List of heads of state of Anahuac

The National Palace, the historical residence of the president of Anahuac between 1872 and 1954. Briefly ressumed this role between 2010 and 2018.

Throughout its history, Anahuac had many different types of heads of state, as well as many different types of government. Under federal constitutions, the title of President was the same as the current one. In addition, there was a period of monarchical rule, during which the executive was controlled by the Emperor of Anahuac.

The chronology of the heads of state of Anahuac is complicated due to the country's political instability during most of the nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth century. With few exceptions, most of the Anahuacian presidents elected during this period did not complete their terms. Until the presidency of Videl de la García, each president remained in office an average of fifteen months. Until the presidency of Óscar Vela Cantú, a president would've served a six-year period known as sexenio. Currently, a president now serves a eight-year term, known as a octenio. The current president of Anahuac is Matías Larrázabal Torres, who took office on 17 December 2018.

This list also includes the self-appointed presidents during civil wars and the collegiate bodies that performed executive duties during periods of transition.

Affiliation keys

Abbreviation		Party name (English)	Party name (Spanish)
	Liberal	Liberal Party of Anahuac	Partido Liberal de Anáhuac
	Conservative	Conservative Party of Anahuac	Partido Conservador de Anáhuac
	—	Independent politician	Político independiente
	PLN	National Lenocian Party	Partido Lenocista Nacional
	PCP	Progressive Constitutionalist Party	Partido Constitucionalista Progresista
	Constitutionalist	Constitutionalist Party	Partido Constitutionalista
	PIF	Federal Institutional Party	Partido Federal Institucional
	UDN	National Democratic Union	Unión Democrática Nacional
	RECONA	National Reconciliation Movement	Movimiento de Reconciliación Nacional
	Military	Federal Armed Forces of Anáhuac	Fuerzas Armadas Federales de Anáhuac

United States of Anahuac (1811–1824)

After the consumation of Anahuacian independence, a brief transitional council by the National Triumvirate was appointed before reforming the country into the United States of Anahuac.

Members		Term of office
Portrait	Name	Took office	Left office	Time in office
	Inocencio Craveiro Lopes	20 September 1811	8 October 1811 (died)	18 days
	Manuel de la Barcéna	9 October 1811	11 April 1813	1 year, 184 days

The Trivumvirate

The National Trivumvirate would govern the United States of Anahuac until the reformation of the country into the Republic of Anahuac.

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office			Political party	Notes
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
1		Aramberri Lavín (1783–1817)	12 April 1813	23 April 1817	4 years, 11 days	Independent	Historically, the first modern president of Anahuac and the first one appointed by the National Triumvirate. Lavín was also the first president to be assasinated in office.
2		Ramón Adaucto (1786–1843)	10 October 1817	10 October 1823	6 years, 0 days	Independent	Second in-line of the National Triumvirate, and the first president of Anahuac to serve a full-term.
3		Aarón Nuñez (1782–1831)	10 October 1823	17 December 1829	6 years, 68 days	Independent	Declared succesor by Adaucto, and last member of the National Triumvirate. Presidency continued during the transition to the Republic of Anahuac.

Republic of Anahuac (1824-1840)

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office			Political party	Notes
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
4		Juan José Rangel (1792–1862)	20 December 1829	31 December 1829	11 days	Liberal Party (of Anahuac	As Vice President he assumed the presidency after a Liberal coup against Nuñez.
5		Erasmo Cortés (1786–1843)	2 January 1830	18 September 1832	2 years, 260 days	Liberal Party of Anahuac	Appointed as interim president followin Rangel's impeachment and deposal. First president to die in office.
6		Benedicto de León (1780–1835)	19 September 1832	13 August 1835	2 years, 328 days	Conservative Party of Anahuac	Took office following Cortés's death in office. He left office because of a serious illness. He died two days later
7		Salvador Alducín (1780–1853)	19 September 1835	8 May 1836	241 days	Liberal Party of Anahuac	Appointed as interim president following de León's resignation.

Political Reforms of 1836

The position of the Prime Minister was established in 1836. Until the 20th century, the president and prime minister did not run jointly and could be from different parties.

