Revision as of 15:34, 28 March 2021

Qazhshavan (Qazhshavan: Маръа Гел, Mar̈a Gel [ˈma.r̠̊a ɣɛl] ; Маръашла, Mar̈aşla [ˈma.r̠̊a.ʃla̽] ) is a unique langauge spoken in Southern Thuadia, primarily in the Qazhshavan Federation and adjacent areas. It is the only major language in the Mokhaic language family, and the most spoken.

Basic information

Qazhshavan
Qazhshavan
Маръа Гел, Маръашла; Mar̈a Gel, Mar̈aşla
Pronunciation	[ˈma.r̠̊a ɣɛl] ; [ˈma.r̠̊a.ʃla̽]
Native to	Qazhshava
Region	Southern Thuadia
Native speakers	85 million (2018)
Language family	Mokhaic Qazhshavan;
Early form	Middle Qazhshavan
Standard forms	Mezhian (Qazhshava) Kental (Kentalis)
Dialects	Mezhian (Meadow); Rishic; Zalic; Lhakian (Mountain); Laurentine; Kental;
Writing system	Traditional Qazhshavan; (in Qazhshava); Cyrillic; (in Qazhshava & Kentalis); Latin; (in Qazhshava and abroad); Protopolyash; (abroad); Qazhshavan Braile;
Official status
Official language in	Qazhshava; Kentalis
Regulated by	Qazhshavan Council of Languages
Language codes
ISO 639-1	qz
ISO 639-2	qzs
ISO 639-3	qzs
Glottolog	qazh1331
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Qazhshavan is an SVO language with a moderately complex syllable structure, it puts adjectives before nouns and has postpositions.

Writing system

Qazhshavan has 3 official writing systems, of which the Govoric one dominates, it also has an unnoficial verion of it's Latin alphabet which is used mainly by people outside of qazhshava or ones who aren't able to type the special characters. The Traditional Qazhshavan script is used mainly in official documents, not so much in the daily life, but it is kept allive. There is also a Protopolyash version used by people living in areas such as parts of Mustelaria in which the langauges use it.

А а	Б б	В в	Г г	Д д	Е е	Ж ж	З з	И и
Й й	К к	Къ къ	Л л	Лъ лъ	М м	Н н	О о	Ө ө
П п	Р р	Ръ ръ	С с	Т т	У у	Ў ў	Ф ф	Х х
Хъ хъ	Ц ц	Дз дз	Ч ч	Дж.дж	Ш ш	Щ щ	Ъ ъ	Ь ь
Ꙑ ꙑ	Ы ы	Ю ю	Я я	Ԙ ԙ

A a	B b	C c	Ç ç	D d	Ḑ ḑ	E e	F f	G g
H h	Hh hh	I i	J j	K k	L l	Ľ ľ	M m	N n
O o	Ö ö	P p	Q q	R r	R̈ r̈	S s	Ş ş	T t
Ț ț	U u	V v	W w	X x	Y y	Ý ý	Ÿ ÿ	Z z

