the TNVP had taken most of the support from the old Conservative and Centre parties. The main opposition party was the pro-East Euclean Liberal Progressive Party, along with two leftist parties, the Social Democrats and the TSMR. On the fringes of the political scene, the Restoration Party advocated for the return of the Empire, but failed to gain much support in the first twenty years of the republic. During the first five years of the republic, the TNVP managed to finish many of the things which Kovachev had started, but still struggled with finances. However, although the TNVP had initially held together to accomplish its aims, it soon became apparent that the party's big tent nature was becoming a problem as the factions grew worse. In 1939, several parties split off from the TNVP, included the Episemialist Democrats, the Federalists and Svoboda Rights. The Republic would not again have a united government until 1955; and the National Assembly always relied on large and unstable coalitions. In the 1940 elections, the Liberal Progressives won the Presidency under Vasil Stoychev and were able to form a majority in the Assembly with TSMR and the Social Democrats. However, without having control of the Senate and being part of a contentious coalition, the government was able to achieve very little. The economic situation, which had shown signs of improvement in the first few years, began to lose all the progress that had been made. Party squabbles and Stoychev's weak Presidency only further served to weaken the situation. In 1943, tensions had reached the point where the Liberal Progressives suffered a fracture into the Republican Party, bringing most legislative work to a standstill. During this time, there arose tensions between Kovachev's national army and the government. Kovachev attempted to keep the army outside of politics, allowing it to become a State within a state, however, Stoychev and his successor hated the popularity and influence which Kovachev wielded, seeing him as an opponent and his attempts to insulate the army as a potential takeover. For this reason Kovachev and some of his staff were sent to the Kabu Civil War to act as advisors.

Anti-goverment protesters in a parade in Istros in 1953.

The economic downturn and the increasing incompetency of the government caused resentment in the general populace. Using the people's frustration to his advantage, Vladmir Vasilov, a TSMR politician, was elected as President in 1945, on the platform of reforming the system under a socialist banner. The TSMR did not win enough seats, however, and were forced to rely on a very tenuous four party coalition in the Assembly. While the TSMR found it hard to compromise on legislation with their coalition counterparts, the TNVP led opposition in the Senate maintained a strong check upon anything which the Assembly did manage to overcome. The situation did not change with the 1950 elections, and so Vasilov found it increasingly difficult to do anything, especially with an uncooperative military he could not enforce any extreme measures. Due to the political gridlock of the time, the economy declined significantly, legislation reached a standstill, and partisan infighting only increased. Popular resentment of the government reached dangerously high levels. As the economic situation worsened, many citizens began to consider that the Republic had been a failure, and that the time had come to bring back prosperity by bringing back the Empire. Socialism, which had been seen as the first alternative, largely came to be associated with the failure of the TSMR and so declined in popularity. Political tensions began to rise as the people began to look for an end to the current troubles.

Tengarian Civil War (1955-1957)

Main Article: Tengarian Civil War

Rubble after the failed coup attempt in Lenovo in 1955.

In the elections of 1955, Dimitri Denov, former second in command to Kovachev and a war hero of the Great War in his own right, ran on a campaign with the Restoration Party, promising to bring stability, to end the political squabbles, and to restore the Tengarian Empire, calling the Tengarian Republic a political failure. The people, sick with the failure of the Republic and the other parties, followed this message, and so Denov and his party won the election soundly, with the Restoration Party won a plurality of seats in the National Assembly and the Senate, controlling then the whole Grand Assembly and Presidency with a coalition with the sympathetic Episemialist Democrat Party. This did not please most of the left-leaning parties, who despite internal disputes were furious over the loss of the Assembly. Immediately after the election took place in August, the feuding left-leaning parties began to protest the new results, refusing to accept the outcome as legitimate, and called themselves "Republicans", protesting that the new government would restore the tyranny of the Monarchy. With them went several right-leaning politicians of a strong republican bent, but the newly elected government worked out an agreement with the TNVP for a political alliance. Tensions began to grow as the Labour unions began to strike against the new regime in the intervening months. President Vasilov and his administration promoted the agitation and division, furthering the chaos. Soon riots and violent lynchings of prominent Restorationists and Nobles began happening in the streets However, against the President's wishes, Kovachev's forces worked to keep order and to ensure the peaceful transition. This proved the final straw between Vasilov and Kovachev, and he tried to dismiss him from his post. Kovachev, seeing the political chaos that would ensue, refused to resign his post, and he was supported by the majority of the army. And so the transition continued and a semblance of order was restored, however, the tensions still grew worse as the instillation of the new government took place.

On the first day the new government was to be sworn in, the incumbent members of the National Assembly attempted to bar the doors from the newly elected members of the Restoration and other right-leaning parties, and Vasilov refused to leave the Presidential Mansion. National Army forces however entered into Lenovo to oversee the transition happened. No shots were fired and none were killed, but the army had to break down the doors of the Assembly and were forced to arrest and detain the Assemblymen whose term had been completed. Vasilov himself was imprisoned on the charge of treason. The new government was able to come to power, and the army retained its hold around Lenovo. However, news soon spread around Tengaria, bringing mixed messages: most who had voted for Restoration had seen it as an unjust usurpation by the left to hold onto its power in the government, while many also said that the Army had committed a Coup d'état. Many wished for there to be no violence, which was encouraged by the first pronouncements of the government. Denov immediately called for order and peace to be preserved, and even pardoned Vasilov and the resisting members of the National Assembly, but by this point the Republican faction was ready to carry the fight to open conflict.

Tengarian Loyalist militia during the Civil War.

There were eleven days of relative peace after the government assumed office, under the careful eye of Kovachev and his forces. However, Kovachev left the city on November 25th to attend a developing crisis in the south. That day, several prominent military officers under Kovachev's command, claiming that they were "saving the republic", launched a coup which they had been planning in conjunction with Republican politicians. Forces stormed the Presidential and mansion and President Denov was brutally slaughtered, along with his wife and children, with their bodies displayed on the lawn as a warning. His Deputy President, Simeon Radez, was able to escape along with some of the prominent officials. However, attempts to enter into the National Assembly were foiled by forces loyal to Kovachev and the new government, and soon open fighting began to break out the streets of Lenovo. The Republican army forces, outmatched and lacking in strategic objectives, were dispatched by nightfall, and the treasonous officers put to death. In the confusion, however, many of the assemblymen and senators had fled the city, most heading to the city of Avren, where support for the Republicans was highest. Some were captured by National Army forces, but most fled towards the south. Radez took control as President, and tried to call for peace, but it was too late. On the 28th of November the new People's Republic of Tengaria was proclaimed with Rumen Santov as its president, declaring that they were the legitimate government of Tengaria, and that Radez's administration was unconstitutional and illegitimate. Not a few members of the National Army defected for the People's Republic, although most stayed loyal to Kovachev, who was in turn loyal to the Restoration government.

The War would last a little under two years. Due to the Republican's overall lack of the degree of an organized military that the Radez government possessed, as most of the skilled officers remained with Kovachev, the Radez government had the upper hand on the military front. The republicans often resorted to militias and guerilla warfare to fight against the government, committing acts of terror both against Loyalist forces and any known Loyalist sympathisers. In addition, the anti-clerical Republican forces attacked, looted and destroyed churches, killing priests and religious. This only served to alienate some of the remaining neutrals into siding with the government. Many civilians were killed by Republican actions, although others were killed collateraly by Loyalist artillery and military action. These tactics only prolonged a losing war, and the Republican military forces were soundly beaten by the loyalist forces in nearly every single full battle. However, in 1956 Radez was assasinated by a Republican, throwing the Loyalist government into chaos and slowing down the war effort. Leaving behind no clear successor, Simeon Kovachev took over as head of the government until the crisis was over and declared a state of national emergency, and founded the National Rally to foster national unity, focused on healing the wounds of the war and unifying Tengaria against partisan infighting. This effort proved massively popular by many, and the Republicans soon found themselves both beaten back and without support. After just under two years of fighting, the Republicans capitulated in November of 1957.

Post Civil War Tengaria (1957-present)

Simeon Kovachev, military commander, war hero, and statesman, in formal portrait in 1958.

In the wake of the Civil War, Simeon Kovachev was left in charge of the government as provisional head. It was clear that the first system of the Republic was a failure. He could not restore the monarchy like he wanted, due to the international backlash that would no doubt arise, especially from Tengaria's main backer and ally, Soravia. At the same time, he realized that leaving it as it was would only make things worse. To create a solution, he wrote a new constitution for the Republic, in which the Presidency was stronger and had more ability to prevent the issues which had happened in the early republic. The Constitution was based on a strong government to preserve order and unity, and to minimize the effects of civil strife and factionalism. In order to achieve this, he began actively promoting his campaign, the National Rally. The Rally was a non-partisan movement, running on a platform of establishing national stability, order, and ending partisanship. After decades of political chaos and a Civil War, the idea was massively popular. Kovachev and National Rally swept the elections under the new constitution in 1958, and he began to make reforms and to stabilize the country. Under his economic policies, Tengaria saw an economic boom over the next two decades, overcoming the debt the republic had wracked up and making a surplus by 1970. He revitalized Tengarian education, making it one of his chief priorities to do so.

Dimitri Kovachev, Simeon's son, was elected as President after the death of his father in 1983. Less of an idealist than his philosopher and more of a pragmatist, he did not continue to develop many of the projects his father had laid the foundation for, instead trying to modernize Tengaria more and to ensure the survival of the National Rally throughout the next decades. He instituted six year terms for the Presidency, and also brought Tengaria into Samorspi. However, Dimitri was never as popular as his father, and during his Presidency corruption began to develop within the Rally and government. His reign also saw political repression of opposition groups.

Geography

Tengaria is located in Southern Euclea, and has a variety of geographical features and diversity. Tengaria borders two major bodies of water, the Acheloian Sea to the south, and Lake Min to the north. The country shares land borders with Ravnia to the West and Amathia to the East. Through Lake Min, the country also shares a maritime border with Radushia. The country has a land area of 305,981 kilometers squared (or 118,140 square miles), making it larger than Estmere but smaller than Amathia, and the second largest in land area in Samorpsi. Tengaria on the whole is considered as part of the Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome, although not all of the country is forested. Common trees in Tengaria include oaks, beeches, and birches, while some of the higher altitude forests include more pines and firs. Some areas in Tengaria more closely approach an alpine biome or steppe.

Tengaria is divided into two major geographical regions, the Планини (Planini or highlands) and the Низини (Nizini or Lowlands). The Planini are located in the north of the country, and is characterized by hills, mountains, valleys, and forests. This region also includes the coast of Lake Min, which is a popular resort destination. Most of the country's Wilderness, national parks and protected lands are located in this region. The Ninzini are located in the south of the country, and feature arable plains, grasslands, marshes, and the coastlands. This region is more populated on a whole than the north, but population is contained mostly in coastal cities or along rivers through the southern regions. This region also contains the majority of the nation's agricultural land. The Ninzini also have grasslands which are used for Pasture, and have historically been used by the Savader peoples.

Flowing from Lake Min to the sea and through both regions, the River Len is a major geographic feature and an important body of water, being the only outlet river of Lake Min. The Len River valley is very fertile, and divides the Planini in Tengaria into the regions of the Visoclesian Hills and the Radon Hills. The Len River valley is also the center of settlement and development in Tengaria, and the river has three of the most populous cities located along it, from Visnagrad, a popular resort city located on Lake Min, through the capital city, Lenovo, and its surrounding metro area, and flows out near Istros, Tengaria's oldest city and historic centre. The Len River is a wide river and has a deep water flow, and has a significant geographic feature throughout Tengaria's history.

Gallery

• 

  Autumn hillside in Lenovo.

• 

  Seaside view in Krasiv

• 

  The Len flowing through the Silver Gates, Visoclesia

• 

  Radomin Arches, Silenya.

• 

  Borinev Rocks, Bogorodista.

• 

  Agricultrual fields in Zŭrno.

• 

  Hills along the coast of Lake Min, Visoclesia.

Climate

Snowfall is common in the northern hills.

Tengaria is divided into two climates roughly corresponding to the main geographic divisions to the country. The entire Planini and the northern part of the Ninzini have a Humid continental climate, which covers most of the country. The hills to the north of the country block the warm fronts from the south, and so this part of the country is cooler and has more snowfall. The summers are warm, and generally see less rainfall than the cold winter, but there is not enough of a distinction to make the summers dry. The remaining part of the country along the coast has a Humid subtropical climate, and is much more exposed to the warm air currents from the south. This part of the country sees hot and humid summers with rain and thunderstorms, and does not have a freezing month.