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office			Political party	Prime Minister	Notes
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
8		Anastasio Gutiérrez Garibaldi (1781–1858)	8 May 1836	16 June 1836	39 days	Liberal Party of Anahuac	Vacant	He assumed the presidency in place of Salazar, along with whom he was elected in the elections of 1833.
9		Ibrahim Salazar (1794–1876)	16 June 1836	3 August 1836	48 days	Liberal Party of Anahuac	Anastasio Gutiérrez Garibaldi	He assumed the presidency as the constitutionally-elected president. He alternated in the presidency with Prime Minister Gutiérrez Garibaldi four more times until 1837.
(8)		Anastasio Gutiérrez Garibaldi (1781–1858)	4 August 1836	21 August 1836	17 days	Liberal Party of Anahuac	Himself
(9)		Ibrahim Salazar (1794–1876)	22 August 1836	15 December 1836	115 days	Liberal Party of Anahuac	Anastasio Gutiérrez Garibaldi
(8)		Anastasio Gutiérrez Garibaldi (1781–1858)	17 December 1836	3 March 1837	76 days	Liberal Party of Anahuac	Himself
(9)		Ibrahim Salazar (1794–1876)	4 March 1837	6 April 1837	33 days	Liberal Party of Anahuac	Anastasio Gutiérrez Garibaldi
(8)		Anastasio Gutiérrez Garibaldi (1781–1858)	7 April 1837	1 August 1837	116 days	Liberal Party of Anahuac	Himself	He promoted several liberal reforms that led to the discontent of conservatives and the church. When Salazar took office again aligned with conservatives; Garibaldi went into exile.
(9)		Ibrahim Salazar (1794–1876)	2 August 1837	16 February 1838	198 days	Conservative Party of Anahuac	Anastasio Gutiérrez Garibaldi	He cancelled the liberal reforms. On 27 January, the Sixth Constituent Congress dismissed Garibaldi as Prime Minister.
10		Ciro Martínez (1794–1841)	17 February 1838	18 February 1840	1 year, 200 days	Conservative Party of Anahuac	Vacant	He was appointed Interim President by Congress when Salazar left office to fight the rebellion in Gran Zuñiga. On 23 October, Congress enacted the Constitutional Basis, which voided the Constitution of 1824 and the federal system. He served both as the last president of the First Republic and the first of the Centralist Republic.

Centralist Republic of Anahuac (1840-1855)