- version	Govoric version	Latin version		Protopolyash version	IPA Symbol	Notes
- version	Govoric version	Offical	Unofficial	Protopolyash version	IPA Symbol	Notes
	А а	A a		Ⲁ ⲁ	/a~ɑ/
	Б б	B b		ⲂⲂ ⲃⲃ	/b/
	В в	V v		Ⲃ ⲃ	/v/
	Г г	G g		Ⲅ ⲅ	/ɣ/	It can get pronounced as /g/ in foreing word and/or when its doubled or in a stressed syllable
	Д д	D d		Ⲇ ⲇ	/d/
	Е е	E e		Ⲉ ⲉ	/ɛ/
	Ж ж	J j		Ϧ ϧ	/ʒ/
	З з	Z z		Ⲍ ⲍ	/z/
	И и	I i		Ⲏ ⲏ	/i~ɨ/	When its before a vowel it gets pronounced as /ij/
	Й й	Y y		Ⲓ ⲓ	/j/	Used after vowels and as first letter
	К к	K k		Ⲕ ⲕ	/k/
	Къ къ	Q q		Ⲕⲋ ⲕⲋ	/q/
	Л л	L l		Ⲗ ⲗ	/l/
	Лъ лъ	Ľ ľ	Lh lh	Ⲗⲋ ⲗⲋ	/l̥~ɬ/
	М м	M m		Ⲙ ⲙ	/m/
	Н н	N n		Ⲛ ⲛ	/n/
	О о	O o		Ⲟ ⲟ	/ɔ/
	Ө ө	Ö ö	Oe oe	Ⲱ ⲱ	/ø̞/
	П п	P p		Ⲡ ⲡ	/p/
	Р р	R r		Ⲣ ⲣ	/ɾ/
	Ръ ръ	R̈ r̈	Rh rh	Ⳁ ⳁ	/r̠̊/
	С с	S s		Ⲥ ⲥ	/s/
	Т т	T t		Ⲧ ⲧ	/t/
	У у	U u		Ⲩ ⲩ	/u~ʊ/	It gets pronounsed as /wu~wʊ/ after a vowel
	Ў ў	W w		Ⲯ ⲯ	/w/
	Ф ф	F f		Ⲫ ⲫ	/f/
	Х х	H h		Ⲭ ⲭ	/x/
	Хъ хъ	Hh hh		Ϥ ϥ	/ħ/
	Ц ц	Ț ț	Ts ts	Ϯ ϯ	/t͡s/
	Дз дз	Ḑ ḑ	Dz dz	ϮϮ ϯϯ	/d͡z/
	Ч ч	Ç ç	Ch ch	Ϭ ϭ	/t͡ʃ/
	Дж дж	C c		Ϫ ϫ	/d͡ʒ/
	Ш ш	Ş ş	Sh sh	Ϣ ϣ	/ʃ/
	Щ щ	Şt şt	Sht sht	Ϣⲧ ϣⲧ	//
	Ъ ъ	-		Ⲋ ⲋ	-	Used as an add on character in digraphs
	Ь ь	Y y		Ⲓ ⲓ	/◌ʲ/	Used only after consonants
	Ꙑ ꙑ	Ÿ ÿ	Yh yh	Ⳉ ⳉ	/ɤ~ɯ/
	Ы ы	Ý ý		Ϩ ϩ	/i~ɨ/	Used only in foreign words
	Ю ю	Yu yu	Ü ü *	ⲒⲨ ⲓⲩ	/ju/
	Я я	Ya ya	Ä ä *	ⲒⲀ ⲓⲁ	/ja/
	Ԙ ԙ	Ye ye	Ë ë *	ⲒⲈ ⲓⲉ	/jɛ~jæ̝̆ɛ/	Pronounciation varies thourghout dialects
	Кс кс	X x Ks ks		Ⲝ ⲝ	/ju/	The latin 'X x' is used only in foreign words

Orthography

wip

Phonology


		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvelar	Epiglottal
Nasal		m		n
Plosive	voiceless	p	t				k	q
Plosive	voiced	b	d				(ɡ)
Affricate	voiceless			t͡s	t͡ʃ
Affricate	voiced			d͡z	d͡ʒ
Fricative	voiceless	f		s	ʃ		x		ħ
Fricative	voiced	v		z	ʒ		ɣ
Aproximant	voiceless			l̥~ɬ
Aproximant	voiced	w		l		j
Tap & Trill	voiceless				r̠̊
Tap & Trill	voiced			ɾ


	Front	Back
Close	i~ɨ	u~ʊ ɤ~ɯ
Mid	ø̞	u~ʊ ɤ~ɯ
Open-Mid	ɛ	ɔ
Open	a~ɑ

Nouns

Gender and Vowel harmony

3 grammatical genders: Masculine, Feminine, Neuter The gender system in Qazhshavan resepmbles the one found in the Varnolan.