Tengaria's average rainfall is 703 mm, but differs on the area of the country. The highest rainfall in the Planini comes during the winter, while it is usually in the early summer months fro the Ninzini. The Ninzini also tend to receive more rainfall than the South, due to the higher elevation and precipitation from Lake Min. Lake-effect snow comes from Lake Min, and snowfall is abundant in the North; however, the southern parts will usually receive snow during the winter, although it is less common. The snow cover usually lasts anywhere from 20 days in the lowlands to up to 7 months in the higher hills. The average temperature of Tengaria is 12.4 °C, usually ranging from an average of 15.2 °C in the Planini to 8.3 °C in the Ninzini. The highest ever recording was taken in July of 1941 in Krasiv, with a recording of 45.4 °C, while the lowest recording was taken in January of 2016 in upper Silenya, with a recording of −36.1 °C.

Climate data for Tengaria (records from all meteo stations)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	26.1 (79.0)	26.8 (80.2)	36.9 (98.4)	37.5 (99.5)	39 (102)	42.4 (108.3)	45.4 (113.7)	44.9 (112.8)	42.3 (108.1)	38.9 (102.0)	37.1 (98.8)	26.5 (79.7)	45.4 (113.7)
Record low °C (°F)	−36.1 (−33.0)	−34 (−29)	−31.3 (−24.3)	−20.6 (−5.1)	−15.6 (3.9)	−11.3 (11.7)	−6.4 (20.5)	−9.8 (14.4)	−13.2 (8.2)	−17 (1)	−25.5 (−13.9)	−32.9 (−27.2)	−36.1 (−33.0)

Biodiversity and Enviroment

A Lion, Tengaria's national animal

Tengaria is home to a variety of wildlife, most of which are common to Western Euclea. Most notably, Tengaria is notable for having some of the last Euclean populations of Panthera leo leo, otherwise known as the Lion, which is its national animal. Because of their importance as national animals, the Tengarian Emperors established some of the first policies to protect the lion in the 17th century, preventing its extinction. However, the population numbers remain low, and so the lions remain a critically endangered species in Euclea. Tengaria also has various species of birds, such as the Partridge, mammals, such as Bison insects, and other aquatic life. The Imperial Eagle is another popular animal, which is seen as a symbol of Saint John the Apostle, and the most popular of the bird species. The coast off of Tengaria as well as the rivers also have a rich abundance of fish and other marine life. In addition to animal and marine life, Tengaria also has many species of plants, especially in the forested regions of the north. Oak and Birch are the most common trees, although coniferous species exist as well.

Tengaria has 13 national parks, 18 nature reserves, and many more protected areas, set aside by the government to protect the natural wildlife and the enviroment. Most of these are in the rural areas of the country, especially in the north. Most of these areas are also forested and protected from human development. These parks are home to much of Tengaria's wildlife, and also serve as popular attractions, both for tourists and citizens. The government has done certain developments in the parks and reserves, such as the construction of trails and shelters, to provide better access to these places. However, certain protected areas are completely untouched so as not to disturb the ecosystem. Tengaria is generally considered environmentally-friendly, has comparatively little air pollution, but is still working to prevent water and soil pollution, which mostly comes from the use of pesticides and outdated sewage.

Urbanization

Most of Tengaria's population is located in the cities. Roughly 60.7% of the population live in the country's twenty largest cities. Of these, the three largest, Lenovo, Istros, and Visnagrad, have populations over a million people. Much of the urban spread is concentrated along the Len River valley, the southern coast, or the coast of Lake Min. In addition, the metropolitan area of each of these cities is larger than the numbers given. However, certain cities on the list, such as Rhŭn and Isen, fall into the metropolitan area of another city, in this case, Lenovo.

Politics

Government

Main Article: President of Tengaria, Grand Assembly of Tengaria, List of political parties in Tengaria

Teodora Kovacheva
President of Tengaria
since 2014

Imre Király
Deputy President of Tengaria
since 2018

Tengaria is a Unitary Republic that uses a Presidential System of government, with heavy powers being granted to the nation's President. The First Constitution of the Republic, which was in place from 1935 until 1958, was overturned after issues with its structure of government and political division caused the rise in the Tengarian Civil War in 1955. Simeon Kovachev authored the Second Constitution after the Civil War, and it was approved by referendum and promulgated on the 15 of March, 1958. The Second Constitution of Tengaria is considered the prime legal document of the Nation, and was meant to provide a strong government to fix the problems with the nation under Kovachev's supervision. Dimitri Kovachev instituted several reforms to the Constitution in 1999, approved by referendum.

The President is both the head of state and the head of government, and wields broad executive powers. The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the Tengarian Armed Forces, appoints the members of the Tengarian Senate, can submit or veto legislation, appoints cabinet members and justices with approval of the Senate, to determine and to implimate domestic policy and foreign policy, and has all of the ceremonial duties of a head of state. Under the original constitution, the President served for life; however, President Dimitri Kovachev reformed the limit to unlimited six-year terms as part of his constitutional reforms to bring it into more compliance with modern governments. The President is the most powerful and influential figure in the Tengarian government. The President also appoints the Deputy President, who serves as speaker of the National Assembly and becomes active President if the President dies in office. In addition, the President also appoints the Cabinet of Tengaria to assist them in affairs of state. The current President is Teodora Koacheva, who was elected to office in 2014 after the death of her father and re-elected in 2018; upon her second term, she appointed Imre Király as her Deputy President.

  National Rally: 330 seats

  Democratic Front: 12 seats

  Social Reform Front: 5 seats

  Independent: 33 seats

Legislative power is invested in the Grand Assembly of Tengaria, which is a bicameral legislature, consisting in the upper house, the Senate of Tengaria, and the lower house, the National Assembly of Tengaria. The Senate of Tengaria focuses on judicial oversight, presidential appointments, and cultural and ceremonial affairs of Tengaria. Senators serve for life terms or until they resign, and are appointed by the President. There are 50 seats in the Senate, and all are considered independent politicians in Consensus government. One can still be a member of the National Rally, but all Senators are encouraged to function as independents. Several clergy and noblemen are granted seats in the Senate, including the claimant to the defunct throne of Tengaria, Vasil VI. The National Assembly is the house which deals more actively in legislative affairs, and can create legislation, declare war, has power of the purse, approves treaties, and other legislative prerogatives. There are 380 seats in the National Assembly, and Assembly members serve six year terms. Seats are divided among the 11 Provinces by population.

The government has been dominated by the Kovachev family, who have controlled the powerful Presidency for sixty years, and the political movement they lead, the National Rally, which is socially conservative and explicitly anti-partisan, has consistently dominated the legislature by huge margins. Although de jure a non-partisan democracy, National Rally's dominance of the Presidency and Legislature makes it a de facto Dominant-party state. Tengaria and its constitution is considered by most Eastern Euclean sources as undemocratic and authoritarian. Questions about the veracity of election results, combined with the promotion of the National Rally in media, literature and education, and rumors of suppression of other political movements, give it a low ranking on many international democracy listings. In 2020, Tengaria scored 46 out of 100 on the International Freedoms and Civil Liberties Report in 2020, and is tied for lowest in Euclea with West Miersa, and is classified as an "Obstructed Democracy". It was the lowest in Euclea for some time, only recently being tied with West Miersa.

Foreign Relations and International Institutions

Main Article: Foreign Relations of Tengaria

Violeta Bogdaneva, current Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Tengaria's Foreign Policy is overseen by the President, who designates much of the responsibility and administration of this to the executive department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , which is headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. This ministry has been headed by Violeta Bogdaneva, the former ambassador to Soravia, since 2018. Ambassadors are appointed to their positions by the President and serve at the President's pleasure. Tengaria has established diplomatic relations with many states across the world; it has diplomatic embassies in over 40 countries, while many countries have embassies or diplomatic missions in the city of Lenovo.

Tengaria has historically been an ally and supporter of Soravia since the early 19th century. Although it previously was a part of and had closer kinship with Amathia, relations were greatly damaged after the Iconoclast Wars, and never fully recovered. In the early 20th century, as Ravnia and Amathia became more powerful, Tengaria fell under the sphere of influence of Soravia, which it has remained under. It was Soravia's ally during the Kylaris, and became indebted to Soravia during its occupation and rebuilding. It initially supported the government during the Sostava War, however, Dimitri Kovachev reversed this policy and supported the Patriot's Front instead after the war's conclusion, and led Tengaria to join Samorspi in 1984. Tengaria is the only member of Samorspi which was never a part of the Soravian Empire or Republic, and the second most populous and powerful state in the alliance. Despite being closely aligned with Soravia, Tengaria has also made it a priority to maintain its national soveriegnty.

Tengaria is a founding member of the Community of Nations, joining the organization in 1935 along with its ally Soravia. Tengaria has usually supported its ally Soravia in CN decisions, although it has acted against it in particular decisions. Tengarian has fielded one Secretary-General of the Community of Nations, Theodosii Istina, from 1984 until 1988, a controversial pick in regards to Tengaria's government but an important decision in the wake of the Sostava War. Istina promoted global educational programs across the world, as well as for the protection of culture and world religions, which Tengaria has always supported. Tengaria has complicated relationships with its neighbors. Tensions have not been fully healed with Amathia and Ravnia on account of tensions from the Great War, or Amathia's support of the Republicans during the Civil War. In addition, Tengaria's status on the global scale is mixed. The country is a popular tourist destination, but is criticized by many for its undemocratic government and authoritarianism.

Judiciary and Law Enforcement

Main Article: Tengarian Judiciary, Tengarian National Guard

Members of the National Guard in Lenovo.

Tengaria uses a Civil Law System, which relies on a set code of laws. Under the second Constitution of Tengaria, this code has been the Обнародвания (Obnarodvaniya), or the Promulgations, which was codified and established by Emperor Vasil III in 1785. This is one of the oldest set of civil codes which are still in use; and is a through compilation of four hundred years Imperial Tengarian law, which is in turn derived from the old Solarian law and its successor Arcilucan law which were brought to Tengaria during the rule of the Empire of Arciluco. During the early republic, the Republicans introduced a new legal code which conformed more to Eastern Euclean legal practices, but Kovachev reintroduced it in 1958 when he took power. There have been changes since them and modifications to adapt to recent developments, but the fundamental basis of the code has remained the same and largely unaltered. As such, Tengaria's legal system is one of the most unique in the world, although it bears similarities to its neighbors as well as those which are influenced by Solarian law. Unlike other civil-law systems which use inquisitorial systems, Tengaria uses an adversarial system, but without a jury. There is also a distinct system of military justice which applies to members of the National Forces, which is overseen by the Minister of Defense.

In the days of the Empire, the Emperor was considered the highest legal authority, however, in practice the Emperor designated judges to determine cases. Even still, a few exceptional cases were still tried before the Emperor. Reflecting this, Tengaria, the court system is overseen by the President and the Minister of justice, currently Tihomir Todorov, which by custom is chosen from a political independent and not a full member of the Rally. The Second Constitution of Tengaria establishes the highest judicial power is given to the High Court, comprised of three High Judges, with the most senior judge presiding over the case. Given the importance which Tengaria places on its legal code, the High Court does not practice Judicial review, but rather is the court of last appeal. Below the High Court are the National Courts, Provincial Courts, and Municipality Courts, which differ in degrees of authority and appeal. The President nominates all High and National Judges, all of which are approved through the Senate, while provincial judges are appointed by provincial governments and municipal juges by municipal authorities. Judges may be removed by the President with the approval of the Senate, however, this only happens rarely, and many judges serve for life. Due to the heavy influence of the executive in judicial affairs, Tengaria has one of the lowest rankings of Judicial independence in Euclea.

The law is enforced jointly by the Tengarian National Guard and the Tengarian National Police. The primary of these, the National Guard, is a Gendarmerie force which is dedicated to maintaining order in Tengaria, as well as being able to protect government officials, respond to interior threats and emergencies. As it is a branch of the Tengarian National Forces, it is overseen by the President and the Minister of Defense, although it does also work in cooperation with the Minister of the Interior and the Minister of Justice. The National Guard is equipped to deal with emergency situations, and also have specialized forces which can respond to anything, including being trained in anti-terrorism measures, especially against the Tengarian Republican Army. The National Police are overseen by the Minister of the Interior, and have responsibility for more mundane policing tasks, such as traffic policing, crime investigation. The National Police are more commonly seen in cities and larger towns, and each municipal police force is overseen at the provincial level and ultimately at the national level.

Tengaria has a relatively low crime rate, with fairly low homicide rates, and the majority of crime being related to transport, drug usage or theft. Recreational drug use is illegal in Tengaria, and excessive use of alchohol is also punishable by fine. Tobacco products are legal, but heavily taxed and discouraged by the government. Under the Presidency of Dimitri Kovachev, government officials became increasing involved in cases of economic polticial corruption, such as bribery or misuse of public funds. Since Teodora took office in 2014, economic corruption has been severely cut back upon by her anti-corruption policies; however, international institutions accuse Tengaria of still practicing nepotism and rewarding loyalists rather than competent members.