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office			Political party	Prime Minister	Notes
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
10		Ciro Martínez (1794–1841)	17 February 1838	18 February 1840	1 year, 200 days	Conservative Party of Anahuac	Vacant	He left office in 1840 due to disease. He died a year later.
11		Andrés Ibarra Droualliet (1797-1864)	19 February 1840	20 January 1842	1 year, 335 days	Conservative Party of Anahuac	Justo Sierra Domínguez	He took office as constitutional elected president following Martínez's resignation. During his term, he enacted the Eight Organic Laws.
12		Álvaro Nuñez Torres (1795-1870)	20 January 1842	19 September 1842	211 days	Conservative Party of Anahuac	Manuel Esponceda	Took ofice after Ibarra left office to fight the insurgency of the Southern Confederation.
13		Manuel Esponceda (1780–1853)	20 September 1842	1 October 1842	11 days	Conservative Party of Anahuac	Vacant	He was appointed interim president when Nuñez Torres was assasinated by insurgents of Tectetán. Resigned when Salazar launched a rebellion.
(9)		Ibrahim Salazar (1794–1876)	2 October 1842	13 October 1843	1 year, 11 days	Liberal Party of Anahuac	Daniel Lazarillo	Appointed provisional president by the Senate of the Republic.
(7)		Salvador Alducín (1780–1853)	14 October 1843	5 March 1844	143 days	Conservative Party of Anahuac	Vacant	Appointed as substitute president by Salazar when he left the office.
(9)		Ibrahim Salazar (1794–1876)	5 March 1844	12 November 1844	252 days	Liberal Party of Anahuac	Vacant	Reassumed the presidency as provisional president.
14		Pedro Aguilar Almaguer (1794–1850)	8 May 1845	12 July 1845	65 days	Conservative Party of Anahuac	Rafael Balbuena	He was appointed interim by Salazar when he left office to assist the invasion of Tectetán
15		Rafael Balbuena (1792–1854)	15 July 1845	21 October 1846	1 year, 98 days	Liberal Party of Anahuac	Vacant	He was appointed interim, and after, constitutional president by Senate after Almaguer was arrested for trying to dissolve the Congress.
(9)		Ibrahim Salazar (1794–1876)	25 October 1846	12 January 1847	79 days	Liberal Party of Anahuac	Vacant	Assumed office via a coup against Balbuena.
15		Joaquín Ramos Herrera (1797–1867)	15 January 1847	21 September 1849	2 years, 249 days	Conservative Party of Anahuac	Santiago Luján	Assumed office after a coup against Salazar.
16		Santiago Luján (1789–1860)	25 September 1849	1 January 1850	2 years, 98 days	Liberal Party of Anahuac	Vacant	Appointed as interim president when Ramos Herrera went to fight the rebellion of Plan de San Agustín, the goal of which was to bring Salazar once again to the presidency.
17		Cristóbal Alanis de León (1794–1876)	2 January 1850	1 May 1850	119 days	Liberal Party of Anahuac	Sergio Coronado Barrera	He was appointed provisional president by Congress when Luján resigned because of the rebellion of Plan de San Agustín.
18		Rubén Escobedo (1802–1855)	2 May 1850	3 May 1852	4 years, 243 days	Liberal Party	Vacant	He resigned when Congress refused to give him extraordinary powers to fight the Conversative rebellion.
(9)		Ibrahim Salazar (1794–1876)	3 May 1852	1 January 1855	4 years, 243 days	Conservative Party	Andrés Nava	He swore as President following the triumph of the Plan de San Agustín, but ruled as a dictator. The purchase of Isla Roca Roja and the extension of Petén occured during this final term.
19		Francisco Sarabia (1806–1871)	1 February 1855	17 December 1855	319 days	Conservative Party	Vacant	He was appointed interim president after the triumph of the Plan of Ayala but he took office until 1 February.
20		Desidero Escobedo (1812–1863)	18 December 1855	16 December 1856	1 year, 0 days	Conservative Party	Vacant	He became constitutional president on 17 December 1855. Also served a term during the Second Republic and subsequent Reformation War

Second Republic of Anahuac (1855-1861)

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office			Political party	Prime Minister	Notes
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
20		Desidero Escobedo (1812–1863)	18 December 1855	16 December 1856	1 year, 0 days	Conservative Party	Vacant	He became constitutional president on 17 December 1855. Also served a term during the Second Republic and subsequent Reformation War

Reformation War 1856-1860

Main Article: Reformation War

There were two rival governments during this civil war, which the liberals won.

President recognized by the Liberals

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office			Political party	Prime Minister	Notes
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
21		Raymundo Vigil (1806–1872)	17 December 1856	23 July 1872 (died)	16 years, 219 days	Liberal Party	José Resendiz (1855-1860) Félix Carvajal Uresti (1860-1862) Jorge Álvarez (1862-1868) Alejandro Canseco (1868-1872)	During his tenure, the Constitution of 1858 was drafted and enforced after misuse of the Constitution of 1824. The subsequent struggle between the Liberal and Conservative forces is known as Reformation War.

Presidents recognized by the Conservatives

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office			Political party	Prime Minister	Notes
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
(20)		Desidero Escobedo (1812–1863)	16 December 1856	20 January 1857	35 days	Conservative Party	Vacant	After the proclamation of the Plan of Zaragoza, Senate voided his remaining term, but was recognized by Conservatives as president with absolute powers.
22		Ramiro López Tarso (1817–1862)	15 January 1857	26 December 1857	345 days	Conservative Party	Eugenio Tarso Rodríguez	After disowning Escobedo, López Tarso was appointed president by the Conservative Party.
23		David Garza Sicardo (1791–1866)	31 December 1857	26 March 1858	85 days	Conservative Party	Vacant	Appointed as conservative president following Eugenio Tarso's exile to the Liberal Party.
24		David Garza Sicardo (1791–1866)	26 March 1858	8 April 1858	13 days	Conservative Party	Vacant	Appointed as conservative president following Sicardo's resignation due to illness
25		Vicente Tolentino (1785–1856)	10 April 1859	7 September 1861	3 years, 150 days	Conservative Party	Saul Terba Saucedo	Named constitutional Conservative president during the remainder of the Reformation War until deposed by liberal factions during the Battle of Chalma.