Maculine are all words ending in: Consonants (including semivowels ⟨ў/w⟩⟨й/y⟩ )
Feminine are all words ending in: ⟨a⟩ ⟨ꙑ/ÿ⟩ ⟨o⟩ (⟨я/ya⟩)
Neuter are all words ending in: ⟨и/i⟩ ⟨e⟩ ⟨ө/ö⟩ ⟨y/u⟩ ⟨ы/ý⟩ (⟨ю/yu⟩)

(note: Masculine words still can follow feminine vowel harmony depending on the last vowel)

simple harmony:
Used in most suffixes

words with the last vowel being part of the Feminine vowels (⟨a⟩ ⟨ꙑ/ÿ⟩ ⟨o⟩ ⟨я/ya⟩) get the vowel -a-
words with the last vowel being part of the Neuter vowels (⟨и/i⟩ ⟨e⟩ ⟨ө/ö⟩ ⟨y/u⟩ ⟨ы/ý⟩ ⟨ю/yu⟩) get the vowel -e-

complex harmony:
Used in possessive, question and negation affixes

words with the last vowel being: ⟨а⟩ ⟨ꙑ/ÿ⟩ (⟨я/ya⟩); get the vowel -ꙑ-
words with the last vowel being: ⟨и/i⟩ ⟨е⟩ ⟨ы/ý⟩; get the vowel -и-
words with the last vowel being: ⟨о⟩ ⟨у/u⟩ ⟨ө/ö⟩ (⟨ю/yu⟩); get the vowel -у-

Grammatical Cases

Qazhshavan has 5 grammatical cases.

Nominative: Subject or a Predicate noun or adjective
Accusative: Interract with Subject (hear, hit, harm...)
Genetive: Possesed by Subject
Locative: In Subject, on Subject
Vocative: calling Subject

The Table Below also shows how the adjective suffix works with the examples

Common Translation		Nom.	Acc.	Gen.	Loc.	Voc.	Adj.
Masculine - n & j
Man	Sin.	Нерэ́н Nerön	Нерэ́нун Nerönun	Нерэ́но Neröno	Нерэ́нме Nerönme	Нерэ́не! Neröne!	Нерэ́ны Neröny
	Plr.	Нерэ́наь Nerönaj	Нерэ́неь Nerönej	Нерэ́ноь Nerönoj	Нерэ́нмеь Nerönmej	Нерэ́наь! Nerönaj!	Нерэ́ньы Nerönjy
	Sin.Def.	Нерэ́нте Nerönte	Нерэ́нтун Neröntun	Нерэ́нто Neröntoö	Нерэ́нтме Neröntme	Ø	Нерэ́нты Nerönty
	Plr.Def.	Нерэ́нтиь Neröntij	Нерэ́неь Neröntej	Нерэ́ноь Neröntoj	Нерэ́нмеь Neröntmej	Ø	Нерэ́ньы Neröntjy
Masculine - ë & o & u
Dog	Sin.	ЧӀено Čheno	ЧӀенон Čhenon	ЧӀеноно Čhenono	ЧӀенме Čhenme	ЧӀено! Čheno!	ЧӀеноы Čheny
	Plr.	ЧӀеноаь Čhenaj	ЧӀеноеь Čhebej	ЧӀеноь Čhenoj	ЧӀенмеь Čhenmej	ЧӀенаь Čhenaj!	ЧӀеноьы Čhenjy
	Sin.Def.	ЧӀеноте Čhenote	ЧӀенотэн Čhenotën	ЧӀенотно Čhenotno	ЧӀентме Čhentme	Ø	ЧӀеноты Čhenty
	Plr.Def.	ЧӀенотиь Čhentij	ЧӀенотеь Čhebtej	ЧӀенотоь Čhenotoj	ЧӀентмеь Čhentmej	Ø	ЧӀентьы Čhentjy