Military

Main Article: Tengarian National Forces, Tengarian National Army

Members of the National Army in the BLK-7 Istrov during a training exercise.

The military of Tengaria, or the Tengarian National Forces, are divided into three main parts, the Tengarian National Army, the Tengarian National Navy, and the Tengarian National Air Force, although the National Guard are also a part branch. Tengaria has a medium sized armed force, with over 90,000 active duty personnel and 60,000 reservists. Historically, the army has always been the principal branch of service, and recieves most of the manpower and funding. The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and still retains a great deal of influence than most other countries. However, most matters of defense are handled by the Minister of Defense, currently Angel Zlatanev, in connjuction with the Chief of Staffs. Since 1958, Defense Ministers have been drawn from the active and high ranking officers of the military, and is not held to be a political position. There is a strong martial culture within Tengaria since the beginning of Kovachev's regime, and the military is routinely presented as being necessary for the defense and well-ordering of the Republic. Public holidays such as Army Day and Liberation Day celebrate the armed forces, and military parades are held annually.

As a member of Samorpsi, Tengaria is a participant in the Tsivebi Military Agreement, and its armed forces work and train in close conjunction with its ally Soravia. In addition, Soravia has several military bases around the country, and Soravia provides most of Tengaria's heaviest military equipment and Tengarian arms companies mostly produce models and variations of Soravian equipment, such as the S-69 main battle tank, which is unique but based off of a Soravian design. However, Tengaria does produce its own arms and equipment, such as the BLK-7 Istrov, but usually these line up with Soravian calibres and ammunition capacity. Tengaria actively invests money into military research and development, investing in new and better technology, such as the S-75 in 2019. Unlike other members of Samorpsi, Tengaria's military is all-volunteer, although all male citizens must register for conscription and may be called up for service upon the President's request and the National Assembly's consent. This means that Tengaria's forces are smaller than even some smaller countries, such as West Miersa, which has been a deliberate choice since the end of the Great War, when Simeon Kovachev introduced Professionalization to focus on a smaller but more professional army due to major funding issues. Tengaria fulfills its strategic role within Samorpsi by specializing its forces for specific uses of highly-trained soldiers, including special operations.

Administrative Divisions

Main Article: Provinces of Tengaria

Tengaria is divided into eleven provinces, called Oblasts (Oбласт, sometimes translated as Prefecture in Estmerish), based upon the historical regions of Tengaria. Each Province is further divided into local municipalities, both urban and rural. As a Unitary state, these provinces and municpalities are all answerable to the National government, but are designated responsibility by the National government to maintain the common good for the local areas. Each province is considered equal in status, and each has its own government, consisting of an elected Assembly, consisting of 75 members each, and an executive Prefect (Префект or Prefekt) appointed by the President. Local municipalities are run by a Pretor (Претор or Pretor), appointed by the provincial prefect, and have a locally elected Council to oversee local affairs. Provincial assemblies and municipal councils also generally serve six year terms, corresponding with the elections of the President and the National Assembly. Tengaria's government is highly centralized, and the regional governments usually have to rely upon the central for funding, support, and other means.

Map	Province	Capital	Population	Region	Prefect	Seats in the National Assembly
Visnagrad Krasiv Garna Golyagora Dombvidék Legelők Vasvár Lenovo Zŭrno Vasilya Khŭlm Silenya Bogorodista Oshane Plastina Devene Istros Zhilino Enina Ustata Aretia Rechnize Dostiga Paisula Meldia Armula Amathia Bistravia Ravnia Lake Min Acheloian Sea	Bogorodista	Bogorodista	1,456,899	North	Vasil Prokev	25
	Dostiga	Avren	1,258,978	East	Radomir Vasilev	21
	Istros	Istros	3,011,221	South	Dragomir Istina	51
	Khŭlm	Cosmingrad	454,677	East	Pavel Ionescu	8
	Krasiv	Elena	987,454	West	István Szabó	17
	Lenovo	Lenovo	4,314,100	Central	Gregori Todorev	73
	Silenya	Silen	813,338	North	Dobromir Asenov	14
	Ustata	Drangovo	2,754,424	East	Zora Angelev	47
	Vasilya	Vasilgrad	1,645,787	West	Anton Rumenev	28
	Visoclesia	Visnagrad	3,864,781	North	Apostol Zlatarev	66
	Zŭrno	Vihren	1,798,321	South	Neno Radev	30

Demographics

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1500	1,500,000	—
1800	6,500,000	+0.49%
1900	13,500,000	+0.73%
1927	15,500,000	+0.51%
1935	14,000,000	−1.26%
1955	16,000,000	+0.67%
1962	15,689,120	−0.28%
1972	16,994,311	+0.80%
1982	18,320,109	+0.75%
1992	19,425,609	+0.59%
2002	20,545,880	+0.56%
2012	21,640,991	+0.52%
2020	22,359,980	+0.41%

Tengaria's population was estimated to be 22,359,980 people at the beginning of the year 2020. This means that the country's population density is 73.08 people per square kilometer, one of the lowest density figures in Euclea. Most of the population is concentrated in the cities, with 13,563,920, or 60.7%, of the population living in the country's twenty largest cities. The most heavily populated area is the valley around the city of Lenovo, which contains in short distance the cities of Isen and Rhŭn, as well as its proximity to other cities. in the surrounding provinces. Population centres are mostly found around the River Len, as the primary waterway of the nation, or the coasts, either on the sea or of Lake Min. Outside of the urban areas, most of the communities are rural and not as densely populated, especially in the hills to the north of the country. Urban areas tend to be more developed and have lower birthrates, while the rural areas tend to have higher birthrates and are less developed. Tengaria has one of the highest birthrates in Euclea, with a total birth rate at 2.12 women per child, just above the replacement rate but only barely. However, this figure has been dropping as the country has continued to develop, and is expected to fall below the replacment rate by 2023. Population censuses in Tengaria are taken every 10 years, with the last one being done in 2012 and the next one scheduled for the year 2022.

Ethnic Groups

Main Article: Svoboda

According to the 2012 census, 91.5% of the population identify as Tengarian, 3.4% as Svoboda, and 5.1% as other. The main ethnic group of Tengaria share the common name with the nation, and descend from the Tengar tribes, who share an affinity with the Marolevs of Western Euclea. The current main hypothesis is that the Tengars took their name from dwelling in the land between the "seas" of the Achelonian Sea and Lake Min. Old legends concerning the Tengars as the people of one of three brothers Mier, Tengar, and Sorav are circulated, but have been discredited. The Tengars migrated to Tengaria from the North and the West during the 4th century AD, and conquered and assimilated the Kaloí and Piraean peoples throughout Tengaria, and drove away most of the Armonian peoples and assimilated those that were left. The Tengars also had heavily influence from the Amathian peoples of the Empire of Arciluco, and eventually the various tribes were united under the Grand Principality of Tengaria, which began to solidify each as a part of the Tengarian people. The Visoclesian tribes, which shared close kinship but had minor seperation of language from the Tengars, later were reunited, and although they have their unique language and customs, they are considered an ethnographic group and not a new ethnic group, usually identifying as "Visoclesian Tengarian". These make up roughly 10% of the population, but are counted as Tengarians on the official census. Many ethnic Tengarians died during the Great War, and many also left after the Tengarian Civil War, creating the Tengarian Diaspora.

Tengaria's most prominent minority is the Svoboda people, who are more commonly called Savaders in Estmerish or as Szabadok in their own tongue, who have had a long and complicated relationship with the people and political authorities of Tengaria. Scholars believe that the Western and Northern regions of Tengaria were home to the Armonian peoples, a loose grouping based on a common Proto-Armonic language. However, the Armonic peoples were decisively beaten during the Marolevic invasions of the 4th century, leading to the scattering of the Armonian peoples across Euclea, particularly to the North. At this point the Kireno-Katemoshans split from the Armonic peoples who would become the Svobobda. They largely adopted a migratory lifestyle, although a portion continued to live settled lives in the Armonic plains in the Southwest of the country. One Tengaria began to centralize, they continued to populate the open plains where they could, ususally avoiding the main cities, and waged war against the Grand Princes if their rights were being infringed upon. This led to several purgings and expulsions of the Svoboda peoples under the Grand Princes, although Svoboda communities continued to remain. Under St. Vasil I, the first Emperor, they were officially placed under the personal protection of the Emperor, and were formally given land of their own to settle or to graze, on the condition of being called into military service when need. This situation for the most part resulted in a mutually beneficial relationship between the crown and the Svoboda, however, several Emperors staged persecutions of them, or small groups were persecuted locally with no repurcussions. During the early stages of the Republic, the government siezed the grazing lands and outlawed the migratory lifestyle, but they were returned under the Kovachevs. Since then they have been a protected minority within Tengaria, provided that they remain loyal to the regime.

Svoboda perform a traditional dance in Elena.

The statistics of the census claim that Svoboda make up 3.4% of the population, but the actual number of Svoboda could be anywhere from 760,240 to well over 800,000. Regardless, Tengaria is said to have the second highest amount of Svoboda in the world. The Svoboda are split into two main groups- the Vándorlás, or those who still retain their migratory lifestyle; these can be found all over Tengaria, in to be in much smaller numbers than th the other. Many of these historically or currently have left the life of wandering to intermarry with Tengarians they; and so many Tengarians have some kind of Svoboda descent. The government has designated grazing lands for them, most commonly in the province of Krasiv in the West of the country. The second group are the Változatlan, who have settled down and formed communities with other Svoboda or who live among the Tengarians but keep their ethnic heritage. There is a substantial community in Lenovo, but most are also located in the western portion of the country. The Armonic plains are considered as a homeland by many of the Svoboda people, and the city of Elena is one of the most important cultural centres for the Svoboda peoples. Several of these have risen to positions of high power, such as Imre Király, the current Deputy President of Tengaria. Despite being protected, there still exists a bias against them in many ethnic Tengarians. They are officially recognized as the Svoboda people by all official sources; however, people use the Soravian term Kosak either out of custom or as a pejorative slur for them.

As for the 5.1% who identify as other than the two main groups, there are substantial groups of Amathians, making up 1.7% of the population, and Ravnians, making up 0.9% of the population, who generally live close to the western and eastern borders of the country, corresponding to where the borders changed over the centuries. In addition, expatriates from other Marolev countries, such as Soravia, also live in Tengaria, comprising 0.8% of the population. The remaining 1.6% of the population is comprised of migrants from other parts of Euclea and the world, such as those from Coius who migrate for a better life.

The harsh economic period during the 1940s and 1950s and later the political strife surrounding the Tengarian Civil War caused many to flee to other countries, creating the Tengarian Diaspora. Most of these were people seeking to find a better life elsewhere, but also included many political exiles from leftist groups, which tend to be the most critical people of the regime. The major places of the diaspora include Amathia (over 700,000), Galenia (nearly 160,000), and West Miersa (over 100,000), among another places.

Languages

Main Article: Tengarian Language

The first page of the Gospel of Mark from a 10th century Tengarian manuscript.

The primary language spoken in Tengaria is the primary native tongue, the Tengarian language. Tengarian is a Marolevic language which developed from both the Marolevic languages but also was deeply influenced by the Amathian language in its developement during the middle ages. Originally written in the Amathian script, it changed to Soravian script during the 19th cenutry as the country fell under the sphere of Soravia. It is the official language of Tengaria, used for all official legislative procedures, legal proceedings, laws and official announcements. The vast majority of the country, over 85%, speak it as their mother tongue. It is the the mandatory language taught in most schools throughout Tengaria. There are several dialects of the Tengarian language, most notably the Visoclesian dialect, which has unique features but still shares close kinship to the main branch of Tengarian. This dialect is spoken in the region of Visoclesia. With almost three million speakers or roughly 13% of the population, and particularly in the city Visnagrad, the third largest city in Tengaria, the Visoclesian dialect is the largest subdialect of the Tengarian language.

The other significant spoken mother tongue is Savader, spoken mainly among the Svoboda people, although most of the Svoboda community also learns Tengarian alongside or learns to speak it in school. About 2.5% of the population speak it as a mother tongue. It is officially recognized as a National Language of Tengaria, and there are several societies to promoting its revival and use in the Svoboda communities. This language has a rich oral tradition which is passed down among the various communities. As a whole, it is spoken almost exclusively among the Vándorlás Svoboda in their own communities. Other mother tongues include Amathian or other languages of the ethnic minorities living in Tengaria.

The only other language taught in mandatory schooling is Ancient Piraean, and to a much lesser extent Solarian. However, only a handful actually take it to the point of speaking, as most only learn enough to be able to translate the works of Xenagoras or Theocritus or other ancient authors in the original language. Many do not foster the development beyond their years in school, although some do; Tengaria possess several prestigious scholars in the field of Ancient Piraean. Solarian was used for official documents during the early Imperial era and on buildings as a mark of Imperial authority and nominal Solarian heritage; both Piraean and Solarian were used as scholarly languages. Amathian was also an important language during the Empire of Arciluco.

