Lozhai language: Difference between revisions
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==Grammatical Cases== | ==Grammatical Cases== | ||
Qazhshavan has | Qazhshavan has 12[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_case grammatical cases]. | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nominative]: | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nominative]: Subject | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Accusative]: Interract with ''Subject'' <small>(hear, hit, harm...)</small> | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Accusative]: Interract with the ''Subject'' <small>(hear, hit, harm...)</small> | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dative]: to the ''Subject'' | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Genitive]: Possesed by the ''Subject'' | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case Vocative]: | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inessive_case Inessive]: In/Inside the ''Subject'' | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adessive_case Adessive]: Neer by the ''Subject'' | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superessive_case Superessive]: On top of the ''Subject'' | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subessive_case Subessive]: Under the ''Subject'' | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illative_case Illative]: Moving into the ''Subject'' | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elative_case Elative]: Moving out of / from the ''Subject'' | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefactive_case Benefactial]: for the ''Subject'' | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case Vocative]: calling the ''Subject'' | |||
{| class="wikitable" | It also has the suffixes for making nouns into [[wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] adn [[wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]]. | ||
! colspan=" | |||
! | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
! | !rowspan="3"|Case | ||
!colspan="3"|Masculine | |||
!colspan="3"|Feminine | |||
!colspan="3"|Neuter | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; background: #F8F9FB;" colspan="3"|Куч/Kuç - <small>Dog</small> | |||
! style="text-align: center; background: #F8F9FB;" colspan="3"|Калъа/Кaľa - <small>Young Woman</small> | |||
! style="text-align: center; background: #F8F9FB;" colspan="3"|Жате/Jate - <small>Hat</small> | |||
|- | |||
!Singular | |||
!Paucal | |||
!Plural | |||
!Singular | |||
!Paucal | |||
!Plural | |||
!Singular | |||
!Paucal | |||
!Plural | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="10" |'''Indefinite | |||
|- | |||
![[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]] | |||
|Куч<br><small>Kuç</small> | |||
|Куч'''ел'''<br><small>Kuç'''el</small> | |||
|Куч'''еде'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede</small> | |||
|Калъа<br><small>Кaľa</small> | |||
|Калъа'''л'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l</small> | |||
|Калъа'''да'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da</small> | |||
|Жате<br><small>Jate</small> | |||
|Жате'''л'''<br><small>Jate'''l</small> | |||
|Жате'''де'''<br><small>Jate'''de</small> | |||
|- | |||
![[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]] | |||
|Куч'''е'''<br><small>Kuç'''e</small> | |||
|Куч'''еле'''<br><small>Kuç'''ele</small> | |||
|Куч'''еди'''<br><small>Kuç'''eli</small> | |||
|Калъа'''т'''<br><small>Кaľa'''t</small> | |||
|Калъа'''ла'''<br><small>Кaľa'''la</small> | |||
|Калъа'''дя'''<br><small>Кaľa'''dya</small> | |||
|Жате'''т'''<br><small>Jate'''t</small> | |||
|Жате'''ле'''<br><small>Jate'''le</small> | |||
|Жате'''ди'''<br><small>Jate'''di</small> | |||
|- | |||
![[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]] | |||
|Куч'''ети'''<br><small>Kuç'''eti</small> | |||
|Куч'''лети'''<br><small>Kuç'''leti</small> | |||
|Куч'''едети'''<br><small>Kuç'''edeti</small> | |||
|Калъа'''ти'''<br><small>Кaľa'''ti</small> | |||
|Калъа'''лати'''<br><small>Кaľa'''lati</small> | |||
|Калъа'''дати'''<br><small>Кaľa'''дati</small> | |||
|Жате'''ти'''<br><small>Jate'''ti</small> | |||
|Жате'''лети'''<br><small>Jate'''leti</small> | |||
|Жате'''дети'''<br><small>Jate'''deti</small> | |||
|- | |||
![[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]] | |||
|Куч'''ес'''<br><small>Kuç'''es</small> | |||
|Куч'''елъ'''<br><small>Kuç'''eľ</small> | |||
|Куч'''езде'''<br><small>Kuç'''ezde</small> | |||
|Калъа'''с'''<br><small>Кaľa'''s</small> | |||
|Калъа'''лъ'''<br><small>Кaľa'''ľ</small> | |||
|Калъа'''зда'''<br><small>Кaľa'''zda</small> | |||
|Жате'''с'''<br><small>Jate'''s</small> | |||
|Жате'''лъ'''<br><small>Jate'''ľ</small> | |||
|Жате'''зде'''<br><small>Jate'''zde</small> | |||
|- | |||
![[wikipedia:Inessive case|Inessive]] | |||
|Куч'''ене'''<br><small>Kuç'''ene</small> | |||
|Куч'''ел'''·'''не'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ne'''</small> | |||
|Куч'''еде'''·'''не'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''ne'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''на'''<br><small>Кaľa'''na</small> | |||
|Калъа'''л'''·'''нa'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''nа'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''дa'''·'''нa'''<br><small>Кaľa'''dа'''·'''nа'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''не'''<br><small>Jate'''ne</small> | |||
|Жате'''л'''·'''не'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ne'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''де'''·'''не'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''ne'''</small> | |||
|- | |||
![[wikipedia:Adessive case|Adessive]] | |||
|Куч'''ей'''<br><small>Kuç'''ey</small> | |||
|Куч'''ел'''·'''ԙ'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ye'''</small> | |||
|Куч'''еде'''·'''й'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''y'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''й'''<br><small>Кaľa'''y</small> | |||
|Калъа'''л'''·'''я'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''ya'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''д'''·'''aя'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''ya'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''й'''<br><small>Jate'''y</small> | |||
|Жате'''л'''·'''ԙԙ'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ye'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''дe'''·'''й'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''y'''</small> | |||
|- | |||
![[wikipedia:Superessive case|Superessive]] | |||
|Куч'''еми'''<br><small>Kuç'''emi</small> | |||
|Куч'''ел'''·'''ми'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''mi'''</small> | |||
|Куч'''еде'''·'''ми'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''mi'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''ми'''<br><small>Кaľa'''mi</small> | |||
|Калъа'''л'''·'''ми'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''mi'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''да'''·'''ми'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''mi'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''ми'''<br><small>Jate'''mi</small> | |||
|Жате'''л'''·'''ми'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''mi'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''дe'''·'''ми'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''mi'''</small> | |||
|- | |||
![[wikipedia:Subessive case|Subessive]] | |||
|Куч'''емөш'''<br><small>Kuç'''emöş</small> | |||
|Куч'''ел'''·'''мөш'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''möş'''</small> | |||
|Куч'''еде'''·'''мөш'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''möş'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''мөш'''<br><small>Кaľa'''möş</small> | |||
|Калъа'''л'''·'''мөш'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''möş'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''да'''·'''мөш'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''möş'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''мөш'''<br><small>Jate'''möş</small> | |||
|Жате'''л'''·'''мөш'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''möş'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''дe'''·'''мөш'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''möş'''</small> | |||
|- | |||
![[wikipedia:Illative case|Illative]] | |||
|Куч'''едже'''<br><small>Kuç'''ece</small> | |||
|Куч'''ел'''·'''дже'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ce'''</small> | |||
|Куч'''еде'''·'''дже'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''ce'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''джа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''ca</small> | |||
|Калъа'''л'''·'''джа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''ca'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''да'''·'''джа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''ca'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''дже'''<br><small>Jate'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''л'''·'''дже'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ce'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''дe'''·'''дже'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''ce'''</small> | |||
|- | |||
![[wikipedia:Elative case|Elative]] | |||
|Куч'''еж'''<br><small>Kuç'''ej</small> | |||
|Куч'''ел'''·'''еж'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ej'''</small> | |||
|Куч'''еде'''·'''ж'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''j'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''ж'''<br><small>Кaľa'''j</small> | |||
|Калъа'''л'''·'''аж'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''aj'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''да'''·'''ж'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''j'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''ж'''<br><small>Jate'''j</small> | |||