Feminine - a & e
Woman	Sin.	Гона Gona	Гонан Gonan	Гонано Gonano	Гонаме Goname	Гонао! Gono!	Гонаьа Gonaja
	Plr.	Гоны Gony	Гонин Gonin	Гононо Gonono	Гонмы Gonmy	Гоны! Gony!	Гоньы Gonajy
	Sin.Def.	Гоната Gonata	Гонатан Gonatan	Гонатни Gonatno	Гонатме Gonatme	Ø	Гонатьа 'Gonatja
	Plr.Def.	Гонты Gonty	Гонтин Gontin	Гонтоно Gontono	Гонтмы Gontmy	Ø	Гонтьы Gonatjy
Feminine - i & y
Mountain	Sin.	ШӀаны Šhany	ШӀанын Šhanyn	ШӀаныно Šhanyno	ШӀаныме Šhanyme	ШӀано! Šhano!	ШӀаныьа Šhanyja
	Plr.	ШӀане Šhane	ШӀанеь Šhanej	ШӀанено Šhaneno	ШӀанмы Šhanmy	ШӀане! Šhane!	ШӀаноьы Šhanojy
	Sin.Def.	ШӀанты Šhanty	ШӀантын Šhanytyn	ШӀанытно Šhanytno	ШӀантме Šhanytme	Ø	ШӀантьа Šhanytja
	Plr.Def.	ШӀанте Šhante	ШӀантеь Šhantej	ШӀантено Šhanteno	ШӀантмы Šhantmy	Ø	ШӀантоьы Šhantojy

Adjectives

Adjectives are also gendered, and come in the 5 cases, but they are more consistent compared to nouns.

Common Translation		Nom.	Acc.	Gen.	Loc.	Voc.
Masculine - all
Strong	Sin.	СадӀан Sadhan	СадӀанан Sadhanan	СадӀанон Sadhanon	СадӀанме Sadhame	СадӀане! Sađane!
	Plr.	СадӀанаь Sadhanaj	СадӀан''еь Sadhanej	СадӀаноь Sadhanoj	СадӀанмеь Sadhanmej	СадӀанаь! Sadhanaj!
	Sin.Def.	СадӀанте Sadhante	СадӀантан Sadhantan	СадӀантон Sadhanton	СадӀантме Sadhantme	Ø
	Plr.Def.	СадӀантиь Sadhantij	СадӀантеь Sadhantej	СадӀантоь Sadhantoj	СадӀантмеь Sadhantmej	Ø
Feminine - all
Beatufull	Sin.	Вэ́ле Völe	Вэ́лен Völen	Вэ́лено Völeno	Вэ́леме Völeme	Вэ́лео! Völo!
	Plr.	Вэ́лье Völje	Вэ́льеь Völjej	Вэ́льено Völjeno	Вэ́льемы Völjemy	Вэ́лье 'Völje
	Sin.Def.	Вэ́лете Völete	Вэ́летен Völeten	Вэ́летно Völetno	Вэ́летме Völetme	Ø
	Plr.Def.	Вэ́летье Völtje	Вэ́летьеь Völtjej	Вэ́летьено Völtjeno	Вэ́летьемы Völtjemy	Ø

Qazhshavan uses Comparison forms of Adjectives:

Positive - Bassic form of the word- happy - šasin / шасин
Negative - Negation of the word - unhappy - nišasin / нишасин
Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something - happier - jan-šasin / ьан-шасин
Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group - happiest - žen-šasin / жен-шасин
Augmentative - Form showing absolute position without a relative - ultimately happy - žen-žen-šasin / жен-жен-шасин

Verbs

Tenses

The Lnaguage is 'Pro drop', meaning that using pronouns is optional, usually when used, they add emphasis, for example: " jemë denjamë " - " i am eating ", " Vi denyn " - " you are eating ".

Mood	Person	Number	Past		Present		Future		Future in the past
Mood	Person	Number	Simple	Perfect	Simple	Perfect	Simple	Perfect	Simple	Perfect
Indicative	1	Singular	<>(ьа)хэ <>(ja)hë	<>хре ан <>hre an	<>(ьа)мэ <>(ja)më	<>(ьа)хэ <>(ja)hë	ье <>(ьа)мэ je <>(ja)më	ьа ан <>мерэ je an <>merë	ьехэ ьо <>(ьа)мэ jehë jo <>(ja)më	ьех ьо ан <>мерэ jehë jo an <>merë
	1	Plural	<>(ьа)хме <>(ja)hme	<>хмерэ ан <>hmerë an	<>(ьа)мэме <>(ja)mëme	<>(ьа)хме <>(ja)hme	ье <>(ьа)мэме je <>(ja)mëme	ье ан <>мэмерэ je an <>mëmerë	ьерӏме ьо <>(ьа)мэме jerhme jo <>(ja)mëme	ьерӏ ьо ан <>мэмерэ jerhme jo an <>mëmerë