Besides for mandatory schooling, the government also sponsors institutions which promote the learning of other languages, mainly Soravian, Gaullican, or Estmerish. These exist mostly for business or diplomatic reasons. These institutions also provide oppurtunities for students to learn outside of regular study, and many students take the oppurtunity.

Religion

Main Article: Patriarchate of Tengaria

Religion in Tengaria

  Episemialist (95.7%)

  Other Sotirian (1.5%)

  Irreligion or Unknown (1.9%)

  Other religions (0.9%)

Tengaria is one of the world's most religious countries, with a vast majority of the population being registered participants in Episemialist Sotirianity. According to government statistics, the percentage of Episemialist Tengarians in nearly 96% of the country. The primary Episemialist Church in Tengaria is the Tengarian Episemialist Church, comprising 90% of the population, an Autocephalous Church headed by the Archbishop of Istros and Patriarch of All Tengaria, currently Angel V. There are also Amathian and Ravnian Episemialists, about 4% and 1% respectfully. The religious unity of the populace is high, with the government placing a high priority on the faith as essential to maintaining national unity. This stems from the country's deep historic roots in Sotirianity and current promotion of the faith among the populace. There is no formal restictions upon other religions or forms of Sotirianity or even non-religion, but tend to be on the fringes of society and are generally looked down upon by the vast majority Episemialist populace. Irreligious takes the second place with 2% of the population, and non-Episemialist forms of Sotirianity such as Solarian Catholicism and uniate Tengarian Catholicism, comprise 1.5% of the population. Finally, less than 1% of the population comprises members of other religions.

Although Tengaria ranks the highest in Euclea in terms of registered religious believers and religious homogeneity, the percentage of active members are lower than registered believers. This is for a variety of reasons. Irreligion is heavily frowned upon, and is seen by some as unnatural and detrimental to the common good of society for not believing in a Divine Authority. In addition, those who advocate secularism are associated with the disastrous old republic, having ties to the rebels who began the Tengarian Civil War and as opposing the reign of the Kovachev family. Thus the number of people who are irreligious in practice or belief is actually higher, but many choose to identify as Sotirian to avoid social conflict and stigma, further inflating the numbered of registered Sotirians. Thus only around 50% of the Sotirians in attends church regularly, although this is still much higher than the standard averages found in Euclea. As such, Tengaria remains the first in all of Eulcea in terms of religious unity and church attendance.

A Priest of the Tengarian Episemialist Church.

Tengaria has a long history with Sotirianity. According to Tradition, John the Apostle was exiled from the Solarian Empire to the independent city state of Istros, a Piraean settlement on the southern coast of Tengaria. It was held there he finished his Apocalypse and later died. A Sotirian community continued to exist in Istros for centuries, and there is evidence that Kaloí Sotirian communities existed around the Len River Valley. However, the Marolevic invasions in the fifth century saw many of these Churches destroyed and the Sotirians relegated to a minority status, barring the city of Istros, where a Sotirian minority continued to exist alongside the new Tengar populace. Soon after the Empire of Arciluco had conquered the Tengars the sixth century, Saint Mihail of Tengaria and his companions began to evangelize the Tengar tribes. The Tengarians are considered the earliest of the Marolev tribes to be Sotirianized, which was helped by the Kaloí who assimilated with the Marolevs. Sotrianity thrived and flourished for centuries, deeply imbeding its roots in the country. Churches served as centers of faith and learning to the developing Tengarian civilization.

When Tengaria was made a Grand Principality in 1000, the Archbishop Istros was elevated to of the Patriarch of Tengaria, becoming autocephalous, although it still shared close ties with Arciluco. It remains the oldest of the Junior Patriarchates of the Episemialist Church. During the Iconoclast schism in the late fourteenth century, Tengaria took up the banner of 'Orthodox' Episemialism, with the authority granted by the exiled Ecumenical Patriarch and by the Council of Lenovo as the temporal leaders of the Sotirian world. Although not every Emperor took this position seriously, religion stood at the very heart of Empire's legitimacy, and so even vicious Emperors often still followed the trappings of religion to maintain their status and promoted it to the public. Tengaria retained a position as the intellectual 'leader' of the Episemalist world for time, although Soravia remained the dominant political power of the West. A defining feature of the Tengarian Golden Age was the Episemialist Faith, as it was seen as central to all learning. As more secular Soravia thought came to dominate Tengaria and its schools, the religion began to become removed from educational programs around the country. The Znaniya School sought to restore its place in the beginning of the twentieth century, but it was not until Simeon Kovachev took power that their plans could be brought to fruition and restored the religion's pride of place.

Kovachev reformed the whole country's educational system, making religion a mandatory part of the studies of every student. He actively involved the Church in politics, making laws in conformity with the Church's teaching and basing the social policies of the National Rally around them. Dimitri Kovachev did not make many new policies to support the Church, but maintained most of his father's policies in order to appease the religious base of the National Rally. Teodora Kovachev has been a strong supporter of her grandfather's ideals, and has rekindled close ties between the government and the Church. Currently, the Episemialist Church is openly endorsed and supported financially by the national government, and works with the Church to establish laws to foster religious and national unity. Episemialist doctrine is mandatory to learn and are taught in Tengarian schools from a young, and study in theology is mandatory in the later stages and seen as the capstone of the entire education.

The religious centre of Tengaria is the historic city of Istros, where the Patriach resides, and also with the Basilica of St. John, a Church which is said to be over the burial site of St. John the Apostle. The current Basilica building dates from the mid-sixth century, built on top an older one. This has been a popular pilgrimage site for Sotirians. The city also has an older Church, called the Church of Holy Wisdom, which dates from the mid-fourth century, and the large Cathedral of the Holy Cross, the seat of the Patriach. The city of Lenovo is also a popular place of pilgrimage, with the Cathedral of Saint Vasil as a prominent Church, along with many other churches throughout the city. Other famous church buildings include the Monastery of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos, located in the hills of Visoclesia, and the Cathedral of the Dormition of the Theotokos, a large Cathedral located outside the city of Silen.

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  Cathedral of the Dormition of the Theotokos, Silen

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  Monastery of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos, Visoclesia

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  Church of Holy Wisdom, Istros

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  Cathedral of Saint Vasil, Lenovo

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  Cathedral of the Logos, Istros

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  Basilica of Saint John, Istros

Education

Main Article: Education in Tengaria

History

The ruins of the ancient Agora school in Istros

Education in Tengaria is a time honored tradition, dating back to the ancient Piraean city state of Istros on the Southern Coast in the third century BC. Xenagenes, disiciple of the great philosopher Xenagoras, founded a school in the city, known as the Agora. The Teleological School flourished in the city, although it became secondary to the other philosophers when the Empire of Arciluco came to dominate the region in the sixth century. Over the centuries, the Tengars came to adopt the Liberal arts education of the Solarians and Piraeans, passed on by the Amathians. In addition, the local churches established by the Sotrian missionaries provided another source of learning. The process of education was slow and gradual, as the Tengars were a rural and pastoral people, and most of the learning began to be focused in the towns and around churches. However, by the time of the Grand Principality of Tengaria, Tengaria had become more of its own state, the schools became more prominent and widespread. By the rise of the Empire of Arciluco, Tengaria had a well developed educational system and a strong philosophical and theological community. Emperor St. Vasil the Great took the educational system and reformed it, marking the beginning of the Tengarian Golden Age. He established the University of Lenovo in 1405, the oldest university in Western Euclea. The Agora school became popular once again. Tengaria for several centuries became the centre of learning in Western Euclea, and was well known for its intellectual community. The University, the Agora and soon several other insitutions became places for discussion and learning.

Eventually, Tengaria's Golden Age came to an end. The political dominance of Soravia of the region caused the educational community to fracture and to slowly decay. Although initially opposed, modern thought from Eastern Euclea began to make its way into Tengaria. Eventually those who believed in them came to positions of power, and the classics began to be put aside for the sake of the newer material. In addition, Soravian republican thought began to become prominent in the academic sphere in the late 19th century. Modern Soravian literature and Eastern Euclean scientific advancements and thought became mainstream amoung the intellectual community. Whereas before Tengaria's educational system had remained unique, it became more and more like that of other countries, with academic circles beginning to try to imitate the rest of Euclea. The old Agora school fell into neglect once again. Tengaria's education began to fall behind even its Euclean rivals. The Znaniya School was formed in part as a reaction to the state of Tengarian Education, as they sought to restore Tengaria's schools to their old heritage and strength, especially by turning back to the intellectual history and to Teleology as the means to properly educate the young. However, the academic community worked against the new school, despite its popularity, and so the schools did not have a chance to reform between the Great War.

The historic St. Vasil College of the University of Lenovo

During the Great War, higher education was suspended with the Amathian invasion and occupation. After the war, with the formation of the Republic, it was dominated by the Soravian inspired republican university staff. With the university staff now largely entering into politics, the followers of the Znaniya School began to slowly enter into the education system. However, the poorly mananged republic floundered, and the state of education was considered rather weak, as the country as a whole suffered political turmoil and economic collapse. After the Tengarian Civil War, Simeon Kovachev took power. A disciple of the Znaniya School, he viewed education as his top priority for Tengaria, as the education of the youth is vital in producing a virtuous society. He immediately worked to reform the system, dismissing unwanted teachers from positions of power, restructuring the entire Tengarian educational system, implementing a socratic liberal arts education focused on the Great Books, changing the division of the arts and sciences to a more classical system and putting heavy government oversight and funding into education. Kovachev’s system is still in use today, despite criticism from outside countries.

Liberal Education

Tengaria has one of the world's most unique curricula, designed and implemented by Simeon Kovachev and inspired by the thought of the Znaniya School. The education harkens back to the ancient liberal arts education of Piraea and the Solarian Empire, but further and beyond this is ordered primarily by Teleological and Episemialist principles. However, it distinguishes itself from other liberal arts education in principle- whereas other liberal arts programs pursue a “humane studies” or “general education", Tengaria views the liberal arts as seven introductory disciplines which prepare the student for the more profound subjects, those that constitute the heart of a liberal education. The ultimate goal of the liberal education is the knowledge of the truth to be found by Wisdom both Divine and Natural, namely Theology and Philosophy. A liberal education is one that "frees" men by pursuing this truth, allowing them to know and pursue their proper end. The education is not ordered towards any practical end or career path, but is instead ordered to pursuit of knowledge for its own sake and for producing virtuous citizens.

A Painting of the Seven Liberal Arts

For this reason, the Primary Education of Tengaria is focused on the study of the classical Trivium, namely Grammar, Logic and Rhetoric, and Quadrivium, namely Geometry, Arithmetic, Astronomy and Music. The study and habituation of these speculative arts give the student the necessary foundation by which they can study the higher things later in the curriculum. Students study the basic principles of these arts, and habituate them by means of demonstrating propositions, giving arguments, grammatical exercises, studying the stars, listening too and giving speeches, and other methods. The students do practical exercises do not study them merely for their practical ends, but rather use these practical means for the sake of studying the speculative or scientific knowledge of these arts. When possible, works by the great authors are used. The foremost example of this is Euclid's Elements for Geometry. However, this is not always practical or possible for every subject or for every grade level, so textbooks and manuals are occasionally used.

In addition to the liberal arts, all primary school students (both upper and lower) take religious education, gymnastics (physical education), musical performance and civic virtue classes. Religious education is taught from an Orthodox Episemialist point of view, and educates the populace on the principles of the faith from an early age. Gymnastics is seen as necessary for the development of a healthy and well balanced lifestyle. All students learn how to sing and are required to study another instrument of their choice. This is required because music is seen as a means of ordering the soul towards the good, and it also habituates the students in musical experience. This is distinct from their study of music as a liberal art, which focuses on the mathematical and auditory principles of the speculative art of music. Finally, all students take Civic Virtue classes, which are classes which aim to teach ethics and national loyalty from a young age, as well as national history. All students, when studying grammar, are also taught ancient Piraean.

Anamation of the steps of Proposition 47 from Book 1 of Euclid's Elements

After successful completion of both levels of primary school, students move to secondary school, called Universal School. It is named as such because the curriculum is still focused on the study of universals and speculative knowledge, rather than particulars and practical knowledge. Students study Theology, Philosophy, Natural Science, and more advanced Mathematics. These are counted as the "Universal Studies", and are given priority in the order of studies. Theology is given primacy of place due to its divine origin; Philosophy is also very highly valued. The natural sciences, such as biology and chemistry, and more advanced courses of mathematics, such as algebra and calculus, are also considered instrumental and necessary for a complete understanding of the principles of the world. Textbooks are very rarely used; most reading takes place from the greatest works of the prominent authors. By using the books themselves, students are challenged to engage with the great conversation of the intellectuals throughout history. In addition, literature and history are also studied, along with a continuation of musical performance and civic virtue classes, but are not given as much importance as the others. Although completing Universal School is the requisite for all citizens, there are other further steps of secondary education. Students who enter into Preparatory School continue the Universal Studies until they are prepared to enter into tertiary education. Technical school diverges away from speculative knowledge and focuses on the practical studies for students who desire enter into the workforce.

