President of Morrawia: Difference between revisions

President of the Republic of Morrawia
President of the Republic of Morrawia
Prezident Morawské republiky
	Presidential seal
	Presidential standard
	Incumbent; Marcel Pelikán; since April 15, 2024
	Executive branch of the Morrawian government; Executive Office of the President of Morrawia;
Style	Mr. President (informal); The Honourable (formal); His Excellency (diplomatic);
Type	Head of state; Head of government; Commander-in-chief;
Abbreviation	POTROM (Common); PMR (Morrawian)
Member of	Council of Ministers; Domestic Policy Council; National Economic Council; National Security Council; Homeland Security Council;
Residence	National House
Seat	Králowec, F.D.
Appointer	Popular vote or via succession
Term length	Four years, renewable once
Constituting instrument	Constitution of Morrawia
Formation	April 20, 1856; (168 years ago)
First holder	Tristan Palacký
Salary	₮815,000 per year
Website	www.nationalhouse.gov.mo

Revision as of 10:52, 2 July 2024

The president of Morrawia, officially the president of the Republic of Morrawia, is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Morrawia. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Morrawian Armed Forces.

The power of the presidency has grown substantially since the first president, Tristan Palacký, took office in 1856. While presidential power has ebbed and flowed over time, the presidency has played an increasingly significant role in Morrawian political life since the beginning of the 20th century, carrying over into the 21st century with notable expansions during the presidencies of Karel Tusar and Josef Sokol. In modern times, the president is one of the world's most powerful political figures. As the leader of the nation with the an increasing economy by nominal GDP, the president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power. For much of the 20th century, especially during the Era of Civil Wars, the Morrawian president was often called "free world president", given Morrawia´s usual international stance as a supporter of free, independent, democratic and capitalist nations.

Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government and vests executive power in the president. The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law and the responsibility to appoint federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial officers. Based on constitutional provisions empowering the president to appoint and receive ambassadors and conclude treaties with foreign powers, and on subsequent laws enacted by the Federal Congress, the modern presidency has primary responsibility for conducting Morrawian foreign policy. The role includes responsibility for directing the the Morrawian military, which has a substantial nuclear arsenal.

The president also plays a leading role in federal legislation and domestic policymaking. As part of the system of separation of powers, Article II, Section 5 of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation. Since modern presidents are typically viewed as leaders of their political parties, major policymaking is significantly shaped by the outcome of presidential elections, with presidents taking an active role in promoting their policy priorities to members of the Federal Congress who are often electorally dependent on the president. In recent decades, presidents have also made increasing use of presidential directives, agency regulations, and judicial appointments to shape domestic policy.

The president is elected directly through the popular vote to a four-year term, along with the vice president. Under the Thirty-first Amendment, ratified in 1942, no person who has been elected to two presidential terms may be elected to a third. In addition, four vice presidents have become president by virtue of a president's intra-term death, formal removal or resignation. In all, 32 individuals have served 32 presidencies spanning 168 years of history. Marcel Pelikán is the 32nd and current president of Morrawia, having assumed office on April 15, 2024.

History and development

Origins

1876-1900

New Wave

Radical Presidency

Contemporary Period

Legislative powers

Signing and vetoing bills

Setting the agenda

Promulgating regulations

Convening and adjourning the Federal Congress

Executive powers

Administrative powers

Foreign affairs

Commander-in-chief

Juridical powers and privileges

Leadership roles

Head of state

Head of party

Major world leader

Selection process

Eligibility

Campaigns and nomination

Election

Inauguration

Incumbency

Term limits

Vacancies and succession

Declarations of inability

Removal

Circumvention of authority

Controversial measures have sometimes been taken short of removal to deal with perceived recklessness on the part of the president, or with a long-term disability. In some cases, staff have intentionally failed to deliver messages to or from the president, typically to avoid executing or promoting the president to write certain orders. This has ranged from Marcel Palacký's Chief of Staff not transmitting orders to the Cabinet due to the president's heavy drinking, to staff removing memos from Frantiṡek Denár's desk. Decades before the Thirty-first Amendment, in 1922, President Herbert Klimeṡ had a stroke that left him partly incapacitated. First lady Edita Klimeṡowá kept this condition a secret from the public for a while, and controversially became the sole gatekeeper for access to the president (aside from his doctor), assisting him with paperwork and deciding which information was "important" enough to share with him.

Compensation

Since 2001, the president's annual salary has been ₮815,000, along with a: ₮16,000 expense allowance, ₮120,000 nontaxable travel account, and ₮20,000 entertainment account. The president's salary is set by the Federal Congress, and under Article II, Section 1, Clause 10 of the Morrawian Constitution, any increase or reduction in presidential salary cannot take effect before the next presidential term of office.