	2	Singular	<>(е)жэ/а ьедэ <>(e)žë/a jedë	<>(е)жэ/а ьедэ <>(e)žë/a jedë	<>(ы)н <>(y)n	<>(е)жэ/а ьедэ <>(e)žë/a jedë	ье <>(ы)n je <>(y)n	ье <>(e)жэ/a je <>(e)žë/a	ьехе <>(ы)n jehe jo an <>(y)n	ьехе ьо ан <>(ы)нрe jehe jo an <>(y)nre
	2	Plural	<>жа деь <>ža dej	<>жарэ деь <>žarë dej	<>еье <>eje	<>жа деь <>ža dej	<>еье je <>eje	ье <>еьерэ je <>ejerë	ьерӏе ьо ан <>еье jerhe jo an <>eje	ьерӏе ьо ан <>еьерэ jerhe jo an <>ejerë

	3	Singular	<>(е)шэ <>(e)šë	<>(е)ше ан <>(e)še an	<>ьэ <>jë	<>ещэ <>ešë	ье <>ьэ je <>jë	ье ан <>ьерэ je an <>jerë	ьехе хо <>ьэ jehe jo <>jë	ьехе ьо ан <>ьерэ jehe jo an <>jerë
	3	Plural	<>(е)ша <>(e)ša	<>(е)шарэ <>(e)šarë	<>ьэдэ <>jëdë	<>ша <>ša	ье <>ьедэ je <>jëdë	ье ан <>ьэдерэ je an <>jëderë	ьерӏэ ьо <>ьэдэ jerhë jo <>jëdë	ьерӏэ ьо ан <>ьэдерэ jerhë jo an <>jëderë

Imperative	All	Singular	Ø		<>ши <>ši		<>жи <>ži		Ø
Imperative	All	Plural	Ø		<>шати <>šati		<>жати <>žati		Ø

Note: Word Order Can Switch around depending on context.

Pronouns

Translation to Common		Person and number		Nom.	Acc.	Gen.	Loc.	Voc.
I	Me	First	Singular	Ьемэ Jemë	Ме Me	Ме Me	Мен Men	Ø
You (Singular)		Second		Ви Vi	Вы Vy	Васы Вы Vasy Vy	Вын Vyn	Ви! Vi!
He	Him	Third		Воь Voj	Го Go	Его Ego	Егон Egon	Ø
She	Her			Ваь Vaj	Га Ga	Ега Ega	Еган Egan	Ø
It				Во Vo	Го Go	Его Ego	Егон Egon	Ø
We	Us	First	Plural	Нен Nen	Мен Men	Ны Ny	Насэ Nasë	Ø
You (Plural/formal)		Second	Plural	Вау Vau	Ваун Vaun	Ваь Vaj	Ваьн Vajn	Вау Vau!
They	Them	Third	Singular & Plural	Ажа Aža	Ажан Ažan	Ажеь Ažej	Ажеьн Ažejn	Ø

Numbers

Qazhshavan is a Decimal language, meaning it has a base 10 number system.

In Qazhshavan the way to construct numbers higher than 10 is generally simple, 11 being 1-on-10, 12 being 2-on-10, and so on, for numbers such as 20, 30 and 40, you drop the '-on-', 20 - 2-10, 30 - 3-10, and so on
Numbers of 100 are literally: 101- 100 & 1 ; 110- 100 & 10 ; 111- 100 & 1-on-10 ; 120- 100 & 2-10 ; 121- 100 2-10 & 1