The universities of Tengaria are funded for and overseen by the government, who oversee. Students who study at University pursue the core studies of the universal education, except at a much more intense and comprehensive level. The liberal arts are again approached, but now as looking back upon the principles which lead into the higher sciences, from a vantage point of experience. In addition, there are no history, music, or civic virtue classes, and University focuses on developing the intellectual life of the students. All students take the same degree, and once they graduate, they are allowed to move on to higher studies in a particular field. This uniformity is in place so that the students will have a basic understanding of universal speculative knowledge before they go on to study a narrower field of study. Tengaria is considered to have a very strong classical education, and the students come out having a wide range of knowledge.

However, the education is not without its detractors. Several international educators criticize the lack of electives and specialization options available for students, saying that it causes students from finding paths which uniquely suit their abilities and talents. Some have criticized it for being too archaic and backwards, with its classical mindset hampering the students through poor educational focus or outdated thought. Because the thought and intention behind the education is so radically different than most countries, several think the whole system is flawed. Innovators claim that a focus on learning through books and lack of technological learning and other modern developments hamper the student's abilities to thrive in the modern world. The harshest critics say that contrary to the education's goal to make the students free, the religious education and civic virtue classes constitute nothing less than "brainwashing".

Structure

Level	Name	Duration	Particular Focuses
Preschool	Предучилищна (Preschool)	2 years (age: 4 to 6)	Basic Reading and Writing, Experiential Learning
Primary education	Нисък Училище (Lower school)	3 years (age: 6 to 9)	Grammar, Arithmetic, Geometry
	Горен Училище (Upper school)	3 years (age: 9 to 12)	Logic, Astronomy, Music, Rhetoric
Secondary education	Универсален Училище (Universal school)	5 years (age: 12 to 17)	Universal Studies, Literature, History
	Подготвителен Училище (Prepratory school)	1 or more years (age: 17 to 18 or later)	Further Universal Studies
	Технически Училище (Technical school)	1 or more years (age: 17 to 18 or later)	Apprenticeship or other Practical Training
Tertiary education	университет (Bachelor's degree)	3 years	Higher Universal Studies
	Майсторство (Master's degree)	1 or 2 years	Specialized Subject
	Докторат (Doctorate)	3 years or more	Specialized Subject

Stages highlighted in yellow below are compulsory.

Tengaria's educational structure shares some similarities to other countries, but also differs in the methodology and material. All schools in Tengaria are run or heavily overseen by the government, and all follow the same general structure. Tengaria has 11 years of mandatory education, from ages 6 to 17, though other levels are offered before and after. Primary and secondary education are required, with the Primary education being split into two parts. Furthermore, education is often split by sex; oftentimes, the schools are single-sex or several the classes in the school are divided by sex, even the nation's universities. By law, gymnastics and civic virtue classes are always split by sex, and can differ in focus for each sex.

Parents can send their children to designated preschools when the child reaches four years of age. This is designed to give the child early sense experience in order to foster his later education. Another important function of this lower school is to ensure that the children have some basic literacy before they enter in primary school. If the parent chooses to opt out the child from preschool, they must ensure their child has this literacy before they are allowed to enter into primary school. Primary school is divided into two parts, a lower and an upper, each lasting three years. After this, all students go into the Universal school, which lasts for five years. Every student takes the same courses, and most finish by the time they are 17 or 18. Some take longer, but students who consistently fail are sent to designated schools for students with learning issues. If deemed unable to complete the education at all, special exceptions are made.

After the completion of Universal school, students are no longer required to take any studies. Most students enter into the workplace immediately after school, or might get an apprenticeship. Those wishing to learn technical skills can go to certain government sponsored Technical schools, which are designed to give the students practical knowledge of their field of interest. For those wishing to pursue higher education, they must take an common examination. Each university has a threshold which the student must clear. The threshold is fairly high, and many do not pass the first examination. If the student does not make any threshold, he may go to a Preparatory school to study more to pass the examinations.

Higher Education

As part of it's proud educational tradition, Tengaria has multiple institutions of higher education. The most famous of these is the University of Lenovo, which is the oldest University in Western Euclea. Inspired by the scholastics of Eastern Euclea, St. Vasil the Great founded the University in 1405 to be the centre for higher learning and to augment and enhance the liberal education already present from the Empire of Arciluco. Although there were schools prior to this, such as the Agora School and the higher learning of institutions of Arciluco, the University was the first one of its kind based upon the model of university found in the East. Since then, several other universities were established, but the University of Lenovo was always seen as the top and primary institution of learning in Tengaria. The universities gave students a higher degree of learning in the liberal arts and theology and philosophy, before allowing for the student to become a master of a subject. However, as education in Eastern Euclea and Soravia began to change in the twentieth centuries, the universities began to slowly adapt to their methods as well. After the Great War, the university system was in shambles. As part of his reforms during the 1960s, Simeon Kovachev changed the structure and format of the university system, reflecting the older traditions of the universities and also putting a greater focus on liberal education.

There are three levels of tertiary education. The first and primary one is simply called "University", reflective of the universal curriculum which it pursues. All university students take the same undergraduate curriculum, studying at a higher level the universal studies which they pursued in universal school. Theology and philosophy are given the primary importance, but mathematics and the natural sciences are all rigorously studied. All classes are discussion based and directly based on the great books. Supplementary lectures available for interested students. The education is known for being very intense and difficult, and is ordered to developing the intellectual life of the students rigorously. This level lasts for three years. For international students who wish to study the Tengarian education but are not prepared, several universities offer a four-year less intense and more basic approach to liberal education for all who are interested in getting a liberal education. For Tengarian nationals and qualified international students, the three-year university is common to all other undergraduate students. All those who pass are granted a degree in Liberal Arts, which is held as equivalent to a Bachelor's Degree with majors Theology and Philosophy and minors in Mathematics and Natural Science in other schools.

Having completed University, students then have the opportunity to progress on to a Master's Degree or a Doctorate; at this level, the person begins to specialize in the field of their choice, and the length of the degree depends on what they choose to study. Medical and students who study particular natural and physicals sciences usually spend longer on their degrees. Graduate level studies in Philosophy are internationally renowned. Tengaria's schools are usually not focused on research study, but pedagogical studies instead, as the profession of educator is one given great prestige in Tengaria. However, top-tier university have researched based graduate programs. All teritary level education is free for Tengarian citizens and paid for by the government; however, it is not free for International Students, although the Tengarian government also gives grants to international students to encourage them.

Economy

Main Article: Economy of Tengaria

Tengaria has a upper-middle-income Mixed economy, considered by some sources to be a Developed country but by others still to be a Developing country. Tengaria has a 0.859 on the Human Development Index, placing it in the very high range, placing it just above Amathia but below Senria. It has a per capita nominal gross domestic product of 14,707 Euclos, placing it above Satucin but below Senria; it also has a per capita gross domestic at product purchasing power parity of 30,530 Euclos, placing it above Amathia but below Vedmed. Tengaria was largely an agricultural country until it began to industrialize in the late eighteenth century; during the early republic period the economy stagnated and later collapsed, leading to the Tengarian Civil War. After the War Simeon Kovachev undertook massive reforms to revitalize the economy, further industrializing and later greatly expanding the service sector of the economy. Since then the Tengarian economy has diversified and developed, being a mixture of a mostly Free market with Economic interventionism and state-owned enterprises influenced by corporatist principles. Currently, services, energy, agriculture, education, mining, metallurgy, and tourism are important parts of the economy.

Energy

The Dragomir III Nuclear Power Plant is Tengaria's largest source of energy.

Main Article: Energy in Tengaria

Tengaria's energy industry is mostly controlled by public companies overseen by the Tengarian Energy Holding. Due to its use of nuclear and hydroelectric power, Tengaria is completely self-sufficient in energy, and exports energy to neighboring countries. In addition, the dominance of these two kinds of energy ensures that Tengaria functions on an mostly Low-carbon economy. Like its ally Soravia, Tengaria is considered a fairly enviromentally-friendly; Simeon Kovachev believed firmly in the preservation of Tengaria's natural lands, while his son Dimitri saw the economic gain of non-reliance on fossil fuels, which Tengaria did not have the resources to sustain a full economy on.

Nuclear energy accounts for 68.4% of Tengaria's energy output, mostly taken from the Dragomir III Nuclear Power Plant. Based on international research done in the 1960s which produced a successful Molten salt reactor, Tengaria was the first country to invest significant resources into the research and development of Thorium-based nuclear power, working on the development of a stable and efficient Liquid fluoride thorium reactor throughout the 1970s, before investing in the construction of these on a commercial level in the 1980s, eventually taking over as the dominant source of energy for the nation as more reactors are built. Thorium development posed a unique challenge in terms of increased cost and development; however, it also has several advantages, such as reduced need on Uranium in lieu of the more common material of Thorium, and an almost mimimal chance of a Nuclear meltdown. Energy from the reactors is also exported to nearby countries. Tengaria remains a leader in the Thorium based nuclear power industry, and is one of the countries most dependent on Nuclear energy in Western Euclea.

The second largest source of power is taken from Hydropower, which makes up 27.7% of the country's energy output energy. These come from the country's two primary rivers, the River Len and the River Drang. However, due to the historic and cultural importance of the River Len and the proliferation of settlements and trade along the river, the Kovachev government only permitted one dam, the Silver Gate Dam, which is situated along the Silver Gate gorge of the River Len in Visoclesia, and the narrowest point of the river. This Dam is one of the larger producers of hydroelectricity in Euclea. Other hydroelectric facilities exist along the River Drang, mostly located in the sparsely populated province of Khulm.

Fossil fuels and Biomass are not widely used for energy production, yielding only roughly 3.9% of the country's energy production, but are still used for such things as motor vehicles, military use, and construction equipment. After the country's switch to Nuclear power in the 1980s, usage of these fuels were gradually phased out. Almost all of the oil and natural gas needs of Tengaria are met through the pipeline supplies from Soravia, and the country exports most of the oil and the natural gas it produces. Although Tengaria does have an abudance of coal in the Northern Hills, most of it is lignite, which further lowers its potential value. Since 2014, the government has halted efforts of further hydraulic fracturing.

Infrastructure and Transport

The Visoclesian Railway, one of the country's most popular tourist attractions.

Tengaria has extensive roadways across the country, most of which are paved. Tengarian road infrastructure is overseen by the National Highway Authority, which oversees the construction and maintenance of roads throughout the country. Roads are an important way of travel for people living in rural areas away from more major settlements and form the bulk of the country's freight shipping, however, most far-distance or urban travel is done by rail instead. Major highways include the имперски магистрала (Imperski Magistrala, or Imperial Highway) which stretches from the city of Visnagrad down along the Len River valley through Lenovo and eventually on to Istros, and the крайбрежна магистрала (Kraĭbrezhna Magistrala or Coastal Highway), which stretches along the southern coast of the country.

Most of rail transport in Tengaria is managed by the nationalized company Tengarian Rail. Most of the major rail lines lead back to the central city of Lenovo, but many smaller lines operate out of most cities and connect most towns throughout Tengaria. The country's rail network is connected to Arciluco through close proximity, and thus to the major Euclostar rail networks by extension. In 2018, Tengaria completed a high-speed rail line running vertically along the country along the Len River from Visnagrad to Istros, making it the country's first high-speed rail network. Tengaria has made an effort to build or transition its railways to support electric locomotives, an initiative that has been largely successful on major lines and many smaller minor lines. In addition, the country also has the Visoclesian Railway, a heritage tourist railway built in the late nineteenth century which goes along the Visoclesian Coast of Lake Min, and is well known tourist attraction with well regarded views and local sightseeing. The Visoclesian Railway operates with coal-powered steam engines, the only railway in the nation to still do so, by special government mandate.

Air travel in Tengaria is overseen and managed by the Tengarian Aviation Authority. Tengaria has four international airports, the largest being Saint Vasil the Great Airport in Lenovo, followed by Xenagoras Airport in Visnagrad, Saint John Airport in Istros, and Holy Wisdom Airport in Drangovo. In addition, many of Tengaria's larger cities have domestic airports as well, although these are not always commonly used, and tend to be fair smaller. The largest carrier in Tengaria is Air Tengaria, which is the nation's flag carrier.