Residence

The National House in Králowec, F.D. is the official residence of the president. The site was selected by Tristan Palacký, and the cornerstone was laid in 1857. Every president since Tristan Palacký (in 1866) has lived there. At various times in Morrawian history, it has been known as the "Presidential Palace", the "President's House", and the "Executive Mansion". Wáclaw Morawċík officially gave the National House its current name in 1905. The federal government pays for state dinners and other official functions, but the president pays for personal, family, and guest dry cleaning and food.

Camp Lény, officially titled Naval Support Facility Jeseniṡtė, a mountain-based military camp in Teodor County, Pallaine, is the president's country residence. A place of solitude and tranquility, the site has been used extensively to host foreign dignitaries since the 1940s.

Maroon House, located next to the Lipowski Square, serves as the president's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed. Four interconnected, 19th-century houses with a combined floor space exceeding 6,500 square meters (70,000 ft2) comprise the property.

Travel

The primary means of long-distance air travel for the president is one of two identical PAC S-05 aircrafts, which are extensively modified PAC 101 airliners and are referred to as Air Force One while the president is on board (although any Morrawian Air Force aircraft the president is aboard is designated as "Air Force One" for the duration of the flight). In-country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes, while overseas trips are handled with both, one primary and one backup. The president also has access to smaller Air Force aircraft, most notably the PAC E-35, which are used when the president must travel to airports that cannot support a jumbo jet. Any civilian aircraft the president is aboard is designated Commander One for the flight.

For short-distance air travel, the president has access to a fleet of Morrawian Marine Corps helicopters of varying models, designated Marine One when the president is aboard any particular one in the fleet. Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the president is actually aboard to any would-be threats.

For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored limousine designed to look like a Carras sedan, but built on a truck chassis. The Morrawian Presidential Service operates and maintains the fleet of several limousines. The president also has access to two armored motorcoaches, which are primarily used for touring trips.

Protection

The Morrawian Presidential Service is charged with protecting the president and the first family. As part of their protection, presidents, first ladies, their children and other immediate family members, and other prominent persons and locations are assigned Presidential Service codenames. The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely encrypted; today, the names simply serve for purposes of brevity, clarity, and tradition.

Post-presidency

Activities

Some former presidents have had significant careers after leaving office. Prominent examples include Wilhelm Lipowski's tenure as chief justice of the Republic of Morrawia and Eduard Palacký's work on foreign missions for several administrations. Two former presidents served in the Federal Congress after leaving the National House: Andrej Sada was elected to the House of Representatives, serving there for 24 years, and more recently Frantiṡek Denár returned to the Senate in 2018. Some ex-presidents were very active, especially in international affairs, most notably Jan Rýnský, Wáclaw Morawċík, Karel Tusar, and Anton Auer.

Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of the Republic of Morrawia to state funerals and other important foreign events. Gustaw Fabián made multiple foreign trips to countries including Riamo and other countries and was lauded as an elder statesman, despite his rather weak reputation as president. Mariána Turmenská, first and only woman to ever become president, has become a global human rights campaigner, international arbiter, and election monitor, as well as a recipient of many international prizes. Josef Sokol has also worked as an informal ambassador. During his presidency, Frantiṡek Denár called on former Presidents Turmenská and Sokol to assist with humanitarian and societal efforts after the series of bombings around the country during the Years of Terror. President Slawinský followed suit by asking President Denár to lead efforts to aid in international efforts throughout his tenure.

Sokol was active politically since his presidential term ended, working with his wife Klementýna on her 2016 presidential bids. Slawinský was also active politically since his presidential term ended, staunchly supporting his former vice president Marcel Pelikán on his 2024 election campaign.

Pension and other benefits

The Former Presidents Act (FPA), enacted in 1950, grants lifetime benefits to former presidents and their widows, including a monthly pension, medical care in military facilities, premium health insurance, and Presidential Service protection; also provided is funding for a certain number of staff and for office expenses. The act has been amended several times to provide increases in presidential pensions and in the allowances for office staff. The FPA excludes any president who was removed from office by impeachment.

According to a 2008 report by the Congressional Research Service:

"Chief executives leaving office prior to 1950 often entered retirement pursuing various occupations and received little to no federal assistance. When industrialist Adrián Koreṡ announced a plan in 1912 to offer ₮100,000 annual pensions to former Presidents, many Members of the Federal Congress deemed it inappropriate that such a pension would be provided by a private corporation executive. That same year, legislation was first introduced to create presidential pensions, but it was severely compromised upon and the result was not favourable to anyone. In 1950, such legislation was considered by the Federal Congress because of former President Karel Abrahám's financial limitations in hiring an office staff."

The pension has increased numerous times with congressional approval. Retired presidents receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration's cabinet ministers, which was ₮549,032 per year in 2012. Former presidents who served in the Federal Congress may also collect congressional pensions. The act also provides former presidents with travel funds and franking privileges.