Kingdom of Anahuac (1862-1869)

While the Kingdom of Anahuac established the Huey tlatoani as a symbolical head of state, Prime Ministers would exercise power in a similar fashion to prior presidents. For historical reasons, the periods of every Prime Minsiter usually are counted as regular presidential terms.

Monarchy of tlatoani Cristobal I

Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Reign			Royal house	Coat of arms
		Reign start	Reign ended	Duration
	Cristobal I (1812–1869)	17 December 1862	19 June 1869	6 years, 184 days	House of Cordero

Prime Ministers of the Kingdom of Anahuac

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office			Political party	Notes
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
26		Martín Sanchez de Chagollán (1831–1869)	17 December 1862	19 October 1863	306 days	Conservative Party	Also appointed governor of the Anahuacian territories by Riamese occupation forces.
27		Rogelio Alarcón (1821–1875)	1 November 1863	20 March 1865	1 year, 139 days	Conservative Party	Reformed the relations between the Catholic Church and the government. Named godfather of Cristobal's second son.
28		Dédalo Esparza (1830–1866)	21 March 1865	19 December 1865	273 days	Conservative Party	Took office after Alarcón's dismissal by the Imperial Courts. Resigned due to illness, dying the following month.
29		Vicente Jaumave (1805–1869)	20 December 1865	19 December 1868	2 years, 365 days	Conservative Party	As Minister of Governance, he became interim minister after the resignation of Esparza. Declared constitutional minister on March 1866. During his tenure, the 20,000 League Voyage (and by extension, the Great Anahuacian Co-Prosperity Zone) was issued.
30		Gregorio Atenógenes (1831–1869)	20 December 1868	19 June 1869	211 days	Conservative Party	Took ofice on the personal request of Cristobal. Executed by Republican forces for his role in commandering the Imperial Army and Riamese occupation forces.

Restored Republic (1869-1876)

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Elected	Term of office			Political party	Prime Minister	Notes
				Took office	Left office	Time in office
(21)		Raymundo Vigil (1806–1872)	1856	17 December 1855	1 December 1862	16 years, 219 days	Liberal Party of Anahuac	José Resendiz (1855-1860) Félix Carvajal Uresti (1860-1862) Jorge Álvarez (1862-1868) Alejandro Canseco (1868-1872)	The first term he was interim president during the Reformation War. The second term resulted from his being appointed constitutional president by Congress after the elections of 1862. His constitutional period began on 17 December. The third term was an extension of the second, a consequence of the invasion. The fourth and fifth terms followed the triumph of the Republic.
			1862	17 December 1862	16 December 1865
			—	17 December 1865	16 December 1867
			1867	17 December 1867	16 December 1871
			1871	17 December 1871	23 July 1872
31		Santiago Garza García (1823–1889)	—	18 July 1872	30 November 1872	4 years, 155 days	Liberal Party of Anahuac	Esteban Carvajal (1872-1876)	As Minister of Governance, he became interim president in the aftermath of Vigil's death. While an extraodinary election declared him as the winner, he was overthron by the Lujambio Revolution and left office less than a week before the end of his constitutional term.
			1872	17 December 1872	10 December 1876

Lenociato (1876-1911)

Main Article: Lenociato

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Elected	Term of office			Political party	Prime Minister	Notes
				Took office	Left office	Time in office
32		Ángel Lenoci (1830–1915)	—	28 November 1876	6 December 1876	8 days	Liberal Party of Anahuac	Vacant	He became provisional president following Garza García's exile.