Tengaria's telecommunications networks and internet infrastructure are mostly handled and overseen by the nationalized Tengarian Communications corporation. Almost all people have some access to forms of telecommunication, although the telecommunications structure in rural areas is often outdated an in need of modernization. Around 65% of the population has access to internet, mostly focused around the urban areas of the country; however, Tengaria is known for implementing censorship on certain internet programs and websites, mostly pornographic or blasphemous in nature, although increased access to virtual private networks provides a work around for this.

Culture

Art

Second-century statue of Arete at the Xanthos Library in Istros

The oldest preserved visual art in Tengaria dates from the Kaloí peoples, who used pigments to paint frescos and murals on the walls of their temples and their tombs. Most were lost to history, but a handful, such as the Tomb of Peirous, contain art pieces from the late 5th century BC, although Tengaria has more tombs which date from the 4th cenutry. The art on the tombs give some of the best indication of te practices and beliefs of the Kaloí peoples, and are some of the most prized artistic momuments of early Tengaria. Also, statues dating from the Piraean and Solarian periods can be found in the city of Istros, such as the second-century statues in the Library of Xenagoras. Art from the Classical period of Istros also includes mosaic structures as well, as found in several homes.

Another major area of visual art came with the Empire of Arciluco in the sixth century, which introduced a new style of Western Solarian art with a decidely Sotirian focus. One of the major movements of this was the development of the religious Icon, which became a widespread devotion across the Episemialist world. Icons became central to liturgical practice in Tengaria, with its culmination being the development of the Iconostasis. In addition to icons, Church frescoes became a common practice, usually lining the walls of Churches and Monasteries with images of the Saints or bilical figures. While many of the early Tengarian churches are more austere, later ones become more and more ornate, sometimes implementing use of gold and gems to enhance the religious art and vestments. One of the most prominent buildings which feature this religious art was the Monastery of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos in Visoclesia, and important centre of religious art and a popular tourist site today.

Religious art also formed the centre of the controversy behind the Iconoclast Wars. Tengaria, as the spiritual leader of the iconodule side, continued the development of icons and increased their pride of place beacuse of the controversy. As such almost all churches from the late fourteenth century and beyond feature many icons or other forms of religious art. This also coincided with the Tengarian Golden Age, during which the production of art underwent significant increase as well as change. In addition to the continued development of iconography and frescoes, religious sculpture was revived, a practice which had decline in Episemialist art, with a basis on Piraean and Solarian statuary. In a mixture of religious and secular, stautes of Vasil the Great became extremely popular to produce. It was during this time that secular art became more prominent, as Emperors or noblemen would commission art of themselves or family; but this was always secondary to religious art.

Interior of Grand Assembly of Tengaria Building in Lenovo

Despite a period of decline after the sixteenth century, nevertheless the artistic community still managed to design art for churches, although much along the same lines as had been accomplished during the Golden Age. This changed in the middle of the nineteenth century, when increased building gave artists new chances to do art for new ornate buildings, such as the churches built during this time or new political buildings. An artistic revival began during this period, which continued throughout the beginnings of the century. Art during this period also began to take on various elements of Neoclassicism and Romanticism, but did not fully embrace either. In the early twentieth century, the art community became divided between those who favored more traditional Tengarian styles of art while others wanted to adopt the trends of Eastern Euclean modern art and of Soravia. This led to a bitter feud between the two factions, one that would last throughout the next decades. During the final years of the Empire, the traditional camp was more prominent, but after the war and the rise the early republic, the modern camp became preeminent. When Kovachev took power, the traditionalists were given pride of place, and modern art largely was surpressed and driven underground.

This conflict also resulted in the destruction of important artistic pieces and sites. Much historic and traditional art, most commonly as was in churches, were destroyed during the fighting in the Great War and Tengarian Civil War. Attacks against churches and religious art were especially common during the civil war by anti-clerical rebels, an act often lamented as the "new Iconoclasm" by the Tengarian Patriarchate. On the other counter side to this, much of the art produced in the early twentieth century by the modern camp was percieved as "ugly" and "disordering" and largely destroyed in the post-civil war reaction of both the government or by local people, largely erasing the artistic legacy from that era.

Since the beginning of the Kovachev regime, the government has been a firm supporter of the visual arts, and has several nationally funded mueseums which house important collections of art from Tengaria but also other countries around the world. Many historic pieces of art were restored or put under careful preservation under the care of the government. The Tengarian government stresses the importance that works of art ought to be of "religious, cultural or moral merit", and so will generally fund artist based on a set of criteria that usually fits in with traditional art styles and values. Tengaria is a prominent producer of religious art, especially Episemialist art, and is known for its historic schools of iconography. Despite the effots made by the government to preserve certain kind of art, many around the art world criticize the Tengarian government for the measures it takes against art which goes against its values, and that the government purposefully stifles creativity in art in exchange for the enforcing of the cultural norm.

Gallery

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  Fresco from the 5th century BC Tomb of Peirous.

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  10th-century ceramic icon of Saint Teodor of Garna.

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  Frescoes from the Monastery of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos

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  13th-century frescoes from Saint George's Church in Elena.

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  14th-century Iconostasis of Saint Teodor Church in Drangovo.

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  Dome of Saint Vasil's Cathedral in Lenovo.

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  19th-century Iconostasis in the Cathedral of the Logos.

Architecture

The Grand Assembly Building, one of Tengaria's most famous buildings.

Tengaria's architecture is largely inspired by historical trends belonging to Eastern and Western Euclea. The early Armonic and Kaloí peoples built buildings of stone, including burial mounds which remain preserved to the current day. The Piraean settlement of Istros saw buildings mainly in the Piraean classical style, although many of the buildings later had the influence of Solarian architecture as well, especially most of the preserved buildings in the city. Tengaria has some of the best preserved Piraean ruins in the world, most of which date from the second century AD. Later, the conquest of the Tengars by the Empire of Arciluco saw the expansion of Arcilucan architecture take prominence, especially in the building of Churches. Examples of this include the sixth-century Basilica of Saint John, one of Tengaria's oldest Churches, which is done in the Arcilucan style. Eventually, during the Grand Principality of Tengaria, Tengarian architects developed their own style, called the Principality Style, although it had marked influence from Arciluco.

At the beginning of the Tengarian Golden Age, styles from Eastern Euclea were brought over, most prominently, the Gaullican and Etrurian styles. The first buildings of the University of Lenovo were built in a Gaullican style. Tengarian architects took these styles together along with the Classical and Arcilucan styles and, taking what they thought best and most beautiful from each, use the combination to create the fusion based Tengarian style, which has dominated Tengarian architecture for centuries. Certain buildings tended to show one more prominently than the others. The architect Lyubomir Krumir laid down the principles of the style in his 1488 book Rules of the Builder, which has been a landmark text in Tengarian architecture since. As a result of using a variety of styles together, Tengarian architects were quite flexible in how they could construct buildings. The style did taken on further baroque influences, but not from schools like rococo. Because of its flexibility, it adapted well with neoclassical and neogaullican revivals across Euclea. The famous building of the Grand Assembly of Tengaria, built in the late nineteenth century, is a prominent example of the Tengarian style, as it combines several styles together, although most prominently Gaullican.

Throughout the late Imperial period in the early twentieth century, there arose an hostile reaction to Modern architecture from the Tengarian architectural community over the percieved lack of "beauty". Many architects of the Tengarian school fell into the sphere of the Znaniya School, and were able to effectively minimize the influence of architects who did not match their values. In 1925, Emperor Dragomir III passed restrictions on the types of buildings that could be built, mostly relegating the use of material such as concrete to be used in industrial buildings only. With the destruction of many buildings in the Great War, some more modern building constructions were used to repair the old buildings, however, there was never much funding on account of the financial issues. After Kovachev took power, he implemented building restrictions, effectively cutting off many avenues of modern architecture, especially in cultural and historic centres such as the city of Lenovo and Istros, both of which have comparitavely fewer buildings such as skyscrapers than other cities. The Kovachev government has also spent significant resources to repair and restore historic buildings. Under his son Dimitri, the rules were laxed slighty in other places around Tengaria, but the proliferation of Tengarian school architects means that most building is done in a more traditional style.

Literature

Main Article: Literature of Tengaria

Written literature in Tengaria dates back to the ancient Piraean city state of Istros, along the Southern Coast of the country. The Piraeans were the first ones to use written scripts, and also brought important works of Piraean literature and poetry throughout the centuries from the other Piraean cities. Thus the works of authors such as those of Homer, Sophocles and Pindar were first spread to the city. Trade from the city state to the later Solarian authors would also bring works of Solarian literature, from Vergil to Cicero and Horace, among other works. Many of these literary works, along with many other written works of various categories, had copies preserved at the Xanthos Library. The building eventually fell into decay and was not taken care of, but some of the documents it held were preserved by scholars, making Tengaria possess certain books which had been lost in the Eastern portions of Euclea with the fall of the Solarian Empire. However, most of the literary output of the scholars of Istros consisted in philosophic works, and not works of imaginative literature.

The Kaloí and the Armonic peoples did not have their own written language, but several legends and myths were recounted in literature by their Piraean neighbors, mostly in passing references. These legends, often recounted in philosophical tracts, usually pertained to the Kaloí's beliefs with pertained to philosophical questions of the school. Several scholars of the Agora school claimed that the primary means of oral transmission of folk tales among the Kaloí was through musical poetry; however, no extant examples have survived. Some legends survived in different form when the conquered peoples were assimilated into the Marolevic Tengar tribes in the fourth and fifth centuries, usually being incorporated as certain elements of the new legends, but at the same time the dominance of the Tengars ensured that the folk legends became predominantly Marolevic in origin. One of the most prominent legends was the Marolevic legend of the three brothers of Mier, Tengar, and Sorav, and in particular many legends arose about Tengar himself, which came to serve as an origin myth for the Tengar peoples. These legends continued to be passed down through oral tradition.

(From Top Left) Ivan Istina (1875–1928), Gregori Renev (1861–1931), Aleksandar Dilov (1855–1934) and Stanislav Kozlek (1896–1930), the principal authors of the Znaniya School

With the conquest of the Tengar tribes by the Empire of Arciluco in the fifth and sixth centuries and coinciding with the rise of Sotirianity among the Tengars, the first written literature began to arise. This was principally because the Sotirian missionaries were first able to write the Old Tengarian language, also known as Old Church Marolevic, into the Amathian script, creating the first Marolevic literary language. This marked the beginning of the period of Old Tengarian Literature, a period that lasted from roughly 600-1000 AD. This literary language first saw the translation of the Holy Scriptures and important religious and philosophical texts into Old Tengarian; eventually, however, it saw the development of a variety of poetry and prose, some of which were recorded by religious figures at the time. Most of the literature from this period is religious in nature, and the largest subset of extant literature are religious poetry which speaks on Sotirian messages and themes. Secular poetry also was made, though on a lesser scale. Religious prose included sermons, devotional works, theological tracts, while secular prose includes examples of legal documents, histories, and various scholarly works.

The primary work which has come out of the Old Tengarian literary period is the Epic of Tengar, an epic poem set around the legend of the pursuit of the Great Lion by Tengar and his people, and how he leads his people to the land of Tengaria. This earliest manuscript of the epic is known to be from the nineth century, but it is unknown exactly when or who wrote it. The epic includes both aspects of early Tengar culture but also many Sotirian elements and themes, leading various scholars to say it was a collection of multiple legends of multiple authors compiled by Sotirian editor, that it was a pagan Tengar legend orally transmitted before being written down in the 9th century, or that it was the single work of one author. The work itself fell into relative obscurity did not become widely popular until the late 14th century, when the manuscripts were rediscovered during the beginning of the Tengarian Golden Age. The work became and remained Tengaria's National Epic.

With the establishment of the Grand Principality around 1000 AD, Grand Prince Vasil the Strong.

In addition, Tengarian plays, in an attempt to revive and perfect the old plays of Antiquity, saw a great revival during this period, with men such as Gregori Rumen and Dimitri Vasilev writing influential tragedies and comedies.

Gregori Renev, an author and political theorist who wrote several works of literature, including the Golden Sun, which is considered the landmark work of Tengarian literature; and Stanislav Kozlek, a poet who transformed Tengaria's poetical landscape, and wrote the epic poem, the Vasilad. The school included other scholars as well.

Philosophy

Main Article: Philosophy in Tengaria

Xenagoras, although he likely never went to Tengaria, is still commonly viewed as the Father of Tengarian Philosophy.

Philosophy has played an important role in the development and formation of Tengarian culture and political society. Tengarian legend holds that the great philosopher Xenagoras came to Istros and founded a school of Philosophy in the late third century BC. Most historians now agree that this claim is spurious, and that it was one of Xenagoras' disciples, Xenagenes, who founded a school in the city, who among his many other works, is also responsible for writing several works later mistakenly attributed to Xenagoras himself, namely, the Mechanics and On Indivisible Lines. Regardless, Teleological philosophy dominated the learning of the independent city state of Istros for the next few centuries through the Agora, the school which Xenagenes had founded, even after the school of thought was largely forgotten in the Solarian Empire and Piraea itself. The city was not isolated, however, and continued to recieve philosophical works from the Piraean cities and the Solarian Empire throughout the following centuries. During this time the citizens of Istros first came to follow the classical mode of the Liberal arts education which was developed in the Solarian Empire and Piraea.