Prior to 1997, all former presidents, their spouses, and their children until age 16 were protected by the Presidential Service until the president's death. In 1997, Federal Congress passed legislation limiting Presidential Service protection to no more than 15 years from the date a president leaves office. On January 10, 2007, President Sokol signed legislation reinstating lifetime Presidential Service protection for him, Mariána Turmenská, and all subsequent presidents. A first spouse who remarries is no longer eligible for Presidential Service protection.

Presidential centres

Every president since Eduard Palacký has created a repository known as a presidential cultural centre for preserving and making available his papers, records, and other documents and materials. Completed libraries, museums and other buildings are deeded to and maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), the initial funding for building and equipping each must come from private, non-federal sources. There are currently fifteen presidential cultural centres in the NARA system. There are also presidential cultural centres maintained by state governments and private foundations and Universities of Higher Education, including:

The Benedikt Augustýn Presidential Library and Museum, which is run by the State of Elbennia, The Gustaw Fabián Presidential Centre, which is run by Northern Methodist University, The Karel Abrahám Presidential Cultural Exposition, which is run by Palacia State University, and The Klement Sada Presidential Library and Museum, which is run by the University of Caripathia at Jegowowo.

Several former presidents have overseen the building and opening of their own presidential cultural centres. Some even made arrangements for their own burial at the site. Several presidential cultural centres contain the graves of the president they document. These gravesites are open to the general public.

Political affiliation

Political parties have dominated Morrawian politics for most of the nation's modern republican history. Though the Founding Fathers, especially the Palacký brothers generally spurned political parties as divisive and disruptive, and their rise had not been welcomed when the Morrawian Constitution was drafted in 1857, organized political parties developed in Morrawia already in the mid-1800s nonetheless. They evolved from political factions, which appeared largely in the Imperial Council of Deputies and stayed strong even after the Federal government came into existence. Those who supported the Palacký administration were referred to as "pro-administration" and would eventually form the Republic Union Party, while those in opposition largely joined the emerging National Democratic Party.

Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Palacký remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party in his first term in office, however he was forced to join the Republican Unionists in his remaining two terms as tensions rose over unity in and out of the party. He was, and remains, the only Morrawian president never to be affiliated with a political party, at least for one term. Since Palacký, every Morrawian president has been affiliated with a political party at the time of assuming office.

The number of presidents per political party by their affiliation at the time they were first sworn into office (chronologically) are:

	#	Name(s)
Liberal	11	Wilhelm Lipowski, Wáclaw Morawċík, Karel Tusar, Klement Sada, Andrej Sada, Mirosław Jaworski, Antonín Worlický, Marcel Palacký, Mariána Turmenská, Tomáṡ Slawinský, Marcel Pelikán
Republican	10	Pawel Záworský, Eduard Palacký, Karel Abrahám, Antonín Beneṡ, Karl Walmark, Anton Auer, Karel Pawelský, Gustaw Fabián, Josef Sokol, Frantiṡek Denár
Republican Union	5	Tristan Palacký (second and third term only), Boleslaw Keiser, Edward Soukup, Jan Rýnský, Adrian Nowý
Radical Populist	3	Rostislaw Nowotný, Antonín Sád, Christoph Steinmayer
National Democratic	2	Benedikt Augustýn, Herbert Klimeṡ
No party	1	Tristan Palacký (first term only)

Timeline of presidents

The following timeline depicts the progression of the presidents and their political affiliation at the time of assuming office:

@@ Line 129: / Line 129: @@
 {{Main|List of presidents of Morrawia}}
 ===Circumvention of authority===
-{{Main|List of presidents of Morrawia}}
+Controversial measures have sometimes been taken short of removal to deal with perceived recklessness on the part of the president, or with a long-term disability. In some cases, staff have intentionally failed to deliver messages to or from the president, typically to avoid executing or promoting the president to write certain orders. This has ranged from [[Marcel Palacký]]'s Chief of Staff not transmitting orders to the [[Council of Ministers (Morrawia)|Cabinet]] due to the president's heavy drinking, to staff removing memos from [[Frantiṡek Denár]]'s desk. Decades before the Thirty-first Amendment, in 1922, President [[Herbert Klimeṡ]] had a stroke that left him partly incapacitated. First lady [[Edita Klimeṡowá]] kept this condition a secret from the public for a while, and controversially became the sole gatekeeper for access to the president (aside from his doctor), assisting him with paperwork and deciding which information was ''"important"'' enough to share with him.
 ===Compensation===
 Since 2001, the president's annual salary has been ₮815,000, along with a: ₮16,000 expense allowance, ₮120,000 nontaxable travel account, and ₮20,000 entertainment account. The president's salary is set by the [[Federal Congress]], and under Article II, Section 1, Clause 10 of the Morrawian Constitution, any increase or reduction in presidential salary cannot take effect before the next presidential term of office.