Number	Number term (Qazhshavan)	IPA	Number	Number term (Qazhshavan)	IPA
0	Nulo Нуло	/ˈnu.ɫɔ/	11	Ennëndjetë Еннэндьетэ	/ˈɛn.ɤ̞n.djɛt/
1	En Ен	/ˈɛn/	12	Dinëndjetë Динэндьетэ	/ˈdi.nɤ̞n.djɛtᵊ/
2	Di Ди	/ˈdi/	13	Terenëndjetë Теренэндьетэ	/ˈtɛ.ɾɛ.nɤ̞n.djɛtᵊ/
3	Tere Тере	/ˈtɛ.ɾɛ/	14	Ketënëndjetë Кетэнэндьетэ	/ˈkɛ.tɤ̞.nɤ̞n.djɛtᵊ/
4	Ketë Кетэ	/ˈkɛtᵊ/	15	Pešhënëndjetë ПешӀэнэндьетэ	/ˈpɛ.ɕɤ̞.nɤ̞n.djɛtᵊ/
5	Pešhë ПешӀэ	/ˈpɛ.ɕᵊ/	16	Šešënëndjetë Шешэнэндьетэ	/ˈʃɛ.ʃɤ̞.nɤ̞n.djɛtᵊ/
6	Šešë Шешэ	/ʃɛʃᵊ/	17	Šemënëndjetë Шемэнэндьетэ	/ˈʃɛ.mɤ̞.nɤ̞n.djɛtᵊ/
7	Šemë Шемэ	/ˈʃɛmᵊ/	18	Ašemënëndjetë Ашемэнэндьетэ	/aˈʃɛ.mɤ̞.nɤ̞n.djɛtᵊ/
8	Ašemë Ашемэ	/aˈʃ.ɛmᵊ/	19	Nentënëndjetë Нентэнэндйетэ	/ˈnɛn.tɤ̞.nɤ̞n.djɛtᵊ/
9	Nentë Нентэ	/ˈnɛntᵊ/	100	(en)Čhyn (ен)ЧӀн	/ˈɛn.t͡ɕɨn/ /t͡ɕɨn/
10	Djetë Дьетэ	/ˈdjɛtᵊ/	1000	(en)Mjada (ен)Мьада	/ˈɛn.mja.da/ /ˈmja.da/

Questions

Yes & No

Qazhshavan forms Yes and No questions with a quesiton suffix, which follows slight vowel harmony

Translation in Common	Sentence in Qazhshavan	Suffix
words with last vowels: ë, o, u
Did he shoot him?	(Voj) Berëško Go? (Воь) Берэшко Го?	-ko
Did he shoot him?	/vɔj beˈrɤ̞ʃ.kɔ gɔ/	-ko

words with last vowels: a, e,
Does he like her?	(Voj) Čhanajka Ga? (Воь) ЧӀанаька Га?	-ka
Does he like her?	/vɔj t͡ɕa.najˈka ga/	-ka

words with last vowels: i , y
Do you love me?	Šeninki Me? Шенинки Ме?	-ki
Do you love me?	/ˈʃɛn.inˌki ˈmɛ/	-ki

Wh-

Dialects

The Qazhshavan language consists of 6 dialect groups, which split into their own sub-dialects.

Dialects list
	-Zalic Dialect Located mainly outside the country, its one of the least inteligable to the Standart form of the language, seperatists in the 1960s claimed it as a seperate languages, some still do today.
	-Rishic Dialect Generally understood by both meadow and Zalic speakers, it is seen as an intermediate.
	-Meadow Dialect This is the most spoken dialect, and the standerdized form of the language.
	-Hill Dialect Second most spoken dialect, in the 1910 it competed with the Meadow dialect for title of Standart dialect, but lost.
	-Laurentine Dialect Also called "the Islander Dialect", its spoken in the few islands owned by Qazhshava and also in oversees diaspora left over from ex-colonies.
	-Kental Dialect A strongly Ereskan and Kental influenced dialect spoken south of Ereska in Kentalis, and holds a recognized status in the said nation.

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Qazhshavan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Qazhshavan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[1]

Lozhai language: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 15:34, 28 March 2021

Contents

Basic information

Writing system

Orthography

Phonology

Nouns

Gender and Vowel harmony

Grammatical Cases

Adjectives

Verbs

Tenses

Pronouns

Numbers

Questions

Yes & No

Wh-

Dialects

Navigation menu

Lozhai language: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 15:34, 28 March 2021

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