After the Empire of Arciluco came to dominate the region, the dominance of Teleology started to fade as the city of Istros became a part of the the greater Empire. Since Sophism and Stoicism had become the prominent philosophic systems in Arciluco, they quickly became the dominant stands of philosophy in Istros. They also became the dominant philosophic systems in the education of the Tengar tribes, which were etsablished by Arcilucans and modeled on Ariculucan education. Since the Empire was Sotirian and converted the formely pagan Tengars, the rise of education through most of Tengaria coincides with the rise of Sotirianity. This brought Sotrian Theology into the forefront of the philosophical discourses of the time, a position it would remain thereafter in Tengarian philosophy. Most theologians and philosophers, as was common throughout the Empire, took a Sophist stance. For the next few centuries, Tengaria's philosophic and theological scene would be largely considered just as a part of the Empire of Arciluco. After the formation of the Grand Principality, the writings of Xenagoras once more began to gain traction and support. However, there was still a great deal of dialogue between the two, especially with the Sophist-leaning theologians of the Empire, and the proliferation of Arcilucan culture began to set the stage for the intellectual growth of Tengaria. As the Empire of Arciluco began to decline and fall apart, Tengaria continued to develop its intellectual sphere, and increasing began to take a leading role during the Empire's final days. During the Iconoclast Controversy in the last days of the Empire of Arciluco, most of the Tengarian theologians and philosophers came down on the side of the Iconophile side, in part due to the Teleological view giving more importance to the body than the dualism found in Sophism. Leading this faction was the Patriarch of Tengaria, Saint Boris the Confessor, who along with the Grand Prince, Vasil V, would play an integral role in the defense of icons against the rising Iconoclast movement. However, the Empire soon collapsed into the Realm of Thorns, which led to the proclamation of Empire of Tengaria and the Council of Lenovo, which saw the proponents of Iconodulism and Iconoclasm combat in theological debate. Although the Council failed to reconcile the two factions, nevertheless it firmly established Tengaria as the leading intellectual power of the time in the eyes of most of the Episemialist Church.

The rise of the Empire of Tengaria corresponded with the beginning so called Tengarian Golden Age, which lasted from 1385 until 1550. Although this Golden Age corresponded with the flourishing of all forms of cultural output, the intellectual development of Tengaria was also greatly augmented. This is primarily because the collapse of the Empire Arciluco had resulted in the importance of Arciluco having diminished, especially since it was considered to have fallen into heterodoxy. Lenovo took its place, becoming the Imperial capital and soon the centre of learning. Since Tengaria had already largely embraced Teleological philosophy at this time, it allowed for famous Scholastic writings and learning of East Euclea to spread to Western Euclea. This new outpouring of intellectual discussion and writing was encouraged and supported by both state and church. Emperor Vasil established the University of Lenovo as the first West Euclean University in 1392, which provided a natural nexus for the new intellectual centre, and it soon became the main centre of learning in Western Euclea for the next few centuries. Saint Boris the Confessor also was a leading figure in the intellectual discourse, and famously defended the writings of Xenagoras in his tract On the Unity of Wisdom, which wove together Xenagoran Philosophy with Sotrian Theology. In addition, with Tengaria taking the role as defender of Orthodox Sotirianity, which was solidified by the Council and by Boris' work on the In Defense of the Images of God, which defended the usage of Icons, Tengaria was also able to take a prominent role in Episemialist Theology. Intellectual discussion and writing would greatly increase during this time. The old Agora school, which had fallen into decay, was revitalized. Old manuscripts of ancient works were reproduced and disseminated, some of them even then going to Eastern Euclea. This period of great intensity lasted throughout the first part of the 15th century, but settled to a more moderate pace afterwards. Still, for the centuries following, Tengaria continued to maintain its status as the intellectual leader of Western Euclea.

(From Top Left) Xenagenes (346–265 BC), Boris the Confessor (1345–1422), Ivan Istina (1875–1928), Boris Idenev, (1942–), notable Tengarian Philosophers

As Tengaria began to become politically overshadowed by the powerful Soravia and a rebuilding Unio Trium Nationum, the quality and quantity of Tengaria's intellectual output began to diminish as more and more scholars gravitated towards new schools in Soravia. This increasing influence began to bring the Tengarian intellectual Golden Age to its end. Tengaria largely retained the scholarly discourse and schools of learning it had established during its Golden Age, but quickly began to fall behind as scientific advancement and new ideas of philosophy began to take root in other countries. Despite its intellectual renown, Tengaria's scholars were largely considered conservative Teleologists, which rendered many hostile to the advances of the scientific revolution. Despite of this, Tengaria's institutions continued to remain some degree of presitge, and scholars such as the Soravian Lawrence Lugin were known to come to Tengaria to access critical texts or engage in active philosophic discussions. Many Tengarian scholars, seeking to go beyond the set structures which were in place, flocked to Soravia or to Eastern Euclea to engage in the new paths of intellectual discourse which were occuring there. Eventually, the established educational system began to fall into a period of decline, which allowed for many of the Tengarian scholars to bring in the new ideas of more modern thought from Eastern Euclea. This was still often met with hostility by the conservative parts of the intellectual community, which led to the development of intellectual factions within the country, with various degrees of rejection of the principles of each. This conflict only compounded the increasing decline. The Agora school was largely abandoned, and the University of Lenovo fell greatly in prestige. Eventually, the conservative Teleological faction was greatly reduced, and most intellectuals ended up attempt to imitate the other Euclean countries, particularly Soravia. With Soravia's influence on the Empire and the formation of the Republic in 1861, Soravian republican thought began to become prominent in intellectual circles. The focus was largely transferred from the classics and Tengarian literature to modern Soravian literature and Eastern Euclean scientific advancements and thought.

There was a brief revitalization period in the late 18th century of Teleological thought with the ascension of Vasil III, but it was not enough to largely effect the tide which had been occuring. At the turn of the twentieth century, an Teleological resurgence began to come again with the Znaniya School, which was a group of various scholars and artists of a wide variety of branches and studies. The school was known for supporting the revitalization of Teleological philosophy in the light of advances in modern sciences, defending the teachings of Episemialist Sotirianity, reforming the educational system to return to the system on the classics which had been used during the Golden Age, and promoting a love for the common good and of the nation. At the head of this movement was Ivan Istina, a philosopher, scientist and overall Polymath who attempted to united Xenagoras' thought with contemporary knowledge, as well as an extensive writings enoromous range of other topics, from metaphysics to geometry to politics to music. Based on his broad range of knowledge, one of his most prominent ideas was that of universal studies, which holds that specialization is dangerous for the intellectual community, and that education must be holistic and carefully ordered so as to arrive at true knowledge. Another prominent thinker in the movement was Archbishop Aleksandar Dilov, who was a prominent Theologian who published several important works the nature of grace and divine providence from Episemialist tradition, as well as other many popular tracts. The school was ostracized by many the current academics at the time, although they attracted many other Tengarians and young scholars, including Simeon Kovachev. The group made a lasting impact through hosting free and public lectures and discussions, distributing widely circulated books, and also later with Imperial sanction.

Although many of the primary leaders of the Znaniya school were killed during the Great War, the movement continued to persist after the course of the war. With the establishment of the Republic in 1935, many of the public figures who were in support of a republic were the current scholars themselves, as they tended to have the strongest republican sentiments, either based upon Soravian authoritarian republicanism or Eastern Euclean liberal democracy. However, this resulted in the schools across Tengaria having greatly reduced faculty, which had already been a problem since the Amathian occupation during the Great War. In addition, the economic downturn and political chaos of the early republic saw the decline of the Tengarian university system, with fewer and fewer students enrolling. When Simeon Kovachev took power in the wake of the Civil War, he instituted his educational reforms, done in the model of the Znaniya school and rapidly rebuilding and expanding the educational system. With the implementation of the model, the ideas of the Znanya school- revitalized Teleology, Epismialist Theology, and emphasis on the classics and developing citizens of virtue, changed the philosophical scene in Tengaria. This was largely in part because this philosophical mandate was supported and practically enforced by Kovachev's government. Because it was enforced by the government in the educational model, it also was spread to Tengarians of all ages, and quickly became the dominant philosophy in Tengaria. Nevertheless, other philosophical schools exist to varying degrees throughout the country, ranging anywhere from revitalized Neo-Sophism to post-modern philosophies.

Currently, Tengaria is considered a leader in the field of classical studies, historical philosophy, and Episemialist theology. The government continues to stress the importance of philosophy, and due to its education and focus on the intellectual life, philosophy is considered a key part of Tengarian culture. This fact is generally recognized internationally, with a qualification that this philosophy is considered at best antiquated or worse as repressive by most of the scholarly community. Nevertheless Tengarian scholars are recognized by many for the breadth of knowledge and seriousness of study. Scholars such as Boris Idenev, a polymath published in many academic fields and contemporary pioneer of Istina's case of Universal Studies, is a well known and respected author on the international scale, and Tengarian philosophers have been consistently members of invited to prestigious international groups, such as Tiranis Phrontis. In addition, Tengaria is home to several influential international philosophical awards and organizations, such as the Aletheia Award, considered one of the greatest academic distinctions for Philosophic work, the International Philosophy Institute, a global group of philosophers and historians of philosophy, and the Xenagoras Society, the primary association of Teleological philosophers or those who specialize in the study of the works of Xenagoras.

Music

Main Article: Music of Tengaria

Traditional Tengarian Folk Singers in concert.

Tengaria has a rich musical tradition. The Kaloí tribes were known for their wide variety of cultural music for all kinds of events and customs, which in part led the Piraeans to give their name to the civilization. This made the foundation for Tengarian folk music, which is still preserved in certain forms today all across the country, although it has grown and changed greatly over the centuries. Tengarian folk music is wide and varied, often varying by region. It often has unique features such as asymmetrical rhythms, wide usage of modes and tunings differing from most modern instruments, drone accompaniment, and unique blend of harmony and unison. Folk instruments include the gadulka (bowed instrument), gaida (bagpipe), tambura (lute), kaval (rim-blown flute) and zurna (oboe). Both men and women generally tend to participate in folk music, but often men would be the main singers and musicians while women would more often be the main dancers. to value and prize lower voices, although the range of music is wide.

Knowledge and theory of Piraean Music and the musical ratios of Pythagoras came to the city of Istros. Legend holds that Xenagoras, which was more likely his pupil Xenagenes, taught about the importance of music in the moral education of the youth and how proper and well-ordered music orders the passions, and made music, and the Teleological scholars of Istros made note how deeply music was woven deep into the tribes of the Kaloí. Through Istros the word of the music of the Kaloí was spread to the rest of the Piraean world, and entered into the early music theory, giving the name to one of the classical modes of music, called the Kaloían mode. This mode was reputed to build a noble and serious character in the listener. In addition to its practical and moral character, the scholars of Istros also embraced the Pythagorean idea of the importance of music as a speculative mathematical study. Music theory was an important part of the Agora school in Istros. When the Tengar tribes invaded and overran the Kaloí, they brought their own music, but incorporated the music of the conquered peoples into their own, creating a new fusion of music during the periods of conquest that would further impact the future folk music of the country.

When the region was conquered by the Empire of Arciluco, music began to become more formalized and studied by Arcilucan scholars. In addition, with the country's conversion to Sotirianity, music was an important part of the Divine Liturgy. It was in the Liturgy that Tengarian music really began to become more developed and codified. After the formation of the Grand Principality of Tengaria and the establishment of the autocephalous Tengarian Patriarchate, Tengaria began to form a unique vocal tradition for their Divine Liturgies. It developed a unique monodic (one-voice) singing style which fused together the traditions of Arciluco and yet brought together elements of Tengarian folk music, bar the instruments. Chant together with droning became common usage in Liturgies. The music of the Tengarian Church played a part in the formation of the Episemialist Octoechos system of tones. However, it did not always follow this system exactly, and it made itself unique in several ways, most notably in the way it preserved some of its more ancient modes in its music.

With the proclamation of the Empire of Tengaria in 1385 and the beginning of the Tengarian Golden Age, Tengaria began to develop choral polyphonic (many-voices) music in its Divine Liturgies. A vast quantity of pieces were composed during this time; many have been lost, but still many remain. During this time, music became a prominent speculative study as it had under the days of the Piraean scholars in Istros. The work of the Tengarian musicians soon became the primary source work for polyphonic Episemialist music in the following centuries. Since the Arcilucan music had been mostly based off of the ancient Piraean mode Diatonic Genus, the musical system developed in Tengaria during the Tengarian Golden Age developed distinctly from but with many of the same conclusions of Eastern Euclean music scholars of the later Renaissance reached. As the Tengarian Golden Age declined, so did the production of music in Tengaria, and more influence began to enter into Tengaria from its neighboring countries, bringing in more instruments and expanding Tengarian music from just choral music to instrumental symphonies as well.