|Жате'''л'''·'''еж'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''j'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''дe'''·'''ж'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''j'''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ![[wikipedia:Benefactive case|Benefactive]] | ||
|Куч'''ек'''<br><small>Kuç'''ek</small> | |||
|Куч'''ел'''·'''ек'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ek'''</small> | |||
|Куч'''еде'''·'''к'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''k'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''к'''<br><small>Кaľa'''k</small> | |||
|Калъа'''л'''·'''ак'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''ak'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''да'''·'''к'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''k'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''к'''<br><small>Jate'''k</small> | |||
|Жате'''л'''·'''ек'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''k'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''дe'''·'''к'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''k'''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ![[wikipedia:Vocative case|Vocative]] | ||
|Куч'''е!'''<br><small>Kuç'''e!</small> | |||
|Куч'''ел!'''<br><small>Kuç'''el!</small> | |||
| | |Куч'''еде!'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede!</small> | ||
| | |Калъ'''о!'''<br><small>Каľa'''o!</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''л!'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l!</small> | ||
|Калъа'''да!'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da!</small> | |||
| | |Жат'''е!'''<br><small>Jat'''e!</small> | ||
|Жате'''л!'''<br><small>Jate'''l!</small> | |||
|Жате'''де!'''<br><small>Jate'''de!</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="10" | | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ![[wikipedia:Adjective|Adjective]] | ||
| | |Куч'''ев'''<br><small>Kuç'''ev'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''ел'''·'''ев'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ev'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''еде'''·'''в'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''v'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''в'''<br><small>Кaľa'''v'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''л'''·'''ав'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''av'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''да'''·'''в'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''v'''</small> | ||
|Жате'''в'''<br><small>Jate'''v'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''л'''·'''ев'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ev'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''де'''·'''в'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''v'''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ![[wikipedia:Adverb|Adverb]] | ||
| | |Куч'''ех'''<br><small>Kuç'''eh'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''ел'''·'''ех'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''eh'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''еде'''·'''х'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''h'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''х'''<br><small>Кaľa'''h'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''л'''·'''ах'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''ah'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''да'''·'''х'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''h'''</small> | ||
|Жате'''х'''<br><small>Jate'''h'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''л'''·'''ех'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''eh'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''де'''·'''х'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''h'''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="10" |'''Definite | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ![[wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]] | ||
| | |Куч’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç’'''ÿ</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''ел'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''’'''hhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''еде'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''’'''hhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''’'''ga'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''л'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''’'''hha'''</small> | ||
| '' | |Калъа'''да'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''’'''hha'''</small> | ||
| | |Жате'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''’'''g'''</small> | ||
|Жате'''л'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''де'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de '''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ![[wikipedia:Accusative case|Accusative]] | ||
| | |Куч’'''ө'''<br><small>Kuç’'''ö</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''еле'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ele'''’'''hhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''еди'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''eli'''’'''hhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''та'''<br><small>Кaľa'''ta</small> | ||
| '' | |Калъа'''ла'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''la'''’'''hha'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''дя'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''dya'''’'''hha'''</small> | ||
|Жате'''’'''т'''<br><small>Jate'''’'''t</small> | |||
|Жате'''ле'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''le'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''ди'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''di'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ![[wikipedia:Dative case|Dative]] | ||
| | |Куч'''ети'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''eti'''’'''ÿ'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''елти'''’'''ехъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''elti'''’'''ehhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''едети'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''edeti'''’'''hhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''ти'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''ti'''·'''ga'''</small> | ||
| | |Kалъа'''лати'''’'''ахъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''lati'''’'''ahha'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''дати'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''dati'''’'''hha'''</small> | ||
|Жате'''ти'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''ti'''’'''g'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''лети'''’'''ехъе'''<br><small>Jate'''leti'''’'''ehhe'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''дети'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''deti'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ![[wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]] | ||
| | |Куч'''ес'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''es'''’'''ÿ'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''елъ'''’'''ехъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''eľ'''’'''ehhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''езде'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ezde'''’'''hhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''с'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''s'''·'''ga'''</small> | ||
| | |Kалъа'''лъ'''’'''ахъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''ľ'''’'''ahha'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''зда'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''zda'''’'''hha'''</small> | ||
|Жате'''с'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''s'''’'''g'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''лъ'''’'''ехъе'''<br><small>Jate'''ľ'''’'''ehhe'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''зде'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''zde'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ![[wikipedia:Inessive case|Inessive]] | ||
|Куч'''ен'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''en'''’'''ÿ'''</small> | |||
|Куч'''ел'''·'''не'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ne'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|Куч'''еде'''·'''не'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''ne'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''на'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''na'''’'''ga'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''л'''·'''на'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''nа'''’'''hha'''</small> | |||
|Kалъа'''да'''·'''на'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''nа'''’'''hha'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''не'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''ne'''’'''g'''</small>’ | |||
|Жате'''л'''·'''не'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ne'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''де'''·'''не'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''ne'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ![[wikipedia:Adessive case|Adessive]] | ||
|Куч'''ей'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''ey'''’'''ÿ'''</small> | |||
|Куч'''ел'''·'''ԙ'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ye'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|Куч'''еде'''·'''й'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''y'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''я'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''ya'''’'''ga'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''л'''·'''я'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''ya'''’'''hha'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''д'''·'''aя'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''ya'''’'''hha'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''ԙ'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''ye'''’'''g'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''л'''·'''ԙ'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ye'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''дe'''·'''й'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''y'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ![[wikipedia:Superessive case|Superessive]] | ||
| | |Куч'''еми'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''emi'''’'''ÿ'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''ел'''·'''ми'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''emi'''’'''hhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''еде'''·'''ми'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''mi'''’'''hhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''ми'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''mi'''’'''ga'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''л'''·'''ми'''’'''ахъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''mi'''’'''ahha'''</small> | ||
| '' | |Калъа'''да'''·'''ми'''’'''ахъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''mi'''’'''ahha'''</small> | ||
| | |Жате'''ми'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''mi'''’'''g'''</small> | ||
|Жате'''л'''·'''ми'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''mi'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''дe'''·'''ми'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''mi'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ![[wikipedia:Subessive case|Subessive]] | ||
| | |Куч'''емөш'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''emöş'''’'''ÿ'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''ел'''·'''мөш'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''emöş'''’'''hhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''еде'''·'''мөш'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''möş'''’'''hhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''мөш'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''möş'''’'''ga'''</small> | ||
| '' | |Калъа'''л'''·'''мөш'''’'''ахъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''möş'''’'''ahha'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''да'''·'''мөш'''’'''ахъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''möş'''’'''ahha'''</small> | ||
|Жате'''мөш'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''möş'''’'''g'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''л'''·'''мөш'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''möş'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''дe'''·'''мөш'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''möş'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ![[wikipedia:Illative case|Illative]] | ||
| | |Куч'''едже'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''ece'''’'''ÿ'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''ел'''·'''дже'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ce'''’'''hhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''еде'''·'''дже'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''ce'''’'''hhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''джа'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''ca'''’'''ga'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''л'''·'''джа'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''ca'''’'''hha'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''д'''·'''аджа'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''ca'''’'''hha'''</small> | ||
|Жате'''дже'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''ce'''’'''g'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''л'''·'''дже'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ce'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''дe'''·'''дже'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''ce'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ![[wikipedia:Elative case|Elative]] | ||
| | |Куч'''еж'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''ej'''’'''ÿ'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''ел'''·'''еж'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ej'''’'''hhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''еде'''·'''ж'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''j'''’'''hhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''ж'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''j'''’'''ga'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''л'''·'''аж'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''aj'''’'''hha'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''да'''·'''ж'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''j'''’'''hha'''</small> | ||
|Жате'''ж'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''j'''’'''g'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''л'''·'''еж'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ej'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''дe'''·'''ж'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''j'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ![[wikipedia:Benefactive case|Benefactive]] | ||
|Куч'''ек'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''ek'''’'''ÿ'''</small> | |||
|Куч'''ел'''·'''ек'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ek'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|Куч'''еде'''·'''к'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''k'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''к'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''k'''’'''ga'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''л'''·'''ак'''’'''ахъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''ak'''’'''ahha'''</small> | |||
|Калъа'''да'''·'''к'''’'''ахъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''k'''’'''ahha'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''к'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''k'''’'''g'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''л'''·'''ек'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ek'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''дe'''·'''к'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''k'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style=" | ![[wikipedia:Vocative case|Vocative]] | ||
| | |style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | ||
| | |style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | ||
| | |style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | ||
| | |style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | ||
| | |style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | ||
| | |style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | ||
| | |style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | ||
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | |||
|style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="10" | | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ![[wikipedia:Adjective|Adjective]] | ||
| | |Куч'''в'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''v'''’'''ÿ'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''ел'''·'''ев'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''ev'''’'''hhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''еде'''·'''в'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''v'''’'''hhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''в'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''v'''’'''ga'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''л'''·'''ав'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''av'''’'''hha'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''да'''·'''в'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''v'''’'''hha'''</small> | ||
|Жате'''в'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''v'''’'''g'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''л'''·'''ев'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''ev'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''де'''·'''в'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''v'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ![[wikipedia:Adverb|Adverb]] | ||
| | |Куч'''х'''’'''ꙑ'''<br><small>Kuç'''h'''’'''ÿ'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''ел'''·'''ех'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''el'''·'''eh'''’'''hhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Куч'''еде'''·'''х'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Kuç'''ede'''·'''h'''’'''hhe'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''х'''’'''га'''<br><small>Кaľa'''h'''’'''ga'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''л'''·'''ах'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''l'''·'''ah'''’'''hha'''</small> | ||
| | |Калъа'''да'''·'''х'''’'''хъа'''<br><small>Кaľa'''da'''·'''h'''’'''hha'''</small> | ||
|Жате'''х'''’'''г'''<br><small>Jate'''h'''’'''g'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''л'''·'''ех'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''l'''·'''eh'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|Жате'''де'''·'''х'''’'''хъе'''<br><small>Jate'''de'''·'''h'''’'''hhe'''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} |
Revision as of 15:38, 28 March 2021
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Qazhshavan | |
---|---|
Маръа Гел, Маръашла Mar̈a Gel, Mar̈aşla | |
Pronunciation | [ˈma.r̠̊a ɣɛl] [ˈma.r̠̊a.ʃla̽] |
Native to | Qazhshava |
Region | Southern Thuadia |
Native speakers | 85 million (2018) |
Mokhaic
| |
Early form | Middle Qazhshavan
|
Standard forms | Mezhian (Qazhshava)
Kental (Kentalis)
|
Dialects |
|
Official status | |
Official language in | Qazhshava Kentalis |
Regulated by | Qazhshavan Council of Languages |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | qz |
ISO 639-2 | qzs |
ISO 639-3 | qzs |
Glottolog | qazh1331 [1] |
Qazhshavan (Qazhshavan: Маръа Гел, Mar̈a Gel [ˈma.r̠̊a ɣɛl] ; Маръашла, Mar̈aşla [ˈma.r̠̊a.ʃla̽] ) is a unique langauge spoken in Southern Thuadia, primarily in the Qazhshavan Federation and adjacent areas. It is the only major language in the Mokhaic language family, and the most spoken.
Basic information
Qazhshavan is an SVO language with a moderately complex syllable structure, it puts adjectives before nouns and has postpositions.
Writing system
Qazhshavan has 3 official writing systems, of which the Govoric one dominates, it also has an unnoficial verion of it's Latin alphabet which is used mainly by people outside of qazhshava or ones who aren't able to type the special characters. The Traditional Qazhshavan script is used mainly in official documents, not so much in the daily life, but it is kept allive. There is also a Protopolyash version used by people living in areas such as parts of Mustelaria in which the langauges use it.
А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ж ж | З з | И и |
Й й | К к | Къ къ | Л л | Лъ лъ | М м | Н н | О о | Ө ө |
П п | Р р | Ръ ръ | С с | Т т | У у | Ў ў | Ф ф | Х х |
Хъ хъ | Ц ц | Дз дз | Ч ч | Дж.дж | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ь ь |
Ꙑ ꙑ | Ы ы | Ю ю | Я я | Ԙ ԙ |
A a | B b | C c | Ç ç | D d | Ḑ ḑ | E e | F f | G g |
H h | Hh hh | I i | J j | K k | L l | Ľ ľ | M m | N n |
O o | Ö ö | P p | Q q | R r | R̈ r̈ | S s | Ş ş | T t |
Ț ț | U u | V v | W w | X x | Y y | Ý ý | Ÿ ÿ | Z z |
- version | Govoric version |
Latin version |
Protopolyash version |
IPA Symbol |
Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Offical | Unofficial | |||||
А а | A a | Ⲁ ⲁ | /a~ɑ/ | |||
Б б | B b | ⲂⲂ ⲃⲃ | /b/ | |||
В в | V v | Ⲃ ⲃ | /v/ | |||
Г г | G g | Ⲅ ⲅ | /ɣ/ | It can get pronounced as /g/ in foreing word and/or when its doubled or in a stressed syllable | ||
Д д | D d | Ⲇ ⲇ | /d/ | |||
Е е | E e | Ⲉ ⲉ | /ɛ/ | |||
Ж ж | J j | Ϧ ϧ | /ʒ/ | |||
З з | Z z | Ⲍ ⲍ | /z/ | |||
И и | I i | Ⲏ ⲏ | /i~ɨ/ | When its before a vowel it gets pronounced as /ij/ | ||
Й й | Y y | Ⲓ ⲓ | /j/ | Used after vowels and as first letter | ||
К к | K k | Ⲕ ⲕ | /k/ | |||
Къ къ | Q q | Ⲕⲋ ⲕⲋ | /q/ | |||
Л л | L l | Ⲗ ⲗ | /l/ | |||
Лъ лъ | Ľ ľ | Lh lh | Ⲗⲋ ⲗⲋ | /l̥~ɬ/ | ||
М м | M m | Ⲙ ⲙ | /m/ | |||
Н н | N n | Ⲛ ⲛ | /n/ | |||
О о | O o | Ⲟ ⲟ | /ɔ/ | |||
Ө ө | Ö ö | Oe oe | Ⲱ ⲱ | /ø̞/ | ||
П п | P p | Ⲡ ⲡ | /p/ | |||
Р р | R r | Ⲣ ⲣ | /ɾ/ | |||
Ръ ръ | R̈ r̈ | Rh rh | Ⳁ ⳁ | /r̠̊/ | ||
С с | S s | Ⲥ ⲥ | /s/ | |||
Т т | T t | Ⲧ ⲧ | /t/ | |||
У у | U u | Ⲩ ⲩ | /u~ʊ/ | It gets pronounsed as /wu~wʊ/ after a vowel | ||
Ў ў | W w | Ⲯ ⲯ | /w/ | |||
Ф ф | F f | Ⲫ ⲫ | /f/ | |||
Х х | H h | Ⲭ ⲭ | /x/ | |||
Хъ хъ | Hh hh | Ϥ ϥ | /ħ/ | |||
Ц ц | Ț ț | Ts ts | Ϯ ϯ | /t͡s/ | ||
Дз дз | Ḑ ḑ | Dz dz | ϮϮ ϯϯ | /d͡z/ | ||
Ч ч | Ç ç | Ch ch | Ϭ ϭ | /t͡ʃ/ | ||
Дж дж | C c | Ϫ ϫ | /d͡ʒ/ | |||
Ш ш | Ş ş | Sh sh | Ϣ ϣ | /ʃ/ | ||
Щ щ | Şt şt | Sht sht | Ϣⲧ ϣⲧ | // | ||
Ъ ъ | - | Ⲋ ⲋ | - | Used as an add on character in digraphs | ||
Ь ь | Y y | Ⲓ ⲓ | /◌ʲ/ | Used only after consonants | ||
Ꙑ ꙑ | Ÿ ÿ | Yh yh | Ⳉ ⳉ | /ɤ~ɯ/ | ||
Ы ы | Ý ý | Ϩ ϩ | /i~ɨ/ | Used only in foreign words | ||
Ю ю | Yu yu | Ü ü * | ⲒⲨ ⲓⲩ | /ju/ | ||
Я я | Ya ya | Ä ä * | ⲒⲀ ⲓⲁ | /ja/ | ||
Ԙ ԙ | Ye ye | Ë ë * | ⲒⲈ ⲓⲉ | /jɛ~jæ̝̆ɛ/ | Pronounciation varies thourghout dialects | |
Кс кс | X x Ks ks |
Ⲝ ⲝ | /ju/ | The latin 'X x' is used only in foreign words |
Orthography
wip
Phonology
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvelar | Epiglottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | |||||||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | q | ||||
voiced | b | d | (ɡ) | ||||||
Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||||||
voiced | d͡z | d͡ʒ | |||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x | ħ | |||
voiced | v | z | ʒ | ɣ | |||||
Aproximant | voiceless | l̥~ɬ | |||||||
voiced | w | l | j | ||||||
Tap & Trill | voiceless | r̠̊ | |||||||
voiced | ɾ |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i~ɨ | u~ʊ ɤ~ɯ | |
Mid | ø̞ | ||
Open-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
Open | a~ɑ |
Nouns
Gender and Vowel harmony
3 grammatical genders: Masculine, Feminine, Neuter The gender system in Qazhshavan resepmbles the one found in the Varnolan.
- Maculine are all words ending in: Consonants (including semivowels ⟨ў/w⟩⟨й/y⟩ )
- Feminine are all words ending in: ⟨a⟩ ⟨ꙑ/ÿ⟩ ⟨o⟩ (⟨я/ya⟩)
- Neuter are all words ending in: ⟨и/i⟩ ⟨e⟩ ⟨ө/ö⟩ ⟨y/u⟩ ⟨ы/ý⟩ (⟨ю/yu⟩)
(note: Masculine words still can follow feminine vowel harmony depending on the last vowel)
simple harmony: Used in most suffixes words with the last vowel being part of the Feminine vowels (⟨a⟩ ⟨ꙑ/ÿ⟩ ⟨o⟩ ⟨я/ya⟩) get the vowel -a- words with the last vowel being part of the Neuter vowels (⟨и/i⟩ ⟨e⟩ ⟨ө/ö⟩ ⟨y/u⟩ ⟨ы/ý⟩ ⟨ю/yu⟩) get the vowel -e-
complex harmony: Used in possessive, question and negation affixes words with the last vowel being: ⟨а⟩ ⟨ꙑ/ÿ⟩ (⟨я/ya⟩); get the vowel -ꙑ- words with the last vowel being: ⟨и/i⟩ ⟨е⟩ ⟨ы/ý⟩; get the vowel -и- words with the last vowel being: ⟨о⟩ ⟨у/u⟩ ⟨ө/ö⟩ (⟨ю/yu⟩); get the vowel -у-
Grammatical Cases
Qazhshavan has 12grammatical cases.
- Nominative: Subject
- Accusative: Interract with the Subject (hear, hit, harm...)
- Dative: to the Subject
- Genitive: Possesed by the Subject
- Inessive: In/Inside the Subject
- Adessive: Neer by the Subject
- Superessive: On top of the Subject
- Subessive: Under the Subject
- Illative: Moving into the Subject
- Elative: Moving out of / from the Subject
- Benefactial: for the Subject
- Vocative: calling the Subject
It also has the suffixes for making nouns into Adjectives adn Adverbs.
Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Куч/Kuç - Dog | Калъа/Кaľa - Young Woman | Жате/Jate - Hat | |||||||
Singular | Paucal | Plural | Singular | Paucal | Plural | Singular | Paucal | Plural | |
Indefinite | |||||||||
Nominative | Куч Kuç |
Кучел Kuçel |
Кучеде Kuçede |
Калъа Кaľa |
Калъал Кaľal |
Калъада Кaľada |
Жате Jate |
Жател Jatel |
Жатеде Jatede |
Accusative | Куче Kuçe |
Кучеле Kuçele |
Кучеди Kuçeli |
Калъат Кaľat |
Калъала Кaľala |
Калъадя Кaľadya |
Жатет Jatet |
Жателе Jatele |
Жатеди Jatedi |
Dative | Кучети Kuçeti |
Кучлети Kuçleti |
Кучедети Kuçedeti |
Калъати Кaľati |
Калъалати Кaľalati |
Калъадати Кaľaдati |
Жатети Jateti |
Жателети Jateleti |
Жатедети Jatedeti |
Genitive | Кучес Kuçes |
Кучелъ Kuçeľ |
Кучезде Kuçezde |
Калъас Кaľas |
Калъалъ Кaľaľ |
Калъазда Кaľazda |
Жатес Jates |
Жателъ Jateľ |
Жатезде Jatezde |
Inessive | Кучене Kuçene |
Кучел·не Kuçel·ne |
Кучеде·не Kuçede·ne |
Калъана Кaľana |
Калъал·нa Кaľal·nа |
Калъадa·нa Кaľadа·nа |
Жатене Jatene |
Жател·не Jatel·ne |
Жатеде·не Jatede·ne |
Adessive | Кучей Kuçey |
Кучел·ԙ Kuçel·ye |
Кучеде·й Kuçede·y |
Калъай Кaľay |
Калъал·я Кaľal·ya |
Калъад·aя Кaľada·ya |
Жатей Jatey |
Жател·ԙԙ Jatel·ye |
Жатедe·й Jatede·y |
Superessive | Кучеми Kuçemi |
Кучел·ми Kuçel·mi |
Кучеде·ми Kuçede·mi |
Калъами Кaľami |
Калъал·ми Кaľal·mi |
Калъада·ми Кaľada·mi |
Жатеми Jatemi |
Жател·ми Jatel·mi |
Жатедe·ми Jatede·mi |
Subessive | Кучемөш Kuçemöş |
Кучел·мөш Kuçel·möş |
Кучеде·мөш Kuçede·möş |
Калъамөш Кaľamöş |
Калъал·мөш Кaľal·möş |
Калъада·мөш Кaľada·möş |
Жатемөш Jatemöş |
Жател·мөш Jatel·möş |
Жатедe·мөш Jatede·möş |
Illative | Кучедже Kuçece |
Кучел·дже Kuçel·ce |
Кучеде·дже Kuçede·ce |
Калъаджа Кaľaca |
Калъал·джа Кaľal·ca |
Калъада·джа Кaľada·ca |
Жатедже Jate |
Жател·дже Jatel·ce |
Жатедe·дже Jatede·ce |
Elative | Кучеж Kuçej |
Кучел·еж Kuçel·ej |
Кучеде·ж Kuçede·j |
Калъаж Кaľaj |
Калъал·аж Кaľal·aj |
Калъада·ж Кaľada·j |
Жатеж Jatej |
Жател·еж Jatel·j |
Жатедe·ж Jatede·j |
Benefactive | Кучек Kuçek |
Кучел·ек Kuçel·ek |
Кучеде·к Kuçede·k |
Калъак Кaľak |
Калъал·ак Кaľal·ak |
Калъада·к Кaľada·k |
Жатек Jatek |
Жател·ек Jatel·k |
Жатедe·к Jatede·k |
Vocative | Куче! Kuçe! |
Кучел! Kuçel! |
Кучеде! Kuçede! |
Калъо! Каľao! |
Калъал! Кaľal! |
Калъада! Кaľada! |
Жате! Jate! |
Жател! Jatel! |
Жатеде! Jatede! |
Adjective | Кучев Kuçev |
Кучел·ев Kuçel·ev |
Кучеде·в Kuçede·v |
Калъав Кaľav |
Калъал·ав Кaľal·av |
Калъада·в Кaľada·v |
Жатев Jatev |
Жател·ев Jatel·ev |
Жатеде·в Jatede·v |
Adverb | Кучех Kuçeh |
Кучел·ех Kuçel·eh |
Кучеде·х Kuçede·h |
Калъах Кaľah |
Калъал·ах Кaľal·ah |
Калъада·х Кaľada·h |
Жатех Jateh |
Жател·ех Jatel·eh |
Жатеде·х Jatede·h |
Definite | |||||||||
Nominative | Куч’ꙑ Kuç’ÿ |
Кучел’хъе Kuçel’hhe |
Кучеде’хъе Kuçede’hhe |
Калъа’га Кaľa’ga |
Калъал’хъа Кaľal’hha |
Калъада’хъа Кaľada’hha |
Жате’г Jate’g |
Жател’хъе Jatel’hhe |
Жатеде’хъе Jatede ’hhe |
Accusative | Куч’ө Kuç’ö |
Кучеле’хъе Kuçele’hhe |
Кучеди’хъе Kuçeli’hhe |
Калъата Кaľata |
Калъала’хъа Кaľala’hha |
Калъадя’хъа Кaľadya’hha |
Жате’т Jate’t |
Жателе’хъе Jatele’hhe |
Жатеди’хъе Jatedi’hhe |
Dative | Кучети’ꙑ Kuçeti’ÿ |
Кучелти’ехъе Kuçelti’ehhe |
Кучедети’хъе Kuçedeti’hhe |
Калъати’га Кaľati·ga |
Kалъалати’ахъа Кaľalati’ahha |
Калъадати’хъа Кaľadati’hha |
Жатети’г Jateti’g |
Жателети’ехъе Jateleti’ehhe |
Жатедети’хъе Jatedeti’hhe |
Genitive | Кучес’ꙑ Kuçes’ÿ |
Кучелъ’ехъе Kuçeľ’ehhe |
Кучезде’хъе Kuçezde’hhe |
Калъас’га Кaľas·ga |
Kалъалъ’ахъа Кaľaľ’ahha |
Калъазда’хъа Кaľazda’hha |
Жатес’г Jates’g |
Жателъ’ехъе Jateľ’ehhe |
Жатезде’хъе Jatezde’hhe |
Inessive | Кучен’ꙑ Kuçen’ÿ |
Кучел·не’хъе Kuçel·ne’hhe |
Кучеде·не’хъе Kuçede·ne’hhe |
Калъана’га Кaľana’ga |
Калъал·на’хъа Кaľal·nа’hha |
Kалъада·на’хъа Кaľada·nа’hha |
Жатене’г Jatene’g’ |
Жател·не’хъе Jatel·ne’hhe |
Жатеде·не’хъе Jatede·ne’hhe |
Adessive | Кучей’ꙑ Kuçey’ÿ |
Кучел·ԙ’хъе Kuçel·ye’hhe |
Кучеде·й’хъе Kuçede·y’hhe |
Калъая’га Кaľaya’ga |
Калъал·я’хъа Кaľal·ya’hha |
Калъад·aя’хъа Кaľada·ya’hha |
Жатеԙ’г Jateye’g |
Жател·ԙ’хъе Jatel·ye’hhe |
Жатедe·й’хъе Jatede·y’hhe |
Superessive | Кучеми’ꙑ Kuçemi’ÿ |
Кучел·ми’хъе Kuçel·emi’hhe |
Кучеде·ми’хъе Kuçede·mi’hhe |
Калъами’га Кaľami’ga |
Калъал·ми’ахъа Кaľal·mi’ahha |
Калъада·ми’ахъа Кaľada·mi’ahha |
Жатеми’г Jatemi’g |
Жател·ми’хъе Jatel·mi’hhe |
Жатедe·ми’хъе Jatede·mi’hhe |
Subessive | Кучемөш’ꙑ Kuçemöş’ÿ |
Кучел·мөш’хъе Kuçel·emöş’hhe |
Кучеде·мөш’хъе Kuçede·möş’hhe |
Калъамөш’га Кaľamöş’ga |
Калъал·мөш’ахъа Кaľal·möş’ahha |
Калъада·мөш’ахъа Кaľada·möş’ahha |
Жатемөш’г Jatemöş’g |
Жател·мөш’хъе Jatel·möş’hhe |
Жатедe·мөш’хъе Jatede·möş’hhe |
Illative | Кучедже’ꙑ Kuçece’ÿ |
Кучел·дже’хъе Kuçel·ce’hhe |
Кучеде·дже’хъе Kuçede·ce’hhe |
Калъаджа’га Кaľaca’ga |
Калъал·джа’хъа Кaľal·ca’hha |
Калъад·аджа’хъа Кaľada·ca’hha |
Жатедже’г Jatece’g |
Жател·дже’хъе Jatel·ce’hhe |
Жатедe·дже’хъе Jatede·ce’hhe |
Elative | Кучеж’ꙑ Kuçej’ÿ |
Кучел·еж’хъе Kuçel·ej’hhe |
Кучеде·ж’хъе Kuçede·j’hhe |
Калъаж’га Кaľaj’ga |
Калъал·аж’хъа Кaľal·aj’hha |
Калъада·ж’хъа Кaľada·j’hha |
Жатеж’г Jatej’g |
Жател·еж’хъе Jatel·ej’hhe |
Жатедe·ж’хъе Jatede·j’hhe |
Benefactive | Кучек’ꙑ Kuçek’ÿ |
Кучел·ек’хъе Kuçel·ek’hhe |
Кучеде·к’хъе Kuçede·k’hhe |
Калъак’га Кaľak’ga |
Калъал·ак’ахъа Кaľal·ak’ahha |
Калъада·к’ахъа Кaľada·k’ahha |
Жатек’г Jatek’g |
Жател·ек’хъе Jatel·ek’hhe |
Жатедe·к’хъе Jatede·k’hhe |
Vocative | |||||||||
Adjective | Кучв’ꙑ Kuçv’ÿ |
Кучел·ев’хъе Kuçel·ev’hhe |
Кучеде·в’хъе Kuçede·v’hhe |
Калъав’га Кaľav’ga |
Калъал·ав’хъа Кaľal·av’hha |
Калъада·в’хъа Кaľada·v’hha |
Жатев’г Jatev’g |
Жател·ев’хъе Jatel·ev’hhe |
Жатеде·в’хъе Jatede·v’hhe |
Adverb | Кучх’ꙑ Kuçh’ÿ |
Кучел·ех’хъе Kuçel·eh’hhe |
Кучеде·х’хъе Kuçede·h’hhe |
Калъах’га Кaľah’ga |
Калъал·ах’хъа Кaľal·ah’hha |
Калъада·х’хъа Кaľada·h’hha |
Жатех’г Jateh’g |
Жател·ех’хъе Jatel·eh’hhe |
Жатеде·х’хъе Jatede·h’hhe |
Adjectives
Adjectives are also gendered, and come in the 5 cases, but they are more consistent compared to nouns.
Common Translation | Nom. | Acc. | Gen. | Loc. | Voc. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine - all | ||||||
Strong | Sin. | СадӀан Sadhan |
СадӀанан Sadhanan |
СадӀанон Sadhanon |
СадӀанме Sadhame |
СадӀане! Sađane! |
Plr. | СадӀанаь Sadhanaj |
СадӀан''еь Sadhanej |
СадӀаноь Sadhanoj |
СадӀанмеь Sadhanmej |
СадӀанаь! Sadhanaj! | |
Sin.Def. | СадӀанте Sadhante |
СадӀантан Sadhantan |
СадӀантон Sadhanton |
СадӀантме Sadhantme |
Ø | |
Plr.Def. | СадӀантиь Sadhantij |
СадӀантеь Sadhantej |
СадӀантоь Sadhantoj |
СадӀантмеь Sadhantmej |
Ø | |
Feminine - all | ||||||
Beatufull | Sin. | Вэ́ле Völe |
Вэ́лен Völen |
Вэ́лено Völeno |
Вэ́леме Völeme |
Вэ́лео! Völo! |
Plr. | Вэ́лье Völje |
Вэ́льеь Völjej |
Вэ́льено Völjeno |
Вэ́льемы Völjemy |
Вэ́лье 'Völje | |
Sin.Def. | Вэ́лете Völete |
Вэ́летен Völeten |
Вэ́летно Völetno |
Вэ́летме Völetme |
Ø | |
Plr.Def. | Вэ́летье Völtje |
Вэ́летьеь Völtjej |
Вэ́летьено Völtjeno |
Вэ́летьемы Völtjemy |
Ø |
Qazhshavan uses Comparison forms of Adjectives:
- Positive - Bassic form of the word- happy - šasin / шасин
- Negative - Negation of the word - unhappy - nišasin / нишасин
- Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something - happier - jan-šasin / ьан-шасин
- Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group - happiest - žen-šasin / жен-шасин
- Augmentative - Form showing absolute position without a relative - ultimately happy - žen-žen-šasin / жен-жен-шасин
Verbs
Tenses
The Lnaguage is 'Pro drop', meaning that using pronouns is optional, usually when used, they add emphasis, for example: " jemë denjamë " - " i am eating ", " Vi denyn " - " you are eating ".
Mood | Person | Number | Past | Present | Future | Future in the past | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | |||
Indicative | 1 | Singular | <>(ьа)хэ <>(ja)hë |
<>хре ан <>hre an |
<>(ьа)мэ <>(ja)më |
<>(ьа)хэ <>(ja)hë |
ье <>(ьа)мэ je <>(ja)më |
ьа ан <>мерэ je an <>merë |
ьехэ ьо <>(ьа)мэ jehë jo <>(ja)më |
ьех ьо ан <>мерэ jehë jo an <>merë |
Plural | <>(ьа)хме <>(ja)hme |
<>хмерэ ан <>hmerë an |
<>(ьа)мэме <>(ja)mëme |
<>(ьа)хме <>(ja)hme |
ье <>(ьа)мэме je <>(ja)mëme |
ье ан <>мэмерэ je an <>mëmerë |
ьерӏме ьо <>(ьа)мэме jerhme jo <>(ja)mëme |
ьерӏ ьо ан <>мэмерэ jerhme jo an <>mëmerë | ||
2 | Singular | <>(е)жэ/а ьедэ <>(e)žë/a jedë |
<>(е)жэ/а ьедэ <>(e)žë/a jedë |
<>(ы)н <>(y)n |
<>(е)жэ/а ьедэ <>(e)žë/a jedë |
ье <>(ы)n je <>(y)n |
ье <>(e)жэ/a je <>(e)žë/a |
ьехе <>(ы)n jehe jo an <>(y)n |
ьехе ьо ан <>(ы)нрe jehe jo an <>(y)nre | |
Plural | <>жа деь <>ža dej |
<>жарэ деь <>žarë dej |
<>еье <>eje |
<>жа деь <>ža dej |
<>еье je <>eje |
ье <>еьерэ je <>ejerë |
ьерӏе ьо ан <>еье jerhe jo an <>eje |
ьерӏе ьо ан <>еьерэ jerhe jo an <>ejerë | ||
3 | Singular | <>(е)шэ <>(e)šë |
<>(е)ше ан <>(e)še an |
<>ьэ <>jë |
<>ещэ <>ešë |
ье <>ьэ je <>jë |
ье ан <>ьерэ je an <>jerë |
ьехе хо <>ьэ jehe jo <>jë |
ьехе ьо ан <>ьерэ jehe jo an <>jerë | |
Plural | <>(е)ша <>(e)ša |
<>(е)шарэ <>(e)šarë |
<>ьэдэ <>jëdë |
<>ша <>ša |
ье <>ьедэ je <>jëdë |
ье ан <>ьэдерэ je an <>jëderë |
ьерӏэ ьо <>ьэдэ jerhë jo <>jëdë |
ьерӏэ ьо ан <>ьэдерэ jerhë jo an <>jëderë | ||
Imperative | All | Singular | Ø | <>ши <>ši |
<>жи <>ži |
Ø | ||||
Plural | <>шати <>šati |
<>жати <>žati |
Note: Word Order Can Switch around depending on context.
Pronouns
Translation to Common | Person and number | Nom. | Acc. | Gen. | Loc. | Voc. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Me | First | Singular | Ьемэ Jemë |
Ме Me |
Ме Me |
Мен Men |
Ø |
You (Singular) |
Second | Ви Vi |
Вы Vy |
Васы Вы Vasy Vy |
Вын Vyn |
Ви! Vi! | ||
He | Him | Third | Воь Voj |
Го Go |
Его Ego |
Егон Egon |
Ø | |
She | Her | Ваь Vaj |
Га Ga |
Ега Ega |
Еган Egan |
Ø | ||
It | Во Vo |
Го Go |
Его Ego |
Егон Egon |
Ø | |||
We |
Us | First | Plural | Нен Nen |
Мен Men |
Ны Ny |
Насэ Nasë |
Ø |
You (Plural/formal) |
Second | Вау Vau |
Ваун Vaun |
Ваь Vaj |
Ваьн Vajn |
Вау Vau! | ||
They | Them | Third | Singular & Plural |
Ажа Aža |
Ажан Ažan |
Ажеь Ažej |
Ажеьн Ažejn |
Ø |
Numbers
Qazhshavan is a Decimal language, meaning it has a base 10 number system.
In Qazhshavan the way to construct numbers higher than 10 is generally simple, 11 being 1-on-10, 12 being 2-on-10, and so on, for numbers such as 20, 30 and 40, you drop the '-on-', 20 - 2-10, 30 - 3-10, and so on
Numbers of 100 are literally: 101- 100 & 1 ; 110- 100 & 10 ; 111- 100 & 1-on-10 ; 120- 100 & 2-10 ; 121- 100 2-10 & 1
Questions
Yes & No
Qazhshavan forms Yes and No questions with a quesiton suffix, which follows slight vowel harmony
Translation in Common | Sentence in Qazhshavan | Suffix |
---|---|---|
words with last vowels: ë, o, u | ||
Did he shoot him? | (Voj) Berëško Go? (Воь) Берэшко Го? |
-ko |
/vɔj beˈrɤ̞ʃ.kɔ gɔ/ | ||
words with last vowels: a, e, | ||
Does he like her? | (Voj) Čhanajka Ga? (Воь) ЧӀанаька Га? |
-ka |
/vɔj t͡ɕa.najˈka ga/ | ||
words with last vowels: i , y | ||
Do you love me? | Šeninki Me? Шенинки Ме? |
-ki |
/ˈʃɛn.inˌki ˈmɛ/ |
Wh-
Dialects
The Qazhshavan language consists of 6 dialect groups, which split into their own sub-dialects.
Dialects list | |
---|---|
-Zalic Dialect Located mainly outside the country, its one of the least inteligable to the Standart form of the language, seperatists in the 1960s claimed it as a seperate languages, some still do today. | |
-Rishic Dialect Generally understood by both meadow and Zalic speakers, it is seen as an intermediate. | |
-Meadow Dialect This is the most spoken dialect, and the standerdized form of the language. | |
-Hill Dialect Second most spoken dialect, in the 1910 it competed with the Meadow dialect for title of Standart dialect, but lost. | |
-Laurentine Dialect Also called "the Islander Dialect", its spoken in the few islands owned by Qazhshava and also in oversees diaspora left over from ex-colonies. | |
-Kental Dialect A strongly Ereskan and Kental influenced dialect spoken south of Ereska in Kentalis, and holds a recognized status in the said nation. |
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Qazhshavan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.