Ventisislav Yavorev, famous Tengarian bass and Oktavist.

A prominent classical composer was Radomir Ervo, who composed the hymn How Admirable is Thy Name in the Whole Earth in 1754, which was a patriotic song associated with the monarchy and used for coronations before it was adopted as the National Anthem of Tengaria in 1958. After's Ervo's death, Tengarian composition began a period of decline, which was only stopped in the late nineteenth century, when several musicians and composers variously associated with the Znaniya School began a revitalization of Tengarian music, blending together the rich musical traditions of Tengaria with western notation and tuning systems. Of these composers, one of the most famous included Vasil Silenov, a choral composer, especially for his pieces Do not Cast me Off in My Old Age and Salvation is Created. Ever since, Tengaria has been a place of prominent composition and musical production, mostly featured in choral or instrumental pieces. Tengaria has produced such world-renown singers such as Ventsislav Yavorev, who is considered one of the greatest bass singers of the twentieth cenutry. Yavorev won the country's only Euclovision title in 1974 with his rendition of Дълбока река Лен, or Deep River Len.

Since the beginning of the Kovachev regime, music has had a special pride of place, mostly using the principles of the ancient authors. Simeon Kovachev claimed that "good music is necessary to incline men towards good moral action; hence bad music, which inclines men towards bad moral action, is harmful to the good of the state." As such, the government plays an active role in promotion of what it sees as "good" music, such as giving government subsidies or sponsorships to composers and musicians it deems worthy. Music is an integral part of the educational system, and every student is required to pursue some form of musical study for at least six years. Conversely, the Kovachev regime has been very strict on music it considers to be "bad". Since 1960, most contemporary popular music of eastern Euclean styles have been restricted and regulated in various forms, such certain concerts being made illegal, restrictions on music sales and broadcasts, and heavy government oversight over the Music industry. As such many modern pieces from around the world are considered as Underground music. The government has also sponsored the development of Tonos, a music streaming service which focuses on choral, classical, and folk music, as an alternative to other unapproved music streaming services.

Due to the country's position on most contemporary music, Tengaria has had a difficult relationship sometimes with the music scene of the world. This is ususally most pronounced with the Euclovision Song Contest, where Tengaria has been historically one of the worst performers. The country won during its debut year of 1974, but soon the relative novelty of Tengaria's more traditional submissions failed to resonate with the audiences and judges of the contest. Tengaria was consistently one of the lowest ranked countries for the following decades. In addition, Tengaria has not qualified for the finals nearly every year since finals were first introduced, and even when it qualified it has consistently scored very low. Recently, there has been discussion to have Tengaria withdraw from Euclovision entirely, as poor international reception combined with very low viewing.

Cinema, animation and media

The poster for From the Depths, featured at the 81st Montecara Film Festival

Tengaria was relatively late to the cinematic scene, only recieving Soravian filming equipment after the end of the Great War. The Tengarian film industry was dominated by the stage acting community, and its first movies were filmed productions of the great Tengarian plays. Many cinematic directors did not get idealogically along well with the Republic, and so the film industry floundered for two decades. During the Tengarian Civil War, however, the film industry first was sponsored by the government to make movies to support the government's side during the conflict. Having a chance to shine, the film industry finally began to grow. At the conclusion of the Civil War, Simeon Kovachev helped to sponsor the production of the very ambitious and high-cost epic film of Vasil the Great. This film was supposed to mark the beginning of the new Tengaria, and utilized the story of the first Emperor to do so. It premiered at the 1958 Montecara Film Festival and secured a Béco Aùreo in the 1958. With this, the Tengarian film industry began to expand and continued to develop. However, it is noticeably different than most other film industries, in that the government tends to keep an eye on the various films and approve and sponsor the ones with strong moral messages and positive attention, while heavily discouraging films which criticize the government or promote vice. This means that the Tengarian film industry tends to be far more conservative than its worldwide counterparts, as in order to secure government funding and recognition the studios tend to censor ideas which are hostile to the government or scandalous.

Cartoon of President Kovacheva in a Senrian artsyle

In addition to the cinematic scene, Tengaria in recent years has begun to develop television shows and cartoons. Television only took off slowly during the 20th century, only in the later stages with Dimitri Kovachev began to develop it as a means of informing the public with state news broadcasts and with athletic events. Programming eventually increased as it became more popular, however, the government still influences the same degree of control over the creation and airing of TV shows. Several foreign shows are made available in Tengaria through television, but ones with questionable content are not permitted to be aired on live television. In addition, the state tends to discourage young children from watching too much television, so out of the few options in terms of television watching for young children, all are very heavily regulated The television industry has grown but is still small in comparison to other countries. In recent years, new ideas have been explored, such as an animated cartoon done in a Senrian style which included an epsiode about President Kovacheva herself, however still portraying her as a positive role model and an ideal leader. In recent years, a Tengarian television show has become popular, called Find the Truth, which is a talk-show about Philosophical topics, and Philosophers from all over the world are invited to come and speak either with the host or with other philosophers; it is broadcast in Gaullican but a Tengarian dub is always broadcast in Tengaria.

Most of the news and journalistic corporations in Tengaria are state sponsored. The primary means the news media uses are printed and electronic newspapers and television broadcasts to inform the populace of events going on both locally, nationally, and internationally. In addition to these, the news and government agencies also have begun to use various forms of social media and online platforms to get their message across. Freelance journalists and newspapers, while not illegal, are discouraged by the government, and defamation laws are heavily enforced and can result in the shutdown of an independent news source, especially during Dimitri Kovachev's presidency. This has lead to criticism of the Tengaria as lacking freedom of the press, and is one of the countries in Euclea with the lowest ranks in press freedom.

Sport

See Also: Tengaria at the Invictus Games

Anastasia Gregova, a prominent volleyball player.

Although Tengaria is more commonly known for its intellectual pursuits, it nonetheless does have professional sports and athletics. Gymnastics, in its classical sense of bodily exercise, is considered an important part of the development of the country's youth, as Theocritus made clear in his Republic. It is featured in the education of every Tengarian student in the lower and upper portions of Primary School. Students often also pursue sporting events while in universal school as side activities. However, Tengaria's universities lack official sports teams so that the students who go there pursue the intellectual life fully. As such it is usually after graduating universal school that most Tengarians who go into athletics as a profession begin their career or go to special training schools to do so. Many people do sports simply for as recreation as well. It works in sports together with its allies Samorspi, but due to its warmer climate it pursues different sports than its northern neighbors.

The most ancient sports still widely practiced sports in Tengaria are Wrestling and Track and field. These events were brought to Tengaria both through the city of Istros and the Empire of Arciluco. Many young men are encouraged to wrestle with others in order to increase their strength and because it is seen as a healthy masculine activity, and are included for male gymnastics classes in the education. Running and other field events are also encouraged and promoted for both the health of the body and to promote competition. In Tengaria, this sport is primarily dominated by men, as it is often seen as being more improper to women. Various clubs and tournaments are held locally, regionally, and nationally each year, and Tengaria often sends competitors from these fields to international events such as the Invictus Games.

The primary organized sport of Tengaria is that of Volleyball. There are both men and women who play professionally in Tengaria, but focus and coverage of the sport tends to focus more on the female side. This is the primary sport which women athletes do, as it seen as more acceptable for women to do. There are two professional leagues, the National Volleyball League being the women's league and the National Volleyball Association having its male counterpart. On average, the women gets higher viewership than the men, although in other sports the men always get higher ratings. As the nation's primary team sport, Tengaria is also competitive internationally, both in the men's and women's divisions, and regularly compete at a high level in the Invictus Games.

Other popular sports in Tengaria include Basketball, Tennis, Zadany, Football, and Rugby. Basketball is popular throughout Samorspi, and while Tengaria's teams are never as good as Soravia, they can usually compete well with other countries. Tengaria has the Tengarian Basketball Association, a professional league for basketball. Zadany is the historic sport of the upper class, who had the access to horses necessary to do it, but does not have wide appeal amoung the lower classes. There are various different Tennis clubs around Tengaria, and it is the second most popular of the individual sports after the primary two. Tengaria has several players who rank highly in the world in this sport. Finally, Tengaria has clubs for both football and rugby, but these, although not bad, tend to be often behind their Euclean counterparts.

Fireworks over Lenovo in celebration of St. Vasil's Day.

Public holidays

Tengaria has 27 officially recognised national holidays. Of these, 23 of these are classed as public holidays, whereby all workers and students in Tengaria are entitled to paid days off of labour. However four of the national holidays are not public holidays, but many localities or buisnesses observe them anyways. Most national holidays in Tengaria are religious in nature, including all but four of the public ones, due to National Rally's focus on promoting the Episemialist Faith. 12 of the public holidays coincide with the 12 Great Feasts of Episemialist Church, with the 13th, Pascha, being the greatest of all of them. The other holidays are days of significant national importance, although one of them, President's Day, was changed in early 2021 to correspond with the proclamation of Simeon Kovachev as a Saint, becoming his feast day and thus a religious holiday. Tengaria also has Sunday laws in place which restrict Sunday shopping on all Sundays and religious public holidays of the year, whereby most stores and busisnesses are banned from opening on Sunday. On Sundays and religious public holidays, most businesses are required to give workers time off and are not allowed to be open. Exemptions are made for emergency workers, such as police and emergency responders, and for certain "necessary" work, such as designated businesses which function to serve travelers, or an individual's private work.

Workers are also required by law to have at least five work weeks or 25 days of paid leave, though some businesses give more, because most businesses operate on a five-day work week. In addition, the worker will get additional days of paid leave depending on the amount children they have, with three days for one child, six days for two children, twelve days for more than two children. On public holidays which fall upon a Saturday, the public holiday is celebrated on Friday, and with those which fall on Sunday, are celebrated the Monday after. Women can also get paid maternity leave for up to 52 weeks, but men do not get any paid paternity leave. Many businesses also give additional paid or more often unpaid leave, usually around the Nativity and Pascha seasons. Tengaria's laws on leave and labour were largely put in place by Simeon Kovachev, who was opposed to excessive focus on work, and believed that leisure was important for culture as well as the moral well-being of the population, as a source of both intellectual and spiritual renewal.

Date	Name	Public Holiday	Notes
January 1	New Year's Day		Celebration of the new year.
January 6	Nativity's Eve		Day before the Nativity.
January 7	Nativity		Celebration of the birth of Jesus Sotiras
January 19	Theopany of Our Lord		Celebration of the Baptism of the Lord.
February 15	Presentation of the Lord		Celebration of the Presentation of the Lord in the Temple.
March 4	Liberation Day		Celebration of Liberation from Amathian Occupation.
March 15	Unification Day		Anniversary of the signing of Tengaria's Second Constitution.
moveable Sunday	Palm Sunday		One week before Pascha.
moveable Friday	Good Friday		Two days before Pascha.
moveable Saturday	Holy Saturday		Day before Pascha.
moveable Sunday	Pascha		Celebration of the Resurrection of Sotirias, Highest Feast of the Year.
moveable Thursday	Ascension		Forty days after Pascha. Feast of the Ascension of Sotirias.
moveable Sunday	Pentecost		Fifty days after Pascha. Feast of the Descent of the Holy Spirit.
April 7	Annunciation		Celebration commemorating the Annunciation and Incarnation.
April 17	St. Simeon's Day		Formerly President's day, changed with proclamation Simeon's of Sainthood in 2020.
May 6	Saint George's Day		Feast of Saint George as celebrated by the Tengarian Church.
July 10	St. Mihail's Day		Feast of the Apsotle to the Tengars, St. Mihail
August 19	Transfiguration		Celebration commemorating the Transfiguration of Sotirias.
August 28	Dormition of the Theotokos		Celebration of the Falling Asleep of the Holy Theotokos.
September 9	Army Day		Day celebrating the creation of the Tengarian National Army.
September 21	Nativity of the Theotokos		Commemoration of the Birth of the Holy Theotokos.
September 27	Elevation of the Holy Cross		Celebration of Saint Helen finding the True Cross. A day of strict fast.
October 10	St. Hristofor's Day		Feast of St. Hristofor the Holy, Emperor of Tengaria.
November 6	St. Vasil's Day		Feast of the first Emperor of Tengaria.
November 14	President's Day		Celebration of the Presidency of Tengaria. Moved from April 17th in 2020.
December 4	Presentation of the Theotokos		Commemoration of the Theotokos's entrance into the Temple.
December 31	New Year's Eve		Day before